Abstract
This document is a glossary of terms defined and used to describe Linked Data, and its associated vocabularies and Best Practices. This document published by the W3C Government Linked Data Working Group as a Working Group Note, is intended to help information management professionals, Web developers, scientists and the general public better understand publishing structured data using Linked Data Principles.
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Scope
This glossary lists terms related to publishing and consuming either Linked Data in the enterprise or Linked Open Data on the public Web.
1. 5 Star Linked Open Data
5 Star Linked Open Data refers to an incremental framework for deploying data. Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web and initiator of the Linked Data project, suggested a 5 star deployment scheme for Linked Open Data. The 5 Star Linked Data system is cumulative. Each additional star presumes the data meets the criteria of the previous step(s). 5 Star Linked Open Data includes an Open License (expression of rights) and assumes publications on the public Web.
Organizations may elect to publish 5 Star Linked Data, without the word "open", implying that the data does not include an Open License (expression of rights) and does not imply publication on the public Web.
☆ Publish data on the Web in any format (e.g., PDF, JPEG) accompanied by an explicit Open License (expression of rights).
☆☆ Publish structured data on the Web in a machine-readable format (e.g., XML).
☆☆☆ Publish structured data on the Web in a documented, non-proprietary data format (e.g., CSV, KML).
☆☆☆☆ Publish structured data on the Web as RDF (eg Turtle, RDFa, JSON-LD, SPARQL)
☆☆☆☆☆ In your RDF, have the identifiers be links (URLs) to useful data sources.
2. Apache License
Apache License, version 2.0 is used for many Linked Data tools and projects. It is a popular Open Source license published by the Apache Software Foundation.
3. API
An Application Programming Interface (API) is an abstraction implemented in software that defines how others should make use of a software package such as a library or other reusable program. APIs are used to provide developers access to data and functionality from a given system.
4. CC-BY-SA License
A form of Creative Commons license for resources released online. Work available under a CC-BY-SA license means you can include it in any other work under the condition that you give proper attribution. If you create derivative works (such as modified or extended versions), then you must also license them as CC-BY-SA.
5. Closed World
A concept from Artificial Intelligence and refers to a model of uncertainty that an agent assumes about the external world. In a closed world, the agent presumes that what is not known to be true must be false. This is a common assumption underlying relational databases, most forms of logical programming.
6. Connection
A concept from computer networking. It refers to a transport layer virtual circuit established between two programs for the purpose of communication.
8. Content Negotiation
Also called "conneg", refers to a phase in establishing a network connection. In the HTTP Protocol, the use of a message header to indicate which response formats a client will accept. Content negotiation allows HTTP servers to provide different versions of a resource representation in response to any given URI request. See also [HTTP Protocol 1.1]. See also Connection.
9. Controlled Vocabulary
Carefully selected sets of terms that are used to describe units of information; used to create taxonomies, thesauri and ontologies. In traditional settings the terms in the controlled vocabularies are words or phrases, in a linked data setting then they are normally assigned unique identifiers (URIs) which in turn link to descriptive phrases.
10. Comma Separated Values (CSV)
A tabular data format in which columns of information are separated by comma characters. CSV files are a non-proprietary format and are considered 3-star data on the 5-star scale.
11. Creative Commons Licenses
Licenses that include legal statements by the owner of copyright in intellectual property specifically allowing people to use or redistribute the copyrighted work in accordance with conditions specified therein. See also About Creative Commons Licenses.
12. CURIEs
Compact URI expressions (CURIEs) are an RDFa approach for shortening URIs.
13. cURL
A command line Open Source/Free Software client that can transfer data, including machine readable RDF, from or to a server using one of its many supported protocols.
14. Data Cloud
Data cloud, also called the Linked Data Cloud, is a visual representation of datasets published as Linked Data. Many academic institutions republish data from their respective governments as Linked Data, often enhancing the representation in the process.
15. Data Hub, The
The Data Hub is a specific site offering a community-run catalogue of data sets of data on the Internet, powered by the open-source data portal platform CKAN. The Data Hub is an openly editable open data catalogue in the style of Wikipedia.
