XSL Transformations (XSLT) Version 2.0

1.1 What is XSLT?

This specification defines the syntax and semantics of the XSLT 2.0 language.

[Definition: A transformation in the XSLT language is expressed in the form of a stylesheet, whose syntax is well-formed XML [XML 1.0] conforming to the Namespaces in XML Recommendation [XML Namespaces 1.0].]

A stylesheet generally includes elements that are defined by XSLT as well as elements that are not defined by XSLT. XSLT-defined elements are distinguished by use of the namespace http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform (see 3.1 XSLT Namespace), which is referred to in this specification as the XSLT namespace. Thus this specification is a definition of the syntax and semantics of the XSLT namespace.

The term stylesheet reflects the fact that one of the important roles of XSLT is to add styling information to an XML source document, by transforming it into a document consisting of XSL formatting objects (see [XSL]), or into another presentation-oriented format such as HTML, XHTML, or SVG. However, XSLT is used for a wide range of XML-to-XML transformation tasks, not exclusively for formatting and presentation applications.

A transformation expressed in XSLT describes rules for transforming one or more source trees into one or more result trees. The structure of these trees is described in [Data Model]. The transformation is achieved by a set of template rules. A template rule associates a pattern, which matches nodes in the source document, with a sequence constructor, which can be evaluated to produce part of a result tree. The structure of the result trees can be completely different from the structure of the source trees. In constructing a result tree, nodes from the source trees can be filtered and reordered, and arbitrary structure can be added. This mechanism allows a stylesheet to be applicable to a wide class of documents that have similar source tree structures.

[Definition: A stylesheet may consist of several stylesheet modules, contained in different XML documents. For a given transformation, one of these functions as the principal stylesheet module. The complete stylesheet is assembled by finding the stylesheet modules referenced directly or indirectly from the principal stylesheet module using xsl:include and xsl:import elements: see 3.10.2 Stylesheet Inclusion and 3.10.3 Stylesheet Import.]

1.2 What's new in XSLT 2.0?

XSLT 1.0 was published in November 1999, and version 2.0 represents a significant increase in the capability of the language. A detailed list of changes is included in K Changes from XSLT 1.0. XSLT 2.0 has been developed in parallel with XPath 2.0 (see [XPath 2.0]), so the changes to XPath must be considered alongside the changes to XSLT.

2.1 Terminology

For a full glossary of terms, see C Glossary.

[Definition: The software responsible for transforming source trees into result trees is referred to as the processor. This is sometimes expanded to XSLT processor to avoid any confusion with other processors, for example an XML processor.]

[Definition: A specific product that performs the functions of an XSLT processor is referred to as an implementation ].

In this specification the words must, must not, should, should not, may, required, and recommended are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. Where the word must relates to the behavior of the XSLT processor, then an implementation is not conformant unless it behaves as specified, subject to the more detailed rules in 21 Conformance. Where the word must relates to a stylesheet, then the processor must enforce this constraint on stylesheets.

[Definition: In this specification, the term implementation-defined refers to a feature where the implementation is allowed some flexibility, and where the choices made by the implementation should be described in the vendor's documentation.]

[Definition: The term implementation-dependent refers to a feature where the behavior may vary from one implementation to another, and where the vendor is not expected to provide a full specification of the behavior.] (This might apply, for example, to limits on the size of source documents that can be transformed.)

In all cases where this specification leaves the behavior implementation-defined or implementation-dependent, the implementation has the option of providing mechanisms that allow the user to influence the behavior.

A paragraph labeled as a Note or described as an example is non-normative.

Many terms used in this document are defined in the XPath specification [XPath 2.0] or the Data Model specification [Data Model]. Particular attention is drawn to the following:

• [Definition: The term atomization is defined in Section 2.3.2 Atomization^XP. It is a process that takes as input a sequence of nodes and atomic values, and returns a sequence of atomic values, in which the nodes are replaced by their typed values as defined in [Data Model].] For some nodes (for example, elements with element-only content), atomization generates a dynamic error.

• [Definition: The term typed value is defined in Section 5.6 typed-value Accessor^DM. Every node except an element defined in the schema with element-only content has a typed value. For example, the typed value of an attribute of type xs:IDREFS is a sequence of zero or more xs:IDREF values.]

• [Definition: The term string value is defined in Section 5.5 string-value Accessor^DM. Every node has a string value. For example, the string value of an element is the concatenation of the string values of all its descendant text nodes.]

• [Definition: The term XPath 1.0 compatibility mode is defined in Section 2.1.1 Static Context^XP. This is a setting in the static context of an XPath expression; it has two values, true and false. When the value is set to true, the semantics of function calls and certain other operations are adjusted to give a greater degree of backwards compatibility between XPath 2.0 and XPath 1.0.]

2.2 Notation

In this document the specification of each XSLT-defined element type is preceded by a summary of its syntax in the form of a model for elements of that element type. A full list of all these specifications can be found in D Element Syntax Summary. The meaning of syntax summary notation is as follows:

• An attribute that is required is shown with its name in bold. An attribute that may be omitted is shown with a question mark following its name.

• The string that occurs in the place of an attribute value specifies the allowed values of the attribute. If this is surrounded by curly brackets ({...}), then the attribute value is treated as an attribute value template, and the string occurring within curly brackets specifies the allowed values of the result of evaluating the attribute value template. Alternative allowed values are separated by |. A quoted string indicates a value equal to that specific string. An unquoted, italicized name specifies a particular type of value.

  In all cases where this specification states that the value of an attribute must be one of a limited set of values, leading and trailing whitespace in the attribute value is ignored. In the case of an attribute value template, this applies to the effective value obtained when the attribute value template is expanded.

• Unless the element is required to be empty, the model element contains a comment specifying the allowed content. The allowed content is specified in a similar way to an element type declaration in XML; sequence constructor means that any mixture of text nodes, literal result elements, extension instructions, and XSLT elements from the instruction category is allowed; other-declarations means that any mixture of XSLT elements from the declaration category, other than xsl:import, is allowed, together with user-defined data elements.

• The element is prefaced by comments indicating if it belongs to the instruction category or declaration category or both. The category of an element only affects whether it is allowed in the content of elements that allow a sequence constructor or other-declarations.

[ERR XT0010] A static error is signaled if an XSLT-defined element is used in a context where it is not permitted, if a required attribute is omitted, or if the content of the element does not correspond to the content that is allowed for the element.

Attributes are validated as follows. These rules apply to the value of the attribute after removing leading and trailing whitespace.

• [ERR XT0020] It is a static error if an attribute (other than an attribute written using curly brackets in a position where an attribute value template is permitted) contains a value that is not one of the permitted values for that attribute.

• [ERR XT0030] It is a non-recoverable dynamic error if the effective value of an attribute written using curly brackets, in a position where an attribute value template is permitted, is a value that is not one of the permitted values for that attribute.

Special rules apply if the construct appears in part of the stylesheet that is processed with forwards-compatible behavior: see 3.9 Forwards-Compatible Processing.

XSLT defines a set of standard functions which are additional to those defined in [Functions and Operators]. The signatures of these functions are described using the same notation as used in [Functions and Operators]. The names of these functions are all in the standard function namespace.

2.3 Initiating a Transformation

This document does not specify any application programming interfaces or other interfaces for initiating a transformation. This section, however, describes the information that must be supplied when a transformation is initiated.

Implementations may allow a transformation to run as two or more phases, for example parsing, compilation and execution. Such a distinction is outside the scope of this specification, which treats transformation as a single process controlled using a set of stylesheet modules, supplied in the form of XML documents.

The following information is supplied to execute a transformation:

• The stylesheet module that is to act as the principal stylesheet module for the transformation. The complete stylesheet is assembled by recursively expanding the xsl:import and xsl:include declarations in the principal stylesheet module, as described in 3.10.2 Stylesheet Inclusion and 3.10.3 Stylesheet Import.

• A set (possibly empty) of values for stylesheet parameters (see 9.5 Global Variables and Parameters). These values are available for use within expressions in the stylesheet.

• [Definition: A node that acts as the initial context node for the transformation. This node is accessible within the stylesheet as the initial value of the XPath expressions . (dot) and self::node(), as described in 2.5.1 Maintaining Position: the Focus].

  If no initial context node is supplied, then the context item, context position, and context size will initially be unset, and the evaluation of any expression that references these values will result in a dynamic error. (Note that the initial context size and context position will always be 1 (one) when an initial context node is supplied, and will be undefined if no initial context node is supplied).

• Optionally, the name of a named template which is to be executed as the entry point to the transformation. This template must exist within the stylesheet. If no named template is supplied, then the transformation starts with the template rule that best matches the initial context node, according to the rules defined in 6.4 Conflict Resolution for Template Rules. Either a named template, or an initial context node, or both, must be supplied.

• Optionally, an initial mode. If an initial mode is supplied, then in searching for the template rule that best matches the initial context node, the processor considers only those rules that apply to the initial mode. If no initial mode is supplied, the default mode is used.

• [Definition: A base output URI, that is, a URI to be used as the base URI when resolving a relative URI allocated to a result tree. If the transformation generates multiple result trees, then typically each one will be allocated a URI relative to this base URI.]

[ERR XT0040] It is a non-recoverable dynamic error if the invocation of the stylesheet specifies a template name that does not match the expanded-QName of a named template defined in the stylesheet.

[ERR XT0050] It is a non-recoverable dynamic error if the stylesheet that is invoked declares a visible stylesheet parameter with required="yes" and no value for this parameter is supplied during the invocation of the stylesheet. A stylesheet parameter is visible if it is not masked by another global variable or parameter with the same name and higher import precedence.

[Definition: The transformation is performed by evaluating an initial template; if a named template is supplied when the transformation is initiated, then this is the initial template; otherwise, the initial template is the template rule selected according to the rules of the xsl:apply-templates instruction for processing the initial context node in the initial mode.]

Parameters passed to the transformation by the client application are matched against stylesheet parameters (see 9.5 Global Variables and Parameters), not against the template parameters declared within the initial template. All template parameters within the initial template to be executed will take their default values.

[ERR XT0060] It is a non-recoverable dynamic error if the initial template defines a template parameter that specifies required="yes".

A stylesheet can process further source documents in addition to those supplied when the transformation is invoked. These additional documents can be loaded using the functions document (see 16.1 Multiple Source Documents) or doc ^FO or collection ^FO (see [Functions and Operators]), or they can be supplied as stylesheet parameters (see 9.5 Global Variables and Parameters), or as the result of an extension function (see 18.1 Extension Functions).

2.4 Executing a Transformation

[Definition: A stylesheet contains a set of template rules (see 6 Template Rules). A template rule has two parts: a pattern that is matched against nodes, and a sequence constructor that is evaluated to produce a sequence of items. In most cases these items are nodes, which are then written to a result tree.]

A transformation as a whole is executed by evaluating the sequence constructor of the initial template as described in 5.6 Sequence Constructors. If the result is a non-empty sequence, then this sequence is used to construct an implicit result tree, following the rules described in 5.6.1 Constructing Complex Content: the effect is as if the sequence constructor contained in the initial template were contained in an xsl:result-document element with no attributes.

[Definition: The elements appearing within a sequence constructor are referred to as instructions.]

The main categories of instruction elements are as follows:

• instructions that create new nodes: xsl:element, xsl:attribute, xsl:processing-instruction, xsl:comment, xsl:value-of, xsl:text, xsl:namespace;

• an instruction that creates an arbitrary sequence: xsl:sequence;

• instructions that cause conditional or repeated evaluation of nested instructions: xsl:if, xsl:choose, xsl:for-each, xsl:for-each-group;

• instructions that invoke templates: xsl:apply-templates, xsl:apply-imports, xsl:call-template, xsl:next-match;

• an instruction that declares variables: xsl:variable;

• other specialized instructions: xsl:number, xsl:analyze-string, xsl:message, xsl:result-document.

Often, a sequence constructor will include an xsl:apply-templates instruction, which selects a sequence of nodes to be processed. Each of the selected nodes is processed by searching the stylesheet for a matching template rule and evaluating the sequence constructor of that template rule. The resulting sequences of items are concatenated, in order, to give the result of the xsl:apply-templates instruction, as described in 6.3 Applying Template Rules; this sequence is often added to a result tree. Since the sequence constructors of the selected template rules may themselves contain xsl:apply-templates instructions, this results in a cycle of selecting nodes, identifying template rules, constructing sequences, and constructing result trees, that recurses through the source tree.

2.5 The Stylesheet Evaluation Context

During the evaluation of a stylesheet, certain information is maintained about the current state of processing. This information is referred to collectively as the evaluation context. The variables that make up the evaluation context are described in this section.

The evaluation context is structured as a stack. When an instruction is evaluated, it inherits the state of the evaluation context from its calling instruction. An instruction may make modifications to the state of the evaluation context, but on return to its caller, the evaluation context is always in the same state as it was on entry to the instruction. The scope of variables in the evaluation context is dynamic; they are passed implicitly from a calling template to a called template, except where otherwise specified.

The variables making up the evaluation context are not available when a stylesheet function is called from an XPath expression. On entry to a stylesheet function, a new empty evaluation context is established. Some variables in an empty evaluation context are said to be undefined, in which case any reference to this variable causes a dynamic error. Other variables are initialized to a defined value, such as an empty sequence.

For convenience, the evaluation context is described in two parts: the focus, which represents the place in the source document that is currently being processed, and a collection of additional context variables.

2.6 Parsing and Serialization

An XSLT stylesheet describes a process that constructs a set of result trees from a set of source trees.

The stylesheet does not describe how a source tree is constructed. Frequently an implementation will operate in conjunction with an XML parser (or more strictly, in the terminology of [XML 1.0], an XML processor), to build the source tree from an input XML document. An implementation may also provide an application programming interface allowing the tree to be constructed directly, or allowing it to be supplied in the form of a DOM Document object (see [DOM2]). This is outside the scope of this specification. Users should be aware, however, that since the input to the transformation is a tree conforming to the XPath data model as described in [Data Model], constructs that might exist in the original XML document, or in the DOM, but which are not within the scope of the data model, cannot be processed by the stylesheet and cannot be guaranteed to remain unchanged in the transformation output. Such constructs include CDATA section boundaries, the use of entity references, and the DOCTYPE declaration and internal DTD subset.

[Definition: A frequent requirement is to output a result tree as an XML document (or in other formats such as HTML). This process is referred to as serialization.]

Like parsing, serialization is not part of the transformation process, and it is not required that an XSLT processor must be able to perform serialization. However, for pragmatic reasons, this specification describes declarations (the xsl:output element and the xsl:character-map declarations, see 20 Serialization) which allow a stylesheet to specify the desired properties of a serialized output file. When serialization is not being performed, either because the implementation does not support the serialization option, or because the user is executing the transformation in a way that does not invoke serialization, then the content of the xsl:output and xsl:character-map declarations has no effect. Under these circumstances the processor may report any errors in an xsl:output or xsl:character-map declaration, but is not required to do so.

2.7 Extensibility

XSLT defines a number of features that allow the language to be extended by implementers, or, if implementers choose to provide the capability, by users. These features have been designed, so far as possible, so that they can be used without sacrificing interoperability. Extensions other than those explicitly defined in this specification are not permitted.

These features are all based on XML namespaces; namespaces are used to ensure that the extensions provided by one implementer do not clash with those of a different implementer.

The most common way of extending the language is by providing additional functions, which can be invoked from XPath expressions. These are known as extension functions, and are described in 18.1 Extension Functions.

It is also permissible to extend the language by providing new XSLT instructions. These are referred to as extension instructions, and are described in 18.2 Extension Instructions. A stylesheet that uses extension instructions must declare that it is doing so by using the [xsl:]extension-element-prefixes attribute.

Extension instructions and extension functions defined according to these rules may be provided by the implementer of the XSLT processor, and the implementer may also provide facilities to allow users to create further extension instructions and extension functions.

This specification defines how extension instructions and extension functions are invoked, but the facilities for creating new extension instructions and extension functions are implementation-defined. For further details, see 18 Extensibility and Fallback.

The XSLT language can also be extended by the use of extension attributes (see 3.3 Extension Attributes), and by means of user-defined data elements (see 3.6.1 User-defined Data Elements).

2.8 Stylesheets and Schemas

An XSLT stylesheet can make use of information from a schema. An XSLT transformation can take place in the absence of a schema (and, indeed, in the absence of a DTD), but where the source document has undergone schema validity assessment, the XSLT processor has access to the type information associated with individual nodes, not merely to the untyped text.

