Content Security Policy Level 3

1. Introduction

This section is not normative.

This document defines Content Security Policy (CSP), a tool which developers can use to lock down their applications in various ways, mitigating the risk of content injection vulnerabilities such as cross-site scripting, and reducing the privilege with which their applications execute.

CSP is not intended as a first line of defense against content injection vulnerabilities. Instead, CSP is best used as defense-in-depth. It reduces the harm that a malicious injection can cause, but it is not a replacement for careful input validation and output encoding.

This document is an iteration on Content Security Policy Level 2, with the goal of more clearly explaining the interactions between CSP, HTML, and Fetch on the one hand, and providing clear hooks for modular extensibility on the other. Ideally, this will form a stable core upon which we can build new functionality.

1.1. Examples

1.1.1. Control Execution

Content-Security-Policy: script-src https://cdn.example.com/scripts/; object-src 'none'

1.2. Goals

Content Security Policy aims to do to a few related things:

1. Mitigate the risk of content-injection attacks by giving developers fairly granular control over

   • The resources which can be requested (and subsequently embedded or executed) on behalf of a specific Document or Worker

   • The execution of inline script

   • Dynamic code execution (via eval() and similar constructs)

   • The application of inline style

2. Mitigate the risk of attacks which require a resource to be embedded in a malicious context (the "Pixel Perfect" attack described in [TIMING], for example) by giving developers granular control over the origins which can embed a given resource.

3. Provide a policy framework which allows developers to reduce the privilege of their applications.

4. Provide a reporting mechanism which allows developers to detect flaws being exploited in the wild.

1.3. Changes from Level 2

This document describes an evolution of the Content Security Policy Level 2 specification [CSP2]. The following is a high-level overview of the changes:

1. The specification has been rewritten from the ground up in terms of the [FETCH] specification, which should make it simpler to integrate CSP’s requirements and restrictions with other specifications (and with Service Workers in particular).

2. The frame-src directive, which was deprecated in CSP Level 2, has been undeprecated, and a worker-src directive added. Both defer to child-src if not present (which defers to default-src in turn).

3. Insecure schemes in source expressions now match their secure variants, and WebSocket schemes now match HTTP schemes. That is, http: or ws: is equivalent to http: https:, and wss: is equivalent to https:. Similarly, http://example.com or ws://example.com is equivalent to http://example.com https://example.com, and wss://example.com is equivalent to https://example.com.

   Likewise, 'self' now matches https: and wss: variants of the page’s origin, even on pages whose scheme is http.

4. Violation reports generated from inline script or style will now report "inline" as the blocked resource. Likewise, blocked eval() execution will report "eval" as the blocked resource.

5. The manifest-src directive has been added.

6. The report-uri directive is deprecated in favor of the new report-to directive, which relies on [OOB-REPORTING] as infrastructure.

7. The 'strict-dynamic' source expression will now allow script which executes on a page to load more script via non-parser-inserted script elements. Details are in §8.2 Usage of "'strict-dynamic'".

8. The 'unsafe-hashed-attributes' source expression will now allow event handlers and style attributes to match hash source expressions. Details in §8.3 Usage of "'unsafe-hashed-attributes'".

9. The source expression matching has been changed to require explicit whitelisting of any non-network scheme, rather than local scheme, as described in §6.1.13.4 Does url match expression in origin with redirect count?.

10. Hash-based source expressions may now whitelist external scripts if the script element that triggers the request specifies a set of integrity metadata which is whitelisted by the current policy. Details in §8.4 Whitelisting external JavaScript with hashes.

1.4. Open Questions

Do we still need to strip values when reporting? I think we’ve removed much of the risk by using the original URL of a blocked resource; there shouldn’t be anything in the report JSON that script can’t gather on its own by walking the DOM.

2. Framework

2.1. Policies

A policy defines a set of allowed and restricted behaviors, and may be applied to a Window or WorkerGlobalScope as described in §4.2.2 Initialize a global object’s CSP list.

Each policy has an associated directive set, which is a set of directives that define the policy’s implications when applied.

Each policy has an associated disposition, which is either "enforce" or "report".

A serialized CSP is an ASCII string, consisting of a semicolon-delimited series of serialized directives, adhering to the following ABNF grammar [RFC5234]:

serialized-policy = serialized-directive *( OWS ";" [ OWS serialized-directive ] )
                    ; OWS is defined in section 3.2.3 of RFC 7230

2.1.1. Parse a serialized CSP as disposition

Given a serialized CSP (serialized CSP), and a disposition (disposition), this algorithm will return a policy object. If the string cannot be parsed, the resulting policy’s directive set will be empty.

1. Let policy be a new policy with an empty directive set, and a disposition of disposition.

2. For each token returned by strictly splitting serialized CSP on the U+003B SEMICOLON character (;):

   1. Strip leading and trailing whitespace from token.

   2. If token is an empty string, skip the remaining substeps and continue to the next item.

   3. Let directive name be the result of collecting a sequence of characters from token which are not space characters.

   4. If policy’s directive set contains a directive whose name is directive name, skip the remaining substeps and continue to the next item.

      The user agent SHOULD notify developers that a directive was ignored. A console warning might be appropriate, for example.

   5. Let directive value be the result of splitting token on spaces.

   6. Let directive be a new directive whose name is directive name, and value is directive value.

   7. Add directive to policy’s directive set.

3. Return policy.

2.1.2. Parse a serialized CSP list as disposition

Given a string (list) and a disposition (disposition) which contains a comma-delimited series of serialized CSP strings, the following algorithm will return a list of policy objects:

1. Let policies be an empty list.

2. For each token returned by splitting list on commas:

   1. Let policy be the result of executing §2.1.1 Parse a serialized CSP as disposition on token with disposition.

   2. If policy’s directive set is empty, skip the remaining substeps, and continue to the next item.

   3. Add policy to policies.

3. Return policies.

2.2. Directives

Each policy contain a set of directives, each of which controls a specific behavior. The directives defined in this document are described in detail in §6 Content Security Policy Directives.

Each directive is a name / value pair. The name is a non-empty string, and the value is a set of non-empty strings. The value set MAY be empty.

A serialized directive is an ASCII string, consisting of one or more whitespace-delimited tokens, and adhering to the following ABNF [RFC5234]:

serialized-directive = directive-name [ RWS directive-value ]
directive-name       = 1*( ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" )
directive-value      = *( %x09 / %x20-%x2B / %x2D-%x3A / %x3C-%7E )
                       ; Directive values may contain whitespace and VCHAR characters,
                       ; excluding ";" and ","

; RWS is defined in section 3.2.3 of RFC7230. ALPHA, DIGIT, and
; VCHAR are defined in Appendix B.1 of RFC 5234.

Directives have five associated algorithms:

1. A pre-request check, which takes a request and a policy as an argument, and is executed during §4.1.3 Should request be blocked by Content Security Policy?. This algorithm returns "Allowed" unless otherwise specified.

2. A post-request check, which takes a request, a response, and a policy as arguments, and is executed during §4.1.4 Should response to request be blocked by Content Security Policy?. This algorithm returns "Allowed" unless otherwise specified.

3. A response check, which takes a request, a response, and a policy as arguments, and is executed during §4.1.4 Should response to request be blocked by Content Security Policy?. This algorithm returns "Allowed" unless otherwise specified.

4. An inline check, which takes an Element a type string, and a soure string as arguments, and is executed during §4.2.3 Should element’s inline type behavior be blocked by Content Security Policy?. This algorithm returns "Allowed" unless otherwise specified.

5. An initialization, which takes a Document or global object, a response, and a policy as arguments. This algorithm is executed during §4.2.1 Initialize a Document's CSP list, and has no effect unless otherwise specified.

2.2.1. Source Lists

Many directives' values consist of source lists: sets of tokens which identify content that can be fetched and potentially embedded or executed. These tokens represent one of the following types of source expression:

1. Keywords such as 'none' and 'self' (which match nothing and the current URL’s origin, respectively)

2. Serialized URLs such as https://example.com/path/to/file.js (which matches a specific file) or https://example.com/ (which matches everything on that origin)

3. Schemes such as https: (which matches any resource having the specified scheme)

4. Hosts such as example.com (which matches any resource on the host, regardless of scheme) or *.example.com (which matches any resource on the host or any of its subdomains (and any of its subdomains' subdomains, and so on))

5. Nonces such as 'nonce-qwertyu12345' (which can match specific elements on a page)

6. Digests such as 'sha256-abcd...' (which can match specific elements on a page)

A serialized source list is an ASCII string, consisting of a space-delimited series of source expressions, adhering to the following ABNF grammar [RFC5234]:

serialized-source-list = ( source-expression *( RWS source-expression ) ) / "'none'"
source-expression      = scheme-source / host-source / keyword-source
                         / nonce-source / hash-source

; Schemes: "https:" / "custom-scheme:" / "another.custom-scheme:"
scheme-source = scheme-part ":"

; Hosts: "example.com" / "*.example.com" / "https://*.example.com:12/path/to/file.js"
host-source = [ scheme-part "://" ] host-part [ port-part ] [ path-part ]
scheme-part = scheme 
              ; scheme is defined in section 3.1 of RFC 3986.
host-part   = "*" / [ "*." ] 1*host-char *( "." 1*host-char )
host-char   = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-"
port-part   = ":" ( 1*DIGIT / "*" )
path-part   = path
              ; path is defined in section 3.3 of RFC 3986.
   