16. Data Market
A data market, also called a Data Marketplace, is an online (broker) service to enable discovery and access to a large collection of datasets offered by a range of data providers. Examples include Infochimps, Azure Marketplace and Factual. Data Markets may include open as well as paid-for data, and may offer value added services such as APIs and visualizations and programmatic data access.
17. Data Modeling
Data modeling is a process of organizing data and information describing it into a faithful representation of a specific domain of knowledge. Linked data modeling applies modeling techniques based on Linked Data Principles.
18. Dataset, RDF
A collection of RDF data, comprising one or more RDF graphs that is published, maintained, or aggregated by a single provider. In SPARQL, an RDF Dataset represents a collection of RDF graphs over which a query may be performed.
19. Data Warehouse
A data warehouse is one approach to data integration in which data from various operational data systems is extracted, cleaned, transformed and copied to a centralized repository. The centralized repository can then be used for data mining or answering analytical queries. By contrast, Linked Data assumes a distributed approach of data management using HTTP URIs to describe and access information resources. A Linked Data approach is seen as an valid alternative to the centralized data warehouse approach especially when integrating datasets available on the public Web.
20. DBpedia
DBpedia is a community effort to extract structured information from Wikipedia and make it available on the Web. DBpedia is often depicted as a hub for the Data Cloud. An RDF representation of the metadata held in Wikipedia and made available for SPARQL query on the World Wide Web.
21. Dereferenceable URIs
When an HTTP client can look up a URI using the HTTP protocol and retrieve a description of the resource, it is called a dereferenceable URI. Dereferenceable URIs applies to URIs that are used to identify classic HTML documents and URIs that are used in the Linked Data context [COOL-SWURIS] to identify real-world objects and abstract concepts.
22. Description Logic
Description Logic (DL) is a family of knowledge representation languages with varying and adjustable expressivity. DL is used in artificial intelligence for formal reasoning on the concepts of an application domain. The Web Ontology Language (OWL) provides a standards-based way to exchange ontologies and includes a Description Logic semantics as well as an RDF based semantics. Biomedical informatics applications often use DL for codification of healthcare and life sciences knowledge.
23. DCAT
Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT) is an RDF vocabulary. It is designed to facilitate interoperability between data catalogs published on the Web. See also Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT).
25. Directed Graph
A directed graph is a graph in which the links between nodes are directional, i.e., they only go from one node to another. RDF represents things (nouns) and the relationships between them (verbs) in a directed graph. In RDF, links are labelled by being assigned unique URIs.
26. Document Type Definition
Document Type Definition (DTD) refers to a type of schema for defining a markup language, such as in XML or HTML (or their predecessor SGML).
27. Domain Name System (DNS)
Domain Name System (DNS) refers to the Internet's mechanism for mapping between a human-readable host name (e.g. www.example.com) and an Internet Protocol (IP) Address (e.g. 203.20.51.10).
31. Entity
In the sense of an entity-attribute-value model, an entity is synonymous with the Subject of an RDF Triple.
32. ETL
ETL is an abbreviation for extract, transform, load. Linked Data developers routinely extract data from a relational database, transform data to RDF Triples, and load it into an RDF database.
33. FOAF
See Friend of a Friend.
34. Fragment Identifier
The part of an HTTP URI that follows a hash symbol (‘#’). Fragment identifiers are not passed to Web servers by Web clients such as Web browsers.
35. Free/Libre/Open Source Software
Free, also known as Libre or Open Source, is a generic and internationalized term for software released under an Open Source license.
36. Friend of a Friend
A Semantic Web vocabulary describing people and their relationships for use in resource descriptions. Commonly called ["FOAF".]
37. Government Open Data
Many government authorities have mandated publication of data to the public Web. The broad intention is to facilitate the maintenance of open societies and support governmental accountability and transparency initiatives. To realize the goals of improved efficiency, transparency and accountability, re-use of structured content available on the Web is enhanced by following Linked Data Principles.
