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Abstract

Validation, conversion, display, and search of tabular data on the web requires additional metadata that describes how the data should be interpreted. This document defines a vocabulary for metadata that annotates tabular data. This can be used to provide metadata at various levels, from groups of tables and how they relate to each other down to individual cells within a table.

The metadata defined in this specification is used to provide annotations on an delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> annotated table or delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> group of tables , as defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ]. Annotated tables form the basis for all further processing, such as validating, converting, or displaying the tables.

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Status of This Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

The CSV on the Web Working Group was chartered to produce a recommendation "Access methods for CSV Metadata" as well as recommendations for "Metadata vocabulary for CSV data" and "Mapping mechanism to transforming CSV into various formats (e.g., RDF, JSON, or XML)". This document aims to primarily satisfy the "Metadata vocabulary for CSV data" recommendation.

This document was published by the CSV on the Web Working Group as a Proposed Recommendation. This document is intended If you wish to become a delete: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C delete: </abbr> Recommendation. The delete: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C delete: </abbr> Membership and other interested parties are invited make comments regarding this document, please send them to review the document and send comments to delete: <a rel="discussion" href="mailto:public-csv-wg@w3.org"> insert: <a href="mailto:public-csv-wg@w3.org"> public-csv-wg@w3.org ( subscribe , archives ) through 15 December 2015. Advisory Committee Representatives should consult their delete: <a href="https://www.w3.org/2002/09/wbs/myQuestionnaires"> WBS questionnaires delete: </a> . Note that substantive technical ). All comments were expected during the Last Call review period that ended 30 October 2015. are welcome.

Please see the Working Group's implementation report .

Publication as a Proposed Recommendation does not imply endorsement This document has been reviewed by the W3C Membership. This is a draft Members, by software developers, and by other insert: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C insert: </abbr> groups and interested parties, and is endorsed by the Director as a insert: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C insert: </abbr> Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be updated, replaced used as reference material or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate cited from another document. insert: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C insert: </abbr> 's role in making the Recommendation is to cite this document as other than work in progress. draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web.

This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy . W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy .

This document is governed by the 1 September 2015 W3C Process Document .

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Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

Interpreting tabular data that is available on the web, particularly as CSV, usually requires additional metadata. As an example, say that the following CSV file were available at http://example.org/tree-ops.csv :

Example 1 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : http://example.org/tree-ops.csv insert: </span> 
 GID,On Street,Species,Trim Cycle,Inventory Date 1,ADDISON AV,Celtis australis,Large Tree Routine Prune,10/18/2010 2,EMERSON ST,Liquidambar styraciflua,Large Tree Routine Prune,6/2/2010

A human consumer of this data might be able to figure out the meaning of the different columns, particularly if there were some additional human-readable documentation made available. Automated processors would have a much harder time; realistically they would be limited to displaying the information in a table. Making available machine-readable metadata helps with the interpretation of the tabular data. For example, say that the following metadata file were available at http://example.org/tree-ops.csv-metadata.json :

Example 2 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : http://example.org/tree-ops.csv-metadata.json insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@context"   :     [   "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     {   "@language"   :     "en"   }],     "url"   :     "tree-ops.csv"   ,     "dc:title"   :     "Tree Operations"   ,     "dcat:keyword"   :     [   "tree"   ,     "street"   ,     "maintenance"   ],     "dc:publisher"   :     {     "schema:name"   :     "Example Municipality"   ,     "schema:url"   :     {   "@id"   :     "http://example.org"   }     },     "dc:license"   :     {   "@id"   :     "http://opendefinition.org/licenses/cc-by/"   },     "dc:modified"   :     {   "@value"   :     "2010-12-31"   ,     "@type"   :     "xsd:date"   },     "tableSchema"   :     {     "columns"   :     [{     "name"   :     "GID"   ,     "titles"   :     [   "GID"   ,     "Generic Identifier"   ],     "dc:description"   :     "An identifier for the operation on a tree."   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"   ,     "required"   :     true     },     {     "name"   :     "on_street"   ,     "titles"   :     "On Street"   ,     "dc:description"   :     "The street that the tree is on."   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"     },     {     "name"   :     "species"   ,     "titles"   :     "Species"   ,     "dc:description"   :     "The species of the tree."   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"     },     {     "name"   :     "trim_cycle"   ,     "titles"   :     "Trim Cycle"   ,     "dc:description"   :     "The operation performed on the tree."   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"     },     {     "name"   :     "inventory_date"   ,     "titles"   :     "Inventory Date"   ,     "dc:description"   :     "The date of the operation that was performed."   ,     "datatype"   :     {   "base"   :     "date"   ,     "format"   :     "M/d/yyyy"   }     }],     "primaryKey"   :     "GID"   ,     "aboutUrl"   :     "#gid-{GID}"     }     }

This metadata file may be referenced from a Link header when the CSV file is retrieved, or through looking in known locations for metadata (as described in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ]). It provides information for different types of applications:

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Note

Implementations may fulfil one or more of these functions. In particular, delete: <a href="#dfn-converters" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-converters"> Converters may or may not act as a delete: <a href="#dfn-validators" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-validator"> Validator (perhaps through the setting of a flag), and check the data that they are converting to ensure that it is compliant with the schema. If a Converter does not also act as a delete: <a href="#dfn-validators" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-validator"> Validator it may produce invalid output.

[ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] defines an delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-tabular-data-model" class="externalRef"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-tabular-data-model" class="externalRef"> annotated tabular data model in which groups of tables, individual tables, columns, rows, and cells can be annotated with annotations. That specification also describes delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#locating-metadata"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#locating-metadata"> how to locate metadata about a given tabular data file.

This document defines the format and structure of metadata documents, and how these are interpreted to create an delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-tabular-data-model"> Annotated Tabular Data Model . It also defines how to validate tabular data based on some of these annotations.

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2. Conformance

As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative.

The key words MAY , MUST , MUST NOT , SHOULD , and SHOULD NOT are to be interpreted as described in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC2119"> insert: <a href="#bib-RFC2119" class="bibref"> RFC2119 ].

The metadata format is based on a dialect of [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD"> insert: <a href="#bib-JSON-LD" class="bibref"> JSON-LD ] as defined in section A. JSON-LD Dialect . This metadata can therefore be expressed as an RDF graph. It is not necessary for conformant applications to be able to process all JSON-LD, only the dialect defined in this specification. All applications that conform to this specification (including delete: <a href="#dfn-validators" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-validator"> validators and applications that read or convert tabular data) delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST read the JSON-based format described in this document.

delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-tabular-data" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-tabular-data" class="externalDFN"> Tabular data delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST conform to the description from [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ]. In particular note that each delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-row" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-row" class="externalDFN"> row delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST contain the same number of delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-cell" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell" class="externalDFN"> cells (although some of these delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-cell" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell" class="externalDFN"> cells may be empty). Parsers might not be able to map all CSV-encoded data to such a table. As such, the metadata format described in this specification cannot be applied to all CSV files.

This specification makes use of the delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-compact-iri-syntax"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-compact-iri" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt-nodefault=""> compact IRI Syntax ; please refer to the Compact IRIs from [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD"> insert: <a href="#bib-JSON-LD" class="bibref"> JSON-LD ].

This specification makes use of the following namespaces:

csvw :
http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw#
dc :
http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dcat :
http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#
foaf :
http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
rdf :
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
schema :
http://schema.org/
xsd :
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
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3. Typographical conventions

The following typographic conventions are used in this specification:

markup
Markup (elements, attributes, properties), machine processable values (string, characters, media types), property name, or a file name is in red-orange monospace font.
variable
A variable in pseudo-code or in an algorithm description is in italics.
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A definition of a term, to be used elsewhere in this or other specifications, is in bold and italics.
delete: <a data-lt="definition" href="#dfn-definition" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-definition" data-lt="definition"> definition reference
A reference to a definition in this document is underlined and is also an active link to the definition itself.
delete: <a data-lt="definition" href="#dfn-definition" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-definition" data-lt="definition"> markup definition reference
A references to a definition in this document , when the reference itself is also a markup, is underlined, red-orange monospace font, and is also an active link to the definition itself.
external definition reference
A reference to a definition in another document is underlined, in italics, and is also an active link to the definition itself.
markup external definition reference
A reference to a definition in another document , when the reference itself is also a markup, is underlined, in italics red-orange monospace font, and is also an active link to the definition itself.
hyperlink
A hyperlink is underlined and in blue.
[ reference ]
A document reference (normative or informative) is enclosed in square brackets and links to the references section.
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Note

Notes are in light green boxes with a green left border and with a "Note" header in green. Notes are normative or informative depending on the whether they are in a normative or informative section, respectively.

Example 3 
 Examples are in light khaki boxes, with khaki left border, and with a numbered "Example" header in khaki. Examples are always informative. The content of the example is in monospace font and may be syntax colored.
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4. Annotating Tables

The metadata defined in this specification is used to provide annotations on an delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> annotated table or delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> group of tables , as defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ]. Annotated tables form the basis for all further processing, such as validating, converting, or displaying the tables.

All compliant applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST create delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> annotated tables based on the algorithm defined here. All compliant applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST generate errors and stop processing if a metadata document:

Compliant applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST ignore properties (aside from delete: <a href="#dfn-common-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-common-property"> common properties ) which are not defined in this specification and delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST generate a warning when they are encoutered.

If a property has a value that is not permitted by this specification, then if a default value is provided for that property, compliant applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST generate a warning and use that default value. If no default value is provided for that property, compliant applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST generate a warning and behave as if the property had not been specified. Additionally, including:

Metadata documents contain descriptions of groups of tables, tables, columns, rows, and cells, which are used to create annotations on an delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-tabular-data-model"> annotated tabular data model . A delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-description-object"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-description-object" data-dfn-type="dfn"> description object is a JSON object that describes a component of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-tabular-data-model"> annotated tabular data model (a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> group of tables , a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> table or a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column ) and has one or more properties that are mapped into properties on that component. There are two types of description objects:

The delete: <a href="#dfn-description-object" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-description-object"> description objects contain a number of properties. These are:

For example, in the delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column description :

Example 4
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "name"   :     "inventory_date"   ,     "titles"   :     "Inventory Date"   ,     "dc:description"   :     "The date of the operation that was performed."   ,     "datatype"   :     {     "base"   :     "date"   ,     "format"   :     "M/d/yyyy"     }     }

the properties name , titles , and dc:description are used to create the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-name" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-name" class="externalDFN"> name , delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column-titles" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-titles" class="externalDFN"> titles , delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype and dc:description annotations on the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column in the data model. The datatype property is an delete: <a href="#dfn-inherited-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-inherited-property"> inherited property that also affects the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> value of each delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-cell" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell" class="externalDFN"> cell in that column (see section 5.7 Inherited Properties for more on delete: <a href="#dfn-inherited-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-inherited-property"> inherited properties ).

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insert: <h2 resource="#h-metadata-format" id="h-metadata-format">

5. Metadata Format

This section defines a set of properties and permitted values for annotating tabular data, and how these properties should be interpreted by applications.

A metadata document is a JSON document which holds an object at the top level. This object is a delete: <a href="#dfn-description-object" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-description-object"> description object of either a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> group of tables or a single delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> table . A metadata document may contain other referenced or embedded delete: <a href="#dfn-description-object" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-description-object"> description objects , delete: <a href="#dfn-description-object" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-description-object"> description objects for delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> tables and delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> columns . Additional JSON objects, not part of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-tabular-data-model"> annotated tabular data model , are used to describe delete: <a href="#dfn-schema" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema"> schemas , delete: <a href="#dfn-dialect-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-dialect-description"> dialect descriptions , delete: <a href="#dfn-foreign-key-definition" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-foreign-key-definition"> foreign key definitions and delete: <a href="#dfn-transformation-definition" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-transformation-definition"> transformation definitions .

Metadata Properties
Fig. 1 Diagram showing the properties of different metadata descriptors (see the diagram in SVG or PNG formats)
delete: <section id="property-syntax" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#property-syntax" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h3 id="h-property-syntax" resource="#h-property-syntax"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#property-syntax" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="property-syntax">
insert: <h3 resource="#h-property-syntax" id="h-property-syntax">

5.1 Property Syntax

There are different types of properties on description objects:

delete: <section id="array-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#array-properties" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-array-properties" resource="#h-array-properties"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#array-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="array-properties">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-array-properties" id="h-array-properties">

5.1.1 Array Properties

delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-array-properties"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-array-property" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt-nodefault=""> Array properties hold an array of one or more objects, which are usually delete: <a href="#dfn-description-object" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-description-object"> description objects .

For example, the tables property is an array property. A delete: <a href="#dfn-table-group-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-group-description"> table group description might contain: 

 "tables": [{ "url": "https://example.org/countries.csv", "tableSchema": "https://example.org/countries.json" }, { "url": "https://example.org/country_slice.csv", "tableSchema": "https://example.org/country_slice.json" }]

in which case the tables property has a value that is an array of two delete: <a href="#dfn-table-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-description"> table description objects.

Any items within an array that are not valid objects of the type expected are ignored. If the supplied value of an array property is not an array (e.g. if it is an integer), compliant applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST issue a warning and proceed as if the property had been supplied with an empty array.

delete: <section id="link-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#link-properties" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-link-properties" resource="#h-link-properties"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#link-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="link-properties"> delete: <section id="uri-template-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#uri-template-properties" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-uri-template-properties" resource="#h-uri-template-properties"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#uri-template-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="uri-template-properties">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-uri-template-properties" id="h-uri-template-properties">

5.1.3 URI Template Properties

delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-uri-template-properties"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-uri-template-property" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt-nodefault=""> URI template properties contain a [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-URI-TEMPLATE"> insert: <a href="#bib-URI-TEMPLATE" class="bibref"> URI-TEMPLATE ] which can be used to generate a URI. These URI templates are expanded in the context of each row by combining the template with a set of variables with values as defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-URI-TEMPLATE"> insert: <a href="#bib-URI-TEMPLATE" class="bibref"> URI-TEMPLATE ]. The following variables are set:

column names
a variable is set for each column within the delete: <a href="#dfn-schema" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema"> schema ; the name of the variable is the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-name" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-name" class="externalDFN"> column name of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column from the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> annotated table and the value is derived from the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> value of the cell in that column in the row that is currently being processed, namely one of:
  • null ,
  • the canonical representation of the value of the cell, based on its datatype as defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-xmlschema11-2"> insert: <a href="#bib-xmlschema11-2" class="bibref"> xmlschema11-2 ], if it has a single value, or
  • a list of canonical representations of the values of the cell, if it has a sequence value.
delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="5" role="heading" id="h-note3"> insert: <div id="h-note3" role="heading" aria-level="5" class="note-title">
Note

The languages of delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> cell values are ignored.

