[contents] [implementing]

W3C

User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG) 2.0

W3C Editors' Draft 17 October 2013

This version:
http://www.w3.org/WAI/UA/2013/ED-UAAG20-20131017/
Latest version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/UAAG20/
Previous version:
http://www.w3.org/WAI/UA/2013/ED-UAAG20-20131010
Latest Editor's Draft:
http://www.w3.org/WAI/UA/UAAG20/
Editors:
James Allan, Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired
Kelly Ford, Microsoft
Kim Patch, Redstart Systems
Jeanne Spellman, W3C/Web Accessibility Initiative

Abstract

UAAG 2.0 provides guidelines for designing user agents that lower barriers to Web accessibility for people with disabilities. User agents include browsers, media players and applications that retrieve and render Web content. A user agent that conforms to these guidelines will promote accessibility through its own user interface and its ability to communicate with other technologies (especially assistive technologies). All users, not just users with disabilities, should find conforming user agents to be more usable.

In addition to helping developers of browsers and media players, UAAG 2.0 will benefit developers of assistive technologies because it explains what types of information and control an assistive technology may expect from a conforming user agent. Technologies not addressed directly by UAAG 2.0 (e.g. assistive technologies for braille rendering) will be essential to ensuring Web access for some users with disabilities.

The "User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 2.0" (UAAG 2.0) is part of a series of accessibility guidelines published by the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI).

Status of this Document

May be Superseded

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

Editor's Draft of UAAG 2.0

This document is the internal working draft used by the UAWG and is updated continuously and without notice. This document has no formal standing within W3C. Please consult the group's home page and the W3C technical reports index for information about the latest publications by this group.

Web Accessibility Initiative

This document has been produced as part of the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). The goals of the User Agent Working Group (UAWG) are discussed in the Working Group charter. The UAWG is part of the WAI Technical Activity.

No Endorsement

Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

Patents

This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.


Table of Contents


Introduction

This document is divided into two types of sections. The normative sections are: principles, guidelines, success criteria, notes, conformance, and glossary. These are required to claim conformance to UAAG 2.0. The other sections of this document, including this introduction, Appendix B, C and D, are informative. They explain and amplify the normative sections.

A user agent is any software that retrieves, renders and facilitates end-user interaction with web content. User agents include web browsers, media players, plug-ins, extension and web applications that help in retrieving, rendering and interacting with web content. UAAG 2.0 specifies requirements for user agent developers that will lower barriers to accessibility.

Overview

Improving accessibility means considering a wide range of disabilities. These include visual, auditory, physical, speech, cognitive, language, learning, neurological disabilities, and disabilities related to aging. The goal of UAAG 2.0 is to ensure that all users, including users with disabilities, have control over their environment for accessing the web.

Some users have more than one disability, and the needs of different disabilities may conflict. Thus, many UAAG 2.0 requirements use configuration to ensure that a functionality designed to improve accessibility for one user does not interfere with accessibility for another. UAAG 2.0 encourages configuration requirements rather than requirements for default settings, because a default user agent setting may be useful for one user but interfere with accessibility for another. For example, a feature required by UAAG 2.0 may be ineffective or cause content to be less accessible, making it imperative that the user be able to turn off the feature. To avoid overwhelming users with an abundance of configuration options, UAAG 2.0 includes requirements that promote documentation and ease of configuration.

Although author preferences are important, UAAG 2.0 includes requirements to override certain author preferences when the user would not otherwise be able to access that content.

The UAWG expects that software that satisfies the requirements of UAAG 2.0 will be more flexible, manageable, extensible, and beneficial for a broad range of users.

UAAG 2.0 Layers of Guidance

In order to meet the needs of different audiences, UAAG provides three layers of guidance: overall principles, general guidelines, and testable success criteria. There is more detail for each success criterion in a separate document, Implementing UAAG 2.0, including explanatory intent, examples of how the criterion may apply in different user situations, and links to resources.

  1. Principles – Five principles provide a foundation for accessible user agents. Principles 1, 2, and 3 are parallel to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0. Principles 4 and 5 are specific to user agents.
    • Principle 1 ensures that the user agent is perceivable, so users can access user agent output
    • Principle 2 ensures that the user agent is operable, so users can communicate with the user agent
    • Principle 3 ensures that the user agent is understandable, so users know what to do to use the user agent
    • Principle 4 ensures that assistive technologies can access user agent controls
    • Principle 5 ensures that user agents comply with other accessibility specifications (e.g WCAG) and platform conventions (e.g. Windows, iOS, Linux, Blackberry).
  2. Guidelines – Under each principal is a set of guidelines for making user agents more accessible to users with disabilities. These guidelines provide a framework to help authors understand the objectives for success criteria so they can better implement them.
  3. Success Criteria – Under each guideline is a set of testable success criteria that can be used wherever conformance testing is necessary, including design specification, purchasing, regulation, and contractual agreements.

    Each success criterion is assigned a level. The levels are designed to meet the needs of different groups and different situations: A (low, or basic, conformance), AA (recommended conformance), and AAA (highest conformance). Additional information on UAAG levels can be found in the Levels of Conformance section.

UAAG 2.0 Supporting Documents

A separate document, entitled Implementing User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG) 2.0 (hereafter referred to as the "Implementing document") provides explanations and examples of how each success criteria might be satisfied. It also includes references to other accessibility resources (such as platform-specific software accessibility guidelines) that provide additional information on how a user agent may satisfy each success criteria. The examples in the Implementing document are informative only. Other strategies may be used or required to satisfy the success criteria. The UAWG expects to update Implementing UAAG 2.0 more frequently than the User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 2.0. Developers, W3C Working Groups, users, and others are encouraged to contribute examples and resources to Implementing UAAG 2.0.

Components of Web Accessibility

Web accessibility depends on accessible user agents and accessible content. The accessibility of content is influenced by the authoring tool used to create it. For an overview of how these components of web development and interaction work together, see

Additional information about the relationship between UAAG 2.0 and ATAG 2.0, and the relationship between UAAG 2.0 and WCAG 2.0, is in Implementing UAAG 2.0

Levels of Conformance

User agents may conform to UAAG 2.0 at one of three conformance levels: levels A (basic), AA (recommended), and AAA (advanced). These levels provide a path for user agent developers to improve their product over time and to prioritize new ways to improve accessibility.

See Levels of Conformance for more information.

UAAG 2.0 Guidelines

The success criteria and applicability notes are normative. Guideline summaries are informative.

UAAG 2.0 Conformance Applicability Notes:

  1. UAAG 2.0 success criteria only apply to web content and its behaviors that can be recognized by user agents.
  2. Throughout this document, all required behaviors may be provided as optional preference settings unless a success criterion explicitly says otherwise. For example, if a success criteria requires high contrast between foreground text and its background, the user agent may also provide choices with low contrast. A required behavior does not need to be the default option unless the success criteria explicitly says otherwise.
  3. UAAG 2.0 does not use RFC 2119 language (must, may, should) because these are guidelines and not interoperable specifications. These words in UAAG 2.0 don't have the same sense as they do in RFC 2119.

PRINCIPLE 1 - Ensure that the user interface and rendered content are perceivable

Guideline 1.1 - Provide access to alternative content [Implementing 1.1]

Summary: The user can choose to render any type of alternative content available. (1.1.1). The user can also choose at least one alternative such as alt text to be always displayed (1.1.3), but it's recommended that users also be able to specify a cascade (1.1.5), such as alt text if it's there, otherwise longdesc, otherwise filename, etc. It's recommended that the user can configure the caption text and that text or sign language alternative cannot obscure the video or the controls (1.1.4). The user can configure the size and position of media alternatives (1.1.6).

1.1.1 Render Alternative Content:

The user can choose to render any type of recognized alternative content that is present for a content element. (Level A)

  • Note: It is recommended that the user agent allow the user to choose whether the alternative content replaces or supplements the original content element.

1.1.2 Indicate Unrendered Alternative Content:

The user can specify that indicators be displayed along with rendered content when recognized unrendered alternative content is present. (Level A)

1.1.3 Replace Non-Text Content:

The user can request a placeholder that incorporates recognized text alternative content instead of recognized non-text content, until explicit user request to render the non-text content. (Level A)

1.1.4 Provide Configurable Alternative Content Defaults:

The user can specify which type(s) of alternative content to render by default for each type of non-text content, including time based media. (Level AA)

1.1.5 Facilitate Clear Display of Alternative Content for Time-based Media:

For recognized on-screen alternative content for time-based media (e.g. captions, sign language video), the following are all true: (Level AA)

  • Don't obscure controls: Displaying time-based media alternatives doesn't obscure recognized controls for the primary time-based media.
  • Don't obscure primary media: The user can specify that displaying time-based media alternatives doesn't obscure the primary time-based media.
  • Use configurable text: The user can configure recognized text within time-based media alternatives (e.g. captions) in conformance with 1.4.1.
  • Note: Depending on the screen area available, the display of the primary time-based media may need to be reduced in size to meet this requirement.