; Keywords:
keyword-source = "'self'" / "'unsafe-inline'" / "'unsafe-eval'" / "'strict-dynamic'" / "'unsafe-hashed-attributes'"

; Nonces: 'nonce-[nonce goes here]'
nonce-source  = "'nonce-" base64-value "'"
base64-value  = 1*( ALPHA / DIGIT / "+" / "/" / "-" / "_" )*2( "=" ) 

; Digests: 'sha256-[digest goes here]'
hash-source    = "'" hash-algorithm "-" base64-value "'"
hash-algorithm = "sha256" / "sha384" / "sha512"

The host-char production intentionally contains only ASCII characters; internationalized domain names cannot be entered directly as part of a serialized CSP, but instead MUST be Punycode-encoded [RFC3492]. For example, the domain üüüüüü.de MUST be represented as xn--tdaaaaaa.de.

Note: Though IP address do match the grammar above, only 127.0.0.1 will actually match a URL when used in a source expression (see §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? for details). The security properties of IP addresses are suspect, and authors ought to prefer hostnames whenever possible.

A URL matches a source list if the algorithm in §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? returns Matches.

2.3. Violations

A violation represents an action or resource which goes against the set of policy objects associated with a global object.

Each violation has a global object, which is the global object whose policy has been violated.

Each violation has a url which is its global object’s URL.

Each violation has a status which is a non-negative integer representing the HTTP status code of the resource for which the global object was instantiated.

Each violation has a resource, which is either null, "inline", "eval", or a URL. It represents the resource which violated the policy.

Each violation has a referrer, which is either null, or a URL. It represents the referrer of the resource whose policy was violated.

Each violation has a policy, which is the policy that has been violated.

Each violation has an effective directive which is a non-empty string representing the directive whose enforcement caused the violation.

Each violation has a source file, which is either null or a URL.

Each violation has a line number, which is a non-negative integer.

Each violation has a column number, which is a non-negative integer.

2.3.1. Create a violation object for global, policy, and directive

Given a global object (global), a policy (policy), and a string (directive), the following algorithm creates a new violation object, and populates it with an initial set of data:

1. Let violation be a new violation whose global object is global, policy is policy, effective directive is directive, and resource is null.

2. If the user agent is currently executing script, and can extract a source file’s URL, line number, and column number from the global, set violation’s source file, line number, and column number accordingly.

   Is this kind of thing specified anywhere? I didn’t see anything that looked useful in [ECMA262].

3. If global is a Window object, set violation’s referrer to global’s document's referrer.

4. Set violation’s status to the HTTP status code for the resource associated with violation’s global object.

   How, exactly, do we get the status code? We don’t actually store it anywhere.

5. Return violation.

2.3.2. Create a violation object for request, policy, and directive

Given a request (request), a policy (policy), and a string (directive), the following algorithm creates a new violation object, and populates it with an initial set of data:

1. Let violation be the result of executing §2.3.1 Create a violation object for global, policy, and directive on request’s client’s global object, policy, and directive.

2. Set violation’s resource to request’s url.

   Note: We use request’s url, and not its current url, as the latter might contain information about redirect targets to which the page MUST NOT be given access.

3. Return violation.

3. Policy Delivery

A server MAY declare a policy for a particular resource representation via an HTTP response header field whose value is a serialized CSP. This mechanism is defined in detail in §3.1 The Content-Security-Policy HTTP Response Header Field and §3.2 The Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only HTTP Response Header Field, and the integration with Fetch and HTML is described in §4.1 Integration with Fetch and §4.2 Integration with HTML.

A policy may also be declared inline in an HTML document via a meta element’s http-equiv attribute, as described in §3.3 The <meta> element.

3.1. The Content-Security-Policy HTTP Response Header Field

The Content-Security-Policy HTTP response header field is the preferred mechanism for delivering a policy from a server to a client. The header’s value is represented by the following ABNF [RFC5234]:

Content-Security-Policy = 1#serialized-policy

Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'self';
                         report-to csp-reporting-endpoint

A server MAY send different Content-Security-Policy header field values with different representations of the same resource.

A server SHOULD NOT send more than one HTTP response header field named "Content-Security-Policy" with a given resource representation.

When the user agent receives a Content-Security-Policy header field, it MUST parse and enforce each serialized CSP it contains as described in §4.1 Integration with Fetch, §4.2 Integration with HTML.

3.2. The Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only HTTP Response Header Field

The Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only HTTP response header field allows web developers to experiment with policies by monitoring (but not enforcing) their effects. The header’s value is represented by the following ABNF [RFC5234]:

Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only = 1#serialized-policy

This header field allows developers to piece together their security policy in an iterative fashion, deploying a report-only policy based on their best estimate of how their site behaves, watching for violation reports, and then moving to an enforced policy once they’ve gained confidence in that behavior.

Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only: script-src 'self';
                                     report-to csp-reporting-endpoint

A server MAY send different Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only header field values with different representations of the same resource.

A server SHOULD NOT send more than one HTTP response header field named "Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only" with a given resource representation.

When the user agent receives a Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only header field, it MUST parse and monitor each serialized CSP it contains as described in §4.1 Integration with Fetch and §4.2 Integration with HTML.

Note: The Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only header is not supported inside a meta element.

3.3. The <meta> element

A Document may deliver a policy via one or more HTML meta elements whose http-equiv attributes are an ASCII case-insensitive match for the string "Content-Security-Policy". For example:

<meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="script-src 'self'">

Implementation details can be found in HTML’s Content-Security-Policy http-equiv processing instructions [HTML].

Note: The Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only header is not supported inside a meta element. Neither are the report-uri, frame-ancestors, and sandbox directives.

Authors are strongly encouraged to place meta elements as early in the document as possible, because policies in meta elements are not applied to content which precedes them. In particular, note that resources fetched or prefetched using the Link HTTP response header field, and resources fetched or prefetched using link and script elements which precede a meta-delivered policy will not be blocked.

Note: A policy specified via a meta element will be enforced along with any other policies active for the protected resource, regardless of where they’re specified. The general impact of enforcing multiple policies is described in §8.1 The effect of multiple policies.

Note: Modifications to the content attribute of a meta element after the element has been parsed will be ignored.

4. Integrations

This section is non-normative.

This document defines a set of algorithms which are used in other specifications in order to implement the functionality. These integrations are outlined here for clarity, but those external documents are the normative references which ought to be consulted for detailed information.

4.1. Integration with Fetch

A number of directives control resource loading in one way or another. This specification provides algorithms which allow Fetch to make decisions about whether or not a particular request should be blocked or allowed, and about whether a particular response should be replaced with a network error.

1. §4.1.3 Should request be blocked by Content Security Policy? is called as part of step #5 of its Main Fetch algorithm.

2. §4.1.4 Should response to request be blocked by Content Security Policy? is called as part of step #13 of its Main Fetch algorithm.

A policy is generally enforced upon a global object, but the user agent needs to parse any policy delivered via an HTTP response header field before any global object is created in order to handle directives that require knowledge of a response’s details. To that end:

1. A response has an associated CSP list which contains any policy objects delivered in the response’s header list.

2. §4.1.1 Set response’s CSP list is called in the HTTP fetch and HTTP-network fetch algorithms.

   Note: These two calls should ensure that a response’s CSP list is set, regardless of how the response is created. If we hit the network (via HTTP-network fetch, then we parse the policy before we handle the Set-Cookie header. If we get a response from a Service Worker (via HTTP fetch, we’ll process its CSP list before handing the response back to our caller.

4.1.1. Set response’s CSP list

Given a response (response), this algorithm evaluates its header list for serialized CSP values, and populates its CSP list accordingly:

1. Set response’s CSP list to the empty list.

2. Let policies be the result of executing §2.1.2 Parse a serialized CSP list as disposition on the result of parsing Content-Security-Policy in response’s header list, with a disposition of "enforce".

3. Append to policies the result of executing §2.1.2 Parse a serialized CSP list as disposition on the result of parsing Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only in response’s header list, with a disposition of "report".

4. For each policy in policies:

   1. Insert policy into response’s CSP list.

4.1.2. Report Content Security Policy violations for request

Given a request (request), this algorithm reports violations based on client’s "report only" policies.