_column
_column is set to the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column-number" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-number" class="externalDFN"> column number of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column from the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> annotated table that is currently being processed.
_sourceColumn
_sourceColumn is set to the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column-source-number" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-source-number" class="externalDFN"> source number of the column that is currently being processed; this usually varies from _column by delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-skip-columns" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-skip-columns" class="externalDFN"> skip columns .
_row
_row is set to the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-row-number" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-row-number" class="externalDFN"> row number of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-row" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-row" class="externalDFN"> row from the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> annotated table that is currently being processed.
_sourceRow
_sourceRow is set to the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-row-source-number" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-row-source-number" class="externalDFN"> source number of the row that is currently being processed; this usually varies from _row by delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-skip-rows" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-skip-rows" class="externalDFN"> skip rows and delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-header-rows" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-header-row" class="externalDFN"> header rows .
_name
_name is set to the URI decoded delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-name" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-name" class="externalDFN"> column name annotation, as defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ], for the column that is currently being processed. (Percent-decoding is necessary as name may have been encoded if taken from titles ; this prevents double percent-encoding.)

The delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> annotation value is the result of:

  1. applying the template against the cell in that column in the row that is currently being processed.
  2. expanding any prefixes as if the value were the name of a delete: <a href="#dfn-common-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-common-property"> common property , as described in section 5.8 Common Properties .
  3. resolving the resulting URL against the base URL of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-url" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-url" class="externalDFN"> table url if not null.

If the supplied value of a URI template property is not a string (e.g. if it is an integer), compliant applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST issue a warning and proceed as if the property had been supplied with an empty string.

For example, the aboutUrl property holds a URI template that is used to generate a URL identifier for each row, which might look like:

Example 8 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : expanded aboutUrl using _row insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "aboutUrl"   :     "http://example.org/example.csv#row.{_row}"

The delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-cell-about-url" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-about-url" class="externalDFN"> about URL annotations that are generated and used as identifiers for the rows would then look like http://example.org/example.csv#row.1 , http://example.org/example.csv#row.2 and so on.

Alternatively, with the CSV and metadata in the section 1. Introduction , the aboutUrl might look like:

Example 9 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : definition of aboutUrl using column titles insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "aboutUrl"   :     "http://example.org/tree/{on_street}/{GID}"

This would generate URIs such as http://example.org/tree/ADDISON%20AV/1 and http://example.org/tree/EMERSON%20ST/2 .

If the value of the on_street or GID column were null , the URL would still be generated with the null value generating an empty string in the URL. For example if on_street were null and GID were 3 , the generated URL would be http://example.org/tree//3 .

Once the URI has been generated, it is resolved against the url of the table (e.g. the CSV file) to create an absolute URI. For example, given a aboutUrl within a schema such as:

Example 10 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : definition of aboutUrl as a relative URL insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "aboutUrl"   :     "#row.{_row}"

and given a CSV file at http://example.com/temp.csv , the URL for the first row will be http://example.com/temp.csv#row.1 .

The propertyUrl property might be defined as "{#_name}" , meaning that it resolves as a fragment identifier relative to the URL of the source of the table. For example, accessing it from a column with the column name GID would look like:

Example 11 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : expanded propertyUrl using {#_name} insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "http://example.org/example.csv#GID"

A value defined within the data is also subject to expansion. For example, consider the following table:

Example 12 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : table with compact URLs and micro syntax insert: </span> 
 project_name,project_type,keywords CSVW,foaf:Project,table;data;conversion

The project_type column might have a valueUrl specified as "{project_type}" . In the first row the cell value is "foaf:Project" . The foaf prefix is understood, as described in section 5.8 Common Properties , to expand to http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Project .

Similarly, the keywords column might have a valueUrl specified as "https://duckduckgo.com/?q={keywords}" . If the column also specifies "separator": ";" , then the cell value of the keywords column would be an array of the three values table , data , and conversion . This is set as the value of the keywords variable within the URI template, which means the result would be https://duckduckgo.com/?q=table,data,conversion .

If the value in the keywords column were an empty sequence (created from an empty cell in the original data), the reference to that column would be expanded to an empty string, generating https://duckduckgo.com/?q= .

When a cell's delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> value is not a string, the canonical representation of that value is used within the expanded URL. For example, the data may include dates such as those in:

Example 13 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : CSV containing dates insert: </span> 
 GID,On Street,Species,Trim Cycle,Inventory Date 1,ADDISON AV,Celtis australis,Large Tree Routine Prune,10/18/2010 2,EMERSON ST,Liquidambar styraciflua,Large Tree Routine Prune,6/2/2010

The Inventory Date column description would indicate that these were dates with the format M/d/yyyy :

Example 14
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "name"   :     "inventory_date"   ,     "titles"   :     "Inventory Date"   ,     "datatype"   :     {     "base"   :     "date"   ,     "format"   :     "M/d/yyyy"     }     }

The string value of the inventory_date column in the first row is parsed to create the date 18th October 2010. When the inventory_date column is referenced within a URI template such as http://example.org/event/{inventory_date} , the canonical representation of that date, as defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-xmlschema11-2"> insert: <a href="#bib-xmlschema11-2" class="bibref"> xmlschema11-2 ] is used within the URL, giving the result http://example.org/event/2010-10-18 .

delete: <section id="column-reference-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#column-reference-properties" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-column-reference-properties" resource="#h-column-reference-properties"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#column-reference-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="column-reference-properties">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-column-reference-properties" id="h-column-reference-properties">

5.1.4 Column Reference Properties

delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-column-reference-properties"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-column-reference-property" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt-nodefault=""> Column reference properties hold one or more references to other delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column description objects. The referenced description object must have a name property. Column reference properties can then reference column description objects through values that are:

  • strings — which delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST match the name on a delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column description object within the metadata document.
  • arrays — lists of strings as above.

Compliant applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST issue a warning and proceed as if the column reference property had not been specified if:

  • the supplied value is not a string or array (e.g. if it is an integer).
  • the supplied value is an empty array.
  • any of the values in the supplied array are not strings.
  • any of the supplied strings do not reference one or more columns.

For example, the primaryKey property is a column reference property on the schema. It has to hold references to columns defined elsewhere in the schema, and the descriptions of those columns must have name properties. It can hold a single reference, like this:

Example 15
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "tableSchema"   :     {     "columns"   :     [{     "name"   :     "GID"     },     ...     ],     "primaryKey"   :     "GID"     }

or it can contain an array of references, like this:

Example 16
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "tableSchema"   :     {     "columns"   :     [{     "name"   :     "givenName"     },     {     "name"   :     "familyName"     },     ...     ],     "primaryKey"   :     [     "givenName"   ,     "familyName"     ]     }

If the primaryKey property were given an invalid value, such as 1 , or a column name were misspelled, the processor delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST issue a warning and ignore the value.

On the other hand, the columnReference property is a required property; if it has an invalid value, such as an empty array, then the processor will issue an error as if the property were not specified at all.

delete: <section id="object-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#object-properties" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-object-properties" resource="#h-object-properties"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#object-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="object-properties">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-object-properties" id="h-object-properties">

5.1.5 Object Properties

delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-object-properties"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-object-property" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt-nodefault=""> Object properties hold either a single object or a reference to an object by URL. Their values may be:

  • strings — resolved as URLs against the delete: <a href="#dfn-base-url" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-base-url"> base URL .
  • objects — interpreted as structured objects.

If the supplied value of an object property is not a string or object (e.g. if it is an integer), compliant applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST issue a warning and proceed as if the property had been specified as an object with no properties.

Object properties are often used when the values can be or should be values within controlled vocabularies, or structured information which may be held elsewhere. For example, the dialect of a table is an object property. It could be provided as a URL that indicates a commonly used dialect, like this:

Example 17
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "dialect"   :     "http://example.org/tab-separated-values"

or a structured object, like this:

Example 18
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "dialect"   :     {     "delimiter"   :     "\t"   ,     "encoding"   :     "utf-8"     }

When specified as a string, the resolved URL is used to fetch the referenced object during delete: <a href="#dfn-normalized" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-normalization"> normalization as described in section 6. Normalization . For example, if http://example.org/tab-separated-values resolved to:

Example 19
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@context"   :     "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     "quoteChar"   :     null   ,     "header"   :     true   ,     "delimiter"   :     "\t"     }

Following delete: <a href="#dfn-normalized" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-normalization"> normalization , the value of the dialect property would then be:

Example 20
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "dialect"   :     {     "@id"   :     "http://example.org/tab-separated-values"   ,     "quoteChar"   :     null   ,     "header"   :     true   ,     "delimiter"   :     "\t"     }
delete: <section id="natural-language-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#natural-language-properties" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-natural-language-properties" resource="#h-natural-language-properties"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#natural-language-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="natural-language-properties">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-natural-language-properties" id="h-natural-language-properties">

5.1.6 Natural Language Properties

delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-natural-language-properties"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-natural-language-property" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt-nodefault=""> Natural language properties hold natural language strings. Their values may be:

  • strings — interpreted as natural language strings in the delete: <a href="#dfn-default-language" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-default-language"> default language .
  • arrays — interpreted as alternative natural language strings in the delete: <a href="#dfn-default-language" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-default-language"> default language .
  • objects whose properties delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be language codes as defined by [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47"> insert: <a href="#bib-BCP47" class="bibref"> BCP47 ] and whose values are either strings or arrays, providing natural language strings in that language.

Natural language properties are used for titles. For example, the titles property on a delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column description provides a natural language label for a column. If it's a plain string like this:

Example 21
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "titles"   :     "Project title"

then that string is assumed to be in the delete: <a href="#dfn-default-language" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-default-language"> default language (or have an undefined language, und , if there is no such property). Multiple alternative values can be given in an array:

Example 22
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "titles"   :     [     "Project title"   ,     "Project"     ]

It's also possible to provide multiple values in different languages, using an object structure. For example:

Example 23
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "titles"   :     {     "en"   :     "Project title"   ,     "fr"   :     "Titre du projet"     }

and within such an object, the values of the properties can themselves be arrays:

Example 24
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "titles"   :     {     "en"   :     [     "Project title"   ,     "Project"     ],     "fr"   :     "Titre du projet"     }

The delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> annotation value of a delete: <a href="#dfn-natural-language-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-natural-language-property"> natural language property is an object whose properties are language codes and where the values of those properties are an array of strings (see Language Maps in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD"> insert: <a href="#bib-JSON-LD" class="bibref"> JSON-LD ]).

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="5" role="heading" id="h-note4"> insert: <div id="h-note4" role="heading" aria-level="5" class="note-title">
Note

When extracting a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> annotation value from a metadata that will have already been delete: <a href="#dfn-normalized" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-normalization"> normalized , a delete: <a href="#dfn-natural-language-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-natural-language-property"> natural language property will already have this form.

If the supplied value of a natural language property is not a string, array or object (e.g. if it is an integer), compliant applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST issue a warning and proceed as if the property had been specified as an empty array. If the supplied value is an array, any items in that array that are not strings delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be ignored. If the supplied value is an object, any properties that are not valid language codes as defined by [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47"> insert: <a href="#bib-BCP47" class="bibref"> BCP47 ] delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be ignored, as must any properties whose value is not a string or an array, and any items that are not strings within array values of these properties.

delete: <section id="atomic-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#atomic-properties" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-atomic-properties" resource="#h-atomic-properties"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#atomic-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="atomic-properties">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-atomic-properties" id="h-atomic-properties">

5.1.7 Atomic Properties

delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-atomic-properties"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-atomic-property" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt-nodefault=""> Atomic properties hold delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-atomic-values"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-atomic-value" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt-nodefault=""> atomic values . Their values may be:

  • numbers — interpreted as integers or doubles.
  • booleans — interpreted as booleans ( true or false ).
  • strings — interpreted as defined by the property.
  • objects — interpreted as defined by the property.
  • arrays — lists of numbers, booleans, strings, or objects.

The delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> annotation value of a boolean atomic property is false if unset; otherwise, the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> annotation value of an atomic property is delete: <a href="#dfn-normalized" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-normalization"> normalized value of that property, or the defined default value or null , if unset. Processors delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST issue a warning if a property is set to an invalid value type, such as a boolean atomic property being set to the number 1 or a numeric atomic property being set to the string "3.1415" , and act as if the property had not been specified (which may mean using the default value for the property, or may mean raising an error and halting processing if the property is a required property).

delete: <section id="top-level-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#top-level-properties" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h3 id="h-top-level-properties" resource="#h-top-level-properties"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#top-level-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="top-level-properties">
insert: <h3 resource="#h-top-level-properties" id="h-top-level-properties">

5.2 Top-Level Properties

The top-level object of a metadata document or object referenced through an delete: <a href="#dfn-object-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-object-property"> object property (whether it is a delete: <a href="#dfn-table-group-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-group-description"> table group description , delete: <a href="#dfn-table-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-description"> table description , delete: <a href="#dfn-schema" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema"> schema , delete: <a href="#dfn-dialect-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-dialect-description"> dialect description or delete: <a href="#dfn-transformation-definition" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-transformation-definition"> transformation definition ) delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST have a @context property. This is an delete: <a href="#dfn-array-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-array-property"> array property , as defined in Section 8.7 of [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD"> insert: <a href="#bib-JSON-LD" class="bibref"> JSON-LD ]. The @context delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST have one of the following values:

delete: <section id="table-groups" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#table-groups" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h3 id="h-table-groups" resource="#h-table-groups"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#table-groups" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="table-groups">
insert: <h3 resource="#h-table-groups" id="h-table-groups">

5.3 Table Groups

A delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-table-group-description"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-table-group-description" data-dfn-type="dfn"> table group description is a JSON object that describes a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> group of tables .

delete: <section id="required-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#required-properties" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-required-properties" resource="#h-required-properties"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#required-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="required-properties">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-required-properties" id="h-required-properties">

5.3.1 Required Properties

tables

An delete: <a href="#dfn-array-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-array-property"> array property of delete: <a href="#dfn-table-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-description"> table descriptions for the tables in the group, namely those listed in the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table-group-tables" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-group-tables" class="externalDFN"> tables annotation on the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> group of tables being described. Compliant application delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST raise an error if this array does not contain one or more table descriptions.

delete: <section id="optional-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#optional-properties" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-optional-properties" resource="#h-optional-properties"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#optional-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="optional-properties">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-optional-properties" id="h-optional-properties">

5.3.2 Optional Properties

The description of a group of tables delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY also contain:

dialect

An delete: <a href="#dfn-object-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-object-property"> object property that provides a single delete: <a href="#dfn-dialect-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-dialect-description"> dialect description . If provided, dialect provides hints to processors about how to parse the referenced files to create tabular data models for the tables in the group. This may be provided as an embedded object or as a URL reference. See section 5.9 Dialect Descriptions for more details.

notes

An delete: <a href="#dfn-array-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-array-property"> array property that provides an array of objects representing arbitrary annotations on the annotated delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> group of tables . The value of this property becomes the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table-group-notes" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-group-notes" class="externalDFN"> notes annotation for the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> group of tables . The properties on these objects are interpreted equivalently to delete: <a href="#dfn-common-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-common-property"> common properties as described in section 5.8 Common Properties .