Information from a schema can be used both statically (when the stylesheet is compiled), and dynamically (during evaluation of the stylesheet to transform a source document).

There are places within a stylesheet, and within XPath expressions and patterns in a stylesheet, where it is possible to refer to named type definitions in a schema, or to element and attribute declarations. For example, it is possible to declare the types expected for the parameters of a function. This is done using the SequenceType ^XP syntax defined in [XPath 2.0].

[Definition: Type definitions and element and attribute declarations are referred to collectively as schema components.]

[Definition: The schema components that may be referenced by name in a stylesheet are referred to as the in-scope schema components. This set is the same throughout a stylesheet.]

The conformance rules for XSLT 2.0, defined in 21 Conformance, distinguish between a basic XSLT processor and a schema-aware XSLT processor. As the names suggest, a basic XSLT processor does not support the features of XSLT that require access to schema information, either statically or dynamically. A stylesheet that works with a basic XSLT processor will work unchanged with a schema-aware XSLT processor, unless the type information created as a result of schema processing introduces type errors (for example, an attribute of type xs:integer cannot be used as an argument of the concat ^FO function), or unless the type information changes the outcome of operations such as comparison and sorting.

There is a standard set of type definitions that are always available as in-scope schema components in every stylesheet. These are defined in 3.12 Built-in Types. The set of built-in types varies between a basic XSLT processor and a schema-aware XSLT processor.

The remainder of this section describes facilities that are available only with a schema-aware XSLT processor.

Additional schema components (type definitions, element declarations, and attribute declarations) may be added to the in-scope schema components by means of the xsl:import-schema declaration in a stylesheet.

It is only necessary to import a schema explicitly if one or more of its schema components are referenced explicitly by name in the stylesheet; it is not necessary to import a schema merely because the stylesheet is used to process a source document that has been assessed against that schema. It is possible to make use of the information resulting from schema assessment (for example, the fact that a particular attribute holds a date) even if no schema has been imported by the stylesheet.

Further, importing a schema does not of itself say anything about the type of the source document that the stylesheet is expected to process. The imported type definitions can be used for temporary nodes or for nodes on the result tree just as much as for nodes in source documents. It is possible to make assertions about the type of an input document by means of tests within the stylesheet. For example:

<xsl:template match="document-node(element(my:invoice))" priority="2">
. . .
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="document-node()" priority="1">
  <xsl:message terminate="yes">Source document is not an invoice</xsl:message>
</xsl:template>

It is possible that a source document may contain nodes whose type annotation is not one of the types imported by the stylesheet. This creates a potential problem because in the case of an expression such as data(.) instance of xs:integer the system needs to know whether the type named in the type annotation of the context node is derived by restriction from the type xs:integer. This information is not explicitly available in the data model, as defined in [Data Model]. The implementation may choose one of several strategies for dealing with this situation:

1. The processor may signal a non-recoverable dynamic error if a source document is found to contain a type annotation that is not known to the processor.

2. The processor may maintain additional metadata, beyond that described in [Data Model], that allows the source document to be processed as if all the necessary schema information had been imported using xsl:import-schema. Such metadata might be held in the data model itself, or it might be held in a system catalog or repository.

3. The processor may be configured to use a fixed set of schemas, which are automatically used to validate all source documents before they can be supplied as input to a transformation. In this case it is impossible for a source document to have a type annotation that the processor is not aware of.

4. The processor may be configured to treat the input data model as if no schema processing had been performed, that is, effectively to strip all type annotations from elements and attributes on input, marking them instead as having type xdt:untypedAny and xdt:untypedAtomic respectively.

Where a stylesheet author chooses to make assertions about the types of nodes or of variables and parameters, it is possible for an XSLT processor to perform static analysis of the stylesheet (that is, analysis in the absence of any source document). Such analysis may reveal errors that would otherwise not be discovered until the transformation is actually executed. An XSLT processor is not required to perform such static type-checking. Under some circumstances (see 2.9 Error Handling) type errors that are detected early may be reported as static errors. In addition an implementation may report any condition found during static analysis as a warning, provided that this does not prevent the stylesheet being evaluated as described by this specification.

A stylesheet can also control the type annotations of nodes that it constructs in a final result tree, or in temporary trees. This can be done in a number of ways.

• It is possible to request explicit validation of a complete result tree. Validation is either strict or lax, as described in [XML Schema]. If validation of a result tree fails (strictly speaking, if the outcome of the validity assessment is invalid), then the transformation fails, but in all other cases, the element and attribute nodes of the tree will be annotated with the names of the types to which these nodes conform. These annotations will be discarded if the result tree is serialized as an XML document, but they remain available when the result tree is passed to an application (perhaps another stylesheet) for further processing.

• It is also possible to validate individual element and attribute nodes as they are constructed. This is done using the type and validation attributes of the xsl:element, xsl:attribute, xsl:copy, and xsl:copy-of instructions, or the xsl:type and xsl:validation attributes of a literal result element.

• When elements, attributes, or document nodes are copied, either explicitly using the xsl:copy or xsl:copy-of instructions, or implicitly when nodes in a sequence are attached to a new parent node, the options validation="strip" and validation="preserve" are available, to control whether existing type annotations are to be retained or not.

When nodes in a temporary tree are validated, type information is available for use by operations carried out on the temporary tree, in the same way as for a source document that has undergone schema assessment.

For details of how validation of element and attribute nodes works, see 19.2 Validation.

2.9 Error Handling

[Definition: An error that is detected by examining a stylesheet before execution starts (that is, before the source document and values of stylesheet parameters are available) is referred to as a static error.]

Errors classified in this specification as static errors must be signaled by all implementations: that is, the processor must indicate that the error is present. A static error must be signaled even if it occurs in a part of the stylesheet that is never evaluated. Static errors are never recoverable. After signaling a static error, a processor may continue for the purpose of signaling additional errors, but it must eventually terminate abnormally without producing any result tree.

There is an exception to this rule when the stylesheet specifies forwards-compatible behavior (see 3.9 Forwards-Compatible Processing).

Generally, errors in the structure of the stylesheet, or in the syntax of XPath expressions contained in the stylesheet, are classified as static errors. Where this specification states that an element in the stylesheet must or must not appear in a certain position, or that it must or must not have a particular attribute, or that an attribute must or must not have a value satisfying specified conditions, then any contravention of this rule is a static error unless otherwise specified.

[Definition: An error that is not detected until a source document is being transformed is referred to as a dynamic error.]

[Definition: Some dynamic errors are classed as recoverable errors. When a recoverable error occurs, this specification allows the processor either to signal the error (by reporting the error condition and terminating execution) or to take a defined recovery action and continue processing.] It is implementation-defined whether the error is signaled or the recovery action is taken.

[Definition: If an implementation chooses to recover from a recoverable dynamic error, it must take the optional recovery action defined for that error condition in this specification.]

When the implementation makes the choice between signaling a dynamic error or recovering, it is not restricted in how it makes the choice; for example, it may provide options that can be set by the user. When an implementation chooses to recover from a dynamic error, it may also take other action, such as logging a warning message.

[Definition: A dynamic error that is not recoverable is referred to as a non-recoverable dynamic error. When a non-recoverable dynamic error occurs, the processor must signal the error, and the transformation fails.]

Because different implementations may optimize execution of the stylesheet in different ways, the detection of dynamic errors is to some degree implementation-dependent. In cases where an implementation is able to produce the result tree without evaluating a particular construct, the implementation is never required to evaluate that construct solely in order to determine whether doing so causes a dynamic error. For example, if a variable is declared but never referenced, an implementation may choose whether or not to evaluate the variable declaration, which means that if evaluating the variable declaration causes a dynamic error, some implementations will signal this error and others will not.

There are some cases where this specification requires that a construct must not be evaluated: for example, the content of an xsl:if instruction must not be evaluated if the test condition is false. This means that an implementation must not signal any dynamic errors that would arise if the construct were evaluated.

An implementation may signal a dynamic error before any source document is available, but only if it can determine that the error would be signaled for every possible source document and every possible set of parameter values. For example, some circularity errors fall into this category: see 9.8 Circular Definitions.

The XPath specification states, in effect, that an XPath processor may evaluate a constant subexpression during the analysis phase, and if any error occurs during that evaluation, it may report this as a static error. For XPath expressions used in an XSLT stylesheet, however, any such errors must not be reported as static errors in the stylesheet; instead, they must be held back until the evaluation phase, and signaled only if the XPath expression is actually evaluated.

<xsl:choose>
  <xsl:when test="system-property('xsl:version') = '1.0'">
    <xsl:value-of select="1 div 0"/>
  </xsl:when>
  <xsl:otherwise>
    <xsl:value-of select="xs:double('+INF')"/>
  </xsl:otherwise>
</xsl:choose>

[Definition: Certain errors are classified as type errors. A type error occurs when the value supplied as input to an operation is of the wrong type for that operation, for example when an integer is supplied to an operation that expects a node.] If a type error occurs in an instruction that is actually evaluated, then it must be signaled in the same way as a non-recoverable dynamic error. Alternatively, an implementation may signal a type error during the analysis phase in the same way as a static error, even if it occurs in part of the stylesheet that is never evaluated, provided it can establish that execution of a particular construct would never succeed.

It is implementation-defined whether type errors are signaled statically.

<xsl:if test="false()">
  <xsl:apply-templates select="42"/>
</xsl:if>

<xsl:template match="para">
  <xsl:param name="p" as="item()"/>
  <xsl:apply-templates select="$p"/>
</xsl:template>

If more than one error arises, an implementation is not required to signal any errors other than the first one that it detects. It is implementation-dependent which of the several errors is signaled. This applies both to static errors and to dynamic errors. An implementation is allowed to signal more than one error, but if any errors have been signaled, it must not finish as if the transformation were successful.

When a transformation signals one or more dynamic errors, the final state of any persistent resources updated by the transformation is implementation-dependent. Implementations are not required to restore such resources to their initial state. In particular, where a transformation produces multiple result documents, it is possible that one or more result documents may be written successfully before the transformation terminates, but the application cannot rely on this behavior.

Everything said above about error handling applies equally to errors in evaluating XSLT instructions, and errors in evaluating XPath expressions. Static errors and dynamic errors may occur in both cases.

[Definition: If a transformation has successfully produced a result tree, it is still possible that errors may occur in serializing the result tree. For example, it may be impossible to serialize the result tree using the encoding selected by the user. Such an error is referred to as a serialization error.] As with other aspects of serialization, the handling of serialization errors is implementation-defined: see 20 Serialization.

The error codes used to label error conditions in this specification (and summarized in E Summary of Error Conditions) are provided for ease of reference. Implementations may use these codes when signaling errors, but they are not required to do so. An implementation that uses these codes within an API should treat the codes as unprefixed QNames; additional codes defined by an implementation (or by an application) can then use QNames in an implementation-defined namespace without risk of collision.

3.1 XSLT Namespace

[Definition: The XSLT namespace has the URI http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform. It is used to identify elements, attributes, and other names that have a special meaning defined in this specification.]

XSLT processors must use the XML namespaces mechanism [XML Namespaces 1.0] to recognize elements and attributes from this namespace. Elements from the XSLT namespace are recognized only in the stylesheet and not in the source document. The complete list of XSLT-defined elements is specified in D Element Syntax Summary. Implementations must not extend the XSLT namespace with additional elements or attributes. Instead, any extension must be in a separate namespace. Any namespace that is used for additional instruction elements must be identified by means of the extension instruction mechanism specified in 18.2 Extension Instructions.

This specification uses a prefix of xsl: for referring to elements in the XSLT namespace. However, XSLT stylesheets are free to use any prefix, provided that there is a namespace declaration that binds the prefix to the URI of the XSLT namespace.

3.2 Reserved Namespaces

[Definition: The XSLT namespace, together with certain other namespaces recognized by an XSLT processor, are classified as reserved namespaces and must be used only as specified in this and related specifications.] The reserved namespaces are those listed below.

• The XSLT namespace, described in 3.1 XSLT Namespace, is reserved.

• [Definition: The standard function namespace http://www.w3.org/2003/11/xpath-functions is used for functions in the core function library, defined in [Functions and Operators]. ]

• [Definition: The XML namespace, defined in [XML Namespaces 1.0] as http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace, is used for attributes such as xml:lang and xml:space].

• [Definition: The schema namespace http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema is used as defined in [XML Schema] ]. In a stylesheet this namespace may be used to refer to built-in schema datatypes and to the constructor functions associated with those datatypes.

• [Definition: The schema datatypes namespace http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-datatypes is used as defined in [XML Schema]]. In a stylesheet this namespace may be used to refer to built-in schema datatypes and to the constructor functions associated with those datatypes: in these respects it is equivalent to the schema namespace.

• [Definition: The XPath datatypes namespace http://www.w3.org/2003/11/xpath-datatypes is used as defined in [Functions and Operators]]. In a stylesheet this namespace may be used to refer to the types xdt:untypedAtomic, xdt:yearMonthDuration, xdt:dayTimeDuration, xdt:anyAtomicType, and to the constructor functions associated with the first three of these types.

• [Definition: The schema instance namespace http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance is used as defined in [XML Schema] ]. Attributes in this namespace, if they appear in a stylesheet, are treated by the XSLT processor in the same way as any other attributes.

Reserved namespaces may be used without restriction to refer to the names of elements and attributes in source documents and result documents. As far as the XSLT processor is concerned, reserved namespaces other than the XSLT namespace may be used without restriction in the names of literal result elements and user-defined data elements, and in the names of attributes of literal result elements or of XSLT instructions: but other processors may impose restrictions or attach special meaning to them. Reserved namespaces must not be used, however, in the names of stylesheet-defined objects such as variables and stylesheet functions.

[ERR XT0080] It is a static error to use a reserved namespace in the name of a named template, a mode, an attribute set, a key, a decimal-format, a variable or parameter, a stylesheet function, a named output definition, or a character map.

3.3 Extension Attributes

[Definition: An element from the XSLT namespace may have any attribute not from the XSLT namespace, provided that the expanded-QName (see [XPath 2.0]) of the attribute has a non-null namespace URI. These attributes are referred to as extension attributes.] The presence of an extension attribute must not cause the result trees produced by the transformation to be different from the result trees that a conformant XSLT 2.0 processor might produce. They must not cause the processor to fail to signal an error that a conformant processor is required to signal. This means that an extension attribute must not change the effect of any instruction except to the extent that the effect is implementation-defined or implementation-dependent.

<xsl:message
    abc:pause="yes"
    xmlns:abc="http://vendor.example.com/xslt/extensions">Phase 1 complete</xsl:message>

[ERR XT0090] It is a static error for an element from the XSLT namespace to have an attribute whose namespace is either null (that is, an attribute with an unprefixed name) or the XSLT namespace, other than attributes defined for the element in this document.

3.4 XSLT Media Type

The media type application/xslt+xml will be registered for XSLT stylesheet modules.

The proposed definition of the media type is at B The XSLT Media Type

This media type should be used for an XML document containing a standard stylesheet module at its top level, and it may also be used for a simplified stylesheet module. It should not be used for an XML document containing an embedded stylesheet module.

3.5 Standard Attributes

[Definition: There are a number of standard attributes that may appear on any XSLT element: specifically version, exclude-result-prefixes, extension-element-prefixes, and xpath-default-namespace.]

These attributes may also appear on a literal result element, but in this case, to distinguish them from user-defined attributes, the names of the attributes are in the XSLT namespace. They are thus typically written as xsl:version, xsl:exclude-result-prefixes, xsl:extension-element-prefixes, or xsl:xpath-default-namespace.

It is recommended that these attributes should also be permitted on extension instructions, but this is at the discretion of the implementer of each extension instruction. They may also be permitted on user-defined data elements, though they will only have any useful effect in the case of data elements that are designed to behave like XSLT declarations or instructions.

In the following descriptions, these attributes are referred to generically as [xsl:]version, and so on.

These attributes all affect the element they appear on, and any descendant elements of the element they appear on, together with attributes of those descendant elements. The two forms with and without the XSLT namespace have the same effect; the XSLT namespace is used for the attribute if and only if its parent element is not in the XSLT namespace.

In the case of [xsl:]version and [xsl:]xpath-default-namespace the value can be overridden by a different value for the same attribute appearing on a descendant element. The effective value of the attribute for a particular stylesheet element is determined by the innermost containing element on which the attribute appears.