1. Let CSP list be request’s client’s global object’s CSP list.

2. For each policy in CSP list:

   1. If policy’s disposition is "enforce", then skip to the next policy.

   2. Let violates be the result of executing §6.1.13.1 Does request violate policy? on request and policy.

   3. If violates is not "Does Not Violate", then execute §5.3 Report a violation on the result of executing §2.3.2 Create a violation object for request, policy, and directive on request, policy, and violates.

4.1.3. Should request be blocked by Content Security Policy?

Given a request (request), this algorithm returns Blocked or Allowed and reports violations based on request’s client’s Content Security Policy.

1. Let CSP list be request’s client’s global object’s CSP list.

2. Let result be "Allowed".

3. For each policy in CSP list:

   1. If policy’s disposition is "report", then skip to the next policy.

   2. Let violates be the result of executing §6.1.13.1 Does request violate policy? on request and policy.

   3. If violates is not "Does Not Violate", then:

      1. Execute §5.3 Report a violation on the result of executing §2.3.2 Create a violation object for request, policy, and directive on request, policy, and violates.

      2. Set result to "Blocked".

4. Return result.

4.1.4. Should response to request be blocked by Content Security Policy?

Given a response (response) and a request (request), this algorithm returns Blocked or Allowed, and reports violations based on request’s client’s Content Security Policy.

1. Let CSP list be request’s client’s global object’s CSP list.

2. Let result be "Allowed".

3. For each policy in CSP list:

   1. For each directive in policy:

      1. If the result of executing directive’s post-request check is "Blocked", then:

         1. Execute §5.3 Report a violation on the result of executing §2.3.2 Create a violation object for request, policy, and directive on request, policy, and directive.

         2. If policy’s disposition is "enforce", then set result to "Blocked".

   Note: This portion of the check verifies that the page can load the response. That is, that a Service Worker hasn’t substituted a file which would violate the page’s CSP.

4. For each policy in response’s CSP list:

   1. For each directive in policy:

      1. If the result of executing directive’s response check on request, response, and policy is "Blocked", then:

         1. Execute §5.3 Report a violation on the result of executing §2.3.2 Create a violation object for request, policy, and directive on request, policy, and directive.

         2. If policy’s disposition is "enforce", then set result to "Blocked".

   Note: This portion of the check allows policies delivered with the response to determine whether the response is allowed to be delivered.

5. Return result.

4.2. Integration with HTML

1. The Document and WorkerGlobalScope objects have a CSP list, which holds all the policy objects which are active for a given context. This list is empty unless otherwise specified, and is populated via the §4.2.2 Initialize a global object’s CSP list algorithm.

   This concept has been added to WHATWG’s HTML, but is missing from W3C’s version. <https://github.com/w3c/html/issues/187>

2. A policy is enforced or monitored for a global object by inserting it into the global object’s CSP list.

3. §4.2.2 Initialize a global object’s CSP list is called during the initialising a new Document object and run a worker algorithms in order to bind a set of policy objects associated with a response to a newly created global object.

   This landed in WHATWG’s HTML, but is missing from W3C’s version. <https://github.com/w3c/html/issues/188>

4. §4.2.3 Should element’s inline type behavior be blocked by Content Security Policy? is called during the prepare a script and update a style block algorithms in order to determine whether or not an inline script or style block is allowed to execute/render.

   The nonce attribute for script and style were added to WHATWG’s HTML in whatwg/html@882803c. They have not yet been added to W3C’s HTML. <https://github.com/w3c/html/issues/186>

   The §4.2.3 Should element’s inline type behavior be blocked by Content Security Policy? hooks were added to WHATWG’s HTML in whatwg/html@ee3486e. They aren’t yet in W3C’s HTML. <https://github.com/w3c/html/issues/185>

5. §4.2.3 Should element’s inline type behavior be blocked by Content Security Policy? is called during handling of inline event handlers (like onclick) and inline style attributes in order to determine whether or not they ought to be allowed to execute/render.

   This hook landed in WHATWG’s HTML in whatwg/html@920c918. It has been partially added to W3C’s HTML. <https://github.com/w3c/html/issues/185>

6. Policy is enforced during processing of the meta element’s http-equiv.

   This processing was added to WHATWG’s HTML in whatwg/html@5064a62. It has not yet been added to W3C’s HTML. <https://github.com/w3c/html/issues/184>

7. A Document's embedding document is the Document through which the Document's browsing context is nested.

8. HTML populates each request’s cryptographic nonce metadata and parser metadata with relevant data from the elements responsible for resource loading.

   This processing was added to WHATWG’s HTML in whatwg/html@5479e07. It has not yet been added to W3C’s HTML. <https://github.com/w3c/html/issues/183>

   Parser metadata is passed through to Fetch in WHATWG’s HTML, but not in W3C’s HTML. <https://github.com/w3c/html/issues/197>

   Stylesheet loading is not yet integrated with Fetch in W3C’s HTML. <https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/198>

   Stylesheet loading is not yet integrated with Fetch in WHATWG’s HTML. <https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/968>

9. §6.2.1.1 Is base allowed for document? is called during base's set the frozen base URL algorithm to ensure that the href attribute’s value is valid.

   Correct the reference in WHATWG’s document. File a bug against W3C’s document.

4.2.1. Initialize a Document's CSP list

Given a Document (document), and a response (response), the user agent performs the following steps in order to initialize document’s CSP list:

1. If response’s url’s scheme is a local scheme:

   1. Let documents be an empty list.

   2. If document has an embedding document (embedding), then add embedding to documents.

   3. If document has an opener browsing context, then add its active document to documents.

   4. For each doc in documents:

      1. For each policy in doc’s CSP list:

         1. Insert an alias to policy in document’s CSP list.

   Note: local scheme includes about:, and this algorithm will therefore alias the embedding document’s policies for an iframe srcdoc Document.

   Note: We do all this to ensure that a page cannot bypass its policy by embedding a frame or popping up a new window containing content it controls (blob: resources, or document.write()).

2. For each policy in response’s CSP list, insert policy into document’s CSP list.

3. For each policy in document’s CSP list:

   1. For each directive in policy:

      1. Execute directive’s initialization algorithm on document and response.

4.2.2. Initialize a global object’s CSP list

Given a global object (global), and a response (response), the user agent performs the following steps in order to initialize global’s CSP list:

1. If response’s url’s scheme is a local scheme:

   1. Let documents be an empty list.

   2. Add each of global’s documents to documents.

   3. For each document in documents:

      1. For each policy in document’s global object’s CSP list:

         1. Insert an alias to policy in global’s CSP list.

   Note: local scheme includes about:, and this algorithm will therefore alias the embedding document’s policies for an iframe srcdoc Document.

2. For each policy in response’s CSP list, insert policy into global’s CSP list.

4.2.3. Should element’s inline type behavior be blocked by Content Security Policy?

Given an Element (element), a string (type), and a string (source) this algorithm returns "Allowed" if the element is allowed to have inline definition of a particular type of behavior (script execution, style application, event handlers, etc.), and "Blocked" otherwise:

1. Let result be "Allowed".

2. For each policy in element’s Document's global object’s CSP list:

   1. For each directive in policy:

      1. If directive’s inline check returns "Allowed" when executed upon element, type, and source, skip to the next directive.

      2. Otherwise, let violation be the result of executing §2.3.1 Create a violation object for global, policy, and directive on the incumbent settings object, policy, and "style-src" if type is "style" or "style-attribute", or "script-src" otherwise.

      3. Set violation’s resource to "inline".

      4. Execute §5.3 Report a violation on violation.

      5. If policy’s disposition is "enforce", then set result to "Blocked".

3. Return result.

4.3. Integration with ECMAScript

ECMAScript defines a HostEnsureCanCompileStrings() abstract operation which allows the host environment to block the compilation of strings into ECMAScript code. This document defines an implementation of that abstract operation thich examines the relevant CSP list to determine whether such compilation ought to be blocked.

This has landed in WHATWG’s HTML, but hasn’t yet made it to W3C’s version. <https://github.com/w3c/html/issues/189>

4.3.1. EnsureCSPDoesNotBlockStringCompilation(callerRealm, calleeRealm)

Given two realms (callerRealm and calleeRealm), this algorithm returns normally if string compilation is allowed, and throws an "EvalError" if not:

1. Let globals be a list containing callerRealm’s global object and calleeRealm’s global object.

2. For each global in globals:

   1. For each policy in global’s CSP list:

      1. Let source-list be null.

      2. If policy contains a directive whose name is "script-src", then set source-list to that directive’s value.

         Otherwise if policy contains a directive whose name is "default-src", then set source-list to that directive’s value.

      3. If source-list is non-null, and does not contain a source expression which is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the string "'unsafe-eval'", then throw an EvalError exception.

5. Reporting

When one or more of a policy’s directives is violated, a violation report may be generated and sent out to a reporting endpoint associated with the policy.