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="5" role="heading" id="h-note7"> insert: <div id="h-note7" role="heading" aria-level="5" class="note-title">
Note

The Web Annotation Working Group is developing a vocabulary for expressing annotations. In future versions of this specification, we anticipate referencing that vocabulary.

tableDirection

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST have a single string value that is one of "rtl" , "ltr" , or "auto" . Indicates whether the tables in the group should be displayed with the first column on the right, on the left, or based on the first character in the table that has a specific direction. The value of this property becomes the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table-direction" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-direction" class="externalDFN"> table direction annotation for all the tables in the table group. See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#bidirectional-tables"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#bidirectional-tables"> Bidirectional Tables in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for details. The default value for this property is "auto" .

tableSchema

An delete: <a href="#dfn-object-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-object-property"> object property that provides a single delete: <a href="#dfn-schema-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema-description"> schema description as described in section 5.5 Schemas , used as the default for all the tables in the group. This may be provided as an embedded object within the JSON metadata or as a URL reference to a separate JSON object that is a delete: <a href="#dfn-schema-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema-description"> schema description .

transformations

An delete: <a href="#dfn-array-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-array-property"> array property of delete: <a href="#dfn-transformation-definition" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-transformation-definition"> transformation definitions that provide mechanisms to transform the tabular data into other formats. The value of this property becomes the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-transformations" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-transformation" class="externalDFN"> transformations annotation for all the tables in the table group.

@id
If included, @id is a delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link property that identifies the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> group of tables , as defined by [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ], described by this delete: <a href="#dfn-table-group-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-group-description"> table group description . It delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT start with _: . The value of this property becomes the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table-group-id" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-group-id" class="externalDFN"> id annotation for the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> group of tables .
@type

If included, @type is an delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be set to "TableGroup" . Publishers delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY include this to provide additional information to JSON-LD based toolchains.

The description delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY contain any delete: <a href="#dfn-common-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-common-property"> common properties to provide extra metadata about the group of tables as a whole.

The description delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY contain delete: <a href="#dfn-inherited-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-inherited-property"> inherited properties to describe cells within the tables.

delete: <section id="table-group-description-compatibility" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#table-group-description-compatibility" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-table-group-description-compatibility" resource="#h-table-group-description-compatibility"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#table-group-description-compatibility" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="table-group-description-compatibility">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-table-group-description-compatibility" id="h-table-group-description-compatibility">

5.3.3 Table Group Description Compatibility

Two delete: <a href="#dfn-table-group-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-group-description"> table group descriptions are delete: <dfn data-lt-nodefault="" data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-table-group-description-compatible"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-table-group-description-compatible" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt-nodefault=""> compatible if any delete: <a href="#dfn-table-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-description"> table descriptions they contain with matching delete: <a href="#dfn-normalized" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-normalization"> normalized url properties are themselves delete: <a data-lt-nodefault="" data-lt="table description compatible" href="#dfn-table-description-compatible" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-description-compatible" data-lt-nodefault="" data-lt="table description compatible"> compatible as defined in section 5.4.3 Table Description Compatibility .

delete: <section id="tables" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#tables" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h3 id="h-tables" resource="#h-tables"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#tables" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="tables">
insert: <h3 resource="#h-tables" id="h-tables">

5.4 Tables

A delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-table-description"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-table-description" data-dfn-type="dfn"> table description is a JSON object that describes a table within a CSV file.

delete: <section id="required-properties-1" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#required-properties-1" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-required-properties-1" resource="#h-required-properties-1"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#required-properties-1" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="required-properties-1">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-required-properties-1" id="h-required-properties-1">

5.4.1 Required Properties

url

This delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link property gives the single URL of the CSV file that the table is held in, relative to the location of the metadata document. The value of this property is the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-url" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-url" class="externalDFN"> url annotation for the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> annotated table this table description describes.

delete: <section id="optional-properties-1" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#optional-properties-1" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-optional-properties-1" resource="#h-optional-properties-1"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#optional-properties-1" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="optional-properties-1">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-optional-properties-1" id="h-optional-properties-1">

5.4.2 Optional Properties

The description of a table delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY also contain:

dialect

As defined for table groups .

notes

An delete: <a href="#dfn-array-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-array-property"> array property that provides an array of objects representing arbitrary annotations on the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-tabular-data-model"> annotated tabular data model . The value of this property becomes the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-notes" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-notes" class="externalDFN"> notes annotation for the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> table . The properties on these objects are interpreted equivalently to delete: <a href="#dfn-common-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-common-property"> common properties as described in section 5.8 Common Properties .

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="5" role="heading" id="h-note8"> insert: <div id="h-note8" role="heading" aria-level="5" class="note-title">
Note

The Web Annotation Working Group is developing a vocabulary for expressing annotations. In future versions of this specification, we anticipate referencing that vocabulary.

suppressOutput

A boolean delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property . If true , suppresses any output that would be generated when converting this table. The value of this property becomes the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table-suppress-output" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-suppress-output" class="externalDFN"> suppress output annotation for this table. The default is false .

tableDirection

As defined for table groups . The value of this property becomes the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table-direction" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-direction" class="externalDFN"> table direction annotation for this table.

tableSchema

An delete: <a href="#dfn-object-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-object-property"> object property that provides a single delete: <a href="#dfn-schema-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema-description"> schema description as described in section 5.5 Schemas . This may be provided as an embedded object within the JSON metadata or as a URL reference to a separate JSON schema document. If a table description is within a delete: <a href="#dfn-table-group-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-group-description"> table group description , the tableSchema from that table group acts as the default for this property.

If a tableSchema is not declared in delete: <a href="#dfn-table-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-description"> table description , it may be declared on the delete: <a href="#dfn-table-group-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-group-description"> table group description , which is then used as the delete: <a href="#dfn-schema" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema"> schema for this delete: <a href="#dfn-table-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-description"> table description .

The @id property of the tableSchema , if there is one, becomes the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-schema" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-schema" class="externalDFN"> schema annotation for this table.

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="5" role="heading" id="h-note9"> insert: <div id="h-note9" role="heading" aria-level="5" class="note-title">
Note

When a schema is referenced by URL, this URL becomes the value of the @id property in the normalized schema description, and thus the value of the schema annotation on the table.

transformations

As defined for table groups . The value of this property becomes the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-transformations" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-transformation" class="externalDFN"> transformations annotation for this table.

@id

If included, @id is a delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link property that identifies the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> table , as defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ], described by this delete: <a href="#dfn-table-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-description"> table description . It delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT start with _: . The value of this property becomes the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table-id" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-id" class="externalDFN"> id annotation for this table.

@type

If included, @type is an delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be set to "Table" . Publishers delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY include this to provide additional information to JSON-LD based toolchains.

The description delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY contain any delete: <a href="#dfn-common-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-common-property"> common properties to provide extra metadata about the table as a whole.

The description delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY contain delete: <a href="#dfn-inherited-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-inherited-property"> inherited properties to describe cells within the table.

delete: <section id="table-description-compatibility" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#table-description-compatibility" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-table-description-compatibility" resource="#h-table-description-compatibility"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#table-description-compatibility" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="table-description-compatibility">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-table-description-compatibility" id="h-table-description-compatibility">

5.4.3 Table Description Compatibility

Two table descriptions are delete: <dfn data-lt-nodefault="" data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-table-description-compatible"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-table-description-compatible" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt-nodefault=""> compatible if they have equivalent delete: <a href="#dfn-normalized" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-normalization"> normalized url properties, and have delete: <a data-lt="schema compatible" href="#dfn-compatible" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema-compatible" data-lt="schema compatible"> compatible delete: <a href="#dfn-schema" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema"> schemas as defined in section 5.5.1 Schema Compatibility .

delete: <section id="schemas" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#schemas" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h3 id="h-schemas" resource="#h-schemas"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#schemas" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="schemas">
insert: <h3 resource="#h-schemas" id="h-schemas">

5.5 Schemas

A delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-schema"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-schema" data-dfn-type="dfn"> schema is a definition of a tabular format that may be common to multiple tables. For example, multiple tables from different sources may have the same columns and be designed such that they can be aggregated together.

A delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-schema-description"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-schema-description" data-dfn-type="dfn"> schema description is a JSON object that encodes the information about a delete: <a href="#dfn-schema" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema"> schema , which describes the structure of a table. All the properties of a schema description are optional.

columns

An delete: <a href="#dfn-array-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-array-property"> array property of delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column descriptions as described in section 5.6 Columns . These are matched to columns in tables that use the schema by position: the first column description in the array applies to the first column in the table, the second to the second and so on.

The name properties of the column descriptions delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be unique within a given table description.

foreignKeys

An delete: <a href="#dfn-array-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-array-property"> array property of delete: <a href="#dfn-foreign-key-definition" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-foreign-key-definition"> foreign key definitions that define how the values from specified columns within this table link to rows within this table or other tables. A delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-foreign-key-definition"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-foreign-key-definition" data-dfn-type="dfn"> foreign key definition is a JSON object that delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST contain only the following properties:

columnReference

A delete: <a href="#dfn-column-reference-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-reference-property"> column reference property that holds either a single reference to a delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column description object within this schema, or an array of references. These form the delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-referencing-columns"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-referencing-columns" data-dfn-type="dfn"> referencing columns for the delete: <a href="#dfn-foreign-key-definition" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-foreign-key-definition"> foreign key definition .

reference

An delete: <a href="#dfn-object-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-object-property"> object property that identifies a delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-referenced-table"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-referenced-table" data-dfn-type="dfn"> referenced table and a set of delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-referenced-columns"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-referenced-columns" data-dfn-type="dfn"> referenced columns within that table. Its properties are:

resource

A delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link property holding a URL that is the identifier for a specific table that is being referenced. If this property is present then schemaReference delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT be present. The delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> table group delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST contain a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> table whose delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-url" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-url" class="externalDFN"> url annotation is identical to the expanded value of this property. That table is the delete: <a href="#dfn-referenced-table" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-referenced-table"> referenced table .

schemaReference

A delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link property holding a URL that is the identifier for a delete: <a href="#dfn-schema" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema"> schema that is being referenced. If this property is present then resource delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT be present. The delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> table group delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST contain a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> table with a tableSchema having a @id that is identical to the expanded value of this property, and there delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT be more than one such table. That table is the delete: <a href="#dfn-referenced-table" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-referenced-table"> referenced table .

columnReference

A delete: <a href="#dfn-column-reference-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-reference-property"> column reference property that holds either a single reference (by name) to a delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column description object within the tableSchema of the delete: <a href="#dfn-referenced-table" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-referenced-table"> referenced table , or an array of such references.

The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-foreign-keys" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-foreign-keys" class="externalDFN"> foreign keys annotation on the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> table using this schema by creating a list of foreign keys comprising a list of columns in the table and a list of columns in the referenced table. The value of this property is also used to create the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-referenced-rows" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-row-referenced-rows" class="externalDFN"> referenced rows annotation on each of the rows in the table that uses this schema, which is a pair of the relevant foreign key and the referenced row in the referenced table.

As defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ], delete: <a href="#dfn-validators" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-validator"> validators delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST check that, for each row, the combination of cells in the delete: <a href="#dfn-referencing-columns" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-referencing-columns"> referencing columns references a unique row within the delete: <a href="#dfn-referenced-table" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-referenced-table"> referenced table through a combination of cells in the delete: <a href="#dfn-referenced-columns" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-referenced-columns"> referenced columns . For examples, see section 5.5.2.1 Foreign Key Reference Between Tables and section 5.5.2.2 Foreign Key Reference Between Schemas .

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="4" role="heading" id="h-note10"> insert: <div id="h-note10" role="heading" aria-level="4" class="note-title">
Note

It is not required for the table or schema referenced from a foreignKeys property to have a similarly defined primaryKey , though frequently it will.

primaryKey

A delete: <a href="#dfn-column-reference-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-reference-property"> column reference property that holds either a single reference to a delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column description object or an array of references. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-primary-key" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-row-primary-key" class="externalDFN"> primary key annotation for each delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-row" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-row" class="externalDFN"> row within a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> table that uses this schema by creating a list of the cells in that row that are in the referenced columns.

As defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ], delete: <a href="#dfn-validators" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-validator"> validators delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST check that each row has a unique combination of values of cells in the indicated columns. For example, if primaryKey is set to ["familyName", "givenName"] then every row must have a unique value for the combination of values of cells in the familyName and givenName columns.

rowTitles

A delete: <a href="#dfn-column-reference-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-reference-property"> column reference property that holds either a single reference to a delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column description object or an array of references. The value of this property determines the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-row-titles" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-row-titles" class="externalDFN"> titles annotation for each delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-row" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-row" class="externalDFN"> row within a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> table that uses this schema. The delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-row-titles" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-row-titles" class="externalDFN"> titles annotation holds the list of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> values of the cells in that row that are in the referenced columns; if the value is not a string or has no associated language, it is interpreted as a string with an undefined language ( und ).

@id

If included, @id is a delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link property that identifies the delete: <a href="#dfn-schema" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema"> schema described by this delete: <a href="#dfn-schema-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema-description"> schema description . It delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT start with _: .

@type

If included, @type is an delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be set to "Schema" . Publishers delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY include this to provide additional information to JSON-LD based toolchains.

The description delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY contain any delete: <a href="#dfn-common-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-common-property"> common properties to provide extra metadata about the schema as a whole.