38. Graph
A collection of objects (represented by "nodes") any of which may be connected by links between them. See also Directed Graph.
39. HyperText Markup Language
The predominant markup language for hypertext pages on the Web. HyperText Markup Language (HTML) defines the structure of Web pages and is a family of W3C standards.
40. HyperText Transfer Protocol
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the standard transmission protocol [RFC2616] used on the World Wide Web to transfer hypertext requests and information between Web servers and Web clients (such as browsers). It is an IETF standard.
42. Inference
Inference is the process of deriving logical conclusions from a set of starting assumptions. Using Linked Data, existing relationships are modeled as a set of (named) relationships between resources. Linked Data helps humans and machines to find new relationships through automatic procedures that generate new relationships based on the data and based on some additional information in the form of a vocabulary.
43. International Organization for Standards (ISO)
ISO refers to a network of the national standards institutes of over 160 countries that cooperate to define international standards. It defines many standards including, in the linked data context, formats for dates and currency. See also ISO website.
44. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
IETF is an open international community concerned with the evolution of Internet architecture and the operation of the Internet. It has defined standards such as HTTP and DNS.
45. Internationalized Resource Identifier
A global identifier standardized by joint action of the World Wide Web Consortium and Internet Engineering Task Force. An IRI may or may not be resolvable on the Web. A generalization of URIs that allow characters from the Universal Character Set (Unicode). Slowly replacing URIs. See also Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), Uniform Resource Locator (URL). Also called IRI.
46. JSON
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is syntax for storing and exchanging text based information. JSON has proven to be a highly useful and popular object serialization and messaging format for the Web. See also: the application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [RFC4627].
47. JSON-LD
JavaScript Object Notation for Linking Data (JSON-LD) [JSON-LD] is a language-independent data format for representing Linked Data, based on JSON. JSON-LD is capable of serializing any RDF graph or dataset and most, but not all, JSON-LD documents can be directly transformed to RDF. JSON-LD Syntax is easy for humans to read and write as well as, easy for machines to parse and generate. JSON-LD is an appropriate Linked Data interchange language for JavaScript environments, Web service and NoSQL databases. See also: [JSON-LD] JSON-LD Syntax 1.0
48. Linked Data
A pattern for hyperlinking machine-readable data sets to each other using Semantic Web techniques, especially via the use of RDF and URIs. Enables distributed SPARQL queries of the data sets and a browsing or discovery approach to finding information (as compared to a search strategy). Linked Data is intended for access by both humans and machines. Linked Data uses the RDF family of standards for data interchange (e.g., RDF/XML, RDFa, Turtle) and query (SPARQL). If Linked Data is published on the public Web, it is generally called Linked Open Data. See also [Linked Data Principles].
49. Linked Data API
A REST API that allows data publishers to provide URLs to lists of things and clients to retrieve machine-readable data from those URLs.
50. Linked Data client
A Web client that supports HTTP content negotiation for the retrieval of Linked Data from URLs and/or SPARQL endpoints. A Linked Data client understands standard REST API, for example the Linked Data REST API. Examples of Linked Data clients include: Tim Berners-Lee's early Tabulator browser, gFacet, and the Callimachus Shell (CaSH).
52. Linked Data Principles
Provide a common API for data on the Web which is more convenient than many separately and differently designed APIs published by individual data suppliers. Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web and initiator of the Linked Data project, proposed the following principles upon which Linked Data is based:
- Use URIs to name things;
- Use HTTP URIs so that things can be referred to and looked up ("dereferenced") by people and user agents;
- When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the open Web standards such as RDF, SPARQL;
- Include links to other related things using their URIs when publishing on the Web.
53. Linked Open Data
Linked Data published on the public Web and licensed under one of several open licenses permitting reuse. Publishing Linked Open Data enables distributed SPARQL queries of the data sets and a "browsing" or "discovery" approach to finding information, as compared to a search strategy. See also: "Linked Data: Structured Data on the Web" [LD-FOR-DEVELOPERS] and "Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space" [HOWTO-LODP]
55. Linked Open Data Cloud diagram
A diagram representing datasets published by the Linking Open Data project from 2007-2011. The diagram stopped being updated when individual datasets could no longer be meaningfully represented in a single diagram due to the number of total datasets. See the pictoral depiction of the Linked Data Cloud.