5.1. Violation DOM Events

[Constructor(DOMString type, optional SecurityPolicyViolationEventInit eventInitDict)]
interface SecurityPolicyViolationEvent : Event {
    readonly    attribute DOMString      documentURI;
    readonly    attribute DOMString      referrer;
    readonly    attribute DOMString      blockedURI;
    readonly    attribute DOMString      violatedDirective;
    readonly    attribute DOMString      effectiveDirective;
    readonly    attribute DOMString      originalPolicy;
    readonly    attribute DOMString      sourceFile;
    readonly    attribute unsigned short statusCode;
    readonly    attribute long           lineNumber;
    readonly    attribute long           columnNumber;
};

dictionary SecurityPolicyViolationEventInit : EventInit {
    DOMString      documentURI;
    DOMString      referrer;
    DOMString      blockedURI;
    DOMString      violatedDirective;
    DOMString      effectiveDirective;
    DOMString      originalPolicy;
    DOMString      sourceFile;
    unsigned short statusCode;
    long           lineNumber;
    long           columnNumber;
};

5.2. Obtain the deprecated serialization of violation

Given a violation (violation), this algorithm returns a JSON text string representation of the violation, suitable for submission to a reporting endpoint associated with the deprecated report-uri directive.

1. Let object be a new JavaScript object with properties initialized as follows:

   "document-uri"

   The result of executing the URL serializer on violation’s url, with the exclude fragment flag set.

   "referrer"

   The result of executing the URL serializer on violation’s referrer, with the exclude fragment flag set.

   "blocked-uri"

   The result of executing the URL serializer on violation’s resource, with the exclude fragment flag set.

   "effective-directive"

   violation’s effective directive

   "violated-directive"

   violation’s effective directive

   "original-policy"

   The serialization of violation’s policy

   "status-code"

   violation’s status

2. If violation’s source file is not null:

   1. Set object’s "source-file" property to the result of executing the URL serializer on violation’s source file, with the exclude fragment flag set.

   2. Set object’s "line-number" property to violation’s line number.

   3. Set object’s "column-number" property to violation’s column number.

3. Return the result of executing JSON.stringify() on object.

5.3. Report a violation

Given a violation (violation), this algorithm reports it to the endpoint specified in violation’s policy, and fires a SecurityPolicyViolationEvent at violation’s global object.

1. Fire a trusted event with the name securitypolicyviolation that uses the SecurityPolicyViolationEvent interface, with its attributes initialized as follows:

   documentURI

   violation’s url

   referrer

   violation’s referrer

   blockedURI

   violation’s resource

   effectiveDirective

   violation’s effective directive

   violatedDirective

   violation’s effective directive

   originalPolicy

   violation’s policy

   sourceFile

   violation’s source file

   statusCode

   violation’s status

   lineNumber

   violation’s line number

   columnNumber

   violation’s column number

   Note: Both effectiveDirective and violatedDirective are the same value. This is intentional to maintain backwards compatibility.

2. If violation’s policy’s directive set contains a directive named "report-uri" (directive):

   1. If violation’s policy’s directive set contains a directive named "report-to", skip the remaining substeps.

   2. Let endpoint be the result of executing the URL parser on directive’s value.

   3. If endpoint is not a valid URL, skip the remaining substeps.

   4. Let request be a new request, initialized as follows:

      method

      "POST"

      url

      violation’s url

      origin

      violation’s global object’s origin

      window

      "no-window"

      client

      violation’s global object’s relevant settings object

      destination

      ""

      initiator

      ""

      type

      ""

      cache mode

      "no-cache"

      credentials mode

      "same-origin"

      header list

      A header list containing a single header whose name is "Content-Type", and value is "application/csp-report"

      body

      The result of executing §5.2 Obtain the deprecated serialization of violation on violation

      redirect mode

      "error"

   5. Fetch request. The result will be ignored.

   Note: All of this should be considered deprecated. It sends a single request per violation, which simply isn’t scalable. As soon as this behavior can be removed from user agents, it will be.

   Note: report-uri only takes effect if report-to is not present. That' is, the latter overrides the former, allowing for backwards compatibility with browsers that don’t support the new mechanism.

3. If violation’s policy’s directive set contains a directive named "report-to" (directive):

   1. Let group be directive’s value.

   2. Let settings object be violation’s global object’s relevant settings object.

   3. Execute [OOB-REPORTING]'s Queue data as type for endpoint group on settings algorithm with the following arguments:

      data

      violation

      type

      "CSP"

      endpoint group

      group

      settings

      settings object

6. Content Security Policy Directives

This specification defines a number of types of directives which allow developers to control certain aspects of their sites' behavior. This document defines directives which govern resource fetching (in §6.1 Fetch Directives), directives which govern the state of a document (in §6.2 Document Directives), directives which govern aspects of navigation (in §6.3 Navigation Directives), and directives which govern reporting (in §6.4 Reporting Directives). These form the core of Content Security Policy; other directives are defined in a modular fashion in ancillary documents (see §6.5 Directives Defined in Other Documents for examples).

To mitigate the risk of cross-site scripting attacks, web developers SHOULD include directives that regulate sources of script and plugins. They can do so by including:

• Both the script-src and object-src directives, or

• a default-src directive

In either case, developers SHOULD NOT include either 'unsafe-inline', or data: as valid sources in their policies. Both enable XSS attacks by allowing code to be included directly in the document itself; they are best avoided completely.

6.1. Fetch Directives

Fetch directives control the locations from which certain resourc types may be loaded. For instance, script-src allows developers to whitelist trusted sources of script to execute on a page, while font-src controls the sources of web fonts.

6.1.1. child-src

The child-src directive governs the creation of nested browsing contexts (e.g. iframe and frame navigations) and Worker execution contexts. The syntax for the directive’s name and value is described by the following ABNF:

directive-name  = "child-src"
directive-value = serialized-source-list

This directive controls requests which will populate a frame or a worker. More formally, requests falling into one of the following categories:

• destination is "document", and whose target browsing context is a nested browsing context (e.g. requests which will populate an iframe or frame element)

• destination is either "serviceworker", "sharedworker", or "worker" (which are fed to the run a worker algorithm for ServiceWorker, SharedWorker, and Worker, respectively).

Content-Security-Policy: child-src https://example.com/

<iframe src="https://not-example.com"></iframe>
<script>
  var blockedWorker = new Worker("data:application/javascript,...");
</script>

6.1.1.1. Algorithms

This directive’s pre-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request):

TODO.

This directive’s post-request check is as follows:

TODO.

6.1.2. connect-src

The connect-src directive restricts the URLs which can be loaded using script interfaces. The syntax for the directive’s name and value is described by the following ABNF:

directive-name  = "connect-src"
directive-value = serialized-source-list

This directive controls requests which transmit or receive data from other origins. This includes APIs like fetch(), [XHR], [EVENTSOURCE], [BEACON], and a's ping. This directive also controls WebSocket [WEBSOCKETS] connections, though those aren’t technically part of Fetch.

Content-Security-Policy: connect-src https://example.com/

<a ping="https://not-example.com">...
<script>
  var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
  xhr.open('GET', 'https://not-example.com/');
  xhr.send();

  var ws = new WebSocket("https://not-example.com/");
        
  var es = new EventSource("https://not-example.com/");

  navigator.sendBeacon("https://not-example.com/", { ... });
</script>

6.1.2.1. Algorithms

This directive’s pre-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request) and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s initiator is "fetch", or its type is "" and destination is "subresource":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on request’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

This directive’s post-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request), a response (response), and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s initiator is "fetch", or its type is "" and destination is "subresource":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on response’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

6.1.3. default-src

The default-src directive serves as a fallback for the other fetch directives. The syntax for the directive’s name and value is described by the following ABNF:

directive-name  = "default-src"
directive-value = serialized-source-list

If a default-src directive is present in a policy, its value will be used as the policy’s default source list. That is, given default-src 'none'; script-src 'self', script requests will use 'self' as the source list to match against. Other requests will use 'none'. This is spelled out in more detail in the §4.1.3 Should request be blocked by Content Security Policy? and §4.1.4 Should response to request be blocked by Content Security Policy? algorithms.

Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'

Content-Security-Policy: child-src 'self';
                         connect-src 'self';
                         font-src 'self';
                         img-src 'self';
                         manifest-src 'self';
                         media-src 'self';
                         object-src 'self';
                         script-src 'self';
                         style-src 'self'

Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; script-src https://example.com

Content-Security-Policy: child-src 'self';
                         connect-src 'self';
                         font-src 'self';
                         img-src 'self';
                         manifest-src 'self';
                         media-src 'self';
                         object-src 'self';
                         script-src https://example.com;
                         style-src 'self'

6.1.3.1. Algorithms

This directive’s pre-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request) and a policy (policy):

1. Let name be the result of executing §6.1.13.5 Get the effective directive for request on request.

2. If name is null, return "Allowed".

3. If policy contains a directive whose name is name, return "Allowed".

4. If name is "frame-src" or "worker-src", and policy contains a directive whose name is "child-src", return "Allowed".

   Note: It would be lovely to remove this special case. Perhaps "effective directive" could return "child-src" and that could delegate out in the same way this algorithm does?