1.1.6 Allow Resize and Reposition of Time-based Media Alternatives:

The user can configure recognized alternative content for time-based media (e.g. captions, sign language video) as follows: (Level AAA)

  • Resize: The user can resize alternative content for time-based media up to the size of the user agent's viewport.
  • Reposition: The user can reposition alternative content for time-based media to two or more of the following: above, below, to the right, to the left, and overlapping the primary time-based media.
  • Note 1: Depending on the screen area available, the display of the primary time-based media may need to be reduced in size or hidden to meet this requirement.
  • Note 2: Implementation may involve displaying alternative content for time-based media in a separate viewport, but this is not required.

Guideline 1.2 - Repair missing content [Implementing 1.2]

Summary: The user can request useful alternative content when the author fails to provide it. For example, showing metadata in place of missing or empty (1.2.1) alt text. The user can ask the browser to predict missing structural information, such as field labels, table headings or section headings (1.2.2).

1.2.1 Support Repair by Assistive Technologies:

If text alternatives for non-text content are missing or empty then both of the following are true: (Level AA)

  • The user agent doesn't attempt to repair the text alternatives by substituting text values that are also available to assistive technologies.
  • The user agent makes available metadata related to the non-text content available programmatically, but not via fields reserved for text alternatives.

1.2.2 Repair Missing Structure:

The user can specify whether or not the user agent should attempt to insert the following types of structural markup on the basis of author-specified presentation attributes (e.g. position and appearance): (Level AAA)
  • Labels
  • Headers (e.g. heading markup, table headers)

Guideline 1.3 - Provide highlighting for selection, keyboard focus, enabled elements, visited links [Implementing 1.3]

Summary: The user can visually distinguish selected, focused, and enabled items, and recently visited links (1.3.1), with a choice of highlighting options that at least include foreground and background colors, and border color and thickness (1.3.2).

1.3.1 Highlighted Items:

The user can specify that the following classes be highlighted so that each is uniquely distinguished: (Level A)

  • Selection
  • Active keyboard focus (indicated by focus cursors and/or text cursors)
  • Recognized enabled input elements (distinguished from disabled elements)
  • Recently visited links

1.3.2 Highlighting Options:

When highlighting classes specified by 1.3.1 Highlighted Items, the user can specify highlighting options that include at least: (Level AA)

  • Foreground colors
  • Background colors
  • Borders (color, style, and thickness)
  • Size when the indicator is an image
  • Blink rate (where implemented)

Guideline 1.4 - Provide text configuration [Implementing 1.4]

[N<] Summary: The user can set text scale, color, and font family globally (1.4.1, Level A); set text scale, color, and font family for elements (1.4.3, Level AA); set line spacing, character spacing, word spacing, text style, and justification globally (1.4.3, Level AA); set text style, margins, and borders for elements (1.4.5, Level AAA); set line spacing, capitalization, hyphenation, margins, and borders globally (1.4.6, Level AAA); and print configured and reflowed text (1.4.4 Level AA) .[>N]

[N<] Note 1: Success criteria 1.4.1, 1.4.3, and 1.4.6 address configuration at a global level, that is, it changes all of the text. Success criteria 1.4.2 and 1.4.5 are at an element type level, such as configuring just the heading text.

Note 2: All of the success criteria under guideline 1.4 allow users to override the text characteristics specified by authors, and override user agent defaults.

Note 3: The success criteria in guideline 1.4 can be met through user stylesheets. For platforms without user stylesheets, text configuration needs to be provide to users through the user agent's main user interface. [>N]

1.4.1 Text Size, Color, Font (Globally):

The user can globally set all of the following characteristics of visually rendered text content: (Level A)

  • Text size with preserved size distinctions (e.g. keeping headings proportional to main font)
  • Text color and background color, choosing from all platform color options
  • Font family, choosing from all platform fonts

1.4.2 Text Size, Color and Font (by Element):

The user can set all of the following characteristics of visually rendered text content for text element types including at least headings and input fields:(Level AA)

  • Text size
  • Text color and background color, choosing from all platform color options
  • Font family, choosing from all platform fonts

 

1.4.3 Text Spacing and Style (Globally):

The user can globally set all of the following characteristics of visually rendered blocks of text:(Level AA)

  • Line spacing of at least 1.0, 1.3, 1.5, and 2.0 times the font height
  • Character spacing of at least 0.01, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09 times the base character width
  • Word spacing of at least 0.01, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09 times the base character width
  • Text style (underline, italic, bold)
  • Justification (left, right, or full)

Note: For the purposes of UAAG 2.0, the base character width is the font width of the character commonly accepted as the base character for calculating kerning in the typography for that language (e.g. zero character in English).

1.4.4 Configured and Reflowed Text Printing:

The user can print any rendered visual, non-time-based content to the user's choice of available printing devices. (Level AA)

Note: The user must be able to print content as it is rendered on screen, reflecting user scaling, highlighting, and other modifications, but reflowable content is reflowed for the print margins.

1.4.5 Text Style, Margins, Borders (by Element):

The user can set all of the following characteristics of visually rendered text content for main text and for text element types including at least headings and input fields: (Level AAA)

1.4.6 Spacing, Capitalization and Hyphenation (Globally):

The user can globally set all of the following characteristics of visually rendered blocks of text: (Level AAA)

Note: This success criteria does not apply to text entered as ALL CAPS. Content authors are encouraged to use styles instead of typing text as ALL CAPS.

[@@Editors' Note: The importance of scaling headings with increased size has been lost in the new SCs. Should it be part of 1.4.1 and put the example below there? ]

Guideline 1.5 - Provide volume configuration [Implementing 1.5]

Summary: The user can adjust the volume of each audio track relative to the global volume level (1.5.1).

1.5.1 Global Volume:

The user can adjust the volume of each audio tracks independently of other tracks, relative to the global volume level set through operating environment mechanisms. (Level A)

Guideline 1.6 - Provide synthesized speech configuration [Implementing 1.6]

Summary: If synthesized speech is produced, the user can specify speech rate, volume, and voice (1.6.1, Level A), pitch and pitch range (1.6.2, Level AA), advanced synthesizer speech characteristics such as emphasis (1.6.3, Level AAA) and features such as spelling (1.6.4, Level AAA).

1.6.1 Speech Rate, Volume, and Voice:

If synthesized speech is produced, the user can specify the following: (Level A)

1.6.2 Speech Pitch and Range:

If synthesized speech is produced, the user can specify the following if offered by the speech synthesizer: (Level AA)

1.6.3 Advanced Speech Characteristics:

The user can adjust all of the speech characteristics provided by the speech synthesizer. (Level AAA)

1.6.4 Synthesized Speech Features:

If synthesized speech is produced, the following features are provided: (Level AA)

1.6.5 Synthesized Speech Language:

If synthesized speech is produced and more than one language is available, the user can change the language. (Level AA)

Guideline 1.7 - Enable configuration of user stylesheets [Implementing 1.7]

Summary: The user agent supports user stylesheets (1.7.1, Level A), the user can choose which if any user-supplied (1.7.2, Level A) and author-supplied (1.7.3, Level A) stylesheets to use, and the user can save stylesheets (1.7.4, Level AA).

1.7.1 Support User Stylesheets:

If the user agent supports a mechanism for author stylesheets, the user agent also provides a mechanism for user stylesheets. (Level A)

1.7.2 Apply User Stylesheets:

If user stylesheets are supported, then the user can enable or disable user stylesheets for: (Level A)

1.7.3 Disable Author Stylesheets:

If the user agent supports a mechanism for author stylesheets, the user can disable the use of author stylesheets on the current page. (Level A)

1.7.4 Save Copies of Stylesheets:

The user can save copies of the stylesheets referenced by the current page. This allows the user to edit and load the copies as user stylesheets. (Level AA)

Guideline 1.8 - Help users to orient within, and control, windows and viewports [Implementing 1.8]

Summary: The user agent provides programmatic and visual cues to keep the user oriented. These include highlighting the viewport (1.8.1, Level A) and customizing the highlighting attributes (1.8.8, Level AA), keeping the focus within the viewport (1.8.2 & 1.8.6, Level A), resizing the viewport (1.8.9, Level A), providing scrollbars that identify when content is outside the visible region (1.8.3, Level A) and which portion is visible (1.8.4, Level A), changing the size of graphical content with zoom (1.8.5, Level A & 1.8.7, Level A), and restoring the focus and point of regard when the user returns to a previously viewed page (1.8.10, Level AA). The user can specify that all viewports have the same user interface elements (1.8.13, Level AA), if and how new viewports open (1.8.11, Level AA), and whether the new viewport automatically gets focus (1.8.12, Level AA). The user can mark items in a webpage and use shortcuts to navigate back to marked items. (1.8.14, Level AAA).