57. Linkset
A collection of RDF links between two datasets.
58. Machine Readable Data
Data formats that may be readily parsed by computer programs without access to proprietary libraries. For example, CSV, TSV and RDF formats are machine readable, but PDF and Microsoft Excel are not. Creating and publishing data following Linked Data principles helps search engines and humans to find, access and re-use data. Once information is found, computer programs can re-use data without the need for custom scripts to manipulate the content.
Publishing machine readable data using Linked Data principles provides a human and machine readable version. For example, Wikipedia includes a Web page about the color Red. DBpedia, the database containing structured content contained in Wikipedia, allows a Linked Data client to look up "Red" [http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Red] by changing "wiki" to "data" and appending the appropriate file extension.
$ curl -L http://dbpedia.org/data/Red.ttl
59. Message
The basic unit of HTTP communication. It consists of a structured sequence of octets matching the syntax defined as an HTTP Message and transmitted via the connection.
62. Modeling Process
Modeling process in the context of RDF refers to the act by subject matter experts to work with developers to capture the context of data and define the relationships of the data. By doing so, high quality of Linked Data is obtained since capturing organizational knowledge about the meaning of the data within the RDF data model means the data is more likely to be reused correctly. Well defined context ensures better understanding, proper reuse, and is critical when establishing linkages to other data sets.
63. N3
N3 is an abbreviation for Notation3. It has a readable RDF syntax used for expressing assertion and logic. N3 [N3] is a superset of RDF, extending the RDF model by adding formulae (literals which are graphs themselves), variables, logical implication, and functional predicates. See also [Turtle].
64. Namespace IRI
A namespace IRI is a base IRI shared by all terms in a given vocabulary or ontology.
65. Natural Keys
Human-readable categories and sub-identifiers within a URI that reflect what the identifier describes. They are recommended when creating URIs so that people reading RDF in its source format (mostly developers) will be able to more quickly understand it.
66. Neutral URI
A URI that avoids the exposure of implementation details within the URI itself.
67. N-Triples
A subset of Turtle that defines a line-based format to encode a single RDF graph. Used primarily as an exchange format for RDF data. See also N-triples
68. Object
In the context of RDF, the object is the final part of an RDF statement. See also [Subject] [Predicate]
69. Ontology
A formal model that allows knowledge to be represented for a specific domain. An ontology describes the types of things that exist (classes), the relationships between them (properties) and the logical ways those classes and properties can be used together (axioms).
70. Open Government Data
Refers to content that is published on the public Web by government authorities in a variety of non-proprietary formats.
71. ORG Ontology
ORG is an RDF vocabulary to enable publication of information about organizations and organizational structures, even at governmental level. See also [http://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-org/]
72. Persistent Identifier Scheme
A persistent identifier scheme is a mechanmism for resolution of virtual resources. Persistent Uniform Resource Locator (PURLs) implement one form of persistent identifier for virtual resources. PURLs are valid URLs and their components must map to the URL specification. The scheme part tells a computer program, such as a Web browser, which protocol to use when resolving the address. The scheme used for PURLs is generally HTTP. Other persistent identifier schemes include Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs), Life Sciences Identifiers (LSIDs) and INFO URIs. All persistent identification schemes provide unique identifiers for (possibly changing) virtual resources, but not all schemes provide curation opportunities.
74. Predicate
The middle term (the linkage, or "verb") in an RDF statement. For example, in the statement "Alice knows Bob" then "knows" is the predicate which connects "Alice" (the subject of the statement) to "Bob" (the object of the statement).
75. Protocol
A set of instructions for transferring data from one computer to another over a network. A protocol standard defines both message formats and the rules for sending and receiving those messages. One of the most common Internet protocols is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
76. Provenance
Data related to where, when and how information was acquired.