The description delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY contain delete: <a href="#dfn-inherited-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-inherited-property"> inherited properties to describe cells within tables that use this schema.

delete: <section id="schema-compatibility" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#schema-compatibility" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-schema-compatibility" resource="#h-schema-compatibility"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#schema-compatibility" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="schema-compatibility">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-schema-compatibility" id="h-schema-compatibility">

5.5.1 Schema Compatibility

Two schemas are delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-compatible"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-schema-compatible" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt-nodefault=""> compatible if they have the same number of non- virtual delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column descriptions , and the non- virtual delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column descriptions at the same index within each are compatible with each other. delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> Column descriptions are compatible under the following conditions:

  • If either delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column description has neither name nor titles properties.
  • If there is a case-sensitive match between the name properties of the columns.
  • If there is a non-empty case-sensitive intersection between the titles values, where matches must have a matching language; und matches any language, and languages match if they are equal when truncated , as defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47"> insert: <a href="#bib-BCP47" class="bibref"> BCP47 ], to the length of the shortest language tag.
  • If not validating, and one schema has a name property but not a titles property, and the other has a titles property but not a name property.
delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="5" role="heading" id="h-note11"> insert: <div id="h-note11" role="heading" aria-level="5" class="note-title">
Note

A delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column description within embedded metadata where the header dialect property is false will have neither name nor titles properties.

delete: <section class="informative" id="schema-examples" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#schema-examples" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-schema-examples" resource="#h-schema-examples"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#schema-examples" typeof="bibo:Chapter" class="informative" id="schema-examples">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-schema-examples" id="h-schema-examples">

5.5.2 Examples

This section is non-normative.

delete: <section id="foreign-key-reference-between-tables" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#foreign-key-reference-between-tables" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h5 id="h-foreign-key-reference-between-tables" resource="#h-foreign-key-reference-between-tables"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#foreign-key-reference-between-tables" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="foreign-key-reference-between-tables">
insert: <h5 resource="#h-foreign-key-reference-between-tables" id="h-foreign-key-reference-between-tables">
5.5.2.1 Foreign Key Reference Between Tables

A list of countries is published at http://example.org/countries.csv with the structure:

Example 25 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : http://example.org/countries.csv insert: </span> 
 countryCode,latitude,longitude,name AD,42.5,1.6,Andorra AE,23.4,53.8,"United Arab Emirates" AF,33.9,67.7,Afghanistan

Another file contains information about the population in some countries each year, at http://example.com/country_slice.csv with the structure:

Example 26 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : http://example.org/country_slice.csv insert: </span> 
 countryRef,year,population AF,1960,9616353 AF,1961,9799379 AF,1962,9989846

The following metadata for the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-group-of-tables" class="externalDFN"> group of tables links the two together by defining a foreignKeys property:

Example 27 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : http://example.org/countries.json insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@context"   :     "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     "tables"   :     [{     "url"   :     "http://example.org/countries.csv"   ,     "tableSchema"   :     {     "columns"   :     [{     "name"   :     "countryCode"   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"   ,     "propertyUrl"   :     "http://www.geonames.org/ontology{#_name}"     },     {     "name"   :     "latitude"   ,     "datatype"   :     "number"     },     {     "name"   :     "longitude"   ,     "datatype"   :     "number"     },     {     "name"   :     "name"   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"     }],     "aboutUrl"   :     "http://example.org/countries.csv{#countryCode}"   ,     "propertyUrl"   :     "http://schema.org/{_name}"   ,     "primaryKey"   :     "countryCode"     }     },     {     "url"   :     "http://example.org/country_slice.csv"   ,     "tableSchema"   :     {     "columns"   :     [{     "name"   :     "countryRef"   ,     "valueUrl"   :     "http://example.org/countries.csv{#countryRef}"     },     {     "name"   :     "year"   ,     "datatype"   :     "gYear"     },     {     "name"   :     "population"   ,     "datatype"   :     "integer"     }],     "foreignKeys"   :     [{     "columnReference"   :     "countryRef"   ,     "reference"   :     {     "resource"   :     "http://example.org/countries.csv"   ,     "columnReference"   :     "countryCode"     }     }]     }     }]     }

Within the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> annotated table generated for countries.csv , each delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-row" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-row" class="externalDFN"> row will have a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-primary-key" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-row-primary-key" class="externalDFN"> primary key annotation whose value is a list containing the cell from the first column of that row ( countryCode ).

The delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> annotated table generated for country_slice.csv will have a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-foreign-keys" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-foreign-keys" class="externalDFN"> foreign keys annotation whose value is a list containing a single foreign key referencing the first column from the table generated from country_slice.csv ( countryRef ) and the first column from the table generated from countries.csv ( countryCode ). Each delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-row" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-row" class="externalDFN"> row within that table will have a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-referenced-rows" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-row-referenced-rows" class="externalDFN"> referenced row annotation referencing this foreign key and the third row in the table generated from countries.csv .

When the population data in country_slice.csv is validated, the delete: <a href="#dfn-validators" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-validator"> validator must check that every countryRef within country_slice.csv has a matching countryCode within countries.csv .

delete: <section id="foreign-key-reference-between-schemas" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#foreign-key-reference-between-schemas" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h5 id="h-foreign-key-reference-between-schemas" resource="#h-foreign-key-reference-between-schemas"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#foreign-key-reference-between-schemas" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="foreign-key-reference-between-schemas">
insert: <h5 resource="#h-foreign-key-reference-between-schemas" id="h-foreign-key-reference-between-schemas">
5.5.2.2 Foreign Key Reference Between Schemas

When publishing information about public sector roles and salaries, as in Use Case 4 , the UK government requires departments to publish two files which are interlinked. The first lists senior grades (simplified here) e.g., at HEFCE_organogram_senior_data_31032011.csv :

Example 28 
 Post Unique Reference, Name,Grade, Job Title,Reports to Senior Post 90115, Steve Egan,SCS1A,Deputy Chief Executive, 90334 90250, David Sweeney,SCS1A, Director, 90334 90284, Heather Fry,SCS1A, Director, 90334 90334,Sir Alan Langlands, SCS4, Chief Executive, xx

The second provides information about the number of junior positions that report to those individuals (simplified here) e.g., at HEFCE_organogram_junior_data_31032011.csv :

Example 29 
 Reporting Senior Post,Grade,Payscale Minimum (£),Payscale Maximum (£),Generic Job Title,Number of Posts in FTE, Profession 90284, 4, 17426, 20002, Administrator, 2,Operational Delivery 90284, 5, 19546, 22478, Administrator, 1,Operational Delivery 90115, 4, 17426, 20002, Administrator, 8.67,Operational Delivery 90115, 5, 19546, 22478, Administrator, 0.5,Operational Delivery

The schemas are reused by multiple departments and for multiple pairs of files. The schemas are therefore defined in separate files, and they need to define links between the schemas which are then picked up as applying between tables that use those schemas.

The metadata file for the particular publication of the files above is:

Example 30
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@context"   :     "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     "tables"   :     [{     "url"   :     "HEFCE_organogram_senior_data_31032011.csv"   ,     "tableSchema"   :     "http://example.org/schema/senior-roles.json"     },     {     "url"   :     "HEFCE_organogram_junior_data_31032011.csv"   ,     "tableSchema"   :     "http://example.org/schema/junior-roles.json"     }]     }

The schema for the senior role CSV (at http://example.org/schema/senior-roles.json ) is as follows:

Example 31
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@id"   :     "http://example.org/schema/senior-roles.json"   ,     "@context"   :     "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     "columns"   :     [{     "name"   :     "ref"   ,     "titles"   :     "Post Unique Reference"     },     {     "name"   :     "name"   ,     "titles"   :     "Name"     },     {     "name"   :     "grade"   ,     "titles"   :     "Grade"     },     {     "name"   :     "job"   ,     "titles"   :     "Job Title"     },     {     "name"   :     "reportsTo"   ,     "titles"   :     "Reports to Senior Post"     }],     "primaryKey"   :     "ref"     }

The schema for the junior role CSV (at http://example.org/schema/junior-roles.json ) is as follows; it includes a foreign key reference to the senior roles schema:

Example 32
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@id"   :     "http://example.org/schema/junior-roles.json"   ,     "@context"   :     "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     "columns"   :     [{     "name"   :     "reportsTo"   ,     "titles"   :     "Reporting Senior Post"     },     ...     ],     "foreignKeys"   :     [{     "columnReference"   :     "reportsTo"   ,     "reference"   :     {     "schemaReference"   :     "http://example.org/schema/senior-roles.json"   ,     "columnReference"   :     "ref"     }     }]     }

The foreign key definition here contains a schemaReference to senior-roles.json . Implementations will look for the table referenced within the original metadata file whose tableSchema is senior-roles.json , which is HEFCE_organogram_senior_data_31032011.csv . The implementation will therefore look for a relationship between the reportsTo column in HEFCE_organogram_junior_data_31032011.csv and the ref column in HEFCE_organogram_senior_data_31032011.csv .

For example, in the first line of HEFCE_organogram_junior_data_31032011.csv , the reportsTo ( Reporting Senior Post ) column contains the value 90284 . When validating that file, delete: <a href="#dfn-validators" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-validator"> validators will check that there is a single row within the table generated from HEFCE_organogram_senior_data_31032011.csv whose ref column contains the value 90284 .

delete: <section id="weak-linking-between-tables" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#weak-linking-between-tables" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h5 id="h-weak-linking-between-tables" resource="#h-weak-linking-between-tables"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#weak-linking-between-tables" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="weak-linking-between-tables">
insert: <h5 resource="#h-weak-linking-between-tables" id="h-weak-linking-between-tables">
5.5.2.3 Weak Linking between Tables

delete: <a href="#dfn-foreign-key-definition" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-foreign-key-definition"> Foreign key definitions provide for strong linking between tables that guarantees (through validation) the existance of a referenced row. It is also possible to provide weak linking between tables that are not tested by validations, but which may be useful when converting tabular data into other formats, using aboutUrl and valueUrl .

Taking the example above as a starting point, the schema for HEFCE_organogram_senior_data_31032011.csv could use aboutUrl to provide a URL for each row, which can similarly be created as a valueUrl for the reportsTo column:

Example 33
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@id"   :     "http://example.org/schema/senior-roles.json"   ,     "@context"   :     "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,      "aboutUrl"   :     "#role-{ref}"   ,      "columns"   :     [{     "name"   :     "ref"   ,     "titles"   :     "Post Unique Reference"     },     {     "name"   :     "name"   ,     "titles"   :     "Name"     },     {     "name"   :     "grade"   ,     "titles"   :     "Grade"     },     {     "name"   :     "job"   ,     "titles"   :     "Job Title"     },     {     "name"   :     "reportsTo"   ,     "titles"   :     "Reports to Senior Post"   ,      "valueUrl"   :     "#role-{reportsTo}"      }],     "primaryKey"   :     "ref"     }

The URLs generated for the values of the reportsTo will (if the data is correct) match the URLs generated for each row within the table. There will be no validation error, however, if there is a value in the reportsTo column that does not match a value in the ref column. In contrast, if a foreign key had been specified with:

Example 34
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "foreignKeys"   :     [{     "columnReference"   :     "reportsTo"   ,     "reference"   :     {     "schemaReference"   :     "http://example.org/schema/senior-roles.json"   ,     "columnReference"   :     "ref"     }     }]

then validators would raise an error if a value in the reportsTo column did not match any value in the ref column.

delete: <section id="columns" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#columns" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h3 id="h-columns" resource="#h-columns"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#columns" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="columns">
insert: <h3 resource="#h-columns" id="h-columns">

5.6 Columns

A delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-column-description"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-column-description" data-dfn-type="dfn"> column description is a JSON object that describes a single column. The description provides additional human-readable documentation for a column, as well as additional information that may be used to validate the cells within the column, create a user interface for data entry, or inform conversion into other formats. All properties are optional.

name

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that gives a single canonical name for the column. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-name" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-name" class="externalDFN"> name annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column . This delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be a string and this property has no default value, which means it delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be ignored if the supplied value is not a string.

For ease of reference within delete: <a href="#dfn-uri-template-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-uri-template-property"> URI template properties , column names are restricted as defined in Variables in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-URI-TEMPLATE"> insert: <a href="#bib-URI-TEMPLATE" class="bibref"> URI-TEMPLATE ] with the additional provision that names beginning with "_" are reserved by this specification and delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT be used within metadata documents.

suppressOutput

A boolean delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property . If true , suppresses any output that would be generated when converting cells in this column. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column-suppress-output" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-suppress-output" class="externalDFN"> suppress output annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column . The default is false .

titles

A delete: <a href="#dfn-natural-language-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-natural-language-property"> natural language property that provides possible alternative names for the column. The string values of this property, along with their associated language tags, become the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column-titles" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-titles" class="externalDFN"> titles annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column .

If there is no name property defined on this column, the first titles value having the same language tag as delete: <a href="#dfn-default-language" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-default-language"> default language , or und or if no default language is specified, becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-name" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-name" class="externalDFN"> name annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column . This annotation delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be percent-encoded as necessary to conform to the syntactic requirements defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986"> insert: <a href="#bib-RFC3986" class="bibref"> RFC3986 ].

virtual

A boolean delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property taking a single value which indicates whether the column is a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-virtual-columns" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-virtual" class="externalDFN"> virtual column not present in the original source. The default value is false . The delete: <a href="#dfn-normalized" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-normalization"> normalized value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-virtual" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-virtual" class="externalDFN"> virtual annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column . If present, a virtual column delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST appear after all other non-virtual column definitions.

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="4" role="heading" id="h-note12"> insert: <div id="h-note12" role="heading" aria-level="4" class="note-title">
Note

Virtual columns are useful for inserting cells with default values into an delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-table" class="externalDFN"> annotated table to control the results of conversions.

@id

If included, @id is a delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link property that identifies the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> columns , as defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ], and potentially appearing across separate tables, described by this delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column description . It delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT start with _: .

@type

If included, @type is an delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be set to "Column" . Publishers delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY include this to provide additional information to JSON-LD based toolchains.

If the column description has neither name nor titles properties, the string "_col. [N] " where [N] is the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column-number" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-number" class="externalDFN"> column number , becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-name" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-name" class="externalDFN"> name annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column .

The description delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY contain any delete: <a href="#dfn-common-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-common-property"> common properties to provide extra metadata about the column as a whole, such as a full description.

