RDF 1.2 N-Triples

A line-based syntax for an RDF graph

W3C Working Draft

More details about this document
This version:
https://www.w3.org/TR/2023/WD-rdf12-n-triples-20230831/
Latest published version:
https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-n-triples/
Latest editor's draft:
https://w3c.github.io/rdf-n-triples/spec/
History:
https://www.w3.org/standards/history/rdf12-n-triples/
Commit history
Test suite:
https://w3c.github.io/rdf-tests/ntriples/
Latest Recommendation:
https://www.w3.org/TR/n-triples
Editors:
Gregg Kellogg
Dominik Tomaszuk
Former editors:
Gavin Carothers
Andy Seaborne
Author:
David Beckett
Feedback:
GitHub w3c/rdf-n-triples (pull requests, new issue, open issues)
public-rdf-star-wg@w3.org with subject line [rdf12-n-triples] … message topic … (archives)

Abstract

N-Triples is a line-based, plain text format for encoding an RDF graph.

RDF 1.2 N-Triples introduces quoted triples as a fourth kind of RDF term which can be used as the subject or object of another triple, making it possible to make statements about other statements.

Status of This Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at https://www.w3.org/TR/.

This document is part of the RDF 1.2 document suite. The N-Triples format is a line-based RDF syntax based on a subset of Turtle [RDF12-TURTLE].

This document was published by the RDF-star Working Group as a Working Draft using the Recommendation track.

Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by W3C and its Members.

This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

This document was produced by a group operating under the W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.

This document is governed by the 12 June 2023 W3C Process Document.

1. Introduction

This section is non-normative.

This document defines N-Triples, a concrete syntax for RDF [RDF12-CONCEPTS]. N-Triples is an easy to parse line-based subset of Turtle [RDF12-TURTLE].

The syntax is a revised version of N-Triples as originally defined in the RDF Test Cases [RDF-TESTCASES] document. Its original intent was for writing test cases, but it has proven to be popular as an exchange format for RDF data.

An N-Triples document contains no parsing directives.

N-Triples triples are a sequence of RDF terms representing the subject, predicate, and object of an RDF Triple. These may be separated by white space (spaces U+0020 or tabs U+0009). This sequence is terminated by a '.' (optionally followed by white space and/or a comment), and a new line (optional at the end of a document).

Example 1: Use of comments in N-Triples

<http://one.example/subject1> <http://one.example/predicate1> <http://one.example/object1> . # comments here
# or on a line by themselves
_:subject1 <http://an.example/predicate1> "object1" .
_:subject2 <http://an.example/predicate2> "object2" .

N-Triples triples are also Turtle simple triples, but Turtle includes other representations of RDF terms and abbreviations of RDF Triples. When parsed by a Turtle parser, data in the N-Triples format will produce exactly the same triples as a parser for the N-triples language.

The RDF graph represented by an N-Triples document contains exactly each triple matching the N-Triples triple production.

2. N-Triples Language

This section is non-normative.

An N-Triples document allows writing down an RDF graph in a textual form. An RDF graph is made up of simple triples consisting of a subject, predicate, and object and optional blank lines. Comments may be given after a '#' that is not part of another lexical token and continue to the end of the line.

2.1 Simple Triples

The simplest triple statement is a sequence of (subject, predicate, and object) terms, and terminated by '.'. White space (spaces U+0020 or tabs U+0009) may surround terms, except where significant as noted in the grammar.

Comments are treated as white space, and may be given after a '#' that is not part of another lexical token and continue to the end of the line.

Example 2: Simple Triple

<http://example.org/#spiderman> <http://www.perceive.net/schemas/relationship/enemyOf> <http://example.org/#green-goblin> .

2.2 Quoted Triples

A quoted triple may be the subject or object of an RDF triple.

A quoted triple is represented as a quotedTriple with subject, predicate, and object preceded by two concatenated < characters, each having the code point U+003C, and followed by two concatenated > characters, each having the code point U+003E. Note that quoted triples may be nested.

Example 3: Quoted Triple

_:e38                                                <ex:familyName>                  "Smith" .
<< _:e38 <http://example.com/jobTitle> "Designer" >> <http://example.com/accordingTo> _:e22 .

2.3 IRIs

IRIs may be written only as resolved IRIs. IRIs are preceded by < (code point U+003C) and followed by > (code point U+003E), and may contain numeric escape sequences (described below). For example <http://example.org/#green-goblin>.

2.4 RDF Literals

Literals are used to identify values such as strings, numbers, dates.

Literals (Grammar production Literal) have a lexical form followed by a language tag, a datatype IRI, or neither.

The representation of the lexical form consists of an initial delimiter " (U+0022), a sequence of permitted characters or numeric escape sequence or string escape sequence, and a final delimiter.