78. Quad Store
A colloquial phrase for an RDF database that stores RDF triples plus an additional element of information, often used to collect statements into groups.
79. Query
Programmatic retrieval of resources and their relationships. Using the SPARQL language, developers issue queries based on (triple) patterns.
80. R2RML
R2RML (RDB to RDF Mapping Language) is a language for expressing customized mappings from relational databases to RDF datasets. Such mappings provide the ability to view existing relational data in the RDF data model, expressed in a structure and target vocabulary of the mapping author's choice.
81. Raw Data
Raw data refers to machine-readable files from the wilderness released without any specific effort to make them applicable to a particular application. Raw data typically requires additional scripts or programs to process the data.
84. RDF database
A type of database designed specifically to store and retrieve RDF information. May be implemented as a triple store, quad store or other type.
85. RDF-JSON
A name for one of the early proposals for serializing RDF in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [RFC4627]. RDF-JSON is still widely used. Originally proposed as the Talis Platform API Output Type. See also a concrete syntax in JSON [RFC4627] for RDF as defined in the RDF Concepts and Abstract Syntax [RDF-CONCEPTS] W3C Recommendation and JSON-LD which are more recent W3C documents.
86. RDF Schema
The simplest RDF vocabulary description language. It provides much less descriptive capability than the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) or the Web Ontology Language (OWL). A standard of the W3C [RDFS]
87. RDF/XML
An RDF syntax encoded in XML. A standard of the W3C. [RDF]
88. Representational State Transfer (REST)
An architectural style for information systems used on the Web. It explains some of the Web's key features, such as extreme scalability and robustness to change. REST is the foundation of the World Wide Web and the dominant Web service design model. The term "Representational State Transfer" was introduced and defined in 2000 by Roy Thomas Fielding in his doctoral dissertation. See also "Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures" by Roy Thomas Fielding.
89. Request
Request refers to a stage in the HTTP protocol. A request message from a client to a server includes, within the first line of that message, the method to be applied to the resource, the identifier of the resource, and the protocol version in use.
90. Resource
In an RDF context, a resource can be anything that an RDF graph describes. A resource can be addressed by a Unified Resource Identifier (URI). See also Resource Description Framework (RDF) 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax [RDF11-CONCEPTS]
91. Resource Description Framework (RDF)
A family of international standards for data interchange on the Web produced by W3C. Resource Description Framework (RDF) is based on the idea of identifying things using Web identifiers or HTTP URIs, and describing resources in terms of simple properties and property values. See also [RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax
92. Resource Description Framework in attributes (RDFa)
An RDF syntax encoded in HTML documents. RDFa provides a set of markup attributes to augment the visual information on the Web with machine-readable hints. It is a standard of the World Wide Web Consortium. See also RDFa Primer - Rich Structured Data Markup for Web Documents [RDFa-PRIMER]
93. Response
An action by a server taken as the result of a request by a client. In HTTP, a response provides a resource representation to the calling client. See also [RFC2616] bis for an HTTP Response message.
95. REST API
An application programming interface (API) implemented using HTTP and the principles of REST to allow actions on Web resources. The most common actions are to create, retrieve, update and delete resources. See also Representational State Transfer.
96. Schema
Schema refers to a data model that represents the relationships between a set of concepts. Some types of schemas include relational database schemas (which define how data is stored and retrieved), taxonomies and ontologies.
97. Semantic Technologies
The broad set of technologies that related to the extraction, representation, storage, retrieval and analysis of machine-readable information.
98. Semantic Web
An evolution or part of the World Wide Web that consists of machine-readable data in RDF and an ability to query that information in standard ways (e.g. via SPARQL)
99. Semantic Web Search Engine
A search engine capable of making use of semantic technologies to model its knowledge base and to deliver content.
100. Semantic Web Standards
Standards of the World Wide Web Consortium relating to the Semantic Web, including RDF [RDF], RDFa [RDFa-PRIMER], SKOS [SKOS-REFERENCE], OWL [OWL2] and SPARQL 1.1 Overview [SPARQL-11].