The description delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY contain delete: <a href="#dfn-inherited-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-inherited-property"> inherited properties to describe cells within the column.

delete: <section class="informative" id="column-examples" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#column-examples" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-column-examples" resource="#h-column-examples"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#column-examples" typeof="bibo:Chapter" class="informative" id="column-examples">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-column-examples" id="h-column-examples">

5.6.1 Examples

This section is non-normative.

delete: <section id="use-of-virtual-columns" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#use-of-virtual-columns" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h5 id="h-use-of-virtual-columns" resource="#h-use-of-virtual-columns"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#use-of-virtual-columns" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="use-of-virtual-columns">
insert: <h5 resource="#h-use-of-virtual-columns" id="h-use-of-virtual-columns">
5.6.1.1 Use of virtual columns

Virtual columns are useful when data needs to be added as part of an output transformation that doesn't exist in the source file. This may be to add type information to a column, or to relate different columns having different aboutUrl . For example, the http://example.org/tree-ops.csv example used in the introduction can be used with the following metadata:

Example 35 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : http://example.org/tree-ops-virtual.json insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "url"   :     "tree-ops.csv"   ,     "@context"   :     [   "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     {   "@language"   :     "en"   }],     "tableSchema"   :     {     "columns"   :     [{     "name"   :     "GID"   ,     "titles"   :     "GID"   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"   ,     "propertyUrl"   :     "schema:url"   ,     "valueUrl"   :     "#gid-{GID}"     },     {     "name"   :     "on_street"   ,     "titles"   :     "On Street"   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"   ,     "aboutUrl"   :     "#location-{GID}"   ,     "propertyUrl"   :     "schema:streetAddress"     },     {     "name"   :     "species"   ,     "titles"   :     "Species"   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"   ,     "propertyUrl"   :     "schema:name"     },     {     "name"   :     "trim_cycle"   ,     "titles"   :     "Trim Cycle"   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"     },     {     "name"   :     "inventory_date"   ,     "titles"   :     "Inventory Date"   ,     "datatype"   :     {   "base"   :     "date"   ,     "format"   :     "M/d/yyyy"   },     "aboutUrl"   :     "#event-{inventory_date}"   ,     "propertyUrl"   :     "schema:startDate"     },     {     "propertyUrl"   :     "schema:event"   ,     "valueUrl"   :     "#event-{inventory_date}"   ,     "virtual"   :     true     },     {     "propertyUrl"   :     "schema:location"   ,     "valueUrl"   :     "#location-{GID}"   ,     "virtual"   :     true     },     {     "aboutUrl"   :     "#location-{GID}"   ,     "propertyUrl"   :     "rdf:type"   ,     "valueUrl"   :     "schema:PostalAddress"   ,     "virtual"   :     true     }],     "aboutUrl"   :     "#gid-{GID}"     }     }

This metadata creates a relationship model between data in each column by different combinations of aboutUrl , propertyUrl , and valueUrl on existing columns, and defining new virtual columns to supply additional information. In this case, the on_street and inventory_date values are split into separate entities, each having their own aboutUrl . New virtual columns are defined to provide a location type, and to relate the main row entity to the event and location associated with it. The result of converting the table to RDF would include the following, for the first row, with the contributions from the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-virtual-columns" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-virtual" class="externalDFN"> virtual columns highlighted:

Example 36
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  <#gid-1> schema:url <#gid-1> ; schema:name "Celtis australis" ; :trim_cycle "Large Tree Routine Prune" ;    schema:event <#event-2010-10-18> ;       schema:location <#location-1> ;    .    <#event-1> a schema:Event ;    schema:startDate "2010-10-18"^^xsd:date ; .    <#location-1> a schema:PostalAddress ;    schema:streetAddress "ADDISON AV" ; .

The JSON would similarly include, again with the contributions from the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-virtual-columns" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-virtual" class="externalDFN"> virtual columns highlighted:

Example 37
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@id"   :     "#gid-1"   ,     "schema:url"   :     "#gid-1"   ,     "schema:name"   :     "Celtis australis"   ,     "trim_cycle"   :     "Large Tree Routine Prune"   ,      "schema:event"   :     {     "@id"   :     "#event-1"   ,       "@type"   :     "schema:Event"   ,      "schema:startDate"   :     "2010-10-18"     },      "schema:location"   :     {     "@id"   :     "#location-1"   ,       "@type"   :     "schema:PostalAddress"   ,      "schema:streetAddress"   :     "ADDISON AV"     }     }
delete: <section id="inherited-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#inherited-properties" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h3 id="h-inherited-properties" resource="#h-inherited-properties"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#inherited-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="inherited-properties">
insert: <h3 resource="#h-inherited-properties" id="h-inherited-properties">

5.7 Inherited Properties

delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> Columns and delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-cell" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell" class="externalDFN"> cells may be assigned annotations based on properties on the description objects for delete: <a href="#dfn-table-group-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-group-description"> groups of tables , delete: <a data-lt="table description" href="#dfn-table-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-description" data-lt="table description"> tables , delete: <a data-lt="schema description" href="#dfn-schema" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema" data-lt="schema description"> schemas , or delete: <a data-lt="column description" href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description" data-lt="column description"> columns . These properties are known as delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-inherited-properties"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-inherited-property" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt-nodefault=""> inherited properties and are listed below.

If an delete: <a href="#dfn-inherited-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-inherited-property"> inherited property is not defined on a delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column description , it defaults to the first value, if any, found by looking through all of its containing objects: an delete: <a href="#dfn-inherited-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-inherited-property"> inherited property defined in its containing delete: <a href="#dfn-schema-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema-description"> schema description takes precedence over one defined in its containing delete: <a href="#dfn-table-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-description"> table description , which in turn takes precedence of one defined in its containing delete: <a href="#dfn-table-group-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-group-description"> table group description . This value is used to determine the value of the relevant annotation on the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column , which is then used to determine the value of the relevant annotation on the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-cell" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell" class="externalDFN"> cells in that column.

aboutUrl

A delete: <a href="#dfn-uri-template-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-uri-template-property"> URI template property that delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY be used to indicate what a cell contains information about. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column-about-url" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-about-url" class="externalDFN"> about URL annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column and is used to create the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-cell-about-url" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-about-url" class="externalDFN"> about URL annotation for the cells within that column as described in section 5.1.3 URI Template Properties .

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="4" role="heading" id="h-note13"> insert: <div id="h-note13" role="heading" aria-level="4" class="note-title">
Note

aboutUrl is typically defined on a delete: <a href="#dfn-schema-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema-description"> schema description or delete: <a href="#dfn-table-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-description"> table description to indicate what each row is about. If defined on individual delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column descriptions , care must be taken to ensure that transformed cell values maintain a semantic relationship.

datatype

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that contains either a single string that is the main datatype of the values of the cell or a delete: <a href="#dfn-datatype-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-datatype-description"> datatype description object. If the value of this property is a string, it delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be the name of one of the built-in datatypes defined in section 5.11.1 Built-in Datatypes and this value is delete: <a href="#dfn-normalized" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-normalization"> normalized to an object whose base property is the original string value. If it is an object then it describes a more specialized datatype. If a cell contains a sequence (i.e. the separator property is specified and not null ) then this property specifies the datatype of each value within that sequence. See delete: <a href="#datatypes" class="sec-ref"> insert: <a class="sec-ref" href="#datatypes"> 5.11 Datatypes and delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#parsing-cells"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#parsing-cells"> Parsing Cells in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for more details.

The delete: <a href="#dfn-normalized" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-normalization"> normalized value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column .

default

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property holding a single string that is used to create a default delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> value for the cell in cases where the original delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-string-value" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-string-value" class="externalDFN"> string value is an empty string. See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#parsing-cells"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#parsing-cells"> Parsing Cells in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for more details. If not specified, the default for the default property is the empty string, "" . The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-default" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-default" class="externalDFN"> default annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column .

lang

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property giving a single string language code as defined by [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47"> insert: <a href="#bib-BCP47" class="bibref"> BCP47 ]. Indicates the language of the value within the cell. See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#parsing-cells"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#parsing-cells"> Parsing Cells in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for more details. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-lang" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-lang" class="externalDFN"> lang annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column . The default is und .

null

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property giving the string or strings used for null values within the data. If the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-string-value" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-string-value" class="externalDFN"> string value of the cell is equal to any one of these values, the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> cell value is null . See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#parsing-cells"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#parsing-cells"> Parsing Cells in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for more details. If not specified, the default for the null property is the empty string "" . The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-null" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-null" class="externalDFN"> null annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column .

ordered

A boolean delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property taking a single value which indicates whether a list that is the value of the cell is ordered (if true ) or unordered (if false ). The default is false . This property is irrelevant if the separator is null or undefined, but this is not an error. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column-ordered" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-ordered" class="externalDFN"> ordered annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column , and the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-cell-ordered" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-ordered" class="externalDFN"> ordered annotation for the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-cell" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell" class="externalDFN"> cells within that column.

propertyUrl

A delete: <a href="#dfn-uri-template-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-uri-template-property"> URI template property that delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY be used to create a URI for a property if the table is mapped to another format. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column-property-url" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-property-url" class="externalDFN"> property URL annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column and is used to create the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-cell-property-url" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-property-url" class="externalDFN"> property URL annotation for the cells within that column as described in section 5.1.3 URI Template Properties .

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="4" role="heading" id="h-note14"> insert: <div id="h-note14" role="heading" aria-level="4" class="note-title">
Note

propertyUrl is typically defined on a delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column description . If defined on a delete: <a href="#dfn-schema-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema-description"> schema description , delete: <a href="#dfn-table-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-description"> table description or delete: <a href="#dfn-table-group-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-group-description"> table group description , care must be taken to ensure that transformed cell values maintain an appropriate semantic relationship, for example by including the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-name" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-name" class="externalDFN"> name of the column in the generated URL by using _name in the template.

required

A boolean delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property taking a single value which indicates whether the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> cell value can be null . See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#parsing-cells"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#parsing-cells"> Parsing Cells in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for more details. The default is false , which means cells can have null values. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-required" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-required" class="externalDFN"> required annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column .

separator

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST have a single string value that is the string used to separate items in the string value of the cell. If null (the default) or unspecified, the cell does not contain a list. Otherwise, application delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST split the string value of the cell on the specified separator and parse each of the resulting strings separately. The delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> cell's value will then be a list. See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#parsing-cells"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#parsing-cells"> Parsing Cells in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for more details. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-separator" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-separator" class="externalDFN"> separator annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column .

textDirection

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST have a single string value that is one of "ltr" , "rtl" , "auto" or "inherit" (the default). Indicates whether the text within cells should be displayed as left-to-right text ( ltr ), as right-to-left text ( rtl ), according to the content of the cell ( auto ) or in the direction inherited from the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table-direction" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-direction" class="externalDFN"> table direction annotation of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> table . The value of this property determines the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column-text-direction" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-text-direction" class="externalDFN"> text direction annotation for the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column , and the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-cell-text-direction" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-text-direction" class="externalDFN"> text direction annotation for the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-cell" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell" class="externalDFN"> cells within that column: if the value is inherit then the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table-direction" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-direction" class="externalDFN"> text direction annotation is the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table-direction" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table-direction" class="externalDFN"> table direction annotation on the table, otherwise it is the value of this property. See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#bidirectional-tables"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#bidirectional-tables"> Bidirectional Tables in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for details.

valueUrl

A delete: <a href="#dfn-uri-template-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-uri-template-property"> URI template property that is used to map the values of cells into URLs. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column-value-url" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column-value-url" class="externalDFN"> value URL annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-column" class="externalDFN"> column and is used to create the value of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-cell-value-url" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value-url" class="externalDFN"> value URL annotation for the cells within that column as described in section 5.1.3 URI Template Properties .

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="4" role="heading" id="h-note15"> insert: <div id="h-note15" role="heading" aria-level="4" class="note-title">
Note

This allows processors to build URLs from delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-values" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-value" class="externalDFN"> cell values , for example to reference RDF resources , as defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-rdf-concepts"> insert: <a href="#bib-rdf-concepts" class="bibref"> rdf-concepts ]. For example, if the value URL were "{#reference}" , each cell value of a column named reference would be used to create a URI such as http://example.com/#1234 , if 1234 were a cell value of that column.

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="4" role="heading" id="h-note16"> insert: <div id="h-note16" role="heading" aria-level="4" class="note-title">
Note

valueUrl is typically defined on a delete: <a href="#dfn-column-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-column-description"> column description . If defined on a delete: <a href="#dfn-schema-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-schema-description"> schema description , delete: <a href="#dfn-table-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-description"> table description or delete: <a href="#dfn-table-group-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-group-description"> table group description , care must be taken to ensure that transformed cell values maintain an appropriate semantic relationship.

delete: <section class="informative" id="cell-examples" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#cell-examples" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-cell-examples" resource="#h-cell-examples"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#cell-examples" typeof="bibo:Chapter" class="informative" id="cell-examples">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-cell-examples" id="h-cell-examples">

5.7.1 Examples

This section is non-normative.

In the following example, aboutUrl property is defined on the tableSchema , and therefore affects all cells for that table.