In the case of [xsl:]exclude-result-prefixes and [xsl:]extension-element-prefixes the values are cumulative. For these attributes, the value is given as a whitespace-separated list of namespace prefixes, and the effective value for an element is the combined set of namespace URIs designated by the prefixes that appear in this attribute for that element and any of its ancestor elements. Again, the two forms with and without the XSLT namespace are equivalent.

Because these attributes may appear on any XSLT element, they are not listed in the syntax summary of each individual element. Instead they are listed and described in the description of the xsl:stylesheet and xsl:transform elements only. This reflects the fact that these attributes are often used on the xsl:stylesheet element, in which case they apply to the entire stylesheet module.

Note that the effect of these attributes does not extend to stylesheet modules referenced by xsl:include or xsl:import declarations.

For the detailed effect of each attribute, see the following sections:

[xsl:]version

see 3.8 Backwards-Compatible Processing and 3.9 Forwards-Compatible Processing

[xsl:]xpath-default-namespace

see 5.2 Unprefixed QNames in Expressions and Patterns

[xsl:]exclude-result-prefixes

see 11.1.3 Namespace Nodes for Literal Result Elements

[xsl:]extension-element-prefixes

see 18.2 Extension Instructions

3.6 Stylesheet Element

<xsl:stylesheet
  id? = id
  extension-element-prefixes? = tokens
  exclude-result-prefixes? = tokens
  version = number
  xpath-default-namespace? = uri
  default-validation? = "strict" | "lax" | "preserve" | "strip">
  <!-- Content: (xsl:import*, other-declarations) -->
</xsl:stylesheet>

<xsl:transform
  id? = id
  extension-element-prefixes? = tokens
  exclude-result-prefixes? = tokens
  version = number
  xpath-default-namespace? = uri
  default-validation? = "strict" | "lax" | "preserve" | "strip">
  <!-- Content: (xsl:import*, other-declarations) -->
</xsl:transform>

A stylesheet module is represented by an xsl:stylesheet element in an XML document. xsl:transform is allowed as a synonym for xsl:stylesheet; everything this specification says about the xsl:stylesheet element applies equally to xsl:transform.

[ERR XT0100] An xsl:stylesheet element must have a version attribute, indicating the version of XSLT that the stylesheet module requires.

[ERR XT0110] The value of the version attribute must be a number (specifically, it must be a DecimalLiteral ^XP as defined in [XPath 2.0].) For this version of XSLT, the value should normally be 2.0. A value of 1.0 indicates that the stylesheet module was written with the intention that it should be processed using an XSLT 1.0 processor.

If a stylesheet that specifies [xsl:]version="1.0" in the outermost element of the principal stylesheet module (that is, version="1.0" in the case of a standard stylesheet module, or xsl:version="1.0" in the case of a simplified stylesheet module) is submitted to an XSLT 2.0 processor, the processor should output a warning advising the user of possible incompatibilities, unless the user has requested otherwise. The processor must then process the stylesheet using the rules for backwards-compatible behavior. These rules require that if the processor does not support backwards-compatible behavior, it must signal an error and must not execute the transformation.

When the value of the version attribute is greater than 2.0, forwards-compatible behavior is enabled (see 3.9 Forwards-Compatible Processing).

The default-validation attribute defines the default value of the validation attribute of all xsl:element, xsl:attribute, xsl:copy, xsl:copy-of, and xsl:result-document instructions, and of the xsl:validation attribute of all literal result elements. It also determines the validation applied to the implicit result tree created in the absence of an xsl:result-document instruction. This default applies within the stylesheet module: it does not extend to included or imported stylesheet modules. If the attribute is omitted, the default is strip. For details of the effect of this attribute, see 19.2 Validation.

[ERR XT0120] An xsl:stylesheet element must not have any text node children. (This rule applies after stripping of whitespace text nodes as described in 4.2 Stripping Whitespace from the Stylesheet)

[Definition: An element occurring as a child of an xsl:stylesheet element is called a top-level element.]

[Definition: Top-level elements fall into two categories: declarations, and user-defined data elements. Top-level elements whose names are in the XSLT namespace are declarations. Top-level elements in any other namespace are user-defined data elements (see 3.6.1 User-defined Data Elements)]

The declaration elements permitted in the xsl:stylesheet element are:

xsl:import
xsl:include
xsl:attribute-set
xsl:character-map
xsl:decimal-format
xsl:function
xsl:import-schema
xsl:key
xsl:namespace-alias
xsl:output
xsl:param
xsl:preserve-space
xsl:strip-space
xsl:template
xsl:variable

If there are xsl:import elements, these must come before any other elements. Apart from this, the child elements of the xsl:stylesheet element may appear in any order. The ordering of these elements does not affect the results of the transformation unless there are conflicting declarations (for example, two template rules with the same priority that match the same node). In general, it is an error for a stylesheet to contain such conflicting declarations, but in some cases the processor is allowed to recover from the error by choosing the declaration that appears last in the stylesheet.

3.7 Simplified Stylesheet Modules

A simplified syntax is allowed for a stylesheet module that defines only a single template rule for the document node. The stylesheet module may consist of just a literal result element (see 11.1 Literal Result Elements) together with its contents. The literal result element must have an xsl:version attribute (and it must therefore also declare the XSLT namespace). Such a stylesheet module is equivalent to a standard stylesheet module whose xsl:stylesheet element contains a template rule containing the literal result element, minus its xsl:version attribute; the template rule has a match pattern of /.

<html xsl:version="2.0"
      xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
      xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
  <head>
    <title>Expense Report Summary</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p>Total Amount: <xsl:value-of select="expense-report/total"/></p>
  </body>
</html>

<xsl:stylesheet version="2.0"
                xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
                xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<xsl:template match="/">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Expense Report Summary</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p>Total Amount: <xsl:value-of select="expense-report/total"/></p>
  </body>
</html>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>

More formally, a simplified stylesheet module is equivalent to the standard stylesheet module that would be generated by applying the following transformation to the simplified stylesheet module, invoking the transformation by calling the named template expand, with the containing literal result element as the context node:

<xsl:stylesheet version="2.0"
                xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">

<xsl:template name="expand">
  <xsl:element name="xsl:stylesheet">
    <xsl:attribute name="version">
      <xsl:value-of select="@xsl:version"/>
    </xsl:attribute>
    <xsl:element name="xsl:template">
      <xsl:attribute name="match">/</xsl:attribute>
      <xsl:copy-of select="."/>
    </xsl:element>
  </xsl:element>
</xsl:template>  

</xsl:stylesheet>

[ERR XT0150] A literal result element that is used as the outermost element of a simplified stylesheet module must have an xsl:version attribute. This indicates the version of XSLT that the stylesheet requires. For this version of XSLT, the value will normally be 2.0; the value must be a DecimalLiteral ^XP as defined in [XPath 2.0].

Other literal result elements may also have an xsl:version attribute. When the xsl:version attribute is numerically less than 2.0, backwards-compatible processing behavior is enabled (see 3.8 Backwards-Compatible Processing). When the xsl:version attribute is numerically greater than 2.0, forwards-compatible behavior is enabled (see 3.9 Forwards-Compatible Processing).

The allowed content of a literal result element when used as a simplified stylesheet is the same as when it occurs within a sequence constructor. Thus, a literal result element used as the document element of a simplified stylesheet cannot contain declarations.

3.8 Backwards-Compatible Processing

[Definition: An element enables backwards-compatible behavior for itself, its attributes, its descendants and their attributes if it has an [xsl:]version attribute (see 3.5 Standard Attributes) whose value is less than 2.0.]

An element that has an [xsl:]version attribute whose value is greater than or equal to 2.0 disables backwards-compatible behavior for itself, its attributes, its descendants and their attributes. The compatibility behavior established by an element overrides any compatibility behavior established by an ancestor element.

If an attribute containing an XPath expression is processed with backwards-compatible behavior, then the expression is evaluated with XPath 1.0 compatibility mode set to true. For details of this mode, see Section ^XP.

Certain XSLT constructs also produce different results when backwards-compatible behavior is enabled. This is described separately for each such construct.

These rules do not apply to the xsl:output element, whose version attribute has an entirely different purpose: it is used to define the version of the output method to be used for serialization.

It is implementation-defined whether a particular XSLT 2.0 implementation supports backwards-compatible behavior.

[ERR XT0160] If an implementation does not support backwards-compatible behavior, then it is a non-recoverable dynamic error if any element is evaluated that enables backwards-compatible behavior.

3.9 Forwards-Compatible Processing

[Definition: An element enables forwards-compatible behavior for itself, its attributes, its descendants and their attributes if it has an [xsl:]version attribute (see 3.5 Standard Attributes) whose value is greater than 2.0.]

An element that has an [xsl:]version attribute whose value is less than or equal to 2.0 disables forwards-compatible behavior for itself, its attributes, its descendants and their attributes. The compatibility behavior established by an element overrides any compatibility behavior established by an ancestor element.

These rules do not apply to the version attribute of the xsl:output element, which has an entirely different purpose: it is used to define the version of the output method to be used for serialization.

Within a section of a stylesheet where forwards-compatible behavior is enabled, errors that would normally be static errors are treated instead as dynamic errors. This means that no error is signaled unless the construct containing the error is actually evaluated.

This includes, but is not limited to, the following situations:

• if an element in the XSLT namespace appears as a child of the xsl:stylesheet element, and XSLT 2.0 does not allow such elements as declarations, then the element must be ignored along with its content;

• if an element in the XSLT namespace appears in a sequence constructor and XSLT 2.0 does not allow such elements to occur in sequence constructors, then the processor must not signal an error, and if the element is evaluated, the processor must perform fallback for the element as specified in 18.2.3 Fallback;

• if an element has an attribute that XSLT 2.0 does not allow the element to have, then the attribute must be ignored.

• if an element has an optional attribute with a value that XSLT 2.0 does not allow the attribute to have, then the attribute must be ignored.

• if an instruction element has a mandatory attribute with a value that XSLT 2.0 does not allow the attribute to have, then the error must not be signaled unless the instruction is actually evaluated.

• if an attribute contains an XPath expression that does not match the allowed syntax of an XPath 2.0 expression, the error must not be signaled unless the expression is actually evaluated.

• if an attribute contains an XPath expression that calls a function that cannot be identified by its name and arity, the error must not be signaled unless the function call is actually evaluated.

<xsl:stylesheet version="17.0"
                xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
  <xsl:template match="/">
    <xsl:choose>
      <xsl:when test="system-property('xsl:version') >= 17.0">
        <xsl:exciting-new-17.0-feature/>
      </xsl:when>
      <xsl:otherwise>
        <html>
        <head>
          <title>XSLT 17.0 required</title>
        </head>
        <body>
          <p>Sorry, this stylesheet requires XSLT 17.0.</p>
        </body>
        </html>
      </xsl:otherwise>
    </xsl:choose>
  </xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>

<xsl:stylesheet version="18.0"
                xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">

  <xsl:important-new-17.0-declaration/>

  <xsl:template match="/">
    <xsl:choose>
      <xsl:when test="number(system-property('xsl:version')) < 17.0">
        <xsl:message terminate="yes">
          <xsl:text>Sorry, this stylesheet requires XSLT 17.0.</xsl:text>
        </xsl:message>
      </xsl:when>
      <xsl:otherwise>
        ...
      </xsl:otherwise>
    </xsl:choose>
  </xsl:template>
  ...
</xsl:stylesheet>

3.10 Combining Stylesheet Modules

XSLT provides two mechanisms to construct a stylesheet from multiple stylesheet modules:

• an inclusion mechanism that allows stylesheet modules to be combined without changing the semantics of the modules being combined, and

• an import mechanism that allows stylesheet modules to override each other.

<xsl:stylesheet version="2.0"
                xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
  <xsl:import href="article.xsl"/>
  <xsl:import href="bigfont.xsl"/>
  <xsl:attribute-set name="note-style">
    <xsl:attribute name="font-style">italic</xsl:attribute>
  </xsl:attribute-set>
</xsl:stylesheet>

         A
         |
     +---+---+
     |       |
     B       C
     |       |
     D       E

3.11 Embedded Stylesheet Modules

A standalone stylesheet module is a complete XML document with the xsl:stylesheet element as its document element. However, a stylesheet module may also be embedded in another resource. Two forms of embedding are possible:

• the XSLT stylesheet may be textually embedded in a non-XML resource, or

• the xsl:stylesheet element may occur in an XML document other than as the document element.

To facilitate the second form of embedding, the xsl:stylesheet element may have an ID attribute that specifies a unique identifier.

<?xml-stylesheet type="application/xslt+xml" href="#style1"?>
<!DOCTYPE doc SYSTEM "doc.dtd">
<doc>
<head>
<xsl:stylesheet id="style1"
                version="2.0"
                xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
                xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Format">
<xsl:import href="doc.xsl"/>
<xsl:template match="id('foo')">
  <fo:block font-weight="bold"><xsl:apply-templates/></fo:block>
</xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="xsl:stylesheet">
  <!-- ignore -->
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
</head>
<body>
<para id="foo">
...
</para>
</body>
</doc>

3.12 Built-in Types

Every XSLT 2.0 processor includes the following named type definitions in the in-scope schema components:

xs:string
xs:boolean
xs:integer
xs:decimal
xs:double
xs:date
xs:time
xs:dateTime
xs:QName
xs:anyURI
xdt:yearMonthDuration
xdt:dayTimeDuration
xdt:anyAtomicType
xdt:untypedAtomic

These types are defined in [XML Schema] (Part 2) in the case of the names prefixed xs:, and in [XPath 2.0] in the case of those prefixed xdt:.

A schema-aware XSLT processor additionally supports:

• All other built-in types defined in [XML Schema] (Part 2)

• User-defined types, and element and attribute declarations, that are imported using an xsl:import-schema declaration as described in 3.13 Importing Schema Components. These may include both simple and complex types.

An implementation may define mechanisms that allow additional schema components to be added to the in-scope schema components for the stylesheet. For example, the mechanisms used to define extension functions (see 18.1 Extension Functions) may also be used to import the types used in the interface to such functions.

These schema components are the only ones that may be referenced in XPath expressions within the stylesheet, or in the [xsl:]type and as attributes of those elements that permit these attributes.

3.13 Importing Schema Components

<!-- Category: declaration -->
<xsl:import-schema
  namespace? = uri-reference
  schema-location? = uri-reference />

The xsl:import-schema declaration is used to identify schema components (that is, top-level type definitions and top-level element and attribute declarations) that need to be available statically, that is, before any source document is available. Names of such components used statically within the stylesheet must refer to an in-scope schema component, which means they must either be built-in types as defined in 3.12 Built-in Types, or they must be imported using an xsl:import-schema declaration.

The xsl:import-schema declaration identifies a namespace containing the names of the components to be imported (or indicates that components whose names are in no namespace are to be imported). The effect is that the names of top-level element and attribute declarations and type definitions from this namespace (or non-namespace) become available for use within XPath expressions in the stylesheet, and within other stylesheet constructs such as the type and as attributes of various XSLT elements.

The same schema components are available in all stylesheet modules; importing components in one stylesheet module makes them available throughout the stylesheet.

The namespace and schema-location attributes are both optional.

If two xsl:import-schema declarations specify the same namespace, or if both specify no namespace, then only the one with highest import precedence is used. If this leaves more than one, then all the declarations at the highest import precedence are used (which may cause conflicts, as described below).

After discarding any xsl:import-schema declarations under the above rule, the effect of the remaining xsl:import-schema declarations is defined in terms of a hypothetical document called the synthetic schema document, which is constructed as follows. The synthetic schema document defines an arbitrary target namespace that is different from any namespace actually used by the application, and it contains xs:import elements corresponding one-for-one with the xsl:import-schema declarations in the stylesheet, with the following correspondence:

• The namespace attribute of the xs:import element is copied from the namespace attribute of the xsl:import-schema declaration if present, and is absent if it is absent.

• The schemaLocation attribute of the xs:import element is copied from the schema-location attribute of the xsl:import-schema declaration if present, and is absent if it is absent.

• The base URI of the xs:import element is the same as the base URI of the xsl:import-schema declaration.

The schema components included in the in-scope schema components (that is, the components whose names are available for use within the stylesheet) are the top-level element and attribute declarations and type definitions that are available for reference within the synthetic schema document. See [XML Schema] (Part 1, section 4.2.3, References to schema components across namespaces).