1.8.1 Highlight Viewport:

The user can have the viewport with the input focus be highlighted.. (Level A)

1.8.2 Move Viewport to Selection and Focus:

When a viewport's selection or input focus changes, the viewport's content moves as necessary to ensure that the new selection or input focus location is at least partially in the visible portion of the viewport. (Level A)

1.8.3 Provide Viewport Scrollbars:

When the rendered content extends beyond the viewport dimensions, users can have graphical viewports include scrollbars, overriding any values specified by the author. (Level A)

1.8.4 Indicate Viewport Position:

The user can determine the viewport's position relative to the full extent of the rendered content. (Level A)

1.8.5 Allow Zoom:

The user can rescale content within top-level graphical viewports as follows: (Level A)

1.8.6 Maintain Point of Regard:

The point of regard remains visible and at the same location within the viewport when the viewport is resized, when content is zoomed or scaled, or when content formatting is changed. (Level A)

1.8.7 [N<]Reflow Text [>N][D<]Reduce Horizontal Scrolling[>D]:

[N<]The user can specify that text content in a graphical viewport reflows so that blocks of text fit within the width of the viewport in a single column.[>N] [D<]The user can have text content in a graphical viewport reflow so that the content fits within the width of the viewport. [>D] (Level A)

1.8.8 Customize Viewport Highlighting:

When highlighting viewports as specified by 1.8.1 Highlight Viewport, the user can customize attributes of the viewport highlighting mechanism (e.g. blink rate for blinking, color and width of borders). (Level AA)

1.8.9 Allow Viewport Resize:

The user can resize viewports within restrictions imposed by the platform, overriding any values specified by the author. (Level AA)

1.8.10 Provide Viewport History:

For user that implement a history mechanism for top-level viewports (e.g. "back" button), the user can return to any state in the viewport history that is allowed by the content, including a restored point of regard, input focus and selection. (Level AA)

1.8.11 Allow Top-Level Viewport Open on Request:

The user can specify whether author content can open new top-level viewports (e.g. windows or tabs). (Level AA)

1.8.12 Allow Top-Level Viewport Focus Control:

If new top-level viewports (e.g. windows or tabs) are configured to open without explicit user request, the user can specify whether or not top-level viewports take the active keyboard focus when they open. (Level AA)

1.8.13 Allow Same User Interface:

The user can specify that all top-level viewports (e.g. windows or tabs) follow the defined user interface configuration. (Level AA)

1.8.14 Provide Webpage Bookmarks:

The user can mark items in a webpage, then use shortcuts to navigate back to marked items. The user can specify whether a navigation mark disappears after a session, or is persistent across sessions. (Level AAA)

Guideline 1.9 - Provide alternative views [Implementing 1.9]

Summary: The user can view the source of content (1.9.2, Level AAA), and an outline view of important elements. (1.9.1, Level AA).

1.9.1 Outline View:

Users can view a navigable outline of rendered content composed of labels for important elements, and can move focus efficiently to these elements in the main viewport. (Level AA)

1.9.2 Source View:

The user can view all source text that is available to the user agent. (Level AAA)

Guideline 1.10 - Provide element information [Implementing 1.10]

Summary: The user can access information about relationships between elements (e.g. form labels, table headers) (1.10.1, Level AA), and extended link information (e.g. title, internal vs. external) (1.10.2, Level AAA)

1.10.1 Show Related Elements:

The user can access related elements based on the user's position in content (e.g. show the label of a form control, show the headers of a table cell). (Level AA)

1.10.2 Show Element Hierarchy:

The user can determine the path of element nodes going from the root element of the element hierarchy to the currently focused or selected element. (Level AAA)

PRINCIPLE 2. Ensure that the user interface is operable

Guideline 2.1 - Ensure full keyboard access [Implementing 2.1]

Summary: Every viewport has a keyboard focus (2.1.2, Level A). Users can operate all functions using just the keyboard (2.1.1, Level A), activate important or common features with shortcut keys, (2.1.6, Level A), escape keyboard traps (2.1.3, Level A), specify that selecting an item in a dropdown list or menu not activate that item (2.1.4, Level A) and use standard keys for its platform (2.1.5, Level A).

2.1.1 Provide Full Keyboard Functionality:

All functionality can be operated via the keyboard using sequential or direct keyboard commands that do not require specific timings for individual keystrokes, except where the underlying function requires input that depends on the path of the user's movement and not just the endpoints (e.g. free hand drawing). This does not forbid and should not discourage providing other input methods in addition to keyboard operation including mouse, touch, gesture and speech. (Level A)

2.1.2 Show Keyboard Focus:

Every viewport has an active or inactive keyboard focus at all times. (Level A)

2.1.3 Avoid Keyboard Traps:

If keyboard focus can be moved to a component using a keyboard interface (including nested user agents), then focus can be moved away from that component using only a keyboard interface. If this requires more than unmodified arrow or Tab keys (or standard exit methods like Escape), users are advised of the method for moving focus away. (Level A)

2.1.4 Separate Selection from Activation:

The user can specify that focus and selection can be moved without causing further changes in focus, selection, or the state of controls, by either the user agent or author-supplied content. (Level A)

2.1.5 Follow Text Keyboard Conventions:

The user agent follows keyboard conventions for the operating environment. (Level A)

2.1.6 Make Keyboard Access Efficient:

The user agent user interface includes mechanisms to make keyboard access more efficient than sequential keyboard access. (Level A)

Guideline 2.2 - Provide sequential navigation [Implementing 2.2]

Summary: Users can use the keyboard to navigate sequentially to all the operable elements in the viewport (2.2.1, Level A) as well as between viewports (2.2.2, Level A), and the default navigation order is document order (2.2.3, Level A). Users can optionally disable wrapping or request a signal when wrapping occurs (2.2.4, Level AA).

2.2.1 Sequential Navigation Between Elements:

The user can move the keyboard focus backwards and forwards through all recognized enabled elements in the current viewport. (Level A)

2.2.2 Sequential Navigation Between Viewports:

The user can move the keyboard focus backwards and forwards between viewports, without having to sequentially navigate all the elements in a viewport. (Level A)

2.2.3 Default Navigation Order:

If the author has not specified a navigation order, the default sequential navigation order is the document order. (Level A)

2.2.4 Options for Wrapping in Navigation:

The user can request notification when sequential navigation wraps at the beginning or end of a document, and can prevent such wrapping. (Level AA)

Guideline 2.3 - Provide direct navigation and activation [Implementing 2.3]

Summary: Users can navigate directly (e.g. using keyboard shortcuts) to important elements (2.3.1, Level AA) with the option of immediate activation of the operable elements (2.3.3, Level A). Display commands with the elements to make it easier for users to discover the commands (2.3.2 & 2.3.4, Level AA). The user can remap and save direct commands (2.3.5, Level AA).

2.3.1 Allow Direct Navigation to Important Elements:

The user can navigate directly to important elements in rendered content. (Level AA)

2.3.2 Present Direct Commands from Rendered Content:

The user can have any recognized direct commands in rendered content (e.g. accesskey, landmark) be presented with their associated elements (e.g. Alt+R to reply to a web email). (Level AA)

2.3.3 Allow Direct Activation of Enabled Elements:

The user can move directly to and activate any enabled element in rendered content. (Level A)

2.3.4 Present Direct Commands in User Interface:

The user can have any direct commands in the user agent user interface (e.g. keyboard shortcuts) be presented with their associated user interface controls (e.g. "Ctrl+S" displayed on the "Save" menu item and toolbar button). (Level AA)

2.3.5 Allow Customized Keyboard Commands:

The user can remap any keyboard shortcut including recognized author supplied shortcuts (e.g. accesskeys) and user agent user interface controls, except for conventional bindings for the operating environment (e.g. arrow keys for navigating within menus). (Level AA)

Guideline 2.4 - Provide text search [Implementing 2.4]

Summary: Users can search rendered content (2.4.1, Level A) forward or backward (2.4.2, Level A) and can have the matched content highlighted in the viewport (2.4.3, Level A). The user is notified if there is no match (2.4.4, Level A). Users can also search by case and for text within alternative content (2.4.5, Level AA).

2.4.1 Text Search:

The user can perform a search within rendered content, including rendered text alternatives and rendered generated content, for any sequence of printing characters from the document character set. (Level A)

2.4.2 Search Direction:

The user can search forward or backward in rendered content. (Level A)

2.4.3 Match Found:

When a search operation produces a match, the matched content is highlighted, the viewport is scrolled if necessary so that the matched content is within its visible area, and the user can search from the location of the match. (Level A)

2.4.4 Alert on Wrap or No Match:

The user can choose to receive notification when there is no match to a search operation. The user can choose to recieve notification when the search continues from the beginning or end of content. (Level A)

2.4.5 Alternative Content Search:

The user can perform text searches within alternative content that is text (e.g. text alternatives for non-text content, captions) even when the alternative content is not rendered onscreen. (Level AA)

Guideline 2.5 - Provide structural navigation [Implementing 2.5]

Summary: Users can view (2.5.1, Level AA), navigate (2.5.2, Level A), and configure the elements used in navigating (2.5.3, Level AAA) content hierarchy.

2.5.1 Show Location in Hierarchy:

When the user agent is presenting hierarchical information, but the hierarchy is not reflected in a standardized fashion in the DOM or platform accessibility services, the user can view the path of nodes leading from the root of the hierarchy to a specified element. (Level AA)

2.5.2 Provide Navigation by Heading and within Tables:

The user agent provides at least the following types of structural navigation, where the structure types exist: (Level AA)

  • By heading
  • Within tables

2.5.3 Allow Elements to be Configured for Structural Navigation:

The user can configure a set of important elements (including element type) for structured navigation and hierarchical/outline view. (Level AAA)

Guideline 2.6 - Provide access to event handlers [Implementing 2.6]

Summary: Users can interact with web content by mouse, keyboard, voice input, gesture, or a combination of input methods. Users can discover what event handlers (e.g. onmouseover) are available at each element and activate an element's events individually (2.6.1).