5. Otherwise, return the result of executing the pre-request check for the directive whose name is name on request and policy, using this directive’s value for the comparison.

This directive’s post-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request), a response (response), and a policy (policy):

1. Let name be the result of executing §6.1.13.5 Get the effective directive for request on request.

2. If name is null, return "Allowed".

3. If policy contains a directive whose name is name, return "Allowed".

4. If name is "frame-src" or "worker-src", and policy contains a directive whose name is "child-src", return "Allowed".

   Note: It would be lovely to remove this special case. Perhaps "effective directive" could return "child-src" and that could delegate out in the same way this algorithm does?

5. Otherwise, return the result of executing the pre-request check for the directive whose name is name on request and policy, using this directive’s value for the comparison.

6.1.4. font-src

The font-src directive restricts the URLs from which font resources may be loaded. The syntax for the directive’s name and value is described by the following ABNF:

directive-name  = "font-src"
directive-value = serialized-source-list

Content-Security-Policy: font-src https://example.com/

<style>
  @font-face {
    font-family: "Example Font";
    src: url("https://not-example.com/font");
  }
  body {
    font-family: "Example Font";
  }
</style>

6.1.4.1. Algorithms

This directive’s pre-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request) and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is "font":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on request’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

This directive’s post-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request), a response (response), and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is "font":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on response’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

6.1.5. frame-src

The frame-src directive restricts the URLs which may be loaded into nested browsing contexts. The syntax for the directive’s name and value is described by the following ABNF:

directive-name  = "frame-src"
directive-value = serialized-source-list

Content-Security-Policy: frame-src https://example.com/

<iframe src="https://not-example.com/">
</iframe>

6.1.5.1. Algorithms

This directive’s pre-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request) and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is "document" and target browsing context is a nested browsing context:

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on request’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

This directive’s post-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request), a response (response), and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is "document" and target browsing context is a nested browsing context:

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on response’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

6.1.6. img-src

The img-src directive restricts the URLs from which image resources may be loaded. The syntax for the directive’s name and value is described by the following ABNF:

directive-name  = "img-src"
directive-value = serialized-source-list

This directive controls requests which load images. More formally, this includes requests whose type is "image" [FETCH].

Content-Security-Policy: img-src https://example.com/

<img src="https://not-example.com/img">

6.1.6.1. Algorithms

This directive’s pre-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request) and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is "image":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on request’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

This directive’s post-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request), a response (response), and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is "image":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on response’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

6.1.7. manifest-src

The manifest-src directive restricts the URLs from which application manifests may be loaded [APPMANIFEST]. The syntax for the directive’s name and value is described by the following ABNF:

directive-name  = "manifest-src"
directive-value = serialized-source-list

Content-Security-Policy: manifest-src https://example.com/

<link rel="manifest" href="https://not-example.com/manifest">

6.1.7.1. Algorithms

This directive’s pre-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request) and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is "", and its initiator is "manifest":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on request’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

This directive’s post-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request), a response (response), and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is "", and its initiator is "manifest":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on response’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

6.1.8. media-src

The media-src directive restricts the URLs from which video, audio, and associated text track resources may be loaded. The syntax for the directive’s name and value is described by the following ABNF:

directive-name  = "media-src"
directive-value = serialized-source-list

Content-Security-Policy: media-src https://example.com/

<audio src="https://not-example.com/audio"></audio>
<video src="https://not-example.com/video">
    <track kind="subtitles" src="https://not-example.com/subtitles">
</video>

6.1.8.1. Algorithms

This directive’s pre-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request) and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is one of "audio", "video", or "track":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on request’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

This directive’s post-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request), a response (response), and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is one of "audio", "video", or "track":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on response’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

6.1.9. object-src

The object-src directive restricts the URLs from which plugin content may be loaded. The syntax for the directive’s name and value is described by the following ABNF:

directive-name  = "object-src"
directive-value = serialized-source-list

Content-Security-Policy: object-src https://example.com/

<embed src="https://not-example.com/flash"></embed>
<object data="https://not-example.com/flash"></object>
<applet archive="https://not-example.com/flash"></applet>

If plugin content is loaded without an associated URL (perhaps an object element lacks a data attribute, but loads some default plugin based on the specified type), it MUST be blocked if object-src's value is 'none', but will otherwise be allowed.

Note: The object-src directive acts upon any request made on behalf of an object, embed, or applet element. This includes requests which would populate the nested browsing context generated by the former two (also including navigations). This is true even when the data is semantically equivalent to content which would otherwise be restricted by another directive, such as an object element with a text/html MIME type.

6.1.9.1. Algorithms

This directive’s pre-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request) and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is "", and its destination is "unknown":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on request’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

This directive’s post-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request), a response (response), and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is "", and its destination is "unknown":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on response’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

6.1.10. script-src

The script-src directive restricts the locations from which scripts may be executed. This includes not only URLs loaded directly into script elements, but also things like inline script blocks and XSLT stylesheets [XSLT] which can trigger script execution. The syntax for the directive’s name and value is described by the following ABNF:

directive-name  = "script-src"
directive-value = serialized-source-list

The script-src directive governs four things:

1. Script requests MUST pass through §4.1.3 Should request be blocked by Content Security Policy?.

2. Script responses MUST pass through §4.1.4 Should response to request be blocked by Content Security Policy?.

3. Inline script blocks MUST pass through §4.2.3 Should element’s inline type behavior be blocked by Content Security Policy?. Their behavior will be blocked unless every policy allows inline script, either implicitly by not specifying a script-src (or default-src) directive, or explicitly, by whitelisting "unsafe-inline", a nonce-source or a hash-source that matches the inline block.

4. The following JavaScript execution sinks are gated on the "unsafe-eval" source expression:

   • eval()

   • Function()

   • setTimeout() with an initial argument which is not callable.

   • setInterval() with an initial argument which is not callable.

   Note: If a user agent implements non-standard sinks like setImmediate() or execScript(), they SHOULD also be gated on "unsafe-eval".

6.1.10.1. Algorithms

This directive’s pre-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request) and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is "script", and its destination is "subresource":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.2 Does nonce match source list? on request’s cryptographic nonce metadata and this directive’s value is "Matches", return "Allowed".

   2. If this directive’s value contains one or more source expressions that match the hash-source grammar, and request’s integrity metadata is not the empty string, then:

      1. Let integrity sources be the result of executing the Subresource Integrity §parse-metadata algorithm on request’s integrity metadata. [SRI]

      2. Assert: integrity sources is not "no metadata".

      3. Let bypass due to integrity match be true.

      4. For each source in integrity sources:

         1. If this directive’s value does not contain a source expression whose hash-algorithm is a case-sensitive match for source’s hash-algo component, and whose base64-value is a case-sensitive match for source’s base64-value, then set bypass due to integrity match to false.

      5. If bypass due to integrity match is true, return "Allowed".

      Note: Here, we verify only that the request contains a set of integrity metadata which is a subset of the hash-source source expressions whitelisted by this directive. We rely on the browser’s enforcement of Subresource Integrity [SRI] to block non-matching resources upon response.

   3. If this directive’s value contains a source expression that is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the "'strict-dynamic'" keyword-source:

      1. If the request’s parser metadata is "parser-inserted", return "Blocked".

         Otherwise, return "Allowed".

         Note: "'strict-dynamic'" is explained in more detail in §8.2 Usage of "'strict-dynamic'".

   4. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on request’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

This directive’s post-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request), a response (response), and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is "script", and its destination is "subresource":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.2 Does nonce match source list? on request’s cryptographic nonce metadata and this directive’s value is "Matches", return "Allowed".

   2. Assert: This directive’s value does not contain "'strict-dynamic'", or request’s parser metadata is not "parser-inserted".

   3. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on response’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

This directive’s inline check algorithm is as follows:

Given an Element (element), a string (type), and a string (source):

1. If type is "script attribute":

   1. If list contains a source expression which is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the keyword-source "'strict-dynamic'", and does not contain a source expression which is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the keyword-source "'unsafe-hashed-attributes'", return "Blocked".

   2. If the result of executing §6.1.14.1 Does element match source list for type and source? on element, this directive’s value, and type is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. If type is "script":

   1. If list contains a source expression which is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the keyword-source "'strict-dynamic'", return "Blocked".

      Note: "'strict-dynamic'" is explained in more detail in §8.2 Usage of "'strict-dynamic'".

