EPUB Annotations Vocabulary 1.0

W3C Group Note Draft

More details about this document
This version:
https://www.w3.org/TR/2026/DNOTE-epub-anno-vocab-10-20260224/
Latest published version:
https://www.w3.org/TR/epub-anno-vocab-10/
Latest editor's draft:
https://w3c.github.io/epub-specs/epub34/annotations-vocab/
History:
https://www.w3.org/standards/history/epub-anno-vocab-10/
Commit history
Editors:
Ivan Herman (W3C)
Laurent Le Meur (EDRLab)
Feedback:
GitHub w3c/epub-specs (pull requests, new issue, open issues)
public-pm-wg@w3.org with subject line [epub-anno-vocab-10] … message topic … (archives)

Abstract

This document defines the vocabulary for the EPUB Annotations 1.0 specification. RDF versions of the vocabulary, in Turtle [turtle] and JSON-LD [json-ld11], as well as a JSON-LD @context, are also available.

Status of This Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C standards and drafts index.

This document describes the EPUB Annotations Vocabulary 1.0, i.e., an RDFS [rdf-schema] vocabulary formalizing the terms defined in the EPUB Annotations 1.0 specification. The vocabulary is a "profile" of the W3C Web Annotation Vocabulary.

This document was published by the Publishing Maintenance Working Group as a Group Note Draft using the Note track.

Group Note Drafts are not endorsed by W3C nor its Members.

This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than a work in progress.

The W3C Patent Policy does not carry any licensing requirements or commitments on this document.

This document is governed by the 18 August 2025 W3C Process Document.

1. Namespaces

This specification makes use of the following namespaces:

ea
http://www.w3.org/ns/ea#
oa
http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#
as
http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#
foaf
http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc
http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dcterms
http://purl.org/dc/terms/
owl
http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
xsd
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

2. Term definitions

2.1 Class definitions

The following are class definitions in the ea namespace.

2.1.1 About

Information about the EPUB publication

See the formal definition of the term.

Dublin Core terms are used with this class, retaining the prefixes (to be in line with the EPUB Package Document).
Range of:
about
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.1.2 Annotation

EPUB Annotation Object

See the formal definition of the term.

A subclass of the Web Annotation object with some restrictions with regards of various properties.
Subclass of:
oa:Annotation
Range of:
items
Domain of:
body, motivation, target
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.1.3 AnnotationSet

Set of annotations

See the formal definition of the term.

An unordered collection of annotations, used as an interchange format amont EPUB Reading Systems.
Domain of:
about, generator, items, setTitle
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.1.4 Body

Body of an EPUB Annotation

See the formal definition of the term.

In EPUB, annotations are restricted to have textual content only.
Subclass of:
oa:TextualBody
Range of:
body
Domain of:
color, highlight, tags
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.1.5 Creator

Creator of an EPUB Annotation

See the formal definition of the term.

JSON-LD serializations should use the terms Person, Organization, or Software for typing, as these are the only available creator types.
Subclass of:
foaf:Person ⊔ foaf:Organization ⊔ as:Application
Range of:
creator
In the domain of:
name
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.1.6 FragmentSelector

Fragment Selector in EPUB

See the formal definition of the term.

This is restricted version of the Web Annotation Fragment Selector, reducing the list of valid media types.
Subclass of:
oa:FragmentSelector
Domain of:
conformsTo
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.1.7 Generator

Generator

See the formal definition of the term.

Information about the tool generating the annotations.
Range of:
generator
Domain of:
homepage
In the domain of:
name
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.1.8 Meta

Meta

See the formal definition of the term.

this class is currently undefined...
Range of:
meta
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.1.9 Selector

EPUB Annotation selector

See the formal definition of the term.

A restrictive subset of selectors, usable in EPUB.
Subclass of:
FragmentSelector ⊔ oa:CssSelector ⊔ oa:TextPositionSelector
Range of:
refinedBy, selector
Domain of:
refinedBy
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.1.10 Target

Target of an EPUB Annotation.

See the formal definition of the term.

Range of:
target
Domain of:
meta, selector, source
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2 Property definitions

The following are property definitions in the ea namespace.

2.2.1 about

Information on the EPUB publication

See the formal definition of the term.

Provide information on the EPUB publication associated with an Annotation Set.
Domain:
AnnotationSet
Range:
About
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.2 body

Designates the body of an annotation

See the formal definition of the term.

The range of body types is restricted for EPUB.
Subproperty of:
oa:hasBody
Domain:
Annotation
Range:
Body
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.3 color

Highlight color

See the formal definition of the term.

Domain:
Body
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.4 conformsTo

Designates the fragment format

See the formal definition of the term.