[ERR XT0220] It is a static error if the synthetic schema document does not satisfy the constraints described in [XML Schema] (Part 1, section 5.1, Errors in Schema Construction and Structure). This includes, without loss of generality, conflicts such as multiple definitions of the same name..

The use of a namespace in an xsl:import-schema declaration does not by itself associate any namespace prefix with the namespace. If names from the namespace are used within the stylesheet module then a namespace declaration must be included in the stylesheet module, in the usual way.

4.1 XML Versions

The data model defined in [Data Model] is capable of representing either an XML 1.0 document (conforming to [XML 1.0] and [XML Namespaces 1.0]) or an XML 1.1 document (conforming to [XML 1.1] and [XML Namespaces 1.1]), and it makes no distinction between the two. In principle, therefore, XSLT 2.0 can be used with either of these XML versions; the only differences arise outside the boundary of the transformation proper, either while creating the data model from textual XML (parsing), or while producing textual XML from the data model (serialization).

Construction of the data model is outside the scope of this specification, so XSLT 2.0 places no formal requirements on an XSLT processor to accept input from either XML 1.0 documents or XML 1.1 documents or both. This specification does define a serialization capability (see 20 Serialization), though from a conformance point of view it is an optional feature. Although facilities are described for serializing the data model as either XML 1.0 or XML 1.1 (and controlling the choice), there is again no formal requirement on an XSLT processor to support either or both of these XML versions as serialization targets.

Because the data model is the same whether the original document was XML 1.0 or XML 1.1, the semantics of XSLT processing do not depend on the version of XML used by the original document. There is no reason in principle why all the input and output documents used in a single transformation must conform to the same version of XML.

Some of the syntactic constructs in XSLT 2.0 and XPath 2.0, for example the productions Char ^XML and NCName ^Names, are defined by reference to the XML and XML Namespaces specifications. There are slight variations between the XML 1.0 and XML 1.1 versions of these productions. It is recommended that an XSLT 2.0 processor should implement the 1.1 versions.

At the time of writing there is no published version of [XML Schema] that references the XML 1.1 specifications. This means that data types such as xs:NCName and xs:ID are constrained by the XML 1.0 rules. It is recommended that an XSLT 2.0 processor should implement the rules in later versions of [XML Schema] as they become available.

4.2 Stripping Whitespace from the Stylesheet

The tree representing the stylesheet is preprocessed as follows:

1. All comments and processing instructions are removed.

2. Any text nodes that are now adjacent to each other are merged.

3. Any whitespace text node that satisfies both the following conditions is removed from the tree:

   • The parent of the text node is not an xsl:text element

   • The text node does not have an ancestor element that has an xml:space attribute with a value of preserve, unless there is a closer ancestor element having an xml:space attribute with a value of default.

4. Any whitespace text node whose parent is one of the following elements is removed from the tree, regardless of any xml:space attributes:

   xsl:analyze-string
xsl:apply-imports
xsl:apply-templates
xsl:attribute-set
xsl:call-template
xsl:character-map
xsl:choose
xsl:next-match
xsl:stylesheet
xsl:transform

5. Any whitespace text node whose following-sibling node is an xsl:param or xsl:sort element is removed from the tree, regardless of any xml:space attributes.

[ERR XT0260] Within an XSLT element that is required to be empty, any content other than comments or processing instructions, including any whitespace text node preserved using the xml:space="preserve" attribute, is a static error.

4.3 Stripping Whitespace from a Source Tree

A source document supplied as input to the transformation process may contain whitespace text nodes that are of no interest, and that do not need to be retained by the transformation. Conceptually, an XSLT processor makes a copy of the source tree from which unwanted whitespace text nodes have been removed. This process is referred to as whitespace stripping.

The stripping process takes as input a set of element names whose child whitespace text nodes are to be preserved.

A whitespace text node is preserved if either of the following apply:

• The element name of the parent of the text node is in the set of whitespace-preserving element names.

• An ancestor element of the text node has an xml:space attribute with a value of preserve, and no closer ancestor element has xml:space with a value of default.

Otherwise, the whitespace text node is stripped.

The xml:space attributes are not removed from the tree.

<!-- Category: declaration -->
<xsl:strip-space
  elements = tokens />

<!-- Category: declaration -->
<xsl:preserve-space
  elements = tokens />

The set of whitespace-preserving element names is specified by xsl:strip-space and xsl:preserve-space declarations. Whether an element name is included in the set of whitespace-preserving names is determined by the best match among all the xsl:strip-space or xsl:preserve-space declarations: it is included if and only if there is no match or the best match is an xsl:preserve-space element. The xsl:strip-space and xsl:preserve-space elements each have an elements attribute whose value is a whitespace-separated list of NameTests ^XP; an element name matches an xsl:strip-space or xsl:preserve-space element if it matches one of the NameTests ^XP. An element matches a NameTest ^XP if and only if the NameTest ^XP would be true for the element as an XPath node test. When more than one xsl:strip-space and xsl:preserve-space element matches, the best matching element is determined by the best matching NameTest ^XP. This is determined in the same way as with template rules:

• First, any match with lower import precedence than another match is ignored.

• Next, any match that has a lower default priority than the default priority of another match is ignored.

[ERR XT0270] It is a recoverable dynamic error if this leaves more than one match. The optional recovery action is to select, from the matches that are left, the one that occurs last in declaration order.

4.4 Attributes Types and DTD Validation

The data model allows attribute nodes to have type annotations derived from schema processing. It is also possible for a limited set of type annotations (on attributes only) to be derived from DTD-based validation of a source document. Because the construction of the data model is outside the scope of XSLT processing, this specification (in common with [Data Model]) neither requires nor prevents this. This section merely points out some of the consequences of the decision.

In general, creating type annotations based on DTD attribute types is likely to create some backwards compatibility problems. For example, an attribute annotated with type xs:NMTOKENS will have a different typed value than if it were annotated as xdt:untypedAtomic. If the value of the colors attribute is red green blue, then the expression @colors = "red" will return true if the type annotation is xs:NMTOKENS, but false if the type annotation is xdt:untypedAtomic.

Special considerations apply to ID attributes, because in XSLT 1.0, attributes defined in a DTD as having type ID were explicitly recognized by the XPath id ^FO function. An XSLT 2.0 processor wishing to offer the best possible backwards compatibility should therefore recognize ID attributes during DTD processing, and annotate the resulting nodes accordingly, even though it does not recognize other DTD-based types such as NMTOKENS.

The conformance rules for a basic XSLT processor do not allow attribute nodes to be annotated with type xs:ID. For backwards compatibility reasons, however, a processor may implement the id ^FO function so that it recognizes attributes defined in a DTD as being ID attributes, even though they are not annotated as being of type xs:ID in the data model.

A basic XSLT processor does not allow nodes to be annotated as being of type xs:IDREF or xs:IDREFS, which means that with such a processor, the idref ^FO function will always return an empty sequence.

4.5 Disable Output Escaping

For backwards compatibility reasons, XSLT 2.0 continues to support the disable-output-escaping feature introduced in XSLT 1.0. This is an optional feature and implementations are not required to support it. A new facility, that of named character maps (see 20.1 Character Maps) is introduced in XSLT 2.0. It provides similar capabilities to disable-output-escaping, but without distorting the data model.

If an implementation supports the disable-output-escaping attribute of xsl:text, xsl:value-of, and xsl:attribute (see 20.2 Disabling Output Escaping), then the data model for trees constructed by the processor is augmented with a boolean value representing the value of this property. This boolean value, however, can be set only within a final result tree that is being passed to the serializer.

Conceptually, each character in a text node on such a result tree has a boolean property indicating whether the serializer is to disable the normal rules for escaping of special characters (for example, outputting of & as &) in respect of this character or attribute node.

5.1 Qualified Names

The name of a stylesheet-defined object, specifically a named template, a mode, an attribute set, a key, a decimal-format, a variable or parameter, a stylesheet function, a named output definition, or a character map is specified as a QName using the syntax for QName^Names as defined in [XML Namespaces 1.0].

[Definition: A QName is always written in the form (NCName ":")? NCName, that is, a local name optionally preceded by a namespace prefix. When two QNames are compared, however, they are considered equal if the corresponding expanded-QNames are the same, as described below.]

Because an atomic value of type xs:QName is sometimes referred to loosely as a QName, this specification also uses the term lexical QName to emphasize that it is referring to a QName^Names in its lexical form rather than its expanded form. This term is used especially when strings containing lexical QNames are manipulated as run-time values.

[Definition: A lexical QName is a string representing a QName in the form (NCName ":")? NCName, that is, a local name optionally preceded by a namespace prefix.]

[Definition: QNames may occur as the value of an attribute node in a stylesheet module, or within an XPath expression contained in such an attribute node, or as the result of evaluating an XPath expression contained in such an attribute node. The element containing this attribute node is referred to as the defining element of the QName.]

[Definition: An expanded-QName is a pair of values containing a local name and an optional namespace URI. Two expanded-QNames are equal if the namespace URIs are the same (or both absent) and the local names are the same.]

If the QName has a prefix, then the prefix is expanded into a URI reference using the namespace declarations in effect on its defining element. The expanded-QName consisting of the local part of the name and the possibly null URI reference is used as the name of the object. The default namespace (as defined by a namespace declaration of the form xmlns="some.uri") is not used for unprefixed names.

There are two cases where the default namespace from the static context is used when expanding an unprefixed QName:

1. Where a QName is used to define the name of an element being constructed in the result tree. This applies both to cases where the name is known statically (that is, the name of a literal result element) and to cases where it is computed dynamically (the value of the name attribute of the xsl:element instruction).

2. The default namespace is used when expanding the first argument of the function element-available.

In the case of an unprefixed QName used as a NameTest within an XPath expression (see 5.3 Expressions) , and in certain other contexts, the namespace to be used in expanding the QName may be specified by means of the [xsl:]xpath-default-namespace attribute, as specified in 5.2 Unprefixed QNames in Expressions and Patterns.

[ERR XT0280] In the case of a prefixed QName used as the value of an attribute in the stylesheet, or appearing within an XPath expression in the stylesheet, it is a static error if the defining element has no namespace node whose name matches the prefix of the QName.

[ERR XT0290] Where the result of evaluating an XPath expression (or an attribute value template) is required to be a lexical QName, then unless otherwise specified it is a non-recoverable dynamic error if the defining element has no namespace node whose name matches the prefix of the lexical QName. This error may be signaled as a static error if the value of the expression can be determined statically.

5.2 Unprefixed QNames in Expressions and Patterns

The attribute [xsl:]xpath-default-namespace (see 3.5 Standard Attributes) may be used on an element in the stylesheet to define the namespace that will be used for an unprefixed element name or type name within an XPath expression, and in certain other contexts listed below.

The value of the attribute is the namespace URI to be used.

For any element in the stylesheet, this attribute has an effective value, which is the value of the [xsl:]xpath-default-namespace on that element or on the innermost containing element that specifies such an attribute, or the zero-length string if no containing element specifies such an attribute.

For any element in the stylesheet, the effective value of this attribute determines the value of the default namespace for element and type names in the static context of any XPath expression contained in an attribute of that element. The effect of this is specified in [XPath 2.0]; in summary, it determines the namespace used for any unprefixed type name in the SequenceType production, and for any element name appearing in a path expression or in the SequenceType production.

The effective value of this attribute similarly applies to any of the following constructs appearing within its scope:

• any unprefixed element name or type name used in a pattern

• any unprefixed element name used in the elements attribute of the xsl:strip-space or xsl:preserve-space instructions

• any unprefixed element name or type name used in the as attribute of an XSLT instructions

• any unprefixed type name used in the type attribute of an XSLT instruction.

The [xsl:]xpath-default-namespace attribute must be in the XSLT namespace if and only if its parent element is not in the XSLT namespace.

If the effective value of the attribute is a zero-length string, which will be the case if it is explicitly set to a zero-length string or if it is not specified at all, then an unprefixed element name or type name refers to a name that is in no namespace. The default namespace (as defined by an xmlns="some-uri" declaration) is not used.

The attribute does not affect other names, for example function names, variable names, or names used as arguments to the key or system-property functions.

5.3 Expressions

XSLT uses the expression language defined by XPath 2.0 [XPath 2.0]. Expressions are used in XSLT for a variety of purposes including:

• selecting nodes for processing;

• specifying conditions for different ways of processing a node;

• generating text to be inserted in the result tree.

[Definition: Within this specification, the term XPath expression, or simply expression, means a string that matches the production Expr^XP defined in [XPath 2.0].]

An XPath expression may occur as the value of certain attributes on XSLT-defined elements, and also within curly brackets in attribute value templates.

[ERR XT0300] Except where forwards-compatible behavior is enabled (see 3.9 Forwards-Compatible Processing), it is a static error if the value of such an attribute, or the text between curly brackets in an attribute value template, does not match the XPath production Expr^XP, or if it fails to satisfy other static constraints defined in the XPath specification, for example that all variable references must refer to variables that are in scope.

[ERR XT0310] The transformation fails with a non-recoverable dynamic error if any XPath expression is evaluated and raises a dynamic error.

[ERR XT0320] The transformation fails with a type error if an XPath expression raises a type error, or if the result of evaluating the XPath expression is evaluated and raises a type error, or if the XPath processor signals a type error during static analysis of an expression.

[Definition: The context within a stylesheet where an XPath expression appears may specify the required type of the expression. The required type indicates the data type of value that the expression is expected to return.] If no required type is specified, the expression may return any value: in effect, the required type is then item()*.

[Definition: Except where otherwise indicated, the actual value of an expression is converted to the required type using the function conversion rules. These are the rules defined in [XPath 2.0] for converting the supplied argument of a function call to the required type of that argument, as defined in the function signature. The relevant rules are those that apply when XPath 1.0 compatibility mode is set to false.]

This specification also invokes the XPath 2.0 function conversion rules to convert the result of evaluating an XSLT sequence constructor to a required type (for example, the sequence constructor enclosed in an xsl:variable, xsl:template, or xsl:function element).

Any dynamic error or type error that occurs when applying the function conversion rules to convert a value to a required type results in the transformation failing, in the same way as if the error had occurred while evaluating an expression.

XPath defines the concept of an expression context^XP which contains all the information that can affect the result of evaluating an expression. The evaluation context has two parts, the static context^XP, and the dynamic context^XP. The components that make up the expression context are defined in the XPath specification (see Section 2.1 Expression Context^XP). The following paragraphs describe the way in which these components are initialized when an XPath expression is contained within an XSLT stylesheet.

5.4 Patterns

A template rule identifies the nodes to which it applies by means of a pattern. As well as being used in template rules, patterns are used for numbering (see 12 Numbering), for grouping (see 14 Grouping), and for declaring keys (see 16.3 Keys).

[Definition: A pattern specifies a set of conditions on a node. A node that satisfies the conditions matches the pattern; a node that does not satisfy the conditions does not match the pattern. The syntax for patterns is a subset of the syntax for expressions.] As explained in detail below, a node matches a pattern if the node can be selected by deriving an equivalent expression, and evaluating this expression with respect to some possible context.

[ERR XT0340] Where an attribute is defined to contain a pattern, it is a static error if the pattern does not match the production Pattern. Every pattern is a legal XPath expression, but the converse is not true: 2+2 is an example of a legal XPath expression that is not a pattern. The XPath expressions that can be used as patterns are those that match the grammar for Pattern, given below.

Informally, a Pattern is a set of path expressions separated by | or union, where each step in the path expression is constrained to be an AxisStep ^XP that uses only the child or attribute axes. Patterns may also use the // operator. Predicates ^XP in a pattern can contain arbitrary XPath expressions (enclosed between square brackets) in the same way as predicates in a path expression.

Patterns may start with an id ^FO or key function call, provided that the value to be matched is supplied as either a literal or a reference to a variable or parameter, and the key name (in the case of the key function) is supplied as a string literal. These patterns will never match a node in a tree whose root is not a document node.

If a pattern occurs in part of the stylesheet where backwards compatible behavior is enabled (see 3.8 Backwards-Compatible Processing), then the semantics of the pattern are defined on the basis that the equivalent XPath expression is evaluated with XPath 1.0 compatibility mode set to true.

Patterns

The constructs NodeTest ^XP, Predicates ^XP, VarRef ^XP, Literal ^XP, and StringLiteral ^XP are part of the XPath expression language, and are defined in [XPath 2.0].

The meaning of a pattern is defined formally as follows.