Example 38 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : http://example.org/tree-ops.csv-metadata.json insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@context"   :     [   "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     {   "@language"   :     "en"   }],     "url"   :     "tree-ops.csv"   ,     "dc:title"   :     "Tree Operations"   ,     "dcat:keyword"   :     [   "tree"   ,     "street"   ,     "maintenance"   ],     "dc:publisher"   :     {     "schema:name"   :     "Example Municipality"   ,     "schema:url"   :     {   "@id"   :     "http://example.org"   }     },     "dc:license"   :     {   "@id"   :     "http://opendefinition.org/licenses/cc-by/"   },     "dc:modified"   :     {   "@value"   :     "2010-12-31"   ,     "@type"   :     "xsd:date"   },     "tableSchema"   :     {     "columns"   :     [{     "name"   :     "GID"   ,     "titles"   :     [   "GID"   ,     "Generic Identifier"   ],     "dc:description"   :     "An identifier for the operation on a tree."   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"   ,     "required"   :     true     },     {     "name"   :     "on_street"   ,     "titles"   :     "On Street"   ,     "dc:description"   :     "The street that the tree is on."   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"     },     {     "name"   :     "species"   ,     "titles"   :     "Species"   ,     "dc:description"   :     "The species of the tree."   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"     },     {     "name"   :     "trim_cycle"   ,     "titles"   :     "Trim Cycle"   ,     "dc:description"   :     "The operation performed on the tree."   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"     },     {     "name"   :     "inventory_date"   ,     "titles"   :     "Inventory Date"   ,     "dc:description"   :     "The date of the operation that was performed."   ,     "datatype"   :     {   "base"   :     "date"   ,     "format"   :     "M/d/yyyy"   }     }],     "primaryKey"   :     "GID"   ,      "aboutUrl"   :     "#gid-{GID}"      }     }

The equivalent effect could be achieved by using the aboutUrl property on each column:

Example 39 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : http://example.org/tree-ops.csv-metadata.json insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@context"   :     [   "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     {   "@language"   :     "en"   }],     "url"   :     "tree-ops.csv"   ,     "dc:title"   :     "Tree Operations"   ,     "dcat:keyword"   :     [   "tree"   ,     "street"   ,     "maintenance"   ],     "dc:publisher"   :     {     "schema:name"   :     "Example Municipality"   ,     "schema:url"   :     {   "@id"   :     "http://example.org"   }     },     "dc:license"   :     {   "@id"   :     "http://opendefinition.org/licenses/cc-by/"   },     "dc:modified"   :     {   "@value"   :     "2010-12-31"   ,     "@type"   :     "xsd:date"   },     "tableSchema"   :     {     "columns"   :     [{     "name"   :     "GID"   ,     "titles"   :     [   "GID"   ,     "Generic Identifier"   ],      "aboutUrl"   :     "#gid-{GID}"    ,     "dc:description"   :     "An identifier for the operation on a tree."   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"   ,     "required"   :     true     },     {     "name"   :     "on_street"   ,     "titles"   :     "On Street"   ,      "aboutUrl"   :     "#gid-{GID}"    ,     "dc:description"   :     "The street that the tree is on."   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"     },     {     "name"   :     "species"   ,     "titles"   :     "Species"   ,      "aboutUrl"   :     "#gid-{GID}"    ,     "dc:description"   :     "The species of the tree."   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"     },     {     "name"   :     "trim_cycle"   ,     "titles"   :     "Trim Cycle"   ,      "aboutUrl"   :     "#gid-{GID}"    ,     "dc:description"   :     "The operation performed on the tree."   ,     "datatype"   :     "string"     },     {     "name"   :     "inventory_date"   ,     "titles"   :     "Inventory Date"   ,      "aboutUrl"   :     "#gid-{GID}"    ,     "dc:description"   :     "The date of the operation that was performed."   ,     "datatype"   :     {   "base"   :     "date"   ,     "format"   :     "M/d/yyyy"   }     }],     "primaryKey"   :     "GID"     }     }
delete: <section id="common-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#common-properties" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h3 id="h-common-properties" resource="#h-common-properties"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#common-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="common-properties">
insert: <h3 resource="#h-common-properties" id="h-common-properties">

5.8 Common Properties

Descriptions of groups of tables, tables, schemas and columns delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY contain any delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-common-properties"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-common-property" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt-nodefault=""> common properties whose names are either absolute URLs or prefixed names . For example, a table description may contain dc:description , dcat:keyword , or schema:copyrightHolder properties to provide a description, keywords, or the name of the copyright holder, as defined in Dublin Core Terms , DCAT , or schema.org .

delete: <section id="names-of-common-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#names-of-common-properties" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-names-of-common-properties" resource="#h-names-of-common-properties"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#names-of-common-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="names-of-common-properties">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-names-of-common-properties" id="h-names-of-common-properties">

5.8.1 Names of Common Properties

The names of common properties are prefixed names , in the syntax prefix : name .

Prefixed names can be delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-expanded"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-expanded" data-dfn-type="dfn"> expanded to provide a URI, by replacing the prefix and following colon with the URI that the prefix is associated with. Expansion is intended to be entirely consistent with Section 6.3 IRI Expansion in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API"> insert: <a href="#bib-JSON-LD-API" class="bibref"> JSON-LD-API ] and implementations delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY use a JSON-LD processor for performing prefixed name and IRI expansion.

The prefixes that are recognized are those defined for [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-rdfa-core"> insert: <a href="#bib-rdfa-core" class="bibref"> rdfa-core ] within the RDFa 1.1 Initial Context and other prefixes defined within [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-csvw-context"> insert: <a href="#bib-csvw-context" class="bibref"> csvw-context ] and these delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT be overridden. These prefixes are periodically extended; refer to [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-csvw-context"> insert: <a href="#bib-csvw-context" class="bibref"> csvw-context ] for details. Properties from other vocabularies delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be named using absolute URLs.

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="5" role="heading" id="h-note17"> insert: <div id="h-note17" role="heading" aria-level="5" class="note-title">
Note

Forbidding the declaration of new prefixes ensures consistent processing between JSON-LD-aware and non-JSON-LD-aware processors.

This specification does not define how common properties are interpreted by implementations. Implementations delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD"> insert: <em title="SHOULD" class="rfc2119"> SHOULD treat the prefixed names for common properties and the URLs that they expand into in the same way. For example, if an implementation recognises and displays the value of the dc:description property, it should also recognise and display the value of the http://purl.org/dc/terms/description property in the same way.

delete: <section id="values-of-common-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#values-of-common-properties" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-values-of-common-properties" resource="#h-values-of-common-properties"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#values-of-common-properties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="values-of-common-properties">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-values-of-common-properties" id="h-values-of-common-properties">

5.8.2 Values of Common Properties

Common properties can take any JSON value, so long as any objects within the value (for example as items of an array or values of properties on other objects) adhere to the following restrictions, which are designed to ensure compatibility between JSON-LD-aware and non-JSON-LD-aware processors:

  • If a @value property is used on an object, that object delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT have any other properties aside from either @type or @language , and delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT have both @type and @language as properties. The value of the @value property delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be a string, number, or boolean value.

    If @type is also used, its value delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be one of:

    If a @language property is used, it delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST have a string value that adheres to the syntax defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47"> insert: <a href="#bib-BCP47" class="bibref"> BCP47 ], or be null .

  • If a @type property is used on an object without a @value property, its value delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be one of:

    • one of the legitimate values for @type as defined for any of the description objects in this specification.
    • a prefixed name using any of the pre-defined prefixes as described in section 5.8.1 Names of Common Properties .
    • a string, which delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be interpreted as an absolute URL.

    A @type property can also have a value that is an array of such values.

  • The values of @id properties are delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link properties and are treated as URLs. During delete: <a href="#dfn-normalized" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-normalization"> normalization , as described in section 6. Normalization , they will have any prefix delete: <a href="#dfn-expanded" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-expanded"> expanded and the result resolved against the delete: <a href="#dfn-base-url" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-base-url"> base URL . Therefore, if an @id property is used on an object, it delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST have a value that is a string and that string delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT start with _: .

  • A @language property delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT be used on an object unless it also has a @value property.

  • Aside from @value , @type , @language , and @id , the properties used on an object delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT start with @ .

These restrictions are also described in section A. JSON-LD Dialect , from the perspective of a processor that otherwise supports JSON-LD. Examples of common property values and the impact of delete: <a href="#dfn-normalized" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-normalization"> normalization are given in section 6.1 Examples .

delete: <section id="dialect-descriptions" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#dialect-descriptions" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h3 id="h-dialect-descriptions" resource="#h-dialect-descriptions"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#dialect-descriptions" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="dialect-descriptions">
insert: <h3 resource="#h-dialect-descriptions" id="h-dialect-descriptions">

5.9 Dialect Descriptions

Much of the tabular data that is published on the web is messy, and CSV parsers frequently need to be configured in order to correctly read in CSV. A delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-dialect-description"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-dialect-description" data-dfn-type="dfn"> dialect description provides hints to parsers about how to parse the file linked to from the url property in a delete: <a href="#dfn-table-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-table-description"> table description . It can have any of the following properties, which relate to the flags described in delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#parsing"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#parsing"> Section 5 Parsing Tabular Data within the [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ]:

commentPrefix

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that sets the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-comment-prefix" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-comment-prefix" class="externalDFN"> comment prefix flag to the single provided value, which delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be a string. The default is "#" .

delimiter

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that sets the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-delimiter" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-delimiter" class="externalDFN"> delimiter flag to the single provided value, which delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be a string. The default is "," .

doubleQuote

A boolean delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that, if true , sets the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-escape-character" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-escape-character" class="externalDFN"> escape character flag to " . If false , to \ . The default is true .

encoding

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that sets the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-encoding" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-encoding" class="externalDFN"> encoding flag to the single provided string value, which delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be a defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-encoding"> insert: <a href="#bib-encoding" class="bibref"> encoding ]. The default is "utf-8" .

header

A boolean delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that, if true , sets the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-header-row-count" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-header-row-count" class="externalDFN"> header row count flag to 1 , and if false to 0 , unless headerRowCount is provided, in which case the value provided for the header property is ignored. The default is true .

headerRowCount

A numeric delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that sets the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-header-row-count" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-header-row-count" class="externalDFN"> header row count flag to the single provided value, which delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be a non-negative integer. The default is 1 .

lineTerminators

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that sets the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-line-terminators" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-line-terminators" class="externalDFN"> line terminators flag to either an array containing the single provided string value, or the provided array. The default is ["\r\n", "\n"] .

quoteChar

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that sets the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-quote-character" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-quote-character" class="externalDFN"> quote character flag to the single provided value, which delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be a string or null . If the value is null , the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-escape-character" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-escape-character" class="externalDFN"> escape character flag is also set to null . The default is '"' .

skipBlankRows

A boolean delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that sets the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-skip-blank-rows" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-skip-blank-rows" class="externalDFN"> skip blank rows flag to the single provided boolean value. The default is false .

skipColumns

A numeric delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that sets the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-skip-columns" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-skip-columns" class="externalDFN"> skip columns flag to the single provided numeric value, which delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be a non-negative integer. The default is 0 .

skipInitialSpace

A boolean delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that, if true , sets the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-trim" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-trim" class="externalDFN"> trim flag to "start" and if false , to false . If the trim property is provided, the skipInitialSpace property is ignored. The default is false .

skipRows

A numeric delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that sets the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-skip-rows" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-skip-rows" class="externalDFN"> skip rows flag to the single provided numeric value, which delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be a non-negative integer. The default is 0 .

trim

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that, if the boolean true , sets the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-trim" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-trim" class="externalDFN"> trim flag to true and if the boolean false to false . If the value provided is a string, sets the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-trim" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-trim" class="externalDFN"> trim flag to the provided value, which delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be one of "true" , "false" , "start" , or "end" . The default is true .

@id

If included, @id is a delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link property that identifies the dialect described by this delete: <a href="#dfn-dialect-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-dialect-description"> dialect description . It delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT start with _: .

@type

If included, @type is an delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be set to "Dialect" . Publishers delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY include this to provide additional information to JSON-LD based toolchains.

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="4" role="heading" id="h-note18"> insert: <div id="h-note18" role="heading" aria-level="4" class="note-title">
Note

Dialect descriptions do not provide a mechanism for handling CSV files in which there are multiple tables within a single file (e.g. separated by empty lines).

The default dialect description for CSV files is: 

 { "encoding": "utf-8", "lineTerminators": ["\r\n", "\n"], "quoteChar": "\"", "doubleQuote": true, "skipRows": 0, "commentPrefix": "#", "header": true, "headerRowCount": 1, "delimiter": ",", "skipColumns": 0, "skipBlankRows": false, "skipInitialSpace": false, "trim": false }
delete: <section id="transformation-definitions" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#transformation-definitions" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h3 id="h-transformation-definitions" resource="#h-transformation-definitions"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#transformation-definitions" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="transformation-definitions">
insert: <h3 resource="#h-transformation-definitions" id="h-transformation-definitions">

5.10 Transformation Definitions

A delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-transformation-definition"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-transformation-definition" data-dfn-type="dfn"> transformation definition is a definition of how tabular data can be transformed into another format using a script or template.

For example, the following transformation definition will enable a processor that supports it to generate an iCalendar document using a Mustache template based on the JSON created from the simple mapping to JSON.

Example 40 
 { "url": "templates/ical.txt", "titles": "iCalendar", "targetFormat": "http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/text/calendar", "scriptFormat": "https://mustache.github.io/", "source": "json" }

A processor that recognises templates in the Mustache format indicated by "https://mustache.github.io/" and that could convert tables into JSON based on [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-csv2json"> insert: <a href="#bib-csv2json" class="bibref"> csv2json ] would retrieve the template from "templates/ical.txt" and apply this to the resulting JSON.

Transformation definitions have the following properties:

delete: <section id="required-properties-2" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#required-properties-2" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-required-properties-2" resource="#h-required-properties-2"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#required-properties-2" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="required-properties-2">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-required-properties-2" id="h-required-properties-2">

5.10.1 Required Properties

Transformation definitions delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST have the following properties:

url

A delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link property giving the single URL of the file that the script or template is held in, relative to the location of the metadata document.

scriptFormat

A delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link property giving the single URL for the format that is used by the script or template. If one has been defined, this should be a URL for a media type, in the form http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/ media-type such as http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/javascript . Otherwise, it can be any URL that describes the script or template format.

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="5" role="heading" id="h-note19"> insert: <div id="h-note19" role="heading" aria-level="5" class="note-title">
Note

The scriptFormat URL is intended as an informative identifier for the template format, and applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD NOT"> insert: <em title="SHOULD NOT" class="rfc2119"> SHOULD NOT access the URL. The template formats that an application supports are implementation defined.

targetFormat

A delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link property giving the single URL for the format that will be created through the transformation. If one has been defined, this should be a URL for a media type, in the form http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/ media-type such as http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/text/calendar . Otherwise, it can be any URL that describes the target format.

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="5" role="heading" id="h-note20"> insert: <div id="h-note20" role="heading" aria-level="5" class="note-title">
Note

The targetFormat URL is intended as an informative identifier for the target format, and applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD NOT"> insert: <em title="SHOULD NOT" class="rfc2119"> SHOULD NOT access the URL.

delete: <section id="optional-properties-2" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#optional-properties-2" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-optional-properties-2" resource="#h-optional-properties-2"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#optional-properties-2" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="optional-properties-2">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-optional-properties-2" id="h-optional-properties-2">

5.10.2 Optional Properties

Transformation definitions delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY have the following properties:

source

A single string delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that provides, if specified, the format to which the tabular data should be transformed prior to the transformation using the script or template. If the value is json , the tabular data delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST first be transformed to JSON as defined by [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-csv2json"> insert: <a href="#bib-csv2json" class="bibref"> csv2json ] using delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-csv2json-20151117/#dfn-standard-mode" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-csv2json-20151217/#dfn-standard-mode" class="externalDFN"> standard mode . If the value is rdf , the tabular data delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST first be transformed to an RDF graph as defined by [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-csv2rdf"> insert: <a href="#bib-csv2rdf" class="bibref"> csv2rdf ] using delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-csv2rdf-20151117/#dfn-standard-mode" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-csv2rdf-20151217/#dfn-standard-mode" class="externalDFN"> standard mode . If the source property is missing or null (the default) then the source of the transformation is the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-annotated-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-annotated-tabular-data-model"> annotated tabular data model . No other values are valid; applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST generate a warning and behave as if the property had not been specified.

titles

A delete: <a href="#dfn-natural-language-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-natural-language-property"> natural language property that describes the format that will be generated from the transformation. This is useful if the target format is a generic format (such as application/json ) and the transformation is creating a specific profile of that format.