The range of possible media formats in Fragment Selectors is restricted, see the range of this property.
Subproperty of:
dcterms:conformsTo
Domain:
FragmentSelector
Range:
dcterms:Standard
Value may be one of:
https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3236.html, http://www.w3.org/TR/media-frags/, https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/, https://wicg.github.io/scroll-to-text-fragment/
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.5 creator

Information on the creator of an annotation

See the formal definition of the term.

The range of Creator types is restricted in EPUB.
Subproperty of:
dcterms:creator
Range:
Creator
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.6 generator

Information on the tool generating the annotations

See the formal definition of the term.

Subproperty of:
as:generator
Domain:
AnnotationSet
Range:
Generator
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.7 highlight

Highlight mode

See the formal definition of the term.

Domain:
Body
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.8 homepage

Homepage of the tool generating the annotations

See the formal definition of the term.

The property's value should be a URL, i.e., not a literal.

Subproperty of:
foaf:homepage
Domain:
Generator
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.9 items

Items in a set of annotations

See the formal definition of the term.

Domain:
AnnotationSet
Range:
Annotation

In a JSON-LD representation, values to this property are supposed to be represented in the form of a JSON array, even if there is just a single value.

Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.10 meta

Meta

See the formal definition of the term.

To be defined…
Domain:
Target
Range:
Meta
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.11 motivation

Provides the motivation for an annotation

See the formal definition of the term.

The set of motivation types is restricted in EPUB, see the range definition. In the JSON-LD serialization those terms should be used without prefix.
Subproperty of:
oa:motivatedBy
Domain:
Annotation
Range:
oa:Motivation
Value may be one of:
oa:bookmarking, oa:commenting, oa:highlighting
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.12 name

Name

See the formal definition of the term.

This property is available on some classes, see domain definition.
Subproperty of:
foaf:name
Domain:
Creator ⊔ Generator
Range:
xsd:string
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.13 refinedBy

Selector refinement

See the formal definition of the term.

This property restricts the usage of the general oa:refinedBy property to the list of Selector types available in EPUB.
Subproperty of:
oa:refinedBy
Domain:
Selector
Range:
Selector
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.14 selector

Designates the selector(s) for a target

See the formal definition of the term.

This property restricts the possible Selector types in EPUB.
Subproperty of:
oa:hasSelector
Domain:
Target
Range:
Selector
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.15 source

Designates the source resource for the target

See the formal definition of the term.

The property's value should be a URL, i.e., not a literal.

Subproperty of:
oa:hasSource
Domain:
Target
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.16 tags

Tags

See the formal definition of the term.

Domain:
Body
Range:
xsd:string

In a JSON-LD representation, values to this property are supposed to be represented in the form of a JSON array, even if there is just a single value.

Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.17 target

Designates the target resource for the EPUB annotation

See the formal definition of the term.

Subproperty of:
oa:hasTarget
Domain:
Annotation
Range:
Target
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.2.18 setTitle

Title of the Annotation Set

See the formal definition of the term.

In the generated JSON-LD context file this term appears as "title".

Domain:
AnnotationSet
Range:
xsd:string
Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.3 Definitions for individuals

The following are definitions for individuals in the ea namespace.

2.3.1 pink

Pink selection color

See the formal definition of the term.

Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.3.2 orange

Orange selection color

See the formal definition of the term.

Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.3.3 yellow

Yellow selection color

See the formal definition of the term.

Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.3.4 green

Green selection color

See the formal definition of the term.

Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.3.5 blue

Blue selection color

See the formal definition of the term.

Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.3.6 purple

Purple selection color

See the formal definition of the term.

Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.3.7 solid

Solid selection highlight

See the formal definition of the term.

Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.3.8 underline

Underline selection highlight

See the formal definition of the term.

Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.3.9 strikethrough

Strikethrough selection highlight

See the formal definition of the term.

Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

2.3.10 outline

Outline selection highlight

See the formal definition of the term.

Relevant @context:
https://www.w3.org/ns/epub-anno.jsonld

A. References

A.1 Informative references

[annotation-vocab]
Web Annotation Vocabulary. Robert Sanderson; Paolo Ciccarese; Benjamin Young. W3C. 23 February 2017. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/annotation-vocab/
[epub-anno-10]
EPUB Annotations 1.0. Laurent Le Meur; Ivan Herman. W3C. 24 February 2026. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/epub-anno-10/
[json-ld11]
JSON-LD 1.1. Gregg Kellogg; Pierre-Antoine Champin; Dave Longley. W3C. 16 July 2020. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11/
[rdf-schema]
RDF Schema 1.1. Dan Brickley; Ramanathan Guha. W3C. 25 February 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/
[turtle]
RDF 1.1 Turtle. Eric Prud'hommeaux; Gavin Carothers. W3C. 25 February 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/