101. Sesame
Sesame is an Open Source Software implementation of a Semantic Web development framework. It supports the storage, retrieval and analysis of RDF information. See also [Open RDF].
102. Simple Knowledge Organisation System
Simple Knowledge Organisation System (SKOS) [SKOS-REFERENCE] is a vocabulary description language for RDF designed for representing traditional knowledge organization systems such as enterprise taxonomies in RDF.
103. Sindice
Sindice is a search engine for Linked Data. It offers search and querying capabilities across the data it knows about, as well as specialized APIs and tools for presenting Linked Data summaries. See also http://sindice.com.
104. Skolemization
Skolemization is a process whereby some RDF databases and other systems implementing the SPARQL query language automatically assign URIs to blank nodes so that they are more easily operated upon.
105. SPARQL
SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL) defines a query language for RDF data, analogous to the Structured Query Language (SQL) for relational databases. A family of standards of the World Wide Web Consortium. See also SPARQL 1.1 Overview [SPARQL-11].
106. SPARQL endpoint
A service that accepts SPARQL queries and returns answers to them as SPARQL result sets. It is a best practice for datasets providers to give the URL of their SPARQL endpoint to allow access to their data programmatically or through a Web interface. A list of some endpoints status is available at http://labs.mondeca.com/sparqlEndpointsStatus/
107. Subject
The subject is the first part of an RDF statement. A subject in the context of a triple <?s ?p ?o> refers to who or what the RDF statement is about.
108. Taxonomy
Taxonomy is a formal representation of relationships between items in a hierarchical structure. Also see Ontology.
110. Triple
An RDF statement, consisting of two things (a "subject" and an "object") and a relationship between them (a verb, or "predicate"). This subject-predicate-object triple forms the smallest possible RDF graph (although most RDF graphs consist of many such statements).
111. Triple store
A colloquial phrase for an RDF database that stores RDF triples.
112. Tuple
RDF statements are 3-tuples; an ordered list of three elements.
113. Turtle
An RDF serialization format designed to be easier to read than others such as RDF/XML. The term "Turtle" was derived from Terse RDF Triple Language. Turtle allows an RDF graph to be written in a compact and natural text form, with abbreviations for common usage patterns and datatypes. Turtle provides levels of compatibility with the existing N-Triples format, as well as the triple pattern syntax of the SPARQL W3C Recommendation. See Terse RDF Triple Language [TURTLE-TR].
119. Vocabulary
A collection of "terms" for a particular purpose. Vocabularies can range from simple such as the widely used RDF Schema, FOAF and Dublin Core Metadata Element Set to complex vocabularies with thousands of terms, such as those used in healthcare to describe symptoms, diseases and treatments. Vocabularies play a very important role in Linked Data, specifically to help with data integration. The use of this term overlaps with Ontology.
120. Vocabulary Alignment
The process of analyzing multiple vocabularies to determine terms that are common across them and to record those relationships.
121. VoID
Vocabulary of Interlinked Datasets, an RDF Schema vocabulary for expressing metadata about RDF datasets and a standard of the World Wide Web Consortium. VoID is intended as a bridge between the publishers and users of RDF data, with applications ranging from data discovery to cataloging and archiving of datasets. VoID can be used to express general metadata based on Dublin Core, access metadata, structural metadata, and links between datasets. See also Describing Linked Datasets with the VoID Vocabulary [VOID-GUIDE]
122. Web 2.0
Web 2.0 is a colloquial description of the part of the World Wide Web that implements social networking, blogs, user comments and ratings and related human-centered activities.
123. Web 3.0
Web 3.0 is a colloquial description of the part of the World Wide Web that implements machine-readable data and the ability to perform distributed queries and analysis on that data. It is considered synonymous with the phrases "Semantic Web" and "The Web of Data".
124. Web of Data
A subset of the World Wide Web which contains machine readable data represented as Linked Data.
125. Web of Documents
The original, or traditional, World Wide Web in which published resources were nearly always documents as opposed to machine readable data.