First we define the concept of an equivalent expression. In general, the equivalent expression is the XPath expression that takes the same lexical form as the pattern as written. However, if the pattern contains a PathPattern that is a RelativePathPattern, then the first PatternStep PS of this RelativePathPattern is adjusted to allow it to match a parentless element or attribute node, as follows:

• If the NodeTest in PS is document-node() (optionally with arguments), and if no explicit axis is specified, then the axis in step PS is taken as self rather than child.

• If PS uses the child axis (explicitly or implicitly), and if the NodeTest in PS is not document-node() (optionally with arguments), then the axis in step PS is replaced by child-or-top, which is defined as follows. If the context node is a parentless element, comment, processing-instruction, or text node then the child-or-top axis selects the context node; otherwise it selects the children of the context node. It is a forwards axis whose principal node kind is element.

• If PS uses the attribute axis, then the axis in step PS is replaced by attribute-or-top, which is defined as follows. If the context node is an attribute node with no parent, then the attribute-or-top axis selects the context node; otherwise it selects the attributes of the context node. It is a forwards axis whose principal node kind is attribute.

The axes child-or-top and attribute-or-top are introduced only for definitional purposes. They cannot be used explicitly in a user-written pattern or expression.

Let the equivalent expression, calculated according to these rules, be EE.

To determine whether a node N matches the pattern, evaluate the expression root(.)//(EE) with a singleton focus based on N. If the result is a sequence of nodes that includes N, then node N matches the pattern; otherwise node N does not match the pattern.

Although the semantics of patterns are specified formally in terms of expression evaluation, it is possible to understand pattern matching using a different model. In a pattern, | indicates alternatives; a pattern with one or more | separated alternatives matches if any one of the alternatives matches. A pattern such as book/chapter/section can be examined from right to left. A node will only match this pattern if it is a section element; and then, only if its parent is a chapter; and then, only if the parent of that chapter is a book. When the pattern uses the // operator, one can still read it from right to left, but this time testing the ancestors of a node rather than its parent. For example appendix//section matches every section element that has an ancestor appendix element.

The formal definition, however, is useful for understanding the meaning of a pattern such as para[1]. This matches any node selected by the expression root(.)//(child-or-top::para[1]): that is, any para element that is the first para child of its parent, or a para element that has no parent.

The way in which the processor evaluates a pattern may affect the detection of dynamic errors. For example, given the pattern chapter[P]/section[Q], where P and Q are arbitrary expressions, an error in evaluating Q might or might not be signaled while matching a section element that has no chapter parent, and an error in evaluating P might or might not be signaled while matching an element that is not a section. In general, it is well defined whether a node matches a pattern, but it is not well defined whether or not dynamic errors will be signaled when evaluating a pattern against a node that does not match the pattern.

One particular optimization is required by this specification: for a PathPattern that starts with / or // or with an IdKeyPattern, the result of testing this pattern against a node in a tree whose root is not a document node must be a non-match, rather than a dynamic error. This rule applies to each to each PathPattern within a Pattern.

5.5 Attribute Value Templates

[Definition: In an attribute that is designated as an attribute value template, such as an attribute of a literal result element, an expression can be used by surrounding the expression with curly brackets ({})].

An attribute value template consists of an alternating sequence of fixed parts and variable parts. A variable part consists of an XPath expression enclosed in curly brackets ({}). A fixed part may contain any characters, except that a left curly bracket must be written as {{ and a right curly bracket must be written as }}.

[ERR XT0350] It is a static error if an unescaped left curly bracket appears in a fixed part of an attribute value template without a matching right curly bracket.

[ERR XT0360] It is a static error if the string contained between matching curly brackets in an attribute value template does not match the XPath production Expr^XP.

[ERR XT0370] It is a static error if an unescaped right curly bracket occurs in a fixed part of an attribute value template.

[Definition: The result of evaluating an attribute value template is referred to as the effective value of the attribute.] The effective value is the string obtained by concatenating the expansions of the fixed and variable parts. The expansion of a fixed part is obtained by replacing any double curly brackets ({{ or }}) by the corresponding single curly bracket. The expansion of a variable part is obtained by evaluating the enclosed XPath expression and converting the resulting value to a string. This conversion is done by atomizing the result of the expression using the procedure defined in [XPath 2.0], and then converting each of the atomic values in the atomized sequence to a string, adding a single space after each value other than the last. If the atomized sequence is empty, the result is a zero-length string.

If backwards compatible behavior is enabled for the attribute, the rules for converting the value of the expression to a string are modified as follows. After atomizing the result of the expression, all items other than the first item in the resulting sequence are discarded, and the effective value is obtained by converting the first item in the sequence to a string. If the atomized sequence is empty, the result is a zero-length string.

Curly brackets are not treated specially in an attribute value in an XSLT stylesheet unless the attribute is specifically designated as one that permits an attribute value template; in an element syntax summary, the value of such attributes is surrounded by curly brackets.

<xsl:variable name="image-dir" select="'/images'"/>

<xsl:template match="photograph">
  <img src="{$image-dir}/{href}" width="{size/@width}"/>
</xsl:template>

<photograph>
  <href>headquarters.jpg</href>
  <size width="300"/>
</photograph>

<img src="/images/headquarters.jpg" width="300"/>

<temperature readings="{10.32, 5.50, 8.31}"/>

<temperature readings="10.32 5.5 8.31"/>

Curly brackets are not recognized recursively inside expressions.

<a href="#{id({@ref})/title}">

<a href="#{id(@ref)/title}">

5.6 Sequence Constructors

[Definition: A sequence constructor is a sequence of zero or more sibling nodes in the stylesheet that can be evaluated to return a sequence of nodes and atomic values. The way that the resulting sequence is used depends on the containing instruction.]

Many XSLT elements (including literal result elements) are defined to take a sequence constructor as their content.

Four kinds of nodes may be encountered in a sequence constructor:

• Text nodes appearing in the stylesheet (if they have not been removed in the process of whitespace stripping: see 4.2 Stripping Whitespace from the Stylesheet) are copied to create a new parentless text node in the result sequence.

• Literal result elements are evaluated to create a new parentless element node, having the same expanded-QName as the literal result element, which is added to the result sequence: see 11.1 Literal Result Elements

• XSLT instructions produce a sequence of zero, one, or more items as their result. These items are added to the result sequence. For most XSLT instructions, these items are nodes, but some instructions (xsl:sequence and xsl:copy-of) can also produce atomic values. Several instructions, such as xsl:element, return a newly constructed parentless node (which may have its own attributes, namespaces, children, and other descendants). Other instructions, such as xsl:if, pass on the items produced by their own nested sequence constructors. The xsl:sequence instruction may return atomic values, or existing nodes.

• Extension instructions (see 18.2 Extension Instructions) also produce a sequence of items as their result. The items in this sequence are added to the result sequence.

There are several ways the result of a sequence constructor may be used.

• The sequence may be bound to a variable or returned from a stylesheet function, in which case it becomes available as a value to be manipulated in arbitrary ways by XPath expressions. The sequence is bound to a variable when the sequence constructor appears within one of the elements xsl:variable, xsl:param, or xsl:with-param, when this instruction has an as attribute. The sequence is returned from a stylesheet function when the sequence constructor appears within the xsl:function element.

  Note:

  This will typically expose to the stylesheet elements, attributes, and other nodes that have not yet been attached to a parent node in a result tree. The semantics of XPath expressions when applied to parentless nodes are well-defined; however, such expressions should be used with care. For example, the expression / selects the root node of the tree containing the context node, which will not necessarily be a document node. The expression /E selects an E element child of the root node of the tree: if the root node is itself an E element, this expression will not select it.

  Parentless attribute nodes require particular care because they have no namespace nodes associated with them. This means, for example, that the name ^FO function will not be able to determine a prefix to use when reporting the name of the attribute. When a parentless attribute node has content containing namespace prefixes (for example, a QName or an XPath expression) then there is no information allowing the prefix to be resolved to a namespace URI. Parentless attributes can be useful in an application (for example, they provide an alternative to the use of attribute sets: see 10.2 Named Attribute Sets) but they need to be handled with care.

• The sequence may be returned as the result of the containing element. This happens when the instruction containing the sequence constructor is xsl:analyze-string, xsl:apply-imports, xsl:apply-templates, xsl:call-template, xsl:choose, xsl:fallback, xsl:for-each, xsl:for-each-group, xsl:if, xsl:matching-substring, xsl:next-match, xsl:non-matching-substring, xsl:otherwise, xsl:perform-sort, xsl:sequence, or xsl:when

• The sequence may be used to construct the content of a new element or document node. This happens when the sequence constructor appears as the content of a literal result element, or of one of the instructions xsl:copy, xsl:element, or xsl:message. It also happens when the sequence constructor is contained in one of the elements xsl:variable, xsl:param, or xsl:with-param, when this instruction has no as attribute. For details, see 5.6.1 Constructing Complex Content.

• The sequence may be used to construct the string value of an attribute node, text node, namespace node, comment node, or processing instruction node. This happens when the sequence constructor is contained in one of the elements xsl:attribute, xsl:value-of, xsl:namespace, xsl:comment, or xsl:processing-instruction. For details, see 5.6.2 Constructing Simple Content.

<td>
  <xsl:attribute name="valign">top</xsl:attribute>
  <xsl:value-of select="@description"/>
</td>

6.1 Defining Templates

<!-- Category: declaration -->
<xsl:template
  match? = pattern
  name? = qname
  priority? = number
  mode? = tokens
  as? = sequence-type>
  <!-- Content: (xsl:param*, sequence-constructor) -->
</xsl:template>

[Definition: An xsl:template declaration defines a template, which contains a sequence constructor for creating nodes and/or atomic values. A template can serve either as a template rule, invoked by matching nodes against a pattern, or as a named template, invoked explicitly by name. It is also possible for the same template to serve in both capacities.]

An xsl:template element must have either a match attribute or a name attribute, or both. If it has a match attribute, then it is a template rule. If it has a name attribute, then it is a named template. An xsl:template element that has no match attribute must have no mode attribute and no priority attribute.

A template may be invoked in a number of ways, depending on whether it is a template rule, a named template, or both. The result of invoking the template is the result of evaluating the sequence constructor contained in the xsl:template element (see 5.6 Sequence Constructors). If an as attribute is present, the as attribute defines the required type of the result.

The result of evaluating the sequence constructor is converted to the required type using the function conversion rules.

If no as attribute is specified, the default value is item()*, which permits any value. No conversion then takes place.

6.2 Defining Template Rules

This section describes template rules. Named templates are described in 10.1 Named Templates.

A template rule is specified using the xsl:template element with a match attribute. The match attribute is a Pattern that identifies the node or nodes to which the rule applies. The result of applying the template rule is the result of evaluating the sequence constructor contained in the xsl:template element, with the matching node used as the context node.

This is an <emph>important</emph> point.

<xsl:template match="emph">
  <fo:wrapper font-weight="bold" xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Format">
    <xsl:apply-templates/>
  </fo:wrapper>
</xsl:template>

A template rule is evaluated when an xsl:apply-templates instruction selects a node that matches the pattern specified in the match attribute. The xsl:apply-templates instruction is described in the next section. If several template rules match a selected node, only one of them is evaluated, as described in 6.4 Conflict Resolution for Template Rules.

6.3 Applying Template Rules

<!-- Category: instruction -->
<xsl:apply-templates
  select? = expression
  mode? = token>
  <!-- Content: (xsl:sort | xsl:with-param)* -->
</xsl:apply-templates>

The xsl:apply-templates instruction takes as input a sequence of nodes in the source tree, and produces as output a sequence of items; these will often be nodes to be added to the result tree.

If the instruction has one or more xsl:sort children, then the input sequence is sorted as described in 13 Sorting. The result of this sort is referred to below as the sorted sequence; if there are no xsl:sort elements, then the sorted sequence is the same as the input sequence.

Each node in the input sequence is processed by finding a template rule whose pattern matches that node. If there is more than one, the best among them is chosen, using rules described in 6.4 Conflict Resolution for Template Rules. If there is no template rule whose pattern matches the node, a built-in template rule is used (see 6.6 Built-in Template Rules). The chosen template rule is evaluated. The rule that matches the Nth node in the sorted sequence is evaluated with that node as the context item, with N as the context position, and with the length of the sorted sequence as the context size. Each template rule that is evaluated produces a sequence of items as its result. The resulting sequences (one for each node in the sorted sequence) are then concatenated, to form a single sequence. They are concatenated retaining the order of the nodes in the sorted sequence. The final concatenated sequence forms the result of the xsl:apply-templates instruction.

<message>Proceed <emph>at once</emph> to the exit!</message>

<xsl:template match="message">
  <p>
    <xsl:apply-templates select="child::node()"/>
  </p>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="emph">
  <b>
    <xsl:apply-templates select="child::node()"/>
  </b>
</xsl:template>

<p>Proceed <b>at once</b> to the exit!</p>

The default value of the select attribute is child::node(), which causes all the children of context node to be processed.

[ERR XT0510] It is a recoverable dynamic error if an xsl:apply-templates instruction with no select attribute is evaluated when the context item is not a node. The optional recovery action is to return the empty sequence.

A select attribute can be used to process nodes selected by an expression instead of processing all children. The value of the select attribute is an expression. The expression must evaluate to a sequence of nodes (it can contain zero, one, or more nodes).

[ERR XT0520] It is a type error if the sequence returned by the select expression contains an item that is not a node.

<xsl:template match="author-group">
  <fo:wrapper>
    <xsl:apply-templates select="author/given-name"/>
  </fo:wrapper>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="employee">
  <fo:block>
    Employee <xsl:apply-templates select="name"/> belongs to group
    <xsl:apply-templates select="ancestor::department/group"/>
  </fo:block>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="product">
  <table>
    <xsl:apply-templates select="*"/>
  </table>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="product/*" priority="3">
  <tr>
    <td><xsl:value-of select="name()"/></td>
    <td><xsl:next-match/></td>
  </tr>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="product/element(*, xs:decimal) | 
                     product/element(*, xs:double)" priority="2">  
  <xsl:value-of select="format-number(xs:double(.), '#,###0.00')"/>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="product/element(*, xs:date)" priority="2">
  <xsl:value-of select="format-date(., '[Mn] [D], [Y]')"/>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="product/*" priority="1.5">
  <xsl:value-of select="."/>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="product">
  <table>
    <xsl:apply-templates select="sales/domestic"/>
  </table>
  <table>
    <xsl:apply-templates select="sales/foreign"/>
  </table>
</xsl:template>

<doc><div><div></div></div></doc>

<xsl:template match="doc">
  <xsl:apply-templates select=".//div"/>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="foo">
  <xsl:apply-templates select="."/>
</xsl:template>

6.4 Conflict Resolution for Template Rules

It is possible for a node in a source document to match more than one template rule. When this happens, only one template rule is evaluated for the node. The template rule to be used is determined as follows:

1. First, all matching template rules that have lower import precedence than the matching template rule or rules with the highest import precedence are eliminated from consideration.

2. Next, all matching template rules that have lower priority than the matching template rule or rules with the highest priority are eliminated from consideration. The priority of a template rule is specified by the priority attribute on the template rule.

   [ERR XT0530] The value of this must be a decimal number (positive or negative), matching the production IntegerLiteral ^XP or DecimalLiteral ^XP with an optional leading minus sign (-).

   [Definition: If no priority attribute is specified on the xsl:template element, a default priority is computed, based on the syntax of the pattern supplied in the match attribute.] The rules are as follows:

   • If the pattern contains multiple alternatives separated by | or union, then the template rule is treated equivalently to a set of template rules, one for each alternative. However, it is not an error if a node matches more than one of the alternatives.

   • If the pattern has the form /, then the priority is −0.5.

   • If the pattern has the form of a QName optionally preceded by a PatternAxis or has the form processing-instruction(StringLiteral ^XP) or processing-instruction(NCName ^Names) optionally preceded by a PatternAxis, then the priority is 0.

   • If the pattern has the form of an ElementTest ^XP or AttributeTest ^XP, optionally preceded by a PatternAxis, then the priority is as shown in the table below. In this table, the symbols E, A, and T represent an arbitrary element name, attribute name, and type name respectively, while the symbol * represents itself. A SchemaContextPath ^XP may be specified in addition to the element or attribute name; this does not affect the priority. The presence or absence of the keyword nillable does not affect the priority.