2.6.1 Allow Access and Activation of Input Methods:

The user agent provides a means for the user to determine recognized input methods explicitly associated with an element, and a means for the user to activate those methods in a modality independent manner. (Level AA)

Guideline 2.7 - Configure and store preference settings [Implementing 2.7]

Summary: Users can restore preference settings to default (2.7.2, Level A), and accessibility settings persist between sessions (2.7.1, Level A). Users can manage multiple sets of preference settings (2.7.3, Level AA), and adjust preference setting outside the user interface so the current user interface does not prevent access (2.7.4, Level AA), and transport settings to compatible systems (2.7.5, Level AA).

2.7.1 Allow Persistent Accessibility Settings:

User agent accessibility preference settings persist between sessions. (Level A)

2.7.2 Allow Restore All to Default:

The user can restore all preference settings to default values. (Level A)

2.7.3 Allow Multiple Sets of Preference Settings:

The user can save and retrieve multiple sets of user agent preference settings. (Level AA)

2.7.4 Allow Preference Changes from outside the User Interface:

The user can adjust any preference settings required to meet the User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG) 2.0 from outside the user agent user interface. (Level AAA)

2.7.5 Make Preference Settings Transferable:

The user can transfer all compatible user agent preference settings between devices. (Level AAA)

Guideline 2.8 - Customize display of graphical controls [Implementing 2.8]

Summary:It's recommended that users can add, remove, reposition, and assign shortcuts to user agent controls, and restore them to their default settings (2.8.1, Level AA).

2.8.1 Customize Display of Controls for User Interface Commands, Functions, and Extensions:

The user can customize which user agent commands, functions, and extensions are displayed within the user agent user interface as follows: (Level AA)

  • Show: The user can choose to display any controls available within the user agent user interface, including user-installed extensions. It is acceptable to limit the total number of controls that are displayed onscreen.
  • Simplify: The user can simplify the default user interface by choosing to display only commands essential for basic operation (e.g. by hiding some controls).
  • Reposition: The user can choose to reposition individual controls within containers (e.g. toolbars or tool palettes), as well as reposition the containers themselves to facilitate physical access (e.g. to minimize hand travel on touch screens, or to facilitate preferred hand access on handheld mobile devices).
  • Assign Activation Keystrokes or Gestures: The user can choose to view, assign or change default keystrokes or gestures used to activate controls.
  • Reset: The user has the option to reset the containers and controls to their default configuration.

Guideline 2.9 - Allow time-independent interaction [Implementing 2.9]

Summary: Users can extend the time limits for user input when such limits are controllable by the user agent (2.9.1, Level A).

2.9.1 Adjustable Time Limits:

Where time limits for user input are recognized and controllable by the user agent, the user can extend the time limits. (Level A)

Guideline 2.10 - Help users avoid flashing that could cause seizures [Implementing 2.10]

Summary: To help users avoid seizures, the default configuration prevents the browser user interface and rendered content from flashing more than three times a second above luminescence or color thresholds (2.10.1, Level A), or even below the thresholds (2.10.2, Level AAA).

2.10.1 Three Flashes or Below Threshold:

In its default configuration, the user agent does not display any user interface components that flashes more than three times in any one-second period, unless the flash is below general flash and red flash thresholds. (Level A)

2.10.2 Three Flashes:

In its default configuration, the user agent does not display any user interface components that flashes more than three times in any one-second period (regardless of whether not the flash is below the general flash and red flash thresholds). (Level AAA)

Guideline 2.11 - Provide control of content that may reduce accessibility [Implementing 2.11]

Summary: The user can present placeholders for time-based media (2.11.1, Level A) and executable regions (2.11.2, Level A), or block all executable content (2.11.3, Level A), adjust playback (2.11.4, Level A), stop/pause/resume (2.11.5, Level A), navigate by time (2.11.6, Level A) or semantic structures such as chapter (2.1.7, Level AA), enable or disable tracks (2.11.8, Level AA), and adjust contrast and brightness of visual time-based media (2.11.9, Level AAA).

2.11.1 Time-Based Media Load-Only:

The user can override the play on load of recognized time-based media content such that the content is not played until explicit user request. (Level A)

2.11.2 Execution Placeholder:

The user can request a placeholder instead of executable content that would normally be contained within an on-screen area (e.g. Applet, Flash), until explicit user request to execute. (Level A)

2.11.3 Execution Toggle:

The user can turn on/off the execution of dynamic or executable content (e.g. Javascript, canvas, media). (Level A)

2.11.4 Adjustable Playback Rate for Prerecorded Content:

The user can adjust the playback rate of prerecorded time-based media content, such that all of the following are true: (Level AA)

  • Playback Rate: The user can adjust the playback rate of the time-based media tracks to between 50% and 250% of real time.
  • Pitch: Speech whose playback rate has been adjusted by the user maintains pitch in order to limit degradation of the speech quality.
  • Synchronization: Audio and video tracks remain synchronized across this required range of playback rates.
  • Reset: The user agent provides a function that resets the playback rate to normal (100%).

2.11.5 Stop/Pause/Resume Time-Based Media:

The user can stop, pause, and resume rendered audio and animation content (e.g video, animation, changing text) that lasts three or more seconds at the default playback rate. (Level A)

2.11.6 Navigation of Time-Based media by Time:

If time-based media lasts three or more seconds at the default playback rate, the user can navigate it using a continuous scale and by relative time units. (Level A)

2.11.7 Navigation of Time-Based Media by Semantics:

The user can navigate by semantic structure within the time-based media, such as by chapters or scenes present in the media. (Level AA)

2.11.8 Video Contrast and Brightness:

Users can adjust the contrast and brightness of visual time-based media. (Level AAA)

Guideline 2.12 - Support other input devices [Implementing 2.12]

Summary: User agents support all of the platform's text input devices (2.12.1, Level A), and for all input devices the user can input text (2.12.3, Level AAA) and perform all other functions (2.12.2, Level AA).

2.12.1 Platform Text Input Devices:

If the platform supports text input using an input device, the user agent is compatible with this functionality. (Level A)

2.12.2 Operation With Any Device:

If an input device is supported by the platform, all user agent functionality other than text input can be operated using that device. (Level AA)

2.12.3 Text Input With Any Device:

If an input device is supported by the platform, all user agent functionality including text input can be operated using that device. (Level AAA)

PRINCIPLE 3: Ensure that the user interface is understandable

Guideline 3.1 - Help users avoid unnecessary messages [Implementing 3.1]

Summary: Users can turn off non-essential messages from the author or user-agent (3.1.1, Level AA).

3.1.1 Reduce Interruptions:

The user can avoid or defer: (Level AA)

  1. Recognized messages that are non-essential or low priority
  2. Information in the user agent user interface that is being updated or changing
  3. Rendered content that is being updated or changing

Guideline 3.2 - Help users avoid and correct mistakes [Implementing 3.2]

Summary: Users can have form submissions require confirmation (3.2.1, Level AA), go back after navigating (3.2.2, Level AA), have their text checked for spelling errors (3.2.3, Level AA), undo text entry (3.2.4, Level A), avoid or undo settings changes (3.2.5, Level A), and receive indications of progress activity (3.2.6, Level A).

3.2.1 Form Submission Confirm:

The user can specify whether or not recognized form submissions must be confirmed. (Level AA)

3.2.2 Back Button:

The user can reverse recognized navigation between web addresses (e.g. standard "back button" functionality). (Level AA)

3.2.3 Spell Check:

User agents provide spell checking functionality for text created inside the user agent. (Level AA)

3.2.4 Text Entry Undo:

The user can reverse recognized text entry actions prior to submission. (Level A)

  • Note: Submission can be triggered in many different ways, such as clicking a submit button, typing a key in a control with an onkeypress event, or by a script responding to a timer.

3.2.5 Settings Changes can be Reversed or Confirmed:

If the user agent provides mechanisms for changing its user interface settings, it either allows the user to reverse the setting changes, or the user can require user confirmation to proceed. (Level A)

3.2.6 Retrieval Progress:

By default, the user agent shows the state of content retrieval activity. (Level A)

Guideline 3.3 - Document the user agent user interface including accessibility features [Implementing 3.3]

Summary: User documentation is available in an accessible format (3.3.1, Level A), it includes accessibility features (3.3.2, Level A), delineates differences between versions (3.3.3, Level AA), provides a centralized view of conformance UAAG2.0 (3.3.4, Level AAA).

3.3.1 Accessible Documentation:

Product documentation is available in a format that meets success criteria of WCAG 2.0 level "A" or greater. (Level A)

3.3.2 Describe Accessibility Features:

For each user agent feature that is used to meet UAAG 2.0, at least one of the following is true: (Level A)

  1. Described in the Documentation: Use of the feature is explained in the user agents's documentation; or
  2. Described in the Interface: Use of the feature is explained in the user agent user interface; or
  3. Platform Service: The feature is a service provided by an underlying platform; or
  4. Not Used by Users: The feature is not used directly by users (e.g., passing information to a platform accessibility service).