   2. If the result of executing §6.1.14.1 Does element match source list for type and source? on element, this directive’s value, and type is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

3. Return "Allowed".

6.1.11. style-src

The style-src directive restricts the locations from which style may be applied to a Document. The syntax for the directive’s name and value is described by the following ABNF:

directive-name  = "style-src"
directive-value = serialized-source-list

The style-src directive governs several things:

1. Style requests MUST pass through §4.1.3 Should request be blocked by Content Security Policy?. This includes:

   1. Stylesheet requests originating from a link element.

   2. Stylesheet requests originating from the @import rule.

   3. Stylesheet requests originating from a Link HTTP response header field [RFC5988].

2. Responses to style requests MUST pass through §4.1.4 Should response to request be blocked by Content Security Policy?.

3. Inline style blocks MUST pass through §4.2.3 Should element’s inline type behavior be blocked by Content Security Policy?. The styles will be blocked unless every policy allows inline style, either implicitly by not specifying a style-src (or default-src) directive, or explicitly, by whitelisting "unsafe-inline", a nonce-source or a hash-source that matches the inline block.

4. The following CSS algorithms are gated on the unsafe-eval source expression:

   1. insert a CSS rule

   2. parse a CSS rule,

   3. parse a CSS declaration block

   4. parse a group of selectors

   This would include, for example, all invocations of CSSOM’s various cssText setters and insertRule methods [CSSOM] [HTML5].

   This needs to be better explained.

6.1.11.1. Algorithms

This directive’s pre-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request) and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is "style":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.2 Does nonce match source list? on request’s cryptographic nonce metadata and this directive’s value is "Matches", return "Allowed".

   2. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on request’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

This directive’s post-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request), a response (response), and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s type is "style":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.2 Does nonce match source list? on request’s cryptographic nonce metadata and this directive’s value is "Matches", return "Allowed".

   2. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on response’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

This directive’s inline check algorithm is as follows:

Given an Element (element), a string (type), and a string (source):

1. If type is "style" or "style attribute":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.14.1 Does element match source list for type and source? on element, this directive’s value, type, and source, is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

This directive’s initialization algorithm is as follows:

Do something interesting to the execution context in order to lock down interesting CSSOM algorithms. I don’t think CSSOM gives us any hooks here, so let’s work with them to put something reasonable together.

6.1.12. worker-src

The worker-src directive restricts the URLs which may be loaded as a Worker, SharedWorker, or ServiceWorker. The syntax for the directive’s name and value is described by the following ABNF:

directive-name  = "worker-src"
directive-value = serialized-source-list

Content-Security-Policy: worker-src https://example.com/

<script>
  var blockedWorker = new Worker("data:application/javascript,...");
  blockedWorker = new SharedWorker("https://not-example.com/");
  navigator.serviceWorker.register('https://not-example.com/sw.js');
</script>

6.1.12.1. Algorithms

This directive’s pre-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request) and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s destination is one of "serviceworker", "sharedworker", or "worker":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on request’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

This directive’s post-request check is as follows:

Given a request (request), a response (response), and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s destination is one of "serviceworker", "sharedworker", or "worker":

   1. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on response’s url and this directive’s value is "Does Not Match", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

6.1.13. URL Matching Algorithms

6.1.13.1. Does request violate policy?

Given a request (request) and a policy (policy), this algorithm returns the violated directive if the request violates the policy, and "Does Not Violate" otherwise.

1. Let violates be "Does Not Violate".

2. For each directive in policy:

   1. Let result be the result of executing directive’s pre-request check on request and policy.

   2. If result is "Blocked", then let violates be directive.

3. Return violates.

6.1.13.2. Does nonce match source list?

Given a request’s cryptographic nonce metadata (nonce) and a source list (source list), this algorithm returns "Matches" if the nonce matches one or more source expressions in the list, and "Does Not Match" otherwise:

1. Assert: source list is not null.

2. If nonce is the empty string, return "Does Not Match".

3. For each expression in source list:

   1. If expression matches the nonce-source grammar, and nonce is a case-sensitive match for expression’s base64-value part, return "Matches".

4. Return "Does Not Match".

6.1.13.3. Does url match source list?

Given a URL (url), and a source list (source list), this algorithm returns "Matches" if the URL matches one or more source expressions in source list, or "Does Not Match" otherwise:

1. Assert: source list is not null.

2. If source list is an empty list, return "Does Not Match".

3. If source list contains a single item which is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the string "'none'", return "Does Not Match".

   Note: An empty source list (that is, a directive without a value: script-src, as opposed to script-src host1) is equivalent to a source list containing 'none', and will not match any URL.

4. For each expression in source list:

   1. If §6.1.13.4 Does url match expression in origin with redirect count? returns "Matches" when executed upon url and expression, return "Matches".

5. Return "Does Not Match".

6.1.13.4. Does url match expression in origin with redirect count?

Given a URL (url), a source expression (expression), an origin (origin), and a number (redirect count), this algorithm returns "Matches" if url matches expression, and "Does Not Match" otherwise.

Note: origin is the origin of the resource relative to which the expression should be resolved. "'self'", for instance, will have distinct meaning depending on that bit of context.

1. If expression is the string "*", and url’s scheme is a network scheme, return "Matches".

   Note: This logic means that in order to allow resource from non-network scheme, it has to be explicitly whitelisted: default-src * data: custom-scheme-1: custom-scheme-2:. In other words, there is no semantic representation of most permissive expression.

2. If expression matches the scheme-source or host-source grammar:

   1. If expression has a scheme-part that is not an ASCII case-insensitive match for url’s scheme, then return "Does Not Match" unless one of the following conditions is met:

      1. expression’s scheme-part is an ASCII case-insensitive match for "http" and url’s scheme is "https"

      2. expression’s scheme-part is an ASCII case-insensitive match for "ws" and url’s scheme is "wss", "http" or "https"

      3. expression’s scheme-part is an ASCII case-insensitive match for "wss" and url’s scheme is "https"

   2. If expression matches the scheme-source grammar, return "Matches".

   Note: This logic effectively means that script-src http: is equivalent to script-src http: https:, and script-src http://example.com/ is equivalent to script-src http://example.com https://example.com. As well as WebSocket schemes are equivalent to corresponding HTTP schemes. In short, we always allow a secure upgrade from an explicitly insecure expression.

3. If expression matches the host-source grammar:

   1. If url’s host is null, return "Does Not Match".

   2. If expression does not have a scheme-part, then return "Does Not Match" unless one of the following conditions is met:

      1. origin’s scheme is url’s scheme

      2. origin’s scheme is "http", and url’s scheme one of "https", "ws", or "wss".

      3. origin’s scheme is "https", and url’s scheme is "wss".

      Note: As with scheme-part above, we allow schemeless host-source expressions to be upgraded from insecure schemes to secure schemes.

   3. If the first character of expression’s host-part is an U+002A ASTERISK character (*):

      1. Let remaining be the result of removing the leading "*" from expression.

      2. If remaining (including the leading U+002E FULL STOP character (.)) is not an ASCII case-insensitive match for the rightmost characters of url’s host, then return "Does Not Match".

   4. If the first character of expression’s host-part is not an U+002A ASTERISK character (*), and url’s host is not an ASCII case-insensitive match for expression’s host-part, return "Does Not Match".

   5. If expression’s host-part matches the IPv4address rule from [RFC3986], and is not "127.0.0.1"; or if expression’s host-part is an IPv6 address, return "Does Not Match".

      Note: A future version of this specification may allow literal IPv6 and IPv4 addresses, depending on usage and demand. Given the weak security properties of IP addresses in relation to named hosts, however, authors are encouraged to prefer the latter whenever possible.

   6. If expression does not contain a port-part, and url’s port is not the default port for url’s scheme, return "Does Not Match".

   7. If expression does contain a port-part:

      1. If expression’s port-part is not "*", and is not the same number as url’s port, return "Does Not Match".

   8. If expression contains a non-empty path-part, and redirect count is 0, then:

      1. Let exact match be false if the final character of expression’s path-part is the U+002F SOLIDUS character (/), and true otherwise.

      2. Let path list be the result of strictly splitting expression’s path-part on the U+002F SOLIDUS character (/).

      3. If path list has more items than url’s path, return "Does Not Match".

      4. If exact match is true, and path list does not have the same number of items as url’s path, return "Does Not Match".

      5. For each expression piece in path list:

         1. Let url piece be the next item in url’s path.

         2. Percent decode expression piece.

         3. Percent decode url piece.

         4. If expression piece is not a case-sensitive match for url piece, return "Does Not Match".

   9. Return "Matches".

4. If expression is an ASCII case-insensitive match for "'self'", return "Matches" if one or more of the following conditions is met:

   1. origin is the same as url’s origin

   2. origin’s host is the same as url’s host, origin’s port and url’s {{URL/port} are either the same or the default ports for their respective schemes, and one or more of the following conditions is met:

      1. url’s scheme is "https" or "wss"

      2. origin’s scheme is "http"

   Note: Like the scheme-part logic above, the "'self'" matching algorithm allows upgrades to secure schemes when it is safe to do so. We limit these upgrades to endpoints running on the default port for a particular scheme or a port that matches the origin of the protected resource, as this seems sufficient to deal with upgrades that can be reasonably expected to succeed.