     Format	Priority	Notes
     element()	−0.5	(equivalent to *)
     element(*,*)	−0.5	(equivalent to *)
     attribute()	−0.5	(equivalent to @*)
     attribute(*,*)	−0.5	(equivalent to @*)
     element(E,*)	0	(matches by substitution group)
     element(*,T)	0	(matches by type only)
     attribute(*,T)	0	(matches by type only)
     attribute(A,*)	0	(equivalent to @A)
     element(E,T)	0.25	(matches by substitution group and type)
     element(E)	0.25	(matches by substitution group and type)
     attribute(A,T)	0.25	(matches by name and type)
     attribute(A)	0.25	(matches by name and type)

   • If the pattern has the form of a DocumentTest ^XP, then if it includes no ElementTest ^XP the priority is −0.5. If if does include an ElementTest ^XP, then the priority is the same as the priority of that ElementTest ^XP, computed according to the table above.

   • If the pattern has the form NCName ^Names:* or *:NCName ^Names, optionally preceded by a PatternAxis, then the priority is −0.25.

   • If the pattern is any other NodeTest ^XP, optionally preceded by a PatternAxis, then the priority is −0.5.

   • Otherwise, the priority is 0.5.

   Note:

   In many cases this means that highly selective patterns have higher priority than less selective patterns. The most common kind of pattern (a pattern that tests for a node of a particular kind, with a particular expanded-QName or a particular type) has priority 0. The next less specific kind of pattern (a pattern that tests for a node of a particular kind and an expanded-QName with a particular namespace URI) has priority −0.25. Patterns less specific than this (patterns that just test for nodes of a given kind) have priority −0.5. Patterns that specify both the name and the required type have a priority of +0.25, putting them above patterns that only specify the name or the type. Patterns more specific than this, for example patterns that include predicates or that specify the ancestry of the required node, have priority 0.5.

   However, it is not invariably true that a more selective pattern has higher priority than a less selective pattern. For example, the priority of the pattern node()[self::*] is higher than that of the pattern salary. Similarly, the patterns attribute(*, xs:decimal) and attribute(*, xs:short) have the same priority, despite the fact that the latter pattern matches a subset of the nodes matched by the former. Therefore, to achieve clarity in a stylesheet it is good practice to allocate explicit priorities.

[ERR XT0540] It is a recoverable dynamic error if the conflict resolution algorithm for template rules leaves more than one matching template rule. The optional recovery action is to select, from the matching template rules that are left, the one that occurs last in declaration order.

6.5 Modes

[Definition: Modes allow a node in the source tree to be processed multiple times, each time producing a different result. They also allow different sets of template rules to be active when processing different trees, for example when processing documents loaded using the document function (see 16.1 Multiple Source Documents) or when processing temporary trees (see 9.4 Temporary Trees)]

Modes are identified by a QName, except for the default mode, which is unnamed.

A template rule is applicable to one or more modes. The modes to which it is applicable are defined by the mode attribute of the xsl:template element. If the attribute is omitted, then the template rule is applicable to the default mode. If the attribute is present, then its value must be a space-separated list of tokens, each of which defines a mode to which the template rule is applicable. Each token must be one of the following:

• a QName, which is expanded as described in 5.1 Qualified Names to define the name of the mode

• the token #default, to indicate that the template rule is applicable to the default mode

• the token #all, to indicate that the template rule is applicable to all modes.

[ERR XT0550] It is a static error if the same token is included more than once in the list or if the token #all appears together with any other value.

The xsl:apply-templates element also has an optional mode attribute. The value of this attribute must either be a QName, which is expanded as described in 5.1 Qualified Names to define the name of a mode, or the token #default, to indicate that the default mode is to be used, or the token #current, to indicate that the current mode is to be used. If the attribute is omitted, the default mode is used.

When searching for a template rule to process each node selected by the xsl:apply-templates instruction, only those template rules that are applicable to the selected mode are considered.

[Definition: At any point in the processing of a stylesheet, there is a current mode. When the transformation is initiated, the current mode is the default mode, unless a different initial mode has been supplied, as described in 2.3 Initiating a Transformation. Whenever an xsl:apply-templates instruction is evaluated, the current mode becomes the mode selected by this instruction.] When a stylesheet function is called, the current mode becomes the default mode. No other instruction changes the current mode. On completion of the xsl:apply-templates instruction, or on return from a stylesheet function call, the current mode reverts to its previous value. The current mode is used when an xsl:apply-templates instruction uses the syntax mode="#current"; it is also used by the xsl:apply-imports and xsl:next-match instructions (see 6.7 Overriding Template Rules).

6.6 Built-in Template Rules

When a node is selected by xsl:apply-templates and there is no template rule in the stylesheet that can be used to process that node, a built-in template rule is evaluated instead.

The built-in template rules apply to all modes.

The built-in rule for document nodes and element nodes is equivalent to calling xsl:apply-templates with no select attribute, and with the mode attribute set to #current. If the built-in rule was invoked with parameters, those parameters are passed on in the implicit xsl:apply-templates instruction.

<xsl:apply-templates select="title" mode="mm">
  <xsl:with-param name="init" select="10"/>
</xsl:apply-template>

<xsl:template match="title" mode="#all">
  <xsl:with-param name="init"/>
  <xsl:apply-templates mode="#current">
    <xsl:with-param name="init" select="$init"/>
  </xsl:apply-templates>
</xsl:template>

The built-in template rule for text and attribute nodes returns a text node containing the string value of the context node, unless the string value is zero-length, in which case it returns an empty sequence. It is effectively:

<xsl:template match="text()|@*" mode="#all">
  <xsl:value-of select="."/>
</xsl:template>

The built-in template rule for processing instructions and comments does nothing (it returns the empty sequence).

<xsl:template match="processing-instruction()|comment()" mode="#all"/>

The built-in template rule for namespace nodes is also to do nothing. There is no pattern that can match a namespace node, so the built-in template rule is always used when xsl:apply-templates selects a namespace node.

The built-in template rules have lower import precedence than all other template rules. Thus, the stylesheet author can override a built-in template rule by including an explicit template rule.

6.7 Overriding Template Rules

<!-- Category: instruction -->
<xsl:apply-imports>
  <!-- Content: xsl:with-param* -->
</xsl:apply-imports>

<!-- Category: instruction -->
<xsl:next-match>
  <!-- Content: (xsl:with-param | xsl:fallback)* -->
</xsl:next-match>

A template rule that is being used to override another template rule (see 6.4 Conflict Resolution for Template Rules) can use the xsl:apply-imports or xsl:next-match instruction to invoke the overridden template rule. The xsl:apply-imports instruction only considers template rules in imported stylesheet modules; the xsl:next-match instruction considers all other template rules of lower import precedence and/or priority. Both instructions will invoke the built-in template rule for the node (see 6.6 Built-in Template Rules) if no other template rule is found.

[Definition: At any point in the processing of a stylesheet, there may be a current template rule. Whenever a template rule is chosen by matching a pattern, the template rule becomes the current template rule for the evaluation of the rule's sequence constructor. When an xsl:for-each or xsl:for-each-group instruction is evaluated, or when a stylesheet function is called (see 10.3 Stylesheet Functions), the current template rule becomes null for the evaluation of that instruction or function.]

The current template rule is not affected by invoking named templates (see 10.1 Named Templates) or named attribute sets (see 10.2 Named Attribute Sets). While evaluating a global variable or the default value of a stylesheet parameter (see 9.5 Global Variables and Parameters) the current template rule is null.

Both xsl:apply-imports and xsl:next-match search for a template rule that matches the context node, and that is applicable to the current mode (see 6.5 Modes). In choosing a template rule, they use the usual criteria such as the priority and import precedence of the template rules, but they consider as candidates only a subset of the template rules in the stylesheet. This subset differs between the two instructions:

• The xsl:apply-imports instruction considers as candidates only those template rules contained in stylesheet levels that are descendants in the import tree of the stylesheet level that contains the current template rule.

  Note:

  This is not the same as saying that the search considers all template rules whose import precedence is lower than that of the current template rule.

• The xsl:next-match instruction considers as candidates all those template rules that come after the current template rule in the ordering of template rules implied by the conflict resolution rules given in 6.4 Conflict Resolution for Template Rules. That is, it considers all template rules with lower import precedence than the current template rule, plus the template rules that are at the same import precedence that have lower priority than the current template rule. If the processor has recovered from the error that occurs when two matching template rules have the same import precedence and priority, then it also considers all matching template rules with the same import precedence and priority that occur before the current template rule in declaration order.

If no matching template rule is found that satisfies these criteria, the built-in template rule for the node kind is used (see 6.6 Built-in Template Rules).

An xsl:apply-imports or xsl:next-match instruction may use xsl:with-param child elements to pass parameters to the chosen template rule (see 10.1.1 Passing Parameters to Templates). It also passes on any tunnel parameters as described in 10.1.2 Tunnel Parameters.

[ERR XT0560] It is a non-recoverable dynamic error if xsl:apply-imports or xsl:next-match is evaluated when the current template rule is null.

<xsl:template match="example">
  <pre><xsl:apply-templates/></pre>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:import href="doc.xsl"/>

<xsl:template match="example">
  <div style="border: solid red">
     <xsl:apply-imports/>
  </div>
</xsl:template>

<div style="border: solid red"><pre>...</pre></div>

An xsl:fallback instruction appearing as a child of an xsl:next-match instruction is ignored by an XSLT 2.0 processor, but can be used to define fallback behavior when the stylesheet is processed by an XSLT 1.0 processor in forwards-compatible mode.

8.1 Conditional Processing with xsl:if

<!-- Category: instruction -->
<xsl:if
  test = expression>
  <!-- Content: sequence-constructor -->
</xsl:if>

The xsl:if element has a mandatory test attribute, which specifies an expression. The content is a sequence constructor.

The result of the xsl:if instruction depends on the effective boolean value^XP of the expression in the test attribute. The rules for determining the effective boolean value of an expression are given in [XPath 2.0]: they are the same as the rules used for XPath conditional expressions.

If the effective boolean value of the expression is true, then the sequence constructor is evaluated (see 5.6 Sequence Constructors), and the resulting node sequence is returned as the result of the xsl:if instruction; otherwise, the sequence constructor is not evaluated, and the empty sequence is returned.

<xsl:template match="namelist/name">
  <xsl:apply-templates/>
  <xsl:if test="not(position()=last())">, </xsl:if>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="item">
  <tr>
    <xsl:if test="position() mod 2 = 0">
       <xsl:attribute name="bgcolor">yellow</xsl:attribute>
    </xsl:if>
    <xsl:apply-templates/>
  </tr>
</xsl:template>

8.2 Conditional Processing with xsl:choose

<!-- Category: instruction -->
<xsl:choose>
  <!-- Content: (xsl:when+, xsl:otherwise?) -->
</xsl:choose>

<xsl:when
  test = expression>
  <!-- Content: sequence-constructor -->
</xsl:when>

<xsl:otherwise>
  <!-- Content: sequence-constructor -->
</xsl:otherwise>

The xsl:choose element selects one among a number of possible alternatives. It consists of a sequence of xsl:when elements followed by an optional xsl:otherwise element. Each xsl:when element has a single attribute, test, which specifies an expression. The content of the xsl:when and xsl:otherwise elements is a sequence constructor.

When an xsl:choose element is processed, each of the xsl:when elements is tested in turn (that is, in the order that the elements appear in the stylesheet), until one of the xsl:when elements is satisfied. If none of the xsl:when elements is satisfied, then the xsl:otherwise element is considered, as described below.

An xsl:when element is satisfied if the effective boolean value^XP of the expression in its test attribute is true. The rules for determining the effective boolean value of an expression are given in [XPath 2.0]: they are the same as the rules used for XPath conditional expressions.

The content of the first, and only the first, xsl:when element that is satisfied is evaluated, and the resulting sequence is returned as the result of the xsl:choose instruction. If no xsl:when element is satisfied, the content of the xsl:otherwise element is evaluated, and the resulting sequence is returned as the result of the xsl:choose instruction. If no xsl:when element is satisfied, and no xsl:otherwise element is present, the result of the xsl:choose instruction is an empty sequence.

Only the sequence constructor of the selected xsl:when or xsl:otherwise instruction is evaluated. The test expressions for xsl:when instructions after the selected one are not evaluated.

<xsl:template match="orderedlist/listitem">
  <fo:list-item indent-start='2pi'>
    <fo:list-item-label>
      <xsl:variable name="level"
                    select="count(ancestor::orderedlist) mod 3"/>
      <xsl:choose>
        <xsl:when test='$level=1'>
          <xsl:number format="i"/>
        </xsl:when>
        <xsl:when test='$level=2'>
          <xsl:number format="a"/>
        </xsl:when>
        <xsl:otherwise>
          <xsl:number format="1"/>
        </xsl:otherwise>
      </xsl:choose>
      <xsl:text>. </xsl:text>
    </fo:list-item-label>
    <fo:list-item-body>
      <xsl:apply-templates/>
    </fo:list-item-body>
  </fo:list-item>
</xsl:template>

9.1 Variables

<!-- Category: declaration -->
<!-- Category: instruction -->
<xsl:variable
  name = qname
  select? = expression
  as? = sequence-type>
  <!-- Content: sequence-constructor -->
</xsl:variable>

The xsl:variable element has a required name attribute, which specifies the name of the variable. The value of the name attribute is a QName, which is expanded as described in 5.1 Qualified Names.

The xsl:variable element has an optional as attribute, which specifies the required type of the variable. The value of the as attribute is a SequenceType ^XP, as defined in [XPath 2.0].

[Definition: The value of the variable is computed using the expression given in the select attribute or the contained sequence constructor, as described in 9.3 Values of Variables and Parameters. This value is referred to as the supplied value of the variable.] If the xsl:variable element has a select attribute, then the sequence constructor must be empty.

If the as attribute is specified, then the supplied value of the variable is converted to the required type, using the function conversion rules.

[ERR XT0570] It is a type error if the supplied value of a variable cannot be converted to the required type.

If the as attribute is omitted, the supplied value of the variable is used directly, and no conversion takes place.

9.2 Parameters

<!-- Category: declaration -->
<xsl:param
  name = qname
  select? = expression
  as? = sequence-type
  required? = "yes" | "no"
  tunnel? = "yes" | "no">
  <!-- Content: sequence-constructor -->
</xsl:param>

The xsl:param element may be used as a child of xsl:stylesheet, to define a parameter to the transformation; or as a child of xsl:template to define a parameter to a template, which may be supplied when the template is invoked using xsl:call-template, xsl:apply-templates, xsl:apply-imports or xsl:next-match; or as a child of xsl:function to define a parameter to a stylesheet function, which may be supplied when the function is called from an XPath expression.

The xsl:param element has a required name attribute, which specifies the name of the parameter. The value of the name attribute is a QName, which is expanded as described in 5.1 Qualified Names.

[ERR XT0580] It is a static error if two parameters of a template or of a stylesheet function have the same name.

The supplied value of the parameter is the value supplied by the caller. If no value was supplied by the caller, and if the parameter is not mandatory, then the supplied value is computed using the expression given in the select attribute or the contained sequence constructor, as described in 9.3 Values of Variables and Parameters. If the xsl:param element has a select attribute, then the sequence constructor must be empty.

The xsl:param element has an optional as attribute, which specifies the required type of the parameter. The value of the as attribute is a SequenceType ^XP, as defined in [XPath 2.0].

If the as attribute is specified, then the supplied value of the parameter is converted to the required type, using the function conversion rules.

[ERR XT0590] It is a type error if the conversion of the supplied value of a parameter to its required type fails.

If the as attribute is omitted, the supplied value of the parameter is used directly, and no conversion takes place.

The optional required attribute may be used to indicate that a parameter is mandatory. This attribute may be specified for stylesheet parameters and for template parameters; it must not be specified for function parameters, which are always mandatory. A parameter is mandatory if it is a function parameter or if the required attribute is present and has the value yes. Otherwise, the parameter is optional. If the parameter is mandatory, then the xsl:param element must be empty and must not have a select attribute.

[ERR XT0600] If a default value is given explicitly, that is, if there is either a select attribute or a non-empty sequence constructor, then it is a type error if the default value cannot be converted to the required type, using the function conversion rules.

If an optional parameter has no select attribute and has an empty sequence constructor, and if there is no as attribute, then the default value of the parameter is a zero length string.

[ERR XT0610] If an optional parameter has no select attribute and has an empty sequence constructor, and if there is an as attribute, then the default value of the parameter is an empty sequence. If the empty sequence is not a valid instance of the required type defined in the as attribute, then the parameter is treated as a required parameter, which means that it is a non-recoverable dynamic error if the caller supplies no value for the parameter.