3.3.3 Changes Between Versions:

Changes to features that meet UAAG 2.0 success criteria since the previous user agent release are documented. (Level AA)

3.3.4 Centralized View:

There is a dedicated section of the documentation that presents a view of all features of the user agent necessary to meet the requirements of User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 2.0. (Level AAA)

Guideline 3.4 - Make the user agent behave in a predictable fashion [Implementing 3.4]

Summary: Users can prevent non-requested focus changes (3.4.1, Level A).

3.4.1 Avoid Unpredictable Focus:

The user can prevent focus changes that are not a result of explicit user request. (Level A)

PRINCIPLE 4: Facilitate programmatic access

Guideline 4.1 - Facilitate programmatic access to assistive technology [Implementing 4.1]

Summary: The user agent supports platform accessibility services (4.1.1, Level A) that are quick and responsive (4.1.7, Level A), including providing information about all controls and operation (4.1.2, Level A & 4.1.6, Level AA), access to DOMs (4.1.4, Level A). Controls can be adjusted programmatically (4.1.5, Level A). Where something can't be made accessible, provide an accessible alternative version, such as a standard window in place of a customized window (4.1.3, Level A).

Note: UAAG 2.0 assumes that a platform accessibility API will be built on top of underlying security architectures that will allow user agents to comply with both the success criteria and security needs.

4.1.1 Support Platform Accessibility Services:

The user agent supports relevant platform accessibility services. (Level A)

4.1.2 Expose Basic Properties:

For all user interface components, including user agent user interface, rendered content, and generated content, the user agent makes available the following via a platform accessibility service: (Level A)

  • Name
  • Role
  • State
  • Value
  • Selection
  • Focus

4.1.3 Provide Equivalent Accessible Alternatives:

If a component of the user agent user interface cannot be exposed through platform accessibility services, then the user agent provides an equivalent alternative that is exposed through the platform accessibility service. (Level A)

4.1.4 Make DOMs Programmatically Available:

If the user agent implements one or more Document Object Models (DOM), they must be made programmatically available to assistive technologies. (Level A)

4.1.5 Make Write Access Programmatically Available:

If the user can modify the state or value of a piece of content through the user interface (e.g. by checking a box or editing a text area), the same degree of write access is programmatically available. (Level A)

4.1.6 Expose Additional Properties:

For all user interface components, including the user agent user interface, rendered content, and generated content, the user agent makes available the following, via a platform accessibility service, if the properties are supported by the service: (Level AA)

  • Bounding dimensions and coordinates
  • Font family of text
  • Font size of text
  • Foreground and background color for text
  • Change state/value notifications
  • Highlighting
  • Keyboard commands

4.1.7 Make Programmatic Exchanges Timely:

For APIs implemented to satisfy the requirements of UAAG 2.0, ensure that programmatic exchanges proceed at a rate such that users do not perceive a delay. (Level A)

PRINCIPLE 5: Comply with applicable specifications and conventions

Guideline 5.1 - Comply with applicable specifications and conventions [Implementing 5.1]

Summary: When the browser's controls are authored in HTML or similar standards, they need to meet W3C's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (5.1.1, Levels A, AA, AAA). The user agent supports the accessibility features of content formats (5.1.2, Level A) and of the platform (5.1.3, Level A), allows handling of unrendered technologies (5.1.4, Level A) including by alternative viewers (5.1.5, Level AA), and allows users to report accessibility issues (5.1.6, Level AAA).

5.1.1 Comply with WCAG:

Web-based user agent user interfaces meet the WCAG 2.0 success criteria. (Level A to meet WCAG 2.0 Level A success criteria; Level AA to meet WCAG 2.0 Level A and AA success criteria; and Level AAA to meet WCAG 2.0 Level A, AA, and AAA success criteria)

  • Note: This success criterion does not apply to non-web-based user agent user interfaces, but does include any parts of non-web-based user agents that are web-based (e.g. help systems).

5.1.2 Implement Accessibility Features of Content Specifications:

Implement the accessibility features of content specifications. Accessibility features are those that are either (Level A):

  • Identified as such in the content specifications or
  • Allow authors to satisfy a requirement of WCAG 2.0
  • Note 1: If a conformance claim is filed, cite the implemented specifications in the comformance claim.
  • Note 2: When a rendering requirement of another specification contradicts a requirement of UAAG 2.0, the user agent may disregard the rendering requirement of the other specification and still satisfy this guideline.

5.1.3 Implement Accessibility Features of the Platform:

If the user agent contains non-web-based user interfaces, then those user interfaces follow user interface accessibility guidelines for the platform. (Level A)

  • Note: When a requirement of another specification contradicts a requirement of UAAG 2.0, the user agent may disregard the rendering requirement of the other specification and still satisfy this guideline.

5.1.5 Allow Content Elements to be Rendered in Alternative Viewers:

The user can select content elements and have them rendered in alternative viewers. (Level AA)

5.1.6 Enable Reporting of User Agent Accessibility Faults:

The user agent provides a mechanism for users to report user agent accessibility issues. (Level AAA)

Conformance

This section is normative.

Conformance means that the user agent satisfies the success criteria defined in the guidelines section. This section lists requirements for conformance and conformance claims.

Conformance Requirements

In order for a web page to conform to UAAG 2.0, one of the following levels of conformance is met in full.

Note: Although conformance can only be achieved at the stated levels, developers are encouraged to report (in their claim) any progress toward meeting success criteria from all levels beyond the achieved level of conformance.

Conformance Claims

User agents can conform to UAAG 2.0 without making a claim. If a conformance claim is made, the conformance claim must meet the following conditions and include the following information:

Conditions on Conformance Claims

If a conformance claim is made, the conformance claim must meet the following conditions:

Components of UAAG 2.0 Conformance Claims

  1. Claimant name and affiliation
  2. Claimant contact information
  3. Date of the claim
  4. Conformance level satisfied
  5. User agent information:
    1. Name and manufacturer
    2. Version number or version range
    3. Required patches or updates, human language of the user interface and documentation
    4. Configuration changes to the user agent that are needed to meet the success criteria (e.g. ignore author foreground/background color, turn on Carat Browsing)
    5. Plugins or extensions (including version numbers) needed to meet the success criteria (e.g. mouseless browsing)
  6. Platform: Provide relevant information about the software and/or hardware platform(s) that the user agent relies on for conformance. This information may include:
    1. Name and manufacturer
    2. Version of key software components (e.g. operating system, other software environment)
    3. Hardware requirements (e.g. audio output enabled, minimum screen size: 2", bluetooth keyboard attached)
    4. Operating system(s) (e.g. Windows, Android, iOS, GNOME)
    5. Other software environment (Java, Eclipse)
    6. Host web browser when the conforming user agent is web-based (e.g. JW Player on Firefox)
    7. Configuration changes to the platform that are needed to meet the success criteria (e.g. turn on Sticky Keys, use High Contrast Mode)
  7. Platform Limitations: If the platform (hardware or operating system) does not support a capability necessary for a given UAAG 2.0 success criterion, list the success criterion and the feature (e.g. a mobile operating system does not support platform accessibility services, therefore the user agent cannot meet success criterion 4.1.2). For these listed technologies, the user agent can claim that the success criteria do not apply.
  8. Web Content Technologies: List the web content technologies rendered by the user agent that are included in the claim. If there are any web content technologies rendered by the user agent that are excluded from the conformance claim, list these separately. Examples of web content technologies include web markup languages such HTML, XML, CSS, SVG, and MathML, image formats such as PNG, JPG and GIF, scripting languages such as JavaScript/EcmaScript, specific video codecs, and proprietary document formats.
  9. Declarations: For each success criterion, provide a declaration of either
    1. whether or not the success criterion has been satisfied; or
    2. declaration that the success criterion is not applicable and a rationale for why not

Limited Conformance for Extensions

This option may be used for a user agent extension or plug-in with limited functionality that wishes to claim UAAG 2.0 conformance. An extension or plugin can claim conformance for a specific success criterion or a narrow range of success criteria as stated in the claim. All other success criteria may be denoted as Not Applicable. The add-in must not cause the combined user agent (hosting user agent plus installed extension or plug-in) to fail any success criteria that the hosting user agent would otherwise pass.

Optional Components of an UAAG 2.0 Conformance Claim

A description of how the UAAG 2.0 success criteria were met where this may not be obvious.

Disclaimer

Neither W3C, WAI, nor UAWG take any responsibility for any aspect or result of any UAAG 2.0 conformance claim that has not been published under the authority of the W3C, WAI, or UAWG.