@id

If included, @id is a delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link property that identifies the transformation described by this delete: <a href="#dfn-transformation-definition" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-transformation-definition"> transformation definition . It delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT start with _: .

@type

If included, @type is an delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be set to "Template" . Publishers delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY include this to provide additional information to JSON-LD based toolchains.

The transformation definition delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY contain any delete: <a href="#dfn-common-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-common-property"> common properties to provide extra metadata about the transformation.

delete: <section id="processing-transformation-definitions" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#processing-transformation-definitions" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-processing-transformation-definitions" resource="#h-processing-transformation-definitions"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#processing-transformation-definitions" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="processing-transformation-definitions">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-processing-transformation-definitions" id="h-processing-transformation-definitions">

5.10.3 Processing Transformation Definitions

Implementations delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY present users with options for transformations based on the available delete: <a href="#dfn-transformation-definition" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-transformation-definition"> transformation definitions and their properties. Implementations delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD"> insert: <em title="SHOULD" class="rfc2119"> SHOULD filter this list to only include those transformations whose scriptFormat they understand and can apply, and whose source property, if present, specifies a format that the implementation can convert to. Users may find the targetFormat and titles properties useful in deciding which transformation to apply.

When directed by a user to transform a table using a delete: <a href="#dfn-transformation-definition" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-transformation-definition"> transformation definition , implementations delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST :

  1. Convert the table to the format specified by the source property, if this is specified and not null .
  2. Fetch the script or template from the location specified by the url property and raise an error if this does not exist.
  3. Use the scriptFormat property to determine how to interpret that script or template, and apply it to the table (or the result of converting the table).
delete: <section id="datatypes" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#datatypes" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h3 id="h-datatypes" resource="#h-datatypes"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#datatypes" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="datatypes">
insert: <h3 resource="#h-datatypes" id="h-datatypes">

5.11 Datatypes

Cells within tables may be annotated with a datatype which indicates the type of the values obtained by parsing the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-string-value" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-cell-string-value" class="externalDFN"> string value of the cell. See [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for a description of annotations on a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype .

delete: <section id="built-in-datatypes" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#built-in-datatypes" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-built-in-datatypes" resource="#h-built-in-datatypes"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#built-in-datatypes" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="built-in-datatypes">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-built-in-datatypes" id="h-built-in-datatypes">

5.11.1 Built-in Datatypes

The possible built-in datatypes, as shown on the diagram , are:

  • the datatypes defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-xmlschema11-2"> insert: <a href="#bib-xmlschema11-2" class="bibref"> xmlschema11-2 ] as derived from and including anyAtomicType , whose identifier URLs are generated by prefixing the name with http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# .
  • the datatype number whose identifier URL is http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double .
  • the datatype binary whose identifier URL is http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#base64Binary .
  • the datatype datetime whose identifier URL is http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime .
  • the datatype any whose identifier URL is http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#anyAtomicType .
  • the datatype xml , a sub-type of string , whose identifier URL is http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#XMLLiteral and which indicates the value is an XML fragment.
  • the datatype html , a sub-type of string , whose identifier URL is http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#HTML and which indicates the value is an HTML fragment.
  • the datatype json , a sub-type of string , whose identifier URL is http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw#JSON and which indicates the value is serialized JSON.
Built-in Datatype Hierarchy diagram
Fig. 2 Diagram showing the built-in datatypes, based on [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-xmlschema11-2"> insert: <a href="#bib-xmlschema11-2" class="bibref"> xmlschema11-2 ]; names in parentheses denote aliases to the [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-xmlschema11-2"> insert: <a href="#bib-xmlschema11-2" class="bibref"> xmlschema11-2 ] terms (see the diagram in SVG or PNG formats)
delete: <section id="derived-datatypes" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#derived-datatypes" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h4 id="h-derived-datatypes" resource="#h-derived-datatypes"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#derived-datatypes" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="derived-datatypes">
insert: <h4 resource="#h-derived-datatypes" id="h-derived-datatypes">

5.11.2 Derived Datatypes

More specialized datatypes can be defined through a delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-datatype-description"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-datatype-description" data-dfn-type="dfn"> datatype description . A datatype description may have any of the following properties, all of which are optional.

base

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that contains a single string: the name of one of the built-in datatypes, as listed above (and which are defined as terms in the default context). Its default is string . All values of the datatype delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be valid values of the base datatype. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-base" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype-base" class="externalDFN"> base annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype .

format

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that contains either a single string or an object that defines the format of a value of this type, used when parsing a string value as described in delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#parsing-cells"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#parsing-cells"> Parsing Cells in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ]. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-format" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype-format" class="externalDFN"> format annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype .

length

A numeric delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that contains a single integer that is the exact length of the value. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-length" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype-length" class="externalDFN"> length annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype . See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#length-constraints" class="sectionRef"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#length-constraints" class="sectionRef"> Length Constraints in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for details.

minLength

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that contains a single integer that is the minimum length of the value. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-minimum-length" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype-minimum-length" class="externalDFN"> minimum length annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype . See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#length-constraints" class="sectionRef"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#length-constraints" class="sectionRef"> Length Constraints in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for details.

maxLength

A numeric delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that contains a single integer that is the maximum length of the value. The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-maximum-length" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype-maximum-length" class="externalDFN"> maximum length annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype . See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#length-constraints" class="sectionRef"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#length-constraints" class="sectionRef"> Length Constraints in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for details.

minimum

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that contains a single number or string that is the minimum valid value (inclusive); equivalent to minInclusive . The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-minimum" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype-minimum" class="externalDFN"> minimum annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype . See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#value-constraints" class="sectionRef"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#value-constraints" class="sectionRef"> Value Constraints in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for details.

maximum

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that contains a single number or string that is the maximum valid value (inclusive); equivalent to maxInclusive . The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-maximum" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype-maximum" class="externalDFN"> maximum annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype . See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#value-constraints" class="sectionRef"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#value-constraints" class="sectionRef"> Value Constraints in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for details.

minInclusive

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that contains a single number or string that is the minimum valid value (inclusive). The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-minimum" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype-minimum" class="externalDFN"> minimum annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype . See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#value-constraints" class="sectionRef"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#value-constraints" class="sectionRef"> Value Constraints in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for details.

maxInclusive

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that contains a single number or string that is the maximum valid value (inclusive). The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-maximum" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype-maximum" class="externalDFN"> maximum annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype . See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#value-constraints" class="sectionRef"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#value-constraints" class="sectionRef"> Value Constraints in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for details.

minExclusive

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that contains a single number or string that is the minimum valid value (exclusive). The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-minimum-exclusive" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype-minimum-exclusive" class="externalDFN"> minimum exclusive annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype . See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#value-constraints" class="sectionRef"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#value-constraints" class="sectionRef"> Value Constraints in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for details.

maxExclusive

An delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that contains a single number or string that is the maximum valid value (exclusive). The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-maximum-exclusive" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype-maximum-exclusive" class="externalDFN"> maximum exclusive annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype . See delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#value-constraints" class="sectionRef"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#value-constraints" class="sectionRef"> Value Constraints in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ] for details.

@id

If included, @id is a delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link property that identifies the datatype described by this delete: <a href="#dfn-datatype-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-datatype-description"> datatype description . The value of this property becomes the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-datatype-id" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype-id" class="externalDFN"> id annotation for the described delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-datatype" class="externalDFN"> datatype . It delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT start with _: and it delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT"> insert: <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"> MUST NOT be the URL of a built-in datatype.

@type

If included, @type is an delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be set to "Datatype" . Publishers delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY include this to provide additional information to JSON-LD based toolchains.

The delete: <a href="#dfn-datatype-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-datatype-description"> datatype description delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY"> insert: <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"> MAY contain any delete: <a href="#dfn-common-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-common-property"> common properties to provide extra metadata about the datatype, such as a title or description.

Applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST raise an error if the @id property has the value of a built-in datatype and any other property is specified. In these cases, the other properties are ignored.

Applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST raise an error if both length and minLength are specified and length is less than minLength . Similarly, applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST raise an error if both length and maxLength are specified and length is greater than maxLength . Applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST raise an error if minLength and maxLength are both specified and minLength is greater than maxLength . Applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST raise an error if length , maxLength , or minLength are specified and the base datatype is neither string , a subtype of string , nor a binary type.

In all ways, including the errors described below, the minimum property is equivalent to the minInclusive property and the maximum property is equivalent to the maxInclusive property. Applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST raise an error if both minimum and minInclusive are specified and they do not have the same value. Similarly, applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST raise an error if both maximum and maxInclusive are specified and they do not have the same value.

Applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST raise an error if both minInclusive and minExclusive are specified, or if both maxInclusive and maxExclusive are specified. Applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST raise an error if both minInclusive and maxInclusive are specified and maxInclusive is less than minInclusive , or if both minInclusive and maxExclusive are specified and maxExclusive is less than or equal to minInclusive . Similarly, applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST raise an error if both minExclusive and maxExclusive are specified and maxExclusive is less than minExclusive , or if both minExclusive and maxInclusive are specified and maxInclusive is less than or equal to minExclusive .

Applications delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST raise an error if minimum , minInclusive , maximum , maxInclusive , minExclusive , or maxExclusive are specified and the base datatype is not a numeric, date/time, or duration type.

Validation against these properties is as defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-xmlschema11-2"> insert: <a href="#bib-xmlschema11-2" class="bibref"> xmlschema11-2 ].

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="5" role="heading" id="h-note21"> insert: <div id="h-note21" role="heading" aria-level="5" class="note-title">
Note

The format property is not used when interpreting values for the minimum , maximum , minInclusive , maxInclusive , minExclusive , or maxExclusive values. If these values are strings, they must be specified using a valid representation appropriate for the datatype base as defined in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-xmlschema11-2"> insert: <a href="#bib-xmlschema11-2" class="bibref"> xmlschema11-2 ]. For example: 

 { "datatype": "date", "format": "dd/MM/yyyy", "minimum": "2000-01-01" }
delete: <section id="normalization" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#normalization" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h2 id="h-normalization" resource="#h-normalization"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#normalization" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="normalization">
insert: <h2 resource="#h-normalization" id="h-normalization">

6. Normalization

A delete: <a href="#dfn-description-object" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-description-object"> description object is delete: <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-normalized"> insert: <dfn id="dfn-normalization" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt-nodefault=""> normalized as follows:

  1. If the property is a delete: <a href="#dfn-common-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-common-property"> common property or notes the value delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be normalized as follows:
    1. If the value is an array, each value within the array is normalized in place as described here.
    2. If the value is a string, replace it with an object with a @value property whose value is that string. If a delete: <a href="#dfn-default-language" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-default-language"> default language is specified, add a @language property whose value is that default language.
    3. If the value is an object with a @value property, it remains as is.
    4. If the value is any other object, normalize each property of that object as follows:
      1. If the property is @id , delete: <a href="#dfn-expanded" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-expanded"> expand any prefixed names and resolve its value against the delete: <a href="#dfn-base-url" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-base-url"> base URL .
      2. If the property is @type , then its value remains as is.
      3. Otherwise, normalize the value of the property as if it were a common property, according to this algorithm.
    5. Otherwise, the value remains as is.
  2. If the property is an delete: <a href="#dfn-array-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-array-property"> array property each element of the value is normalized using this algorithm.
  3. If the property is a delete: <a href="#dfn-link-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-link-property"> link property the value is turned into an absolute URL using the delete: <a href="#dfn-base-url" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-base-url"> base URL and normalized as described in delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#url-normalization"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#url-normalization"> URL Normalization [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-tabular-data-model"> insert: <a href="#bib-tabular-data-model" class="bibref"> tabular-data-model ].
  4. If the property is an delete: <a href="#dfn-object-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-object-property"> object property with a string value, the string is a URL referencing a JSON document containing a single object. Fetch this URL to retrieve an object, which may have a local @context . Normalize each property in the resulting object recursively using this algorithm and with its local @context then remove the local @context property. If the resulting object does not have an @id property, add an @id whose value is the original URL. This object becomes the value of the original object property.
  5. If the property is an delete: <a href="#dfn-object-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-object-property"> object property with an object value, normalize each property recursively using this algorithm.
  6. If the property is a delete: <a href="#dfn-natural-language-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-natural-language-property"> natural language property and the value is not already an object, it is turned into an object whose properties are language codes and where the values of those properties are arrays. The suitable language code for the values is determined through the delete: <a href="#dfn-default-language" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-default-language"> default language ; if it can't be determined the language code und delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST be used.
  7. If the property is an delete: <a href="#dfn-atomic-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-atomic-property"> atomic property that can be a string or an object, normalize to the object form as described for that property.

Following this normalization process, the @base and @language properties within the @context are no longer relevant; the normalized metadata can have its @context set to http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw .

delete: <section class="informative" id="normalization-examples" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#normalization-examples" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h3 id="h-normalization-examples" resource="#h-normalization-examples"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#normalization-examples" typeof="bibo:Chapter" class="informative" id="normalization-examples">
insert: <h3 resource="#h-normalization-examples" id="h-normalization-examples">

6.1 Examples

This section is non-normative.

The following are examples of how common properties are normalized.