The optional tunnel attribute may be used to indicate that a parameter is a tunnel parameter. The default is no; the value yes may be specified only for template parameters. Tunnel parameters are described in 10.1.2 Tunnel Parameters

9.3 Values of Variables and Parameters

A variable-binding element may specify the supplied value of the variable or parameter in four different ways.

• If the variable-binding element has a select attribute, then the value of the attribute must be an expression and the supplied value of the variable is the value that results from evaluating the expression. In this case, the content of the variable-binding element must be empty.

• If the variable-binding element has empty content and has neither a select attribute nor an as attribute, then the supplied value of the variable is a zero-length string. Thus

  <xsl:variable name="x"/>
  

  is equivalent to

  <xsl:variable name="x" select="''"/>
  

• [Definition: If a variable-binding element has no select attribute and has non-empty content (that is, the variable-binding element has one or more child nodes), and has no as attribute, then the content of the variable-binding element specifies the supplied value. The content of the variable-binding element is a sequence constructor; a new document (referred to as a temporary tree) is constructed with a document node having as its children the sequence of nodes that results from evaluating the sequence constructor.] Temporary trees are described in more detail in 9.4 Temporary Trees.

• If a variable-binding element has an as attribute but no select attribute, then the supplied value is the sequence that results from evaluating the (possibly empty) sequence constructor contained within the variable-binding element (see 5.6 Sequence Constructors).

These combinations are summarized in the table below.

[ERR XT0620] It is a static error if a variable-binding element has a select attribute and has non-empty content.

<xsl:variable name="i" as="xs:integer*" select="1 to 3"/>

<xsl:variable name="i" as="xs:integer" select="@size"/>

<xsl:variable name="z"/>

<xsl:variable name="doc"><c/></xsl:variable>

<xsl:variable name="seq" as="xs:integer*">
  <xsl:for-each select="1 to 3">
    <xsl:sequence select=".*2"/>
  </xsl:for-each>
</xsl:variable>

<xsl:variable name="attset" as="attribute()+">
  <xsl:attribute name="x">2</xsl:attribute>
  <xsl:attribute name="y">3</xsl:attribute>
  <xsl:attribute name="z">4</xsl:attribute>    
</xsl:variable>

<xsl:variable name="empty" as="empty()"/>

The actual value of the variable depends on the supplied value, as described above, and the required type, which is determined by the value of the as attribute.

<xsl:variable name="n">2</xsl:variable>
...
<xsl:value-of select="td[$n]"/>

<xsl:variable name="n" select="2"/>
...
<xsl:value-of select="td[$n]"/>

<xsl:variable name="n">2</xsl:variable>
...
<xsl:value-of select="td[position()=$n]"/>

<xsl:variable name="n" as="xs:integer">2</xsl:variable>
...
<xsl:value-of select="td[$n]"/>

9.4 Temporary Trees

A temporary tree is constructed by evaluating an xsl:variable, xsl:param, or xsl:with-param element that has non-empty content and that has no as attribute. This element is referred to as the variable-binding element. The value of the variable is a single node, the document node of the temporary tree. This document node is created implicitly, and its content is formed from the result of evaluating the sequence constructor owned by the variable-binding element, as described in 5.6.1 Constructing Complex Content.

The base URI of a node in the temporary tree is determined as if all the nodes in the temporary tree came from a single entity whose URI was the base URI of the variable-binding element (see [Data Model]). Thus, the base URI of the document node will be equal to the base URI of the variable-binding element; an xml:base attribute within the temporary tree will change the base URI for its parent element and that element's descendants, just as it would within a document constructed by parsing.

A temporary tree is available for processing in exactly the same way as any source document. For example, its nodes are accessible using path expressions, and they can be processed using instructions such as xsl:apply-templates and xsl:for-each. Also, the key and id ^FO functions can be used to find nodes within a temporary tree, provided that at the time the function is called, the context item is a node within the temporary tree.

<xsl:stylesheet
  version="2.0"
  xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">

<xsl:import href="phase1.xsl"/>
<xsl:import href="phase2.xsl"/>

<xsl:variable name="intermediate">
  <xsl:apply-templates select="/" mode="phase1"/>
</xsl:variable>

<xsl:template match="/">
  <xsl:apply-templates select="$intermediate" mode="phase2"/>
</xsl:template>

</xsl:stylesheet>

9.5 Global Variables and Parameters

Both xsl:variable and xsl:param are allowed as declaration elements: that is, they may appear as children of the xsl:stylesheet element.

[Definition: A top-level variable-binding element declares a global variable that is visible everywhere (except where it is shadowed by another binding).]

[Definition: A top-level xsl:param element declares a stylesheet parameter. A stylesheet parameter is a global variable with the additional property that its value can be supplied by the caller when a transformation is initiated.] As described in 9.2 Parameters, a stylesheet parameter may be declared as being mandatory, or may have a default value specified for use when no value is supplied by the caller. The mechanism by which the caller supplies a value for a stylesheet parameter is implementation-defined. An XSLT processor must provide such a mechanism.

If a stylesheet contains more than one binding for a global variable of a particular name, then the binding with the highest import precedence is used.

[ERR XT0630] It is a static error if a stylesheet contains more than one binding of a global variable with the same name and same import precedence, unless it also contains another binding with the same name and higher import precedence.

For a global variable or the default value of a stylesheet parameter, the expression or sequence constructor specifying the variable value is evaluated with a singleton focus based on the document node of the document containing the initial context node. An XPath error will be reported if the evaluation of a global variable or parameter references the context item, context position, or context size when no initial context node is supplied.

<xsl:param name="para-font-size" as="xs:string">12pt</xsl:param>

<xsl:template match="para">
 <fo:block font-size="{$para-font-size}">
   <xsl:apply-templates/>
 </fo:block>
</xsl:template>

9.6 Local Variables and Parameters

[Definition: As well as being allowed as declaration elements, the xsl:variable element is also allowed in sequence constructors. Such a variable is known as a local variable.]

[Definition:  An xsl:param element may appear as a child of an xsl:template element, before any non-xsl:param children of that element. Such a parameter is known as a template parameter. A template parameter is a local variable with the additional property that its value can be set when the template is called, using any of the instructions xsl:call-template, xsl:apply-templates, xsl:apply-imports, or xsl:next-match. ]

[Definition:  An xsl:param element may appear as a child of an xsl:function element, before any non-xsl:param children of that element. Such a parameter is known as a function parameter. A function parameter is a local variable with the additional property that its value can be set when the function is called, using a function call in an XPath expression.]

The result of evaluating a local xsl:variable or xsl:param element (that is, the contribution it makes to the result of the sequence constructor it is part of) is an empty sequence.

9.7 Scope of Variables

For any variable-binding element, there is a region of the stylesheet within which the binding is visible. The set of variable bindings in scope for an XPath expression consists of those bindings that are visible at the point in the stylesheet where the expression occurs.

A global variable binding element is visible everywhere in the stylesheet (including other stylesheet modules) except within the xsl:variable or xsl:param element itself and any region where it is shadowed by another variable binding.

A local variable binding element is visible for all following siblings and their descendants. The binding is not visible for the xsl:variable or xsl:param element itself.

[Definition: A binding shadows another binding if the binding occurs at a point where the other binding is visible, and the bindings have the same name. ] It is not an error if a binding established by a local xsl:variable or xsl:param shadows a global binding. In this case, the global binding will not be visible in the region of the stylesheet where it is shadowed by the other binding.

<xsl:param name="x" select="1"/>
<xsl:template name="foo">
  <xsl:variable name="x" select="2"/>
</xsl:template>

It is also not an error if a binding established by a local xsl:variable or xsl:param element shadows another binding established by another local xsl:variable or xsl:param. However, such shadowing is discouraged and implementations may output a warning when it occurs.

<xsl:template name="foo">
  <xsl:variable name="x" select="1"/>
  <xsl:for-each select="1 to 5">
    <xsl:variable name="x" select="$x+1"/>
  </xsl:for-each>
  <x value="{$x}"/>
</xsl:template>

As well as global variables and local variables, an XPath expression may also declare range variables for use locally within an expression. For details, see [XPath 2.0].

Where a reference to a variable occurs in an XPath expression, it is resolved first by reference to range variables that are in scope, then by reference to local variables and parameters, and finally by reference to global variables and parameters. A range variable may shadow a local variable or a global variable. XPath also allows a range variable to shadow another range variable.

9.8 Circular Definitions

[Definition: If the expression or sequence constructor specifying the value of a global variable X references a global variable Y, then the value for Y must be computed before the value of X. If it is impossible to do this for all global variable definitions, then a circularity is said to exist.]

<xsl:variable name="x" select="$y+1"/>
<xsl:variable name="y" select="$x+1"/>

<xsl:variable name="x" select="my:f()"/>

<xsl:function name="my:f">
  <xsl:sequence select="$x"/>
</xsl:function>

<xsl:variable name="x">
  <xsl:apply-templates select="//param[1]"/>
</xsl:variable>

<xsl:template match="param[$x]">1</xsl:template>

<xsl:variable name="x" select="my:f(10)"/>

<xsl:function name="my:f">
  <xsl:param name="arg1"/>
  <xsl:sequence select="key('k', $arg1)"/>
</xsl:function>

<xsl:key name="k" match="item[@code=$x]" use="@desc"/>

[ERR XT0640] In general, a circularity in a stylesheet is a non-recoverable dynamic error. However, as with all other dynamic errors, an implementation will signal the error only if it actually executes the instructions and expressions that participate in the circularity. Because different implementations may optimize the execution of a stylesheet in different ways, it is implementation-dependent whether a particular circularity will actually be signaled.

For example, in the following declarations, the function declares a local variable $b, but it returns a result that does not require the variable to be evaluated. It is implementation-dependent whether the value is actually evaluated, and it is therefore implementation-dependent whether the circularity is signaled as an error:

<xsl:variable name="x" select="my:f(1)/>

<xsl:function name="my:f">
  <xsl:param name="a"/>
  <xsl:variable name="b" select="$x"/>  
  <xsl:sequence select="$a + 2"/>
</xsl:function>

Circularities usually involve global variables or parameters, but they can also exist between key definitions (see 16.3 Keys), between named attribute sets (see 10.2 Named Attribute Sets), or between any combination of these constructs. For example, a circularity exists if a key definition invokes a function that references an attribute set that calls the key function, supplying the name of the original key definition as an argument.

Circularity is not the same as recursion. Stylesheet functions (see 10.3 Stylesheet Functions) and named templates (see 10.1 Named Templates) may call other functions and named templates without restriction. With careless coding, recursion may be non-terminating. Implementations are required to signal circularity as a dynamic error, but they are not required to detect non-terminating recursion.

10.1 Named Templates

<!-- Category: instruction -->
<xsl:call-template
  name = qname>
  <!-- Content: xsl:with-param* -->
</xsl:call-template>

[Definition: Templates can be invoked by name. An xsl:template element with a name attribute defines a named template.] The value of the name attribute is a QName, which is expanded as described in 5.1 Qualified Names. If an xsl:template element has a name attribute, it may, but need not, also have a match attribute. An xsl:call-template instruction invokes a template by name; it has a required name attribute that identifies the template to be invoked. Unlike xsl:apply-templates, the xsl:call-template instruction does not change the focus.

The match, mode and priority attributes on an xsl:template element have no effect when the template is invoked by an xsl:call-template instruction. Similarly, the name attribute on an xsl:template element has no effect when the template is invoked by an xsl:apply-templates instruction.

[ERR XT0650] It is a static error if a stylesheet contains an xsl:call-template instruction whose name attribute does not match the name attribute of any xsl:template in the stylesheet.

[ERR XT0660] It is a static error if a stylesheet contains more than one template with the same name and the same import precedence, unless it also contains a template with the same name and higher import precedence.

The target template for an xsl:call-template instruction is the template whose name attribute matches the name attribute of the xsl:call-template instruction and that has higher import precedence than any other template with this name. The result of evaluating an xsl:call-template instruction is the sequence produced by evaluating the sequence constructor contained in its target template (see 5.6 Sequence Constructors).

<xsl:template name="numbered-block">
  <xsl:param name="format">1. </xsl:param>
  <fo:block>
    <xsl:number format="{$format}"/>
    <xsl:apply-templates/>
  </fo:block>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="ol//ol/li">
  <xsl:call-template name="numbered-block">
    <xsl:with-param name="format">a. </xsl:with-param>
  </xsl:call-template>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="equation">
  <xsl:param name="equation-format" select="'(1)'" tunnel="yes"/>
  <xsl:number level="any" format="{$format}"/>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="appendix">
  ...
  <xsl:apply-templates>
    <xsl:with-param name="equation-format" select="'[i]'" tunnel="yes"/>
  </xsl:apply-templates>
  ...
</xsl:template>

10.2 Named Attribute Sets

<!-- Category: declaration -->
<xsl:attribute-set
  name = qname
  use-attribute-sets? = qnames>
  <!-- Content: xsl:attribute* -->
</xsl:attribute-set>

[Definition: The xsl:attribute-set element defines a named attribute set: that is, a collection of attribute definitions that can be used repeatedly on different elements in the result tree.]

The required name attribute specifies the name of the attribute set. The value of the name attribute is a QName, which is expanded as described in 5.1 Qualified Names. The content of the xsl:attribute-set element consists of zero or more xsl:attribute instructions that are evaluated to produce the attributes in the set.

The result of evaluating an attribute set is a sequence of attribute nodes. Evaluating the same attribute set more than once can produce different results, because although an attribute set does not have parameters, it may contain expressions or instructions whose value depends on the evaluation context.

Attribute sets are used by specifying a use-attribute-sets attribute on the xsl:element or, xsl:copy instruction, or by specifying an xsl:use-attribute-sets attribute on a literal result element. An attribute set may be defined in terms of other attribute sets by using the use-attribute-sets attribute on the xsl:attribute-set element itself. The value of the [xsl:]use-attribute-sets attribute is in each case a whitespace-separated list of names of attribute sets. Each name is specified as a QName, which is expanded as described in 5.1 Qualified Names.

Specifying a use-attribute-sets attribute is broadly equivalent to adding xsl:attribute instructions for each of the attributes in each of the named attribute sets to the beginning of the content of the instruction with the [xsl:]use-attribute-sets attribute, in the same order in which the names of the attribute sets are specified in the use-attribute-sets attribute.

More formally, an xsl:use-attribute-sets attribute is expanded using the following recursive algorithm, or any algorithm that produces the same results:

• The value of the attribute is a tokenized as a list of QNames.

• Each QName in the list is processed, in order, as follows:

  • The QName must match the name attribute of one or more xsl:attribute-set declarations in the stylesheet.

  • Each xsl:attribute-set declaration whose name matches is processed as follows. Where two such declarations have different import precedence, the one with lower import precedence is processed first. Where two declarations have the same import precedence, they are processed in declaration order.

    • If the xsl:attribute-set declaration has a use-attribute-sets attribute, the attribute is expanded by applying this algorithm recursively.

    • If the xsl:attribute-set declaration contains one or more xsl:attribute instructions, these instructions are evaluated (following the rules for evaluating a sequence constructor: see 5.6 Sequence Constructors) to produce a sequence of attribute nodes. These attribute nodes are appended to the result sequence.

The xsl:attribute instructions are evaluated using the same focus as is used for evaluating the element that is the parent of the [xsl:]use-attribute-sets attribute forming the initial input to the algorithm. However, the static context for the evaluation depends on the position of the xsl:attribute instruction in the stylesheet: thus, only local variables declared within an xsl:attribute instruction, and global variables, are visible.

The set of attribute nodes produced by expanding an xsl:use-attribute-sets may include several attributes with the same name. When the attributes are added to an element node, only the last of the duplicates will take effect.

The way in which each instruction uses the results of expanding the [xsl:]use-attribute-sets attribute is described in the specification for the relevant instruction: see 11.1 Literal Result Elements, 11.2 Creating Element Nodes using xsl:element , and 11.8 Copying Nodes from a Source Tree to a Result Tree.

[ERR XT0710] It is a static error if the value of the use-attribute-sets attribute of an xsl:copy, xsl:element, or xsl:attribute-set element, or the xsl:use-attribute-sets attribute of a literal result element, is not a space-separated sequence of QNames, or if it contains a QName that does not match the name attribute of any xsl:attribute-set declaration in the stylesheet.

[ERR XT0720] It is a static error if an xsl:attribute-set element directly or indirectly references itself via the names contained in the use-attribute-sets attribute.