Appendix A: Glossary

This glossary is normative.

a · b · c · d · e · f · g · h · i · j · k · l · m · n · o · p · q · r · s · t · u · v · w · x · y · z

activate
To carry out the behaviors associated with an enabled element in the rendered content or a component of the user agent user interface.
alternative content
Web content that user agents can programmatically determine is usable in place of other content that some people are not able to access. Alternative content fulfills essentially the same function or purpose as the original content. There are several general types of alternative content: Note: According to WCAG 2.0, alternative content may or may not be programmatically determinable (e.g., a short description for an image might appear in the image's description attribute or within text near the image). However, UAAG 2.0 adds the programmatically determinable condition because this is the only type of alternative content that user agents can recognize.
animation
Graphical content rendered to automatically change over time, giving the user a visual perception of movement. Examples include video, animated images, scrolling text, programmatic animation (e.g. moving or replacing rendered objects).
application programming interface (API)
A mechanism that defines how communication may take place between applications.
assistive technology
For the purpose of UAAG 2.0 conformance, assistive technology meets the following criteria:
  1. Relies on services (such as retrieving web resources and parsing markup) provided by one or more host user agents.
  2. Communicates data and messages with host user agents by monitoring and using APIs.
  3. Provides services beyond those offered by the host user agents to meet the requirements of users with disabilities. Additional services include alternative renderings (e.g. as synthesized speech or magnified content), alternative input methods (e.g. voice), additional navigation or orientation mechanisms, and content transformations (e.g. to make tables more accessible).
Examples of assistive technologies that are important in the context of UAAG 2.0 include the following:
audio
The technology of sound transmission. Audio can be created synthetically (including speech synthesis), streamed from a live source (e.g. a radio broadcast), or recorded from real world sounds. There may be multiple audio tracks in a presentation.
audio description
A type of alternative content that takes the form of narration added to the audio to describe important visual details that cannot be understood from the main soundtrack alone. Audio description of video provides information about actions, characters, scene changes, on-screen text, and other visual content. In standard audio description, narration is added during existing pauses in dialogue.
audio track
All or part of the audio portion of a presentation (e.g. each instrument may have a track, or each stereo channel may have a track).
author
A person who works alone or collaboratively to create content (e.g. content author, designer, programmer, publisher, tester).
captions
A type of alternative content that takes the form of text presented and synchronized with time-based media to provide not only the speech, but also non-speech information conveyed through sound, including meaningful sound effects and identification of speakers. In some countries, the term "subtitle" is used to refer to dialogue only and "captions" is used as the term for dialogue plus sounds and speaker identification. In other countries, "subtitle" (or its translation) is used to refer to both. Note: Other terms that include the word "caption" may have different meanings. For instance, a "table caption" is a title for a table, often positioned graphically above or below the table.
commands
Actions made by users to control the user agent. These include:
content (web content)
Information and sensory experience to be communicated to the user by means of a user agent, including code or markup that defines the content's structure, presentation, and interactions.
continuous scale
When interacting with a time-based media presentation, a continuous scale allows user (or programmatic) action to set the active playback position to any time point on the presentation timeline. The granularity of the positioning is determined by the smallest resolvable time unit in the media timebase.
default
see properties
disabled element
see element
document character set
The internal representation of data in the source content by a user agent.
document object, Document Object Model (DOM)
A platform- and language-neutral interface that allows programs and scripts to dynamically access and update the content, structure and style of documents. The document can be further processed and the results of that processing can be incorporated back into the presented page. Overview of DOM-related materials: http://www.w3.org/DOM/#what.
documentation
Any information that supports the use of a user agent. This information may be provided electronically or otherwise and includes help, manuals, installation instructions, tutorials, etc. Documentation can be distributed with the product or separately (e.g. on the web).
Note: The level of technical detail in documentation for users should match the technical level of the feature. For example, user documentation for a browser's zoom function should not refer users to the source code repository for that browser.
element, element type
Primarily, a syntactic construct of a document type definition (DTD) for its application. This is the sense employed by the XML 1.0 specification ([XML], section 3). This sense is also relevant to structures defined by XML schemas. UAAG 2.0 also uses the term "element" more generally to mean a type of content (such as video or sound) or a logical construct (such as a header or list).
events and scripting, event handler, event type
User agents often perform a task when an event having a particular "event type" occurs, including a user interface event, a change to content, loading of content, or a request from the operating environment. Some markup languages allow authors to specify that a script, called an event handler, be executed when an event of a given type occurs. An event handler is explicitly associated with an element through scripting, markup or the DOM.
enabled element
see element
explicit user request
An interaction by the user through the user agent user interface, the focus, or the selection. User requests are made, for example, through user agent user interface controls and keyboard commands. Some examples of explicit user requests include when the user selects "New viewport," responds "yes" to a prompt in the user agent's user interface, configures the user agent to behave in a certain way, or changes the selection or focus with the keyboard or pointing device. Note: Users can make errors when interacting with the user agent. For example, a user may inadvertently respond "yes" to a prompt instead of "no." This type of error is still considered an explicit user request.
extended audio description
see audio description
focus, input focus
The location where input will occur if a viewport is active. Examples include: The active input focus is in the active viewport. The inactive input focus is in the inactive viewport. Focus is typically indicated by a focus cursor.
focus cursor
Visual indicator that highlights a user interface element to show that it has input focus (e.g. the dotted line around a button, outline around a pane, or brightened title bar on a window). Cursors are active when in the active viewport, and inactive when in an inactive viewport.
focusable element
Any element capable of having input focus (e.g. a link, text box, or menu item). In order to be accessible and fully usable, every focusable element should take keyboard focus, and ideally would also take pointer focus.
globally, global configuration
A setting is one that applies to the entire user agent or all content being rendered by it, rather than to a specific feature within the user agent or a specific document being viewed.
graphical
Information (e.g. text, colors, graphics, images, or animations) rendered for visual consumption.
highlight, highlighted, highlighting
Emphasis indicated through the user interface. For example, user agents highlight content that is selected, focused, or matched by a search operation. Graphical highlight mechanisms include dotted boxes, changed colors or fonts, underlining, adjacent icons, magnification, and reverse video. Synthesized speech highlight mechanisms include alterations of voice pitch and volume ( i.e. speech prosody). User interface items may also be highlighted, for example a specific set of foreground and background colors for the title bar of the active window. Content that is highlighted may or may not be a selection.
image
Pictorial content that is static (i.e. not moving or changing). Also see animation.
important elements
Elements determined as important by the user to facilitate the user's navigation of the content. UAAG 2.0 intentionally does not identify which important elements must be navigable because this will vary by user needs and technologies being used.
informative (non-normative)
see normative
keyboard
The letter, symbol and command keys or key indicators that allow a user to control a computing device. Assistive technologies have traditionally relied on the keyboard interface as a universal, or modality independent interface. In this document references to keyboard include keyboard emulators and keyboard interfaces that make use of the keyboard's role as a modality independent interface (see Modality Independent Controls). Keyboard emulators and interfaces may be used on devices which do not have a physical keyboard, such as mobile devices based on touchscreen input.
keyboard interface
Keyboard interfaces are programmatic services provided by many platforms that allow operation in a device independent manner. A keyboard interface can allow keystroke input even if particular devices do not contain a hardware keyboard (e.g. a touchscreen-controlled device can have a keyboard interface built into its operating system to support onscreen keyboards as well as external keyboards that may be connected).
Note: Keyboard-operated mouse emulators, such as MouseKeys, do not qualify as operation through a keyboard interface because these emulators use pointing device interfaces, not keyboard interfaces.
keyboard command (keyboard binding, keyboard shortcuts, accesskey, access key, accelerator keys, direct keyboard command)
A key or set of keys that are tied to a particular UI control or application function, allowing the user to navigate to or activate the control or function without traversing any intervening controls (e.g. CTRL+"S" to save a document). It is sometimes useful to distinguish keyboard commands that are associated with controls that are rendered in the current context (e.g. ALT+"D" to move focus to the address bar) from those that may be able to activate program functionality that is not associated with any currently rendered controls (e.g. "F1" to open the Help system). Keyboard commands can be triggered using a physical keyboard or keyboard emulator (e.g. on-screen keyboard or speech recognition). (See Modality Independent Controls). Sequential keyboard commands require multiple keystrokes to carry out an action (e.g. a series of Tab or arrow presses followed by Enter, or a sequence like ALT-F, V to drop down a File menu and choose Print Preview).
non-text content (non-text element, non-text equivalent)
see text
normative, informative (non-normative)
Required (or not required) for conformance. Abilities identified as "normative" are required for conformance (noting that one may conform in a variety of well-defined ways to UAAG 2.0). Abilities identified as "informative" (or, "non-normative") are never required for conformance.
notify
To make the user aware of events or status changes. Notifications can occur within the user agent user interface (e.g. a status bar) or within the content display. Notifications may be passive and not require user acknowledgment, or they may be presented in the form of a prompt requesting a user response (e.g. a confirmation dialog).
obscure
To render a visual element in the same screen space as a second visual element in a way that prevents the second visual element from being visually perceived.
Note: The use of transparent backgrounds for the overlaying visual element (e.g., video captions) is an acceptable technique for reducing obscuration, if space is available.
operating environment
The software environment that governs the user agent's operation, whether it is an operating system or a programming language environment such as Java.
operating system (OS)
Software that supports a device's basic functions, such as scheduling tasks, executing applications, and managing hardware and peripherals.
Note: Many operating systems mediate communication between executing applications and assistive technology via a platform accessibility service.
override
When one configuration or behavior preference prevails over another. Generally, the requirements of UAAG 2.0 involve user preferences prevailing over author preferences and user agent default settings and behaviors. Preferences may be multi-valued in general (e.g. the user prefers blue over red or yellow), and include the special case of two values (e.g. turn on or off blinking text content).
placeholder
Content generated by the user agent to replace author-supplied content. A placeholder may be generated as the result of a user preference (e.g. to not render images) or as repair content (e.g. when an image cannot be found). A placeholder can be any type of content, including text, images, and audio cues. A placeholder should identify the technology of the replaced object.
platform
The software and hardware environment(s) within which the user agent operates. Platforms provide a consistent operational environment. There may be layers of software in an hardware architecture and each layer may be considered a platform. Non-web-based platforms include desktop operating system (e.g. Linux, Mac OS, Windows, etc.), mobile operating systems (e.g. Android, Blackberry, iOS, Windows Phone, etc.), and cross-OS environments (e.g. Java). Web-based platforms are other user agents. User agents may employ server-based processing, such as web content transformations, text-to-speech production, etc.
Note 1: A user agent may include functionality hosted on multiple platforms (e.g. a browser running on the desktop may include server-based pre-processing and web-based documentation).