126. Web Ontology Language (OWL)
OWL is a family of knowledge representation and vocabulary description languages for authoring ontologies, based on RDF and standardized by the W3C. See also OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview (Second Edition) [OWL2].
127. Web Resource
A web page addressed by a URL. Examples include: an HTML web page, an image offered by a web server, or a dataset accessible by a URL. A Web Resource may have different representations. For example, an RDF database might be accessed at a single URL using multiple syntaxes, such as RDFa, JSON-LD, and Turtle. See also Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP/1.1 [RFC2616].
128. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
An international community that develops and promotes protocols and guidelines for the long-term growth for the Web. W3C's standards define key parts of the World Wide Web, including Web Design, Web Architecture and the Semantic Web. See also W3C Mission.
129. eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML)
eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) is a family of versions of HTML based on XML and standardized by the W3C. See also XHTML 1.0 The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition) [XHTML1].
130. eXtensible Markup Language (XML)
XML [XML] is a specification for creating structured textual computer documents, subset of SGML enabling such documents to be served, received and process on the Web in the same way as HTML documents . There are many thousands of XML formats, including XHTML. It is part of a family of standards from the W3C. See also [XHTML1].
131. XML Schema
XML Schemas provide a means for defining the structure, content and semantics of XML documents as defined in [XMLS-SCHEMA0].
A. Acknowledgments
The editors are grateful to David Wood for contributing the initial glossary terms from Linking Government Data, (Springer 2011). The editors wish to also thank members of the Government Linked Data Working Group with special thanks to the reviewers and contributors: Thomas Baker, Hadley Beeman, Richard Cyganiak, Michael Hausenblas, Sandro Hawke, Benedikt Kaempgen, James McKinney, Marios Meimaris, Jindrich Mynarz and Dave Reynolds who diligently iterated the W3C Linked Data Glossary in order to create a foundation of terms upon which to discuss and better describe the Web of Data. Thank you!
B. References
B.1 Normative references
- [OWL2]
- OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview, W3C OWL Working Group, 27 October 2009. W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/
- [RDF]
- RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised), Dave Beckett (eds), 10 February 2004, W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/
- [RDF-CONCEPTS]
- Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax, Graham Klyne, Jeremy J. Carroll, 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/
- [RDF11-CONCEPTS]
- RDF 1.1: Concepts and Abstract Syntax, Richard Cyganiak, David Wood, 15 January 2013. W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts
- [RDFS]
- RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema,ed. Dan Brickley, R.V. Guha, 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/
- [RDFa-PRIMER]
- RDFa Primer, Ben Adida, Ivan Herman, Manu Sporny, 07 June 2012. W3C Note. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/NOTE-rdfa-primer-20120607/
- [RFC2616]
- Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1, R. Fielding; et al. June 1999. Internet RFC 2616. URL: http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616.html.
- [RFC3986]
- Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax, Berners-Lee, et al. January 2005. Internet RFC 3986. URL: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.
- [RFC4627]
- The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), D. Crockford, July 2006. Network Working Group. URL: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
- [SKOS-REFERENCE]
- SKOS: Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference, Sean Bechhofer, Alistair Miles (eds), 18 August 2009, W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-skos-reference-20090818/
- [SPARQL-11]
- SPARQL 1.1 Overview,The W3C SPARQL Working Group, 21 March 20113. W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-overview/
- [TURTLE-TR]
- Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language,Eric Prud'hommeaux, Gavin Carothers, 19 February 2013. W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/
- [XHTML1]
- XHTML 1.0 The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition), Steven Pemberton, Daniel Auster, et al., 26 January 2000. W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/
- [XML]
- Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition), Tim Bray, Jean Paoli, C.M. Sperberg-McQueen, Eve Maler, François Yergeau, 26 November 2008. W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/
- [XMLS-SCHEMA0]
- XML Schema Part 0: Primer Second Edition, David C. Fallside, Priscilla Walmsley (eds), 28 October 2004, W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-0/