5. Return "Does Not Match".

6.1.13.5. Get the effective directive for request

Each fetch directive controls a specific type of request. Given a request (request), the following algorithm returns either null or the name of the request’s effective directive:

1. Switch on request’s type, and execute the associated steps:

   ""

   1. If the request’s initiator is "fetch", return connect-src.

   2. If the request’s initiator is "manifest", return manifest-src.

   3. If the request’s destination is "subresource", return connect-src.

   4. If the request’s destination is "unknown", return object-src.

   5. If the request’s destination is "document" and the request’s target browsing context is a nested browsing context, return frame-src.

   "audio"

   "track"

   "video"

   1. Return media-src.

   "font"

   1. Return font-src.

   "image"

   1. Return image-src.

   "style"

   1. Return style-src.

   "script"

   1. Switch on request’s destination, and execute the associated steps:

      "script"

      "subresource"

      1. Return script-src.

      "serviceworker"

      "sharedworker"

      "worker"

      1. Return worker-src.

2. Return null.

6.1.14. Element Matching Algorithms

6.1.14.1. Does element match source list for type and source?

Given an Element (element), a source list (list), a string (type), and a string (source), this algorithm returns "Matches" or "Does Not Match".

1. Assert: source contains the value of a script element’s text IDL attribute, the value of a style element’s textContent IDL attribute, or the value of one of a script element’s event handler IDL attribute.

   Note: This means that source will be interpreted with the encoding of the page in which it is embedded. See the integration points in §4.2 Integration with HTML for more detail.

2. If type element has an attribute whose name is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the string "<script", or the string "<style", then return "Does Not Match".

3. Let contains nonce or hash and hashes match attributes be false.

4. For each expression in list:

   1. If expression matches the nonce-source or hash-source grammar, set contains nonce or hash to true.

   2. If expression is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the keyword-source "'unsafe-hashed-attributes'", set hashes match attributes to true.

5. If contains nonce or hash is false, and list contains a source expression which is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the string "'unsafe-inline'", then return "Matches".

   Note: This logic means that if list contains both "'unsafe-inline'" and either nonce-source or hash-source, "'unsafe-inline'" will have no effect.

6. If type is "script" or "style":

   1. For each expression in list:

      1. If expression matches the nonce-source grammar, and element has a nonce attribute whose value is a case-sensitive match for expression’s base64-value part, return "Matches".

   Note: Nonces only apply to inline script and inline style, not to attributes of either element.

7. If type is "script" or "style", or hashes match attributes is true:

   1. For each expression in list:

      1. If expression matches the hash-source grammar:

         1. Let algorithm be null.

         2. If expression’s hash-algorithm part is an ASCII case-insensitive match for "sha256", set algorithm to SHA-256.

         3. If expression’s hash-algorithm part is an ASCII case-insensitive match for "sha384", set algorithm to SHA-384.

         4. If expression’s hash-algorithm part is an ASCII case-insensitive match for "sha512", set algorithm to SHA-512.

         5. If algorithm is not null:

            1. Let actual be the result of base64 encoding the result of applying algorithm to source.

            2. If actual is a case-sensitive match for expression’s base64-value part, return "Matches".

   Note: Hashes apply to inline script and inline style. If the "'unsafe-hashed-attributes'" source expression is present, they will also apply to event handlers and style attributes.

8. Return "Does Not Match".

6.2. Document Directives

The following directives govern the properties of a document or worker environment to which a policy applies.

6.2.1. base-uri

The base-uri directive restricts the URLs which can be used in a Document's base element. The syntax for the directive’s name and value is described by the following ABNF:

directive-name  = "base-uri"
directive-value = serialized-source-list

The following algorithm is called during HTML’s set the frozen base url algorithm in order to monitor and enforce this directive:

6.2.1.1. Is base allowed for document?

Given a URL (base), and a Document (document), this algorithm returns "Allowed" if base may be used as the value of a base element’s href attribute, and "Blocked" otherwise:

1. For each policy in document’s global object’s csp list:

   1. Let source list be null.

   2. If a directive whose name is "base-uri" is present in policy’s directive set, set source list to that directive’s value.

   3. If source list is null, skip to the next policy.

   4. If the result of executing §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? on base and source list is "Does Not Match":

      1. Let violation be the result of executing §2.3.1 Create a violation object for global, policy, and directive on document’s global object, policy, and "base-uri".

      2. Set violation’s resource to "inline".

      3. Execute §5.3 Report a violation on violation.

      4. If policy’s disposition is "enforce", return "Blocked".

2. Return "Allowed".

6.2.2. plugin-types

plugin-types

Define the hooks into HTML’s plugin loading algorithms.

6.2.3. sandbox

The sandbox directive specifies an HTML sandbox policy which the user agent will apply to a resource, just as though it had been included in an iframe with a sandbox property.

The directive’s syntax is described by the following ABNF grammar, with the additional requirement that each token value MUST be one of the keywords defined by HTML specification as allowed values for the iframe sandbox attribute [HTML].

directive-name  = "sandbox"
directive-value = "" / token *( RWS token )

This directive has no reporting requirements; it will be ignored entirely when delivered in a Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only header, or within a meta element.

6.2.3.1. Algorithms

This directive’s response check algorithm is as follows:

Given a request (request), a response (response), and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s destination is one of "serviceworker", "sharedworker", or "worker":

   1. If the result of the Parse a sandboxing directive algorithm using this directive’s value as the input contains either the sandboxed scripts browsing context flag or the sandboxed origin browsing context flag flags, return "Blocked".

      Note: This will need to change if we allow Workers to be sandboxed into unique origins, which seems like a pretty reasonable thing to do.

2. Return "Allowed".

This directive’s initialization algorithm is responsible for adjusting a Document's forced sandboxing flag set according to the sandbox values present in its policies, as follows:

Given a Document or global object (context), a response (response), and a policy (policy):

1. If policy’s disposition is not "Enforce", or context is not a Document, then abort this algorithm.

   Note: This will need to change if we allow Workers to be sandboxed, which seems like a pretty reasonable thing to do.

2. Parse a sandboxing directive using this directive’s value as the input, and context’s forced sandboxing flag set as the output.

6.3. Navigation Directives

6.3.1. form-action

The form-action directive restricts the URLs which can be used as the target of a form submissions.

Define the hooks into HTML’s navigation and form submission algorithms.

6.3.2. frame-ancestors

The frame-ancestors directive restricts the URLs which can embed the resource using frame, iframe, object, embed, or applet element. Resources can use this directive to avoid many UI Redressing [UISECURITY] attacks, by avoiding the risk of being embedded into potentially hostile contexts.

The directive’s syntax is described by the following ABNF grammar:

directive-name  = "frame-ancestors"
directive-value = ancestor-source-list

ancestor-source-list = ( ancestor-source *( RWS ancestor-source) ) / "'none'"
ancestor-source      = scheme-source / host-source / "'self'"

The frame-ancestors directive MUST be ignored when contained in a policy declared via a meta element.

Note: The frame-ancestors directive’s syntax is similar to a source list, but frame-ancestors will not fall back to the default-src directive’s value if one is specified. That is, a policy that declares default-src 'none' will still allow the resource to be embedded by anyone.

6.3.2.1. Algorithms

This directive’s response check is as follows:

Given a request (request), a response (response), and a policy (policy):

1. If request’s destination is "document" and the request’s target browsing context is a nested browsing context:

   1. For each ancestor of the request’s target browsing context’s ancestor browsing contexts:

      1. Let origin-as-url be the result of executing the URL parser on the unicode serialization of ancestor’s active document’s origin.

      2. If §6.1.13.3 Does url match source list? returns Does Not Match when executed upon origin-as-url and this directive’s value, return "Blocked".

         Do we need syntax to allow matching a unique origin?

2. Return "Allowed".

Rewrite this in terms of HTML’s navigation algorithm.

6.4. Reporting Directives

Various algorithms in this document hook into the reporting process by constructing a violation object via §2.3.2 Create a violation object for request, policy, and directive or §2.3.1 Create a violation object for global, policy, and directive, and passing that object to §5.3 Report a violation to deliver the report.

6.4.1. report-uri

Content-Security-Policy: ...; report-uri https://endpoint.com; report-to groupname

The report-uri directive defines a set of endpoints to which violation reports will be sent when particular behaviors are prevented.

directive-name  = "report-uri"
directive-value = uri-reference *( RWS uri-reference )

; The uri-reference grammar is defined in Section 4.1 of RFC 3986.