Note 2: Accessibility guidelines for developers exist for many platforms.
platform accessibility service
A programmatic interface that is engineered to enhance communication between mainstream software applications and assistive technologies (e.g. MSAA, UI Automation, and IAccessible2 for Windows applications, AXAPI for Mac OSX applications, Gnome Accessibility Toolkit API for GNOME applications, Java Access for Java applications). On some platforms it may be conventional to enhance communication further by implementing a DOM.
plug-in
see user agent
point of regard
The position in rendered content that the user is presumed to be viewing. The dimensions of the point of regard may vary. For example,it may be a two-dimensional area (e.g. content rendered through a two-dimensional graphical viewport), or a point (e.g. a moment during an audio rendering or a cursor position in a graphical rendering), or a range of text (e.g. focused text), or a two-dimensional area (e.g. content rendered through a two-dimensional graphical viewport). The point of regard is almost always within the viewport, but it may exceed the spatial or temporal dimensions of the viewport (see the definition of rendered content for more information about viewport dimensions). The point of regard may also refer to a particular moment in time for content that changes over time (e.g. an audio-only presentation). User agents may determine the point of regard in a number of ways, including based on viewport position in content, keyboard focus, and selection.
pointer
see focus cursor
profile
A named and persistent representation of user preferences that may be used to configure a user agent. Preferences include input configurations, style preferences, and natural language preferences. In operating environments with distinct user accounts, profiles enable users to reconfigure software quickly when they log on. Users may share their profiles with one another. Platform-independent profiles are useful for those who use the same user agent on different devices.
programmatically available
Information that is encoded in a way that allows different software, including assistive technologies, to extract and present the information in different modalities. This means making use of platform accessibility services, APIs, and, in some cases, a DOM. For web-based user interfaces, this means ensuring that the user agent can pass on the information (e.g. through the use of WAI-ARIA).
prompt
Any user agent-initiated request for a decision or piece of information from a user.
properties, values, and defaults
A user agent renders a document by applying formatting algorithms and style information to the document's elements. Formatting depends on a number of factors, including where the document is rendered (e.g. on screen, on paper, through loudspeakers, on a braille display, on a mobile device). Style information (e.g. fonts, colors, synthesized speech prosody) may come from the elements themselves (e.g. certain font and phrase elements in HTML), from stylesheets, or from user agent settings. For the purposes of these guidelines, each formatting or style option is governed by a property and each property may take one value from a set of legal values. Generally in UAAG 2.0, the term "property" has the meaning defined in CSS 2 ([CSS2], section 3). A reference to "styles" in UAAG 2.0 means a set of style-related properties.
recognize
Authors encode information in many ways, including in markup languages, style sheet languages, scripting languages, and protocols. When the information is encoded in a manner that allows the user agent to process it with certainty, the user agent can "recognize" the information. For instance, HTML allows authors to specify a heading with the H1 element, so a user agent that implements HTML can recognize that content as a heading. If the author creates a heading using a visual effect alone (e.g. just by increasing the font size), then the author has encoded the heading in a manner that does not allow the user agent to recognize it as a heading. Some requirements of UAAG 2.0 depend on content roles, content relationships, timing relationships, and other information supplied by the author. These requirements only apply when the author has encoded that information in a manner that the user agent can recognize. See the section on conformance for more information about applicability. User agents will rely heavily on information that the author has encoded in a markup language or style sheet language. Behaviors, style, meaning encoded in a script, and markup in an unfamiliar XML namespace may not be recognized by the user agent as easily or at all.
reflowable content
Web content that can be arbitrarily wrapped over multiple lines. The primary exceptions to reflowable content are graphics and video.
relative time units
Time intervals for navigating media relative to the current point (e.g. move forward 30 seconds). When interacting with a time-based media presentation, a user may find it beneficial to move forward or backward via a time interval relative to their current position. For example, a user may find a concept unclear in a video lecture and elect to skip back 30 seconds from the current position to review what had been described. Relative time units may be preset by the user agent, configurable by the user, and/or automatically calculated based upon media duration (e.g. jump 5 seconds in a 30-second clip, or 5 minutes in a 60-minute clip). Relative time units are distinct from absolute time values such as the 2 minute mark, the half-way point, or the end.
rendered content
The presentation generated by the user agent based on the author supplied code. This includes text characters, images, stylesheets, scripts, and any other content that, once processed, may be perceived.
repair content, repair text
Content generated by the user agent to correct an error condition. "Repair text" refers to the text portion of repair content. Error conditions that may lead to the generation of repair content include: Note: UAAG 2.0 does not require user agents to include repair content in the document object. Repair content inserted in the document object should conform to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 [WCAG20]. For more information about repair techniques for web content and software, refer to "Techniques for Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines 1.0" [ATAG10-TECHS].
script
Instructions to create dynamic web content that are written in a programming (scripting) language. In guidelines referring to the written (natural) language of content, as referenced in Unicode [UNICODE]), script can also refer to "a collection of symbols used to represent textual information in one or more writing systems". Information encoded in (programming) scripts may be difficult for a user agent to recognize. For instance, a user agent is not expected to recognize that, when executed, a script will calculate a factorial. The user agent will be able to recognize some information in a script by virtue of implementing the scripting language or a known program library (e.g. the user agent is expected to recognize when a script will open a viewport or retrieve a resource from the web).
selection
A user agent mechanism for identifying a (possibly empty) range of content that will be the implicit source or target for subsequent operations. The selection may be used for a variety of purposes, including for cut-and-paste operations, to designate a specific element in a document for the purposes of a query, and as an indication of point of regard (e.g. the matched results of a search may be automatically selected). The selection should be highlighted in a distinctive manner. On the screen, the selection may be highlighted in a variety of ways, including through colors, fonts, graphics, and magnification. When rendered using synthesized speech, the selection may be highlighted through changes in pitch, speed, or prosody.
source text
Text that the user agent renders upon user request to view the source of specific viewport content (e.g. selected content, frame, page).
style properties
Properties whose values determine the presentation (e.g. font, color, size, location, padding, volume, synthesized speech prosody) of content elements as they are rendered (e.g. onscreen, via loudspeaker, via braille display) by user agents. Style properties can have several origins:
style sheet
A mechanism for communicating style property settings for web content, in which the style property settings are separable from other content resources. This separation allows author style sheets to be toggled or substituted, and user style sheets defined to apply to more than one resource. Style sheet web content technologies include Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL).
synchronize
The act of time-coordinating two or more presentation components (e.g. a visual track with captions, several tracks in a multimedia presentation). For authors, the requirement to synchronize means to provide the data that will permit sensible time-coordinated rendering by a user agent. For example, web content developers can ensure that the segments of caption text are neither too long nor too short, and that they map to segments of the visual track that are appropriate in length. For user agent developers, the requirement to synchronize means to present the content in a sensible time-coordinated fashion under a wide range of circumstances including technology constraints (e.g. small text-only displays), user limitations (e.g. slow reading speeds, large font sizes, high need for review or repeat functions), and content that is sub-optimal in terms of accessibility.
technology (web content technology)
A mechanism for encoding instructions to be rendered, played or executed by user agents. Web content technologies may include markup languages, data formats, or programming languages that authors may use alone or in combination to create end-user experiences that range from static web pages to multimedia presentations to dynamic web applications. Some common examples of web content technologies include HTML, CSS, SVG, PNG, PDF, Flash, and JavaScript.
text
A sequence of characters that are programmatically available, where the sequence is expressing something in human language.
text transcript
A type of alternative content that takes the form of text equivalents of audio information (e.g. an audio-only presentation or the audio track of a movie or other animation). A text transcript provides text for both spoken words and non-spoken sounds such as sound effects. Text transcripts make audio information accessible to people who have hearing disabilities and to people who cannot play the audio. Text transcripts are usually created by hand but may be generated on the fly (e.g. by voice-to-text converters).
top-level viewport
see viewport
user agent
Any software that retrieves, renders and facilitates end user interaction with web content. UAAG 2.0 identifies four user agent architectures: Note: Many web applications retrieve, render and facilitate interaction with very limited data sets (e.g. online ticket booking). In such cases, WCAG 2.0, without UAAG 2.0, may be appropriate for assessing the application's accessibility.
Examples of software that are generally considered user agents under UAAG 2.0: Examples of software that are not considered user agents under UAAG 2.0 (in all cases, WCAG 2.0 still applies if the software is web-based):
user agent extension (add-in)
Software installed into a user agent that adds one or more additional features that modify the behavior of the user agent. Two common capabilities for user agent extensions are the ability to:
user interface
For the purposes of UAAG 2.0, the user interface includes both: This document distinguishes user agent user interface and content user interface only where required for clarity.
user interface control
A component of the user agent user interface or the content user interface, distinguished where necessary.
video
The technology of moving pictures or images. Video can be made up of animated or photographic images, or both.
view
A user interface function that lets users interact with web content. UAAG 2.0 recognizes a variety of approaches to presenting the content in a view, including: Note: A view can be visual, audio, or tactile.
viewport
A mechanism for presenting only part of a visual or tactile view to the user via a screen or tactile display. There may be multiple viewports on to the same underlying view (e.g. when a split-screen is used to present the top and bottom of a document simultaneously) and viewports may be nested (e.g. a scrolling frame located within a larger document). When the viewport is smaller than the view it is presenting, some of the view will not be presented. Mechanisms are typically provided to move the view or the viewport such that all of the view can be brought into the viewport (e.g. scrollbars).
Note: In UAAG 1.0 viewports were defined as having a temporal dimension. In UAAG 2.0, this is not the case. Since audio content is inherently time-based, audio viewports are excluded.
viewport dimensions
The onscreen size of a viewport, or the temporal duration of a viewport displaying time-based media. When the dimensions (spatial or temporal) of rendered content exceed the dimensions of the viewport, the user agent provides mechanisms such as scroll bars and advance and rewind controls so that the user can access the rendered content "outside" the viewport (e.g. when the user can only view a portion of a large document through a small graphical viewport, or when audio content has already been played).
visual-only
Content consisting exclusively of one or more visual tracks presented concurrently or in series (e.g. a silent movie is an example of a visual-only presentation).
visual track
Content rendered through a graphical viewport. Visual objects include graphics, text, and visual portions of movies and other animations. A visual track is a visual object that is intended as a whole or partial presentation. A visual track does not necessarily correspond to a single physical object or software object.
voice browser
A device (hardware and software) that interprets voice markup languages to generate voice output, interpret voice input, and possibly accept and produce other modalities of input and output. Definition from "Introduction and Overview of W3C Speech Interface Framework" [VOICEBROWSER].
web resource
Anything that can be identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).