[ERR XT0730] It is a recoverable dynamic error if the expansion of two or more different xsl:attribute-set declarations with the same name and the same import precedence produce attribute nodes having the same name. The optional recovery action is to include both attribute nodes in the result. When the resulting set of attribute nodes is added to an element node, only the last of the duplicates will take effect.

Each attribute node produced by expanding an attribute set has a type annotation determined by the rules for the xsl:attribute instruction that created the attribute node: see 11.3.1 Setting the Type Annotation for a Constructed Attribute Node. These type annotations may be preserved, stripped, or replaced as determined by the rules for the instruction that creates the element in which the attributes are used.

Attribute sets are used as follows:

• The xsl:copy and xsl:element instructions have an use-attribute-sets attribute. The sequence of attribute nodes produced by evaluating this attribute is prepended to the sequence produced by evaluating the sequence constructor contained within the instruction.

• Literal result elements allow an xsl:use-attribute-sets attribute, which is evaluated in the same way as the use-attribute-sets attribute of xsl:element and xsl:copy. The sequence of attribute nodes produced by evaluating this attribute is prepended to the sequence of attribute nodes produced by evaluating the attributes of the literal result element, which in turn is prepended to the sequence produced by evaluating the sequence constructor contained with the literal result element.

<xsl:template match="chapter/heading">
  <fo:block font-stretch="condensed" xsl:use-attribute-sets="title-style">
    <xsl:apply-templates/>
  </fo:block>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:attribute-set name="title-style">
  <xsl:attribute name="font-size">12pt</xsl:attribute>
  <xsl:attribute name="font-weight">bold</xsl:attribute>
</xsl:attribute-set>

<xsl:attribute-set name="base-style">
  <xsl:attribute name="font-family">Univers</xsl:attribute>
  <xsl:attribute name="font-size">10pt</xsl:attribute>
  <xsl:attribute name="font-style">normal</xsl:attribute>
  <xsl:attribute name="font-weight">normal</xsl:attribute>
</xsl:attribute-set>

<xsl:template match="o">
  <fo:block xsl:use-attribute-sets="base-style"
            font-size="12pt"
            font-style="italic">
    <xsl:attribute name="font-size">14pt</xsl:attribute>
    <xsl:attribute name="font-weight">bold</xsl:attribute>
    <xsl:apply-templates/>
  </fo:block>
</xsl:template>

<fo:block font-family="Univers"
          font-size="14pt"
          font-style="italic"
          font-weight="bold">
...
</fo:block>

10.3 Stylesheet Functions

[Definition: An xsl:function declaration declares the name, parameters, and implementation of a stylesheet function that can be called from any XPath expression within the stylesheet.]

<!-- Category: declaration -->
<xsl:function
  name = qname
  as? = sequence-type
  override? = "yes" | "no">
  <!-- Content: (xsl:param*, sequence-constructor) -->
</xsl:function>

The xsl:function declaration defines a stylesheet function that can be called from any XPath expression used in the stylesheet (including an XPath expression used within a predicate in a pattern). The name attribute specifies the name of the function. The value of the name attribute is a QName, which is expanded as described in 5.1 Qualified Names.

An xsl:function declaration can only appear as a top-level element in a stylesheet module.

[ERR XT0740] A stylesheet function must have a prefixed name, to remove any risk of a clash with a function in the default function namespace. It is a static error if the name has no prefix. The prefix must not refer to a reserved namespace.

The content of the xsl:function element consists of zero or more xsl:param elements that specify the formal arguments of the function, followed by a sequence constructor that defines the value to be returned by the function.

[Definition: The arity of a stylesheet function is the number of xsl:param elements in the function definition.] Optional arguments are not allowed.

[ERR XT0760] Because arguments to a stylesheet function call must all be specified, the xsl:param elements within an xsl:function element must not specify a default value: this means they must be empty, and must not have a select attribute.

A stylesheet function is included in the in-scope functions of the static context for all XPath expressions used in the stylesheet, unless

• there is another stylesheet function with the same name and arity, and higher import precedence, or

• the override attribute has the value no and there is already a function with the same name and arity in the in-scope functions.

The optional override attribute defines what happens if this function has the same name and arity as a function provided by the implementer or made available in the static context using an implementation-defined mechanism. If the override attribute has the value yes, then this function is used in preference; if it has the value no, then the other function is used in preference. The default value is yes.

[ERR XT0770] It is a static error for a stylesheet to contain two or more functions with the same expanded-QName, the same arity, and the same import precedence, unless there is another function with the same expanded-QName and arity, and a higher import precedence.

As defined in XPath, the function that is executed as the result of a function call is identified by looking in the in-scope functions of the static context for a function whose name and arity matches the name and number of arguments in the function call. In an XSLT context, the error that occurs when there is no matching function is a dynamic error: this is to allow the stylesheet to execute conditional logic depending on whether or not a function is available, which can be tested using the function-available function.

The optional as attribute indicates the required type of the result of the function. The value of the as attribute is a SequenceType ^XP, as defined in [XPath 2.0].

[ERR XT0780] If the as attribute is specified, then the result evaluated by the sequence constructor (see 5.6 Sequence Constructors) is converted to the required type, using the function conversion rules. It is a type error if this conversion fails. If the as attribute is omitted, the calculated result is used as supplied, and no conversion takes place.

If a stylesheet function has been defined with a particular expanded-QName, then a call on function-available will return true when called with an argument that is a QName that expands to this same expanded-QName.

The xsl:param elements define the formal arguments to the function. These are interpreted positionally. When the function is called using a function-call in an XPath expression, the first argument supplied is assigned to the first xsl:param element, the second argument supplied is assigned to the second xsl:param element, and so on.

The as attribute of the xsl:param element defines the required type of the parameter. The rules for converting the values of the actual arguments supplied in the function call to the types required by each xsl:param element are defined in [XPath 2.0]. The rules that apply are those for the case where XPath 1.0 compatibility mode is set to false. If the value cannot be converted to the required type, a type exception is signaled. If the as attribute is omitted, no conversion takes place and any value is accepted.

[ERR XT0800] Within the body of a stylesheet function, the focus is initially undefined; this means that any attempt to reference the context item, context position, or context size is a non-recoverable dynamic error.

It is not possible within the body of the stylesheet function to access the values of local variables that were in scope in the place where the function call was written. Global variables, however, remain available.

<xsl:transform 
  xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
  xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
  xmlns:str="http://example.com/namespace"
  version="2.0"
  exclude-result-prefixes="str">

<xsl:function name="str:reverse" as="xs:string">
  <xsl:param name="sentence" as="xs:string"/>
  <xsl:sequence  
     select="if (contains($sentence, ' '))
             then concat(str:reverse(substring-after($sentence, ' ')),
                         ' ',
                         substring-before($sentence, ' '))
             else $sentence"/>
</xsl:function>

<xsl:template match="/">
<output>
  <xsl:value-of select="str:reverse('DOG BITES MAN')"/>
</output>
</xsl:template>

</xsl:transform>

<xsl:function name="str:reverse" as="xs:string">
  <xsl:param name="sentence" as="xs:string"/>
  <xsl:choose>
    <xsl:when test="contains($sentence, ' ')">  
      <xsl:sequence select="concat(str:reverse(substring-after($sentence, ' ')),
                                ' ',
                                substring-before($sentence, ' '))"/>
    </xsl:when>
    <xsl:otherwise>
      <xsl:sequence select="$sentence"/>
    </xsl:otherwise>
  </xsl:choose>
</xsl:function>

<xsl:function name="num:roman" as="xs:string">
  <xsl:param name="value" as="xs:integer"/>
  <xsl:number value="$value" format="i"/>
</xsl:function>

11.1 Literal Result Elements

[Definition: In a sequence constructor, an element in the stylesheet that does not belong to the XSLT namespace and that is not an extension instruction (see 18.2 Extension Instructions) is classified as a literal result element.] A literal result element is evaluated to construct a new element node with the same expanded-QName. The result of evaluating a literal result element is a node sequence containing one element, the newly constructed element node.

The content of the element is a sequence constructor (see 5.6 Sequence Constructors). The sequence obtained by evaluating this sequence constructor, after prepending any attribute nodes produced as described in 11.1.2 Attribute Nodes for Literal Result Elements and namespace nodes produced as described in 11.1.3 Namespace Nodes for Literal Result Elements, is used to construct the content of the element, following the rules in 5.6.1 Constructing Complex Content

<xsl:stylesheet xsl:version=1.0"
  xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
  xmlns:a="a.uri"
  xmlns:b="b.uri">
  exclude-result-prefixes="#all">
  
<xsl:template match="/">
  <foo xmlns:c="c.uri" xmlns:d="d.uri" xmlns:a2="a.uri" 
       xsl:exclude-result-prefixes="c"/>
</xsl:template>

</xsl:stylesheet>

<foo xmlns:d="d.uri"/>

<xsl:stylesheet
  version="2.0"
  xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
  xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Format"
  xmlns:axsl="file://namespace.alias">

<xsl:namespace-alias stylesheet-prefix="axsl" result-prefix="xsl"/>

<xsl:template match="/">
  <axsl:stylesheet version="2.0">
    <xsl:apply-templates/>
  </axsl:stylesheet>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="elements">
  <axsl:template match="/">
     <axsl:comment select="system-property('xsl:version')"/>
     <axsl:apply-templates/>
  </axsl:template>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="block">
  <axsl:template match="{.}">
     <fo:block><axsl:apply-templates/></fo:block>
  </axsl:template>
</xsl:template>

</xsl:stylesheet>

<elements>
<block>p</block>
<block>h1</block>
<block>h2</block>
<block>h3</block>
<block>h4</block>
</elements>

<xsl:stylesheet
  version="2.0"
  xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" 
  xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Format">

<xsl:template match="/">
  <xsl:comment select="system-property('xsl:version')"/>
  <xsl:apply-templates/>
</xsl:template>
  
<xsl:template match="p">
  <fo:block><xsl:apply-templates/></fo:block>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="h1">
  <fo:block><xsl:apply-templates/></fo:block>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="h2">
  <fo:block><xsl:apply-templates/></fo:block>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="h3">
  <fo:block><xsl:apply-templates/></fo:block>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="h4">
  <fo:block><xsl:apply-templates/></fo:block>
</xsl:template>

</xsl:stylesheet>

11.2 Creating Element Nodes using xsl:element

<!-- Category: instruction -->
<xsl:element
  name = { qname }
  namespace? = { uri-reference }
  use-attribute-sets? = qnames
  type? = qname
  validation? = "strict" | "lax" | "preserve" | "strip">
  <!-- Content: sequence-constructor -->
</xsl:element>

The xsl:element instruction allows an element to be created with a computed name. The expanded-QName of the element to be created is specified by a required name attribute and an optional namespace attribute.

The content of the xsl:element instruction is a sequence constructor for the children, attributes, and namespaces of the created element. The sequence obtained by evaluating this sequence constructor (see 5.6 Sequence Constructors) is used to construct the content of the element, as described in 5.6.1 Constructing Complex Content.

The xsl:element element may have a use-attribute-sets attribute, whose value is a space-separated list of QNames that identify xsl:attribute-set declarations. If this attribute is present, it is expanded as described in 10.2 Named Attribute Sets to produce a sequence of attribute nodes. This sequence is prepended to the sequence produced as a result of evaluating the sequence constructor, as described in 5.6.1 Constructing Complex Content.

The result of evaluating the xsl:element instruction, except in error cases, is the newly constructed element node.

The name attribute is interpreted as an attribute value template, whose effective value must be a lexical QName.

[ERR XT0820] It is a recoverable dynamic error if the effective value of the name attribute is not a lexical QName. The optional recovery action is to return the sequence of nodes created by evaluating the sequence constructor, excluding any initial attribute and namespace nodes.

[ERR XT0830] In the case of an xsl:element instruction with no namespace attribute, it is a recoverable dynamic error if the effective value of the name attribute is a QName whose prefix is not declared in an in-scope namespace declaration for the xsl:element instruction. The optional recovery action is to ignore the prefix part of the lexical QName, with the effect that the new element will be in the default namespace.

If the namespace attribute is not present then the QName is expanded into an expanded-QName using the namespace declarations in effect for the xsl:element element, including any default namespace declaration.

If the namespace attribute is present, then it too is interpreted as an attribute value template. The effective value should be a URI reference. It is not an error if the string is not a syntactically legal URI reference. If the string is zero-length, then the expanded-QName of the element has a null namespace URI. Otherwise, the string is used as the namespace URI of the expanded-QName of the element to be created. The local part of the lexical QName specified by the name attribute is used as the local part of the expanded-QName of the element to be created.

Implementations may make use of the prefix of the lexical QName specified in the name attribute when selecting a prefix during the namespace fixup process (see 5.6.3 Namespace Fixup); however, they are not required to do so.

11.3 Creating Attribute Nodes using xsl:attribute

<!-- Category: instruction -->
<xsl:attribute
  name = { qname }
  namespace? = { uri-reference }
  select? = expression
  separator? = { string }
  type? = qname
  validation? = "strict" | "lax" | "preserve" | "strip">
  <!-- Content: sequence-constructor -->
</xsl:attribute>

The xsl:attribute element can be used to add attributes to result elements whether created by literal result elements in the stylesheet or by instructions such as xsl:element or xsl:copy. The expanded-QName of the attribute to be created is specified by a required name attribute and an optional namespace attribute. Except in error cases, the result of evaluating an xsl:attribute instruction is the newly constructed attribute node.

The string value of the new attribute node may be defined either by using the select attribute, or by the sequence constructor that forms the content of the xsl:attribute element. These are mutually exclusive. If neither is present, the value of the new attribute node will be a zero-length string. The way in which the value is constructed is specified in 5.6.2 Constructing Simple Content.

[ERR XT0840] It is a static error if the select attribute of the xsl:attribute element is present unless the element has empty content.

If the separator attribute is present, then the effective value of this attribute is used to separate adjacent items in the result sequence, as described in 5.6.2 Constructing Simple Content. In the absence of this attribute, the default separator is a single space (#x20) when the content is specified using the select attribute, or a zero-length string when the content is specified using a sequence constructor.

The name attribute is interpreted as an attribute value template, whose effective value must be a lexical QName.

[ERR XT0850] It is a recoverable dynamic error if the effective value of the name attribute is not a lexical QName or is the string xmlns. The optional recovery action is to return the empty sequence.

[ERR XT0860] In the case of an xsl:attribute instruction with no namespace attribute, it is a recoverable dynamic error if the effective value of the name attribute is a lexical QName whose prefix is not declared in an in-scope namespace declaration for the xsl:attribute instruction. The optional recovery action is to ignore the prefix part of the QName.

If the namespace attribute is not present, then the lexical QName is expanded into an expanded-QName using the namespace declarations in effect for the xsl:attribute element, not including any default namespace declaration.

If the namespace attribute is present, then it too is interpreted as an attribute value template. The effective value should be a URI reference. It is not an error if the string is not a syntactically legal URI reference. If the string is zero-length, then the expanded-QName of the attribute has a null namespace URI. Otherwise, the string is used as the namespace URI of the expanded-QName of the attribute to be created. The local part of the lexical QName specified by the name attribute is used as the local part of the expanded-QName of the attribute to be created.

<xsl:attribute name="colors" select="'red', 'green', 'blue'"/>

Implementations may make use of the prefix of the lexical QName specified in the name attribute when selecting a prefix during the namespace fixup process (see 5.6.3 Namespace Fixup).

<xsl:attribute name="xmlns:xsl" 
   namespace="file://some.namespace">http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform</xsl:attribute>

As described in 5.6.1 Constructing Complex Content, in a sequence that is used to construct the content of an element, any attribute nodes must appear in the sequence before any element, text, comment, or processing instruction nodes. Where the sequence contains two or more attribute nodes with the same expanded-QName, the one that comes last is the only one that takes effect.

11.4 Creating Text Nodes

<x><xsl:value-of select="1 to 4" separator="|"/></x>

<x>1|2|3|4</x>

11.5 Creating Processing Instructions

<!-- Category: instruction -->
<xsl:processing-instruction
  name = { ncname }
  select? = expression>
  <!-- Content: sequence-constructor -->
</xsl:processing-instruction>

The xsl:processing-instruction element is evaluated to create a processing instruction node.

The xsl:processing-instruction element has a required name attribute that specifies the name of the processing instruction node. The value of the name attribute is interpreted as an attribute value template.