The directive has no effect in and of itself, but only gains meaning in combination with other directives.

6.4.2. report-to

The report-to directive defines a reporting group to which violation reports ought to be sent [OOB-REPORTING]. The directive’s behavior is defined in §5.3 Report a violation. The directive’s name and value are described by the following ABNF:

directive-name  = "report-to"
directive-value = token

6.5. Directives Defined in Other Documents

This document defines a core set of directives, and sets up a framework for modular extension by other specifications. At the time this document was produced, the following stable documents extend CSP:

• [MIX] defines block-all-mixed-content

• [UPGRADE-INSECURE-REQUESTS] defines upgrade-insecure-requests

Extensions to CSP MUST register themselves via the process outlined in [RFC7762]. In particular, note the criteria discussed in Section 4.2 of that document.

New directives SHOULD use the pre-request check, post-request check, response check, and initialization hooks in order to integrate themselves into Fetch and HTML.

7. Security Considerations

7.1. Nonce Reuse

Nonces override the other restrictions present in the directive in which they’re delivered. It is critical, then, that they remain unguessable, as bypassing a resource’s policy is otherwise trivial.

If a server delivers a nonce-source expression as part of a policy, the server MUST generate a unique value each time it transmits a policy. The generated value SHOULD be at least 128 bits long (before encoding), and SHOULD be generated via a cryptographically secure random number generator in order to ensure that the value is difficult for an attacker to predict.

Note: Using a nonce to whitelist inline script or style is less secure than not using a nonce, as nonces override the restrictions in the directive in which they are present. An attacker who can gain access to the nonce can execute whatever script they like, whenever they like. That said, nonces provide a substantial improvement over 'unsafe-inline' when layering a content security policy on top of old code. When considering 'unsafe-inline', authors are encouraged to consider nonces (or hashes) instead.

8. Authoring Considerations

8.1. The effect of multiple policies

This section is not normative.

The above sections note that when multiple policies are present, each must be enforced or reported, according to its type. An example will help clarify how that ought to work in practice. The behavior of an XMLHttpRequest might seem unclear given a site that, for whatever reason, delivered the following HTTP headers:

Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self' http://example.com http://example.net;
                         connect-src 'none';
Content-Security-Policy: connect-src http://example.com/;
                         script-src http://example.com/

Is a connection to example.com allowed or not? The short answer is that the connection is not allowed. Enforcing both policies means that a potential connection would have to pass through both unscathed. Even though the second policy would allow this connection, the first policy contains connect-src 'none', so its enforcement blocks the connection. The impact is that adding additional policies to the list of policies to enforce can only further restrict the capabilities of the protected resource.

To demonstrate that further, consider a script tag on this page. The first policy would lock scripts down to 'self', http://example.com and http://example.net via the default-src directive. The second, however, would only allow script from http://example.com/. Script will only load if it meets both policy’s criteria: in this case, the only origin that can match is http://example.com, as both policies allow it.

8.2. Usage of "'strict-dynamic'"

Whitelists are tough to get right, especially on sprawling origins like CDNs. The solutions to Cure53’s H5SC Minichallenge 3: "Sh*t, it’s CSP!" [H5SC3] are good examples of the kinds of bypasses which whitelists can enable, and though CSP is capable of mitigating these bypasses via extensive whitelists, those end up being brittle, awkward, and difficult to implement and maintain.

The "'strict-dynamic'" source expression aims to make Content Security Policy simpler to deploy for existing applications who have a high degree of confidence in the scripts they load directly, but low confidence in their ability to provide a reasonably secure whitelist.

If present in a script-src or default-src directive, it has two main effects:

1. host-source and scheme-source expressions, as well as the "'unsafe-inline'" and "'self' keyword-sources will be ignored when loading script.

   hash-source and nonce-source expressions will be honored.

2. Script requests which are triggered by non-parser-inserted script elements are allowed.

The first change allows you to deploy "'strict-dynamic' in a backwards compatible way, without requiring user-agent sniffing: the policy 'unsafe-inline' https: 'nonce-abcdefg' 'strict-dynamic' will act like 'unsafe-inline' https: in browsers that support CSP1, https: 'nonce-abcdefg' in browsers that support CSP2, and 'nonce-abcdefg' 'strict-dynamic' in browsers that support CSP3.

The second allows scripts which are given access to the page via nonces or hashes to bring in their dependencies without adding them explicitly to the page’s policy.

Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'nonce-abcdefg' 'strict-dynamic'

...
<script src="https://cdn.example.com/script.js" nonce="abcdefg" ></script>
...

var s = document.createElement('script');
s.src = 'https://othercdn.not-example.net/dependency.js';
document.head.appendChild('s');

document.write('<scr' + 'ipt src='/sadness.js'></scr' + 'ipt>');

8.3. Usage of "'unsafe-hashed-attributes'"

This section is not normative.

Legacy websites and websites with legacy dependencies might find it difficult to entirely externalize event handlers. These sites could enable such handlers by whitelisting 'unsafe-inline', but that’s a big hammer with a lot of associated risk (and cannot be used in conjunction with nonces or hashes).

The "'unsafe-hashed-attributes'" source expression aims to make CSP deployment simpler and safer in these situations by allowing developers to whitelist specific handlers via hashes.

<button id="action" onclick="doSubmit()">

Content-Security-Policy: 'unsafe-hashed-attributes' 'sha256-jzgBGA4UWFFmpOBq0JpdsySukE1FrEN5bUpoK8Z29fY='

8.4. Whitelisting external JavaScript with hashes

This section is not normative.

In [CSP2], hash source expressions could only whitelist inlined script, but now that Subresource Integrity is widely deployed, we can expand the scope to enable externalized JavaScript as well.

If multiple sets of integrity metadata are specified for a script, the request will match a policy’s hash-sources if and only if each item in a script's integrity metadata matches the policy.

Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'sha256-abc123' 'sha512-321cba'

<script integrity="sha256-abc123" ...></script>
<script integrity="sha512-321cba" ...></script>
<script integrity="sha256-abc123 sha512-321cba" ...></script>

<script integrity="sha384-xyz789" ...></script>
<script integrity="sha384-xyz789 sha512-321cba" ...></script>
<script integrity="sha256-abc123 sha384-xyz789 sha512-321cba" ...></script>

9. Implementation Considerations

9.1. Vendor-specific Extensions and Addons

Policy enforced on a resource SHOULD NOT interfere with the operation of user-agent features like addons, extensions, or bookmarklets. These kinds of features generally advance the user’s priority over page authors, as espoused in [HTML-DESIGN].

Moreover, applying CSP to these kinds of features produces a substantial amount of noise in violation reports, significantly reducing their value to developers.

Chrome, for example, excludes the chrome-extension: scheme from CSP checks, and does some work to ensure that extension-driven injections are allowed, regardless of a page’s policy.

10. IANA Considerations

10.1. Directive Registry

The Content Security Policy Directive registry should be updated with the following directives and references [RFC7762]:

base-uri

This document (see §6.2.1 base-uri)

child-src

This document (see §6.1.1 child-src)

connect-src

This document (see §6.1.2 connect-src)

default-src

This document (see §6.1.3 default-src)

font-src

This document (see §6.1.4 font-src)

form-action

This document (see §6.3.1 form-action)

frame-ancestors

This document (see §6.3.2 frame-ancestors)

frame-src

This document (see §6.1.5 frame-src)

img-src

This document (see §6.1.6 img-src)

manifest-src

This document (see §6.1.7 manifest-src)

media-src

This document (see §6.1.8 media-src)

object-src

This document (see §6.1.9 object-src)

plugin-types

This document (see §6.2.2 plugin-types)

report-uri

This document (see §6.4.1 report-uri)

report-to

This document (see §6.4.2 report-to)

sandbox

This document (see §6.2.3 sandbox)

script-src

This document (see §6.1.10 script-src)

style-src

This document (see §6.1.11 style-src)

worker-src

This document (see §6.1.12 worker-src)

10.2. Headers

The permanent message header field registry should be updated with the following registrations: [RFC3864]

10.2.1. Content-Security-Policy

Header field name

Content-Security-Policy

Applicable protocol

http

Status

standard

Author/Change controller

W3C

Specification document

This specification (See §3.1 The Content-Security-Policy HTTP Response Header Field)

10.2.2. Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only

Header field name

Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only

Applicable protocol

http

Status

standard

Author/Change controller

W3C

Specification document

This specification (See §3.2 The Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only HTTP Response Header Field)

11. Acknowledgements

Lots of people are awesome. For instance:

• Mario and all of Cure53.

• Artur Janc, Michele Spagnuolo, Lukas Weichselbaum, Jochen Eisinger, and the rest of Google’s CSP Cabal.