Appendix B: How to refer to UAAG 2.0 from other documents

This section is informative.

There are two recommended ways to refer to the "User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 2.0" (and to W3C documents in general):

  1. References to a specific version of "User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 2.0." For example, use the "this version" URI to refer to the current document:
    http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-UAAG20-20100617/
  2. References to the latest version of "User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 2.0." Use the "latest version" URI to refer to the most recently published document in the series:
    http://www.w3.org/TR/UAAG20/.

In almost all cases, references (either by name or by link) should be to a specific version of the document. W3C will make every effort to make UAAG 2.0 indefinitely available at its original address in its original form. The top of UAAG 2.0 includes the relevant catalog metadata for specific references (including title, publication date, "this version" URI, editors' names, and copyright information).

An XHTML 1.0 paragraph including a reference to this specific document might be written:

<p>
<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-UAAG20-20100617/">
"User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 2.0,"</a></cite>
J. Allan, K. Ford, J. Spellman, eds.,
W3C Recommendation, http://www.w3.org/TR/ATAG20/.
The <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/ATAG20/">latest version</a> of this document is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/ATAG20/.</p>

For very general references to this document (where stability of content and anchors is not required), it may be appropriate to refer to the latest version of this document. Other sections of this document explain how to build a conformance claim.


Appendix C: References

This section is informative.

For the latest version of any W3C specification please consult the list of W3C Technical Reports at http://www.w3.org/TR/. Some documents listed below may have been superseded since the publication of UAAG 2.0.

Note: In UAAG 2.0, bracketed labels such as "[WCAG20]" link to the corresponding entries in this section. These labels are also identified as references through markup.

[AT1998]
The Assistive Technology Act of 1998.
[ATAG10]
"Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines 1.0," J. Treviranus, C. McCathieNevile, I. Jacobs, and J. Richards, eds., 3 February 2000. This W3C Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-ATAG10-20000203/.
[ATAG10-TECHS]
"Techniques for Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines 1.0," J. Treviranus, C. McCathieNevile, J. Richards, eds., 29 Oct 2002. This W3C Note is http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/NOTE-ATAG10-TECHS-20021029/.
[CHARMOD]
"Character Model for the World Wide Web," M. Dürst and F. Yergeau, eds., 30 April 2002. This W3C Working Draft is http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-charmod-20020430/. The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/charmod/.
[DOM2HTML]
"Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 HTML Specification," J. Stenback, P. Le Hégaret, A. Le Hors, eds., 8 November 2002. This W3C Proposed Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/PR-DOM-Level-2-HTML-20021108/. The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-HTML/.
[HTML4]
"HTML 4.01 Recommendation," D. Raggett, A. Le Hors, and I. Jacobs, eds., 24 December 1999. This W3C Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/.
[RFC2616]
"Hypertext Transfer Protocol — HTTP/1.1," J. Gettys, J. Mogul, H. Frystyk, L. Masinter, P. Leach, T. Berners-Lee, June 1999.
[RFC3023]
"XML Media Types," M. Murata, S. St. Laurent, D. Kohn, January 2001.
[SMIL]
"Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) 1.0 Specification," P. Hoschka, ed., 15 June 1998. This W3C Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-smil-19980615/.
[SMIL20]
"Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL 2.0) Specification," J. Ayars, et al., eds., 7 August 2001. This W3C Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-smil20-20010807/.
[SVG]
"Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.0 Specification," J. Ferraiolo, ed., 4 September 2001. This W3C Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-SVG-20010904/.
[UAAG10]
"User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0," I. Jacobs, J. Gunderson, E. Hansen, eds.17 December 2002. This W3C Recommendation is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-UAAG10-20021217/.
[UAAG10-CHECKLIST]
An appendix to UAAG 2.0 lists all of the checkpoints, sorted by priority. The checklist is available in either tabular form or list form.
[UAAG10-ICONS]
Information about UAAG 1.0 conformance icons and their usage is available at http://www.w3.org/WAI/UAAG10-Conformance.
[UAAG10-SUMMARY]
An appendix to UAAG 2.0 provides a summary of the goals and structure of User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0.
[UAAG10-TECHS]
"Techniques for User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0," I. Jacobs, J. Gunderson, E. Hansen, eds. The latest draft of the techniques document is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/UAAG10-TECHS/.
[UNICODE]
The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2012. ISBN 978-1-936213-02-3)
http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.1.0/
[VOICEBROWSER]
"Introduction and Overview of W3C Speech Interface Framework," J. Larson, 4 December 2000. This W3C Working Draft is http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/WD-voice-intro-20001204/. The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/voice-intro/. UAAG 2.0 includes references to additional W3C specifications about voice browser technology.
[W3CPROCESS]
"World Wide Web Consortium Process Document," I. Jacobs ed. The 19 July 2001 version of the Process Document is http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Process-20010719/. The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Process/.
[WCAG20]
"Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0" B. Caldwell, M. Cooper, L. Guarino Reid, G. Vanderheiden, eds., 8 December 2008. This W3C Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-WCAG20-20081211/. The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/. Additional format-specific techniques documents are available from this Recommendation.
[WCAG20-TECHS]
"Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0," B. Caldwell, M. Cooper, L. Guarino Reid, G. Vanderheiden, eds., 8 December 2008. This W3C Note is http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/NOTE-WCAG20-TECHS-20101014/. The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/. Additional format-specific techniques documents are available from this Note.
[WCAG-EM]
"Website Accessibility Conformance Evaluation Methodology (WCAG-EM) 1.0" E. Velleman, S. Abou-Zahra, eds., 26 February 2013. This is an informative draft of a Working Group Note. The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-EM/
[WEBCHAR]
"Web Characterization Terminology and Definitions Sheet," B. Lavoie, H. F. Nielsen, eds., 24 May 1999. This is a W3C Working Draft that defines some terms to establish a common understanding about key Web concepts. This W3C Working Draft is http://www.w3.org/1999/05/WCA-terms/01.
[XAG10]
"XML Accessibility Guidelines 1.0," D. Dardailler, S. Palmer, C. McCathieNevile, eds., 3 October 2001. This W3C Working Draft is http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-xag-20021003. The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xag.
[XHTML10]
"XHTML[tm] 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language," S. Pemberton, et al., 26 January 2000. This W3C Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xhtml1-20000126/.
[XMLDSIG]
"XML-Signature Syntax and Processing," D. Eastlake, J. Reagle, D. Solo, eds., 12 February 2002. This W3C Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xmldsig-core-20020212/.
[XMLENC]
"XML Encryption Syntax and Processing," D. Eastlake, J. Reagle, eds., 10 December 2002. This W3C Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xmlenc-core-20021210/.

Appendix D: Acknowledgments

Participants active in the UAWG prior publication:

Previous Editor:
Jan Richards, Inclusive Design Institute, OCAD University

Other previously active UAWG participants and other contributors to UAAG 2.0:

UAAG 2.0 would not have been possible without the work of those who contributed to UAAG 1.0.

This publication has been funded in part with Federal funds from the U.S. Department of Education, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) under contract number ED-OSE-10-C-0067. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Education, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.