Literals may not contain the characters ", LF (U+000A), or CR (U+000D) except in their escaped forms. In addition '\' (U+005C) may not appear in any quoted literal except as part of an escape sequence and a " (U+0022) character can only be included in a quote literal using an escape sequence.

The corresponding RDF lexical form is the characters between the delimiters, after processing any escape sequences. If present, the language tag is preceded by a '@' (U+0040). If there is no language tag, there may be a datatype IRI, preceded by two concatenated ^ characters, each having the code point U+005E. If there is no datatype IRI and no language tag it is a simple literal and the datatype is http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string.

Example 4: Literals in N-Triples

<http://example.org/show/218> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "That Seventies Show"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . # literal with XML Schema string datatype
<http://example.org/show/218> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "That Seventies Show" . # same as above
<http://example.org/show/218> <http://example.org/show/localName> "That Seventies Show"@en . # literal with a language tag
<http://example.org/show/218> <http://example.org/show/localName> "Cette Série des Années Septante"@fr-be .  # literal outside of ASCII range with a region subtag
<http://example.org/#spiderman> <http://example.org/text> "This is a multi-linenliteral with many quotes (""""")nand two apostrophes ('')." .
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium> <http://example.org/elements/atomicNumber> "2"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> . # xsd:integer
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium> <http://example.org/elements/specificGravity> "1.663E-4"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double> .     # xsd:double

2.5 RDF Blank Nodes

RDF blank nodes in N-Triples are expressed as _: followed by a blank node label which is a series of name characters. The characters in the label are built upon PN_CHARS_BASE, liberalized as follows:

A fresh RDF blank node is allocated for each unique blank node label in a document. Repeated use of the same blank node label identifies the same RDF blank node.

Example 5: Blank nodes in N-Triples

_:alice <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows> _:bob .
_:bob   <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows> _:alice .

3. A Canonical form of N-Triples

This section defines a canonical form of N-Triples which has a completely specified layout. The grammar for the language is unchanged.

While the N-Triples syntax allows choices for the representation and layout of RDF data, the canonical form of N-Triples provides a unique syntactic representation of any triple. Each code point can be represented by only one of UCHAR, ECHAR, or unencoded character, where the relevant production allows for a choice in representation. Each triple is represented entirely on a single line with specified white space.

Canonical N-Triples has the following additional constraints on layout:

4. Conformance

As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative.

The key words MAY, MUST, MUST NOT, and SHOULD in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

This specification defines conformance criteria for:

A conforming N-Triples document is a Unicode string that conforms to the grammar and additional constraints defined in 5. N-Triples Grammar, starting with the ntriplesDoc production. An N-Triples document serializes an RDF graph.

A conforming Canonical N-Triples document is an N-Triples document that follows the additional constraints of Canonical N-Triples.

A conforming N-Triples parser is a system capable of reading N-Triples documents on behalf of an application. It makes the serialized RDF graph, as defined in 6. Parsing, available to the application, usually through some form of API.

The IRI that identifies the N-Triples language is: http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/N-Triples

4.1 Media Type and Content Encoding

The media type of N-Triples is application/n-triples. The content encoding of N-Triples is always UTF-8. See N-Triples Media Type for the media type registration form.

4.1.1 Other Media Types

N-Triples has been historically provided with other media types. N-Triples may also be provided as text/plain. When used in this way N-Triples MUST> use the escaped form of any character outside US-ASCII. As N-Triples is a subset of Turtle an N-Triples document MAY also be provided as text/turtle. In both of these cases the document is not an N-Triples document as an N-Triples document is only provided as application/n-triples.

5. N-Triples Grammar

An N-Triples document is a Unicode [UNICODE] character string encoded in UTF-8.

5.1 White Space

White space (tab U+0009 or space U+0020) is allowed outside of terminals. Rule names below in capitals indicate where white space is significant.

White space is significant in the production STRING_LITERAL_QUOTE.

A blank line, consisting of only white space and/or a comment, may appear wherever a triple production is allowed, and are treated as white space.

Note

N-Triples allows only horizontal white space (tab U+0009 or space U+0020) as compared to Turtle [RDF12-TURTLE] which also treats LF (U+000A) and CR (U+000D) as white space.

5.2 Comments

Comments in N-Triples start at '#' outside an IRIREF or STRING_LITERAL_QUOTE, and continue to the end of line (marked by characters CR (U+000D or LF (U+000A)) or end of file if there is no end of line after the comment marker. Comments are treated as white space.

5.3 Grammar

The EBNF used here is defined in XML 1.0 [EBNF-NOTATION].