In this example, a simple string is used as the title for a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/#dfn-table" class="externalDFN"> table using the dc:title delete: <a href="#dfn-common-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-common-property"> common property :

Example 41 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : Giving a title to a Table insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@context"   :     {     "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     {     "@language"   :     "en"     }     },     "@type"   :     "Table"   ,     "url"   :     "http://example.com/table.csv"   ,     "tableSchema"   :     [...],      "dc:title"   :     "The title of this Table"      }

Since there is a delete: <a href="#dfn-default-language" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-default-language"> default language , this is equivalent to explicitly specifying the language of that title; the original string value becomes the value of the @value property within a value object :

Example 42 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : Giving a title to a Table insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@type"   :     "Table"   ,     "url"   :     "http://example.com/table.csv"   ,     "tableSchema"   :     [...],      "dc:title"   :     {   "@value"   :     "The title of this Table"   ,     "@language"   :     "en"   }      }

It is also possible to use a simple value object to give a title. However, in this case the delete: <a href="#dfn-default-language" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-default-language"> default language is not applied to the title:

Example 43 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : Giving a label to a Table insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@context"   :     {     "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     {     "@language"   :     "en"     }     },     "@type"   :     "Table"   ,     "url"   :     "http://example.com/table.csv"   ,     "tableSchema"   :     [...],      "dc:title"   :     {   "@value"   :     "The title of this Table"   }      }

The next example uses an array of a string and a value object to give two titles with different languages:

Example 44 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : Giving a title to a Table insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@context"   :     {     "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     {     "@language"   :     "en"     }     },     "@type"   :     "Table"   ,     "url"   :     "http://example.com/table.csv"   ,     "tableSchema"   :     [...],      "dc:title"   :     [     "The title of this Table"   ,     {   "@value"   :     "Der Titel dieser Tabelle"   ,     "@language"   :     "de"   }     ]      }

The normalized version of this is:

Example 45 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : Giving a title to a Table insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@type"   :     "Table"   ,     "url"   :     "http://example.com/table.csv"   ,     "tableSchema"   :     [...],      "dc:title"   :     [     {   "@value"   :     "The title of this Table"   ,     "@language"   :     "en"   }     {   "@value"   :     "Der Titel dieser Tabelle"   ,     "@language"   :     "de"   }     ]      }

The next example demonstrates a node object , in which the value of the schema:url property is a reference to another resource:

Example 46 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : Referencing a URL insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@context"   :     [     "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     {     "@base"   :     "http://example.com/"     }     ],     "@type"   :     "Table"   ,     "url"   :     "table.csv"   ,     "tableSchema"   :     [...],      "schema:url"   :     {   "@id"   :     "table.csv"   }      }

The value of the @id property is normalized as described in section 6. Normalization against the delete: <a href="#dfn-base-url" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-base-url"> base URL provided through the @base property, which means the above example is equivalent to:

Example 47 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : Referencing a URL insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@context"   :     "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     "@type"   :     "Table"   ,     "url"   :     "http://example.com/table.csv"   ,     "tableSchema"   :     [...],      "schema:url"   :     {   "@id"   :     "http://example.com/table.csv"   }      }

The following example shows the dc:publisher property as an array that contains a single node object :

Example 48 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : Embedded object insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  {     "@context"   :     "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"   ,     "@type"   :     "Table"   ,     "url"   :     "http://example.com/table.csv"   ,     "tableSchema"   :     [...],      "dc:publisher"   :     [{     "schema:name"   :     "Example Municipality"   ,     "schema:url"   :     {   "@id"   :     "http://example.org"   }     }]    ,     }

Following normalization, the schema:name property of the dc:publisher is expanded as shown:

Example 49 insert: <span style="text-transform: none"> : Normalized embedded object insert: </span>
delete: <pre class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> insert: <pre style="" class="example highlight prettyprint prettyprinted"> 
  "dc:publisher"   :     [{     "schema:name"   :     {     "@value"   :     "Example Municipality"     },     "schema:url"   :     {     "@id"   :     "http://example.org"     }     }]
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7. Security Considerations

Applications that process tabular data may use that data to drive other actions, which may have security implications. These behaviors are outside the scope of this specification.

Third party metadata provided about a tabular data file (such as a CSV file) may rename or ignore headers, or exclude rows or columns, which may lead to data being misinterpreted by applications that process it.

delete: <a href="#dfn-transformation-definition" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-transformation-definition"> Transformation definitions are a possible security risk as they enable the creators of metadata to reference arbitrary code that may be executed to convert tabular data into other formats. Implementations should run this arbitrary code in a sandboxed environment to reduce the security risk.

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A. JSON-LD Dialect

The Metadata Vocabulary for Tabular Data uses a format based on JSON-LD [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD"> insert: <a href="#bib-JSON-LD" class="bibref"> JSON-LD ] with some restrictions.

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insert: <h3 resource="#h-url-compaction" id="h-url-compaction">

A.1 URL Compaction

When normalizing metadata, prefixed names used in delete: <a href="#dfn-common-properties" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn"> insert: <a data-link-type="dfn" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-common-property"> common properties and notes are expanded to absolute URLs. For some serializations, these are more appropriately presented using prefixed names or terms . This algorithm compacts an absolute URL to a prefixed name or term .

  1. If the URL exactly matches the absolute IRI associated with a term in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-csvw-context"> insert: <a href="#bib-csvw-context" class="bibref"> csvw-context ], replace the URL with that term.
  2. Otherwise, if the URL starts with the absolute IRI associated with a term in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-csvw-context"> insert: <a href="#bib-csvw-context" class="bibref"> csvw-context ], replace the matched part of that URL with the term separated with a : ( U+0040 ) to create a prefixed name . If the resulting prefixed name is rdf:type , replace with @type .
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insert: <h2 resource="#h-acknowledgements" id="h-acknowledgements">

B. Acknowledgements

This document is influenced by Data Package specification and the JSON Table Schema , which are maintained as part of Data Protocols . Particular contributors to that work are Rufus Pollock, Paul Fitzpatrick, Andrew Berkeley, Francis Irving, Benoit Chesneau, Leigh Dodds, Martin Keegan, and Gunnlaugur Thor Briem.

At the time of publication, the following individuals had participated in the Working Group, in the order of their first name: Adam Retter, Alf Eaton, Anastasia Dimou, Andy Seaborne, Axel Polleres, Christopher Gutteridge, Dan Brickley, Davide Ceolin, Eric Stephan, Erik Mannens, Gregg Kellogg, Ivan Herman, Jeni Tennison, Jeremy Tandy, Jürgen Umbrich, Rufus Pollock, Stasinos Konstantopoulos, William Ingram, and Yakov Shafranovich.
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insert: <h2 resource="#h-iana-considerations" id="h-iana-considerations">

C. IANA Considerations

application/csvm+json
Type name:
application
Subtype name:
csvm+json
Required parameters:
N/A
Optional parameters:
N/A
Encoding considerations:
Binary, as per [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC6839"> insert: <a href="#bib-RFC6839" class="bibref"> RFC6839 ], section 3.1; the charset parameter is not used and byte-order marks are not permitted, as per [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC7159"> insert: <a href="#bib-RFC7159" class="bibref"> RFC7159 ], sections 11 and 8.1
Security considerations:
See [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC7159"> insert: <a href="#bib-RFC7159" class="bibref"> RFC7159 ] section 12 and section 7. Security Considerations of this specification
Interoperability considerations:
Note that this format is not the same as the existing text/csv and text/tab-delimited-values media types, but a JSON-based format used to annotate such documents. Also see [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC7159"> insert: <a href="#bib-RFC7159" class="bibref"> RFC7159 ] for interoperability information for JSON.
Published specification:
This specification.
Applications that use this media type:
It is anticipated that there is a broad need for data validators and converters to alternate structured representations of tabular data. It is expected that many applications and programming languages will be using this media type across many operating systems.
Fragment identifier considerations:
See [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC6839"> insert: <a href="#bib-RFC6839" class="bibref"> RFC6839 ], section 3.1
Additional information:
Magic number(s):
None.

Although no byte sequence can be guaranteed at a specific location, a valid application/csvm+json document delete: <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"> insert: <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"> MUST somewhere contain the string "@context" (including quotation characters), followed by one or more whitespace, colon or open-square-bracket characters, followed by the string "http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw" (including quotation characters).

File extension(s):
".json"
Macintosh file type code(s):
"TEXT"
Macintosh Universal Type Identifier code:
org.w3c.csvm conforms to public.json
Windows Clipboard Name
Tabular Metadata in JSON
Person & email address to contact for further information:
Ivan Herman <ivan@w3.org>
Intended usage:
COMMON
Restrictions on usage:
None
Author/Change controller:
The Tabular metadata specification is the product of the CSV on the Web Working Group. The W3C reserves change control over this specification.
delete: <section class="appendix" id="json-ld-context" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#json-ld-context" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h2 id="h-json-ld-context" resource="#h-json-ld-context"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#json-ld-context" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="json-ld-context" class="appendix">
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D. JSON-LD Context

The JSON-LD context, located at http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw.jsonld is used with metadata documents. When used within a metadata document, the context can be referenced as http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw . See [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-csvw-context"> insert: <a href="#bib-csvw-context" class="bibref"> csvw-context ] for a full description of defined terms and prefixes . This context may be updated from time-to-time to define new terms and prefixes.

delete: <div class="note-title" aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h-note22"> insert: <div id="h-note22" role="heading" aria-level="3" class="note-title">
Note

A JSON-LD processor retrieving the context will use content negotiation to request the resource at http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw with an Accept: application/ld+json HTTP header as defined in Remote Document and Context Retrieval in [ delete: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API"> insert: <a href="#bib-JSON-LD-API" class="bibref"> JSON-LD-API ]. Without this header, this resource will return an HTML representation of the csvw namespace. All serializations of this resource also define the metadata vocabulary using RDFS .

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insert: <h2 resource="#h-changes" id="h-changes">

E. Changes from previous drafts

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insert: <h3 resource="#h-changes-since-the-candidate-recommendation-of-16-july-2015" id="h-changes-since-the-candidate-recommendation-of-16-july-2015">

E.1 Changes since the candidate recommendation of 16 July 2015

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insert: <h3 resource="#h-changes-since-the-working-draft-of-16-april-2015" id="h-changes-since-the-working-draft-of-16-april-2015">

E.2 Changes since the working draft of 16 April 2015

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insert: <h3 resource="#h-changes-since-the-working-draft-of-08-january-2015" id="h-changes-since-the-working-draft-of-08-january-2015">

E.3 Changes since the working draft of 08 January 2015

The document has undergone substantial changes since the last working draft. Below are some of the changes made:

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insert: <h2 resource="#h-references" id="h-references">

F. References

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insert: <h3 resource="#h-normative-references" id="h-normative-references">

F.1 Normative references

delete: <dl class="bibliography" resource=""> insert: <dl resource="" class="bibliography">
[BCP47]
A. Phillips; M. Davis. delete: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47"> Tags for Identifying Languages . September 2009. IETF Best Current Practice. URL: delete: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47"> https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47
[JSON-LD]
Manu Sporny; Gregg Kellogg; Markus Lanthaler. delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> JSON-LD 1.0 . 16 January 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/
[JSON-LD-API]
Markus Lanthaler; Gregg Kellogg; Manu Sporny. delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/"> JSON-LD 1.0 Processing Algorithms and API . 16 January 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/
[RFC2119]
S. Bradner. delete: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119"> Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels . March 1997. Best Current Practice. URL: delete: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119"> https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119
[RFC3986]
T. Berners-Lee; R. Fielding; L. Masinter. delete: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986"> Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax . January 2005. Internet Standard. URL: delete: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986"> https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986
[RFC7159]
T. Bray, Ed.. delete: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159"> The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format . March 2014. Proposed Standard. URL: delete: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159"> https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159
[URI-TEMPLATE]
J. Gregorio; R. Fielding; M. Hadley; M. Nottingham; D. Orchard. delete: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6570" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6570"> URI Template . March 2012. Proposed Standard. URL: delete: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6570" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6570"> https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6570
[csv2json]
Jeremy Tandy; Ivan Herman. delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-csv2json-20151117/" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-csv2json-20151217/"> Generating JSON from Tabular Data on the Web . W3C Proposed Recommendation. URL: delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-csv2json-20151117/" property="dc:requires"> http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-csv2json-20151117/ insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-csv2json-20151217/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-csv2json-20151217/
[csv2rdf]
Jeremy Tandy; Ivan Herman; Gregg Kellogg. delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-csv2rdf-20151117/" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-csv2rdf-20151217/"> Generating RDF from Tabular Data on the Web . W3C Proposed Recommendation. URL: delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-csv2rdf-20151117/" property="dc:requires"> http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-csv2rdf-20151117/ insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-csv2rdf-20151217/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-csv2rdf-20151217/
[encoding]
Anne van Kesteren; Joshua Bell; Addison Phillips. delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/encoding/" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/encoding/"> Encoding . 20 October 2015. W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/encoding/" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/encoding/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/encoding/
[tabular-data-model]
Jeni Tennison; Gregg Kellogg. delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/"> Model for Tabular Data and Metadata on the Web . W3C Proposed Recommendation. URL: delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/" property="dc:requires"> http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/PR-tabular-data-model-20151117/ insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-tabular-data-model-20151217/
[xmlschema11-2]
David Peterson; Sandy Gao; Ashok Malhotra; Michael Sperberg-McQueen; Henry Thompson; Paul V. Biron et al. delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/"> W3C XML Schema Definition Language (XSD) 1.1 Part 2: Datatypes . 5 April 2012. W3C Recommendation. URL: delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/" property="dc:requires"> insert: <a property="dc:requires" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/
delete: <section id="informative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#informative-references" property="bibo:hasPart"> delete: <h3 id="h-informative-references" resource="#h-informative-references"> insert: <section property="bibo:hasPart" resource="#informative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="informative-references">
insert: <h3 resource="#h-informative-references" id="h-informative-references">

F.2 Informative references

delete: <dl class="bibliography" resource=""> insert: <dl resource="" class="bibliography">
[RFC6839]
T. Hansen; A. Melnikov. delete: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6839" property="dc:references"> insert: <a property="dc:references" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6839"> Additional Media Type Structured Syntax Suffixes . January 2013. Informational. URL: delete: <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6839" property="dc:references"> insert: <a property="dc:references" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6839"> https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6839
[csvw-context]
Gregg Kellogg. delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw" property="dc:references"> insert: <a property="dc:references" href="http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"> Metadata Vocabulary for Tabular Data . URL: delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw" property="dc:references"> insert: <a property="dc:references" href="http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw"> http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw
[rdf-concepts]
Graham Klyne; Jeremy Carroll. delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/" property="dc:references"> insert: <a property="dc:references" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/"> Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax . 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/" property="dc:references"> insert: <a property="dc:references" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/
[rdfa-core]
Ben Adida; Mark Birbeck; Shane McCarron; Ivan Herman et al. delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-core/" property="dc:references"> insert: <a property="dc:references" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-core/"> RDFa Core 1.1 - Third Edition . 17 March 2015. W3C Recommendation. URL: delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-core/" property="dc:references"> insert: <a property="dc:references" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-core/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-core/