Escape sequence rules are the same as Turtle [RDF12-TURTLE]. However, as only the STRING_LITERAL_QUOTE production is allowed new lines in literals MUST be escaped.

[1] ntriplesDoc ::= triple? (EOL triple)* EOL?
[2] triple ::= subject predicate object "."
[3] subject ::= IRIREF | BLANK_NODE_LABEL | quotedTriple
[4] predicate ::= IRIREF
[5] object ::= IRIREF | BLANK_NODE_LABEL | literal | quotedTriple
[6] literal ::= STRING_LITERAL_QUOTE (("^^" IRIREF) | LANGTAG)?
[7] quotedTriple ::= "<<" subject predicate object ">>"

Productions for terminals

[9] IRIREF ::= "<" ([^#x00-#x20<>"{}|^`\] | UCHAR)* ">"
[10] BLANK_NODE_LABEL ::= "_:" (PN_CHARS_U | [0-9]) ((PN_CHARS | ".")* PN_CHARS)?
[11] LANGTAG ::= "@" [a-zA-Z]+ ("-" [a-zA-Z0-9]+)*
[12] STRING_LITERAL_QUOTE ::= '"' ([^#x22#x5C#x0A#x0D] | ECHAR | UCHAR)* '"'
[13] UCHAR ::= ("\u" HEX HEX HEX HEX) | ("\U" HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX)
[14] ECHAR ::= "\" [tbnrf"']
[15] PN_CHARS_BASE ::= [A-Z]
| [a-z]
| [#xC0-#xD6]
| [#xD8-#xF6]
| [#xF8-#x02FF]
| [#x0370-#x037D]
| [#x037F-#x1FFF]
| [#x200C-#x200D]
| [#x2070-#x218F]
| [#x2C00-#x2FEF]
| [#x3001-#xD7FF]
| [#xF900-#xFDCF]
| [#xFDF0-#xFFFD]
| [#x00010000-#x000EFFFF]
[16] PN_CHARS_U ::= PN_CHARS_BASE | "_"
[17] PN_CHARS ::= PN_CHARS_U | "-" | [0-9] | #xB7 | [#x0300-#x036F] | [#x203F-#x2040]
[18] HEX ::= [0-9] | [A-F] | [a-f]
[19] EOL ::= [#x0D#x0A]+

6. Parsing

Parsing N-Triples requires a state of one item:

6.1 RDF Term Constructors

This table maps productions and lexical tokens to RDF terms or components of RDF terms listed in 6. Parsing:

productiontypeprocedure
BLANK_NODE_LABEL blank node The string after '_:', is a key in bnodeLabels. If there is no corresponding blank node in the map, one is allocated.
IRIREF IRI The characters between "<" and ">" are taken, with escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of the IRI.
LANGTAG language tag The characters following the @ form the unicode string of the language tag.
STRING_LITERAL_QUOTE lexical form The characters between the outermost quotation marks (") are taken, with escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of a lexical form.
literal literal The literal has a lexical form of the first rule argument, STRING_LITERAL_QUOTE, and either a language tag of LANGTAG or a datatype IRI of iri, depending on which rule matched the input. If the LANGTAG rule matched, the datatype is rdf:langString and the language tag is LANGTAG. If neither a language tag nor a datatype IRI is provided, the literal has a datatype of xsd:string.
quotedTriple quoted triple The quoted triple is composed of the terms constructed from the subject, predicate, and object productions.

6.2 RDF Triple Construction

An N-Triples document defines an RDF graphs composed of a set of RDF Triples. The triple production produces a triple defined by the terms constructed for subject, predicate, and object.

A. Privacy Considerations

This section is non-normative.

The N-Triples format is used to express arbitrary application data, which may include the expression of personally identifiable information (PII) or other information which could be considered sensitive. Authors publishing such information are advised to carefully consider the needs and use of publishing such information, as well as the applicable regulations for the regions where the data is expected to be consumed and potentially revealed (e.g., GDPR, CCPA, others), particularly whether authorization measures are needed for access to the data.

B. Security Considerations

This section is non-normative.

The STRING_LITERAL_QUOTE production allows the use of unescaped control characters. Although this specification does not directly expose this content to an end user, it might be presented through a user agent, which may cause the presented text to be obfuscated due to presentation of such characters.

N-Triples is a general-purpose assertion language; applications may evaluate given data to infer more assertions or to dereference IRIs, invoking the security considerations of the scheme for that IRI. Note in particular, the privacy issues in [RFC3023] section 10 for HTTP IRIs. Data obtained from an inaccurate or malicious data source may lead to inaccurate or misleading conclusions, as well as the dereferencing of unintended IRIs. Care must be taken to align the trust in consulted resources with the sensitivity of the intended use of the data; inferences of potential medical treatments would likely require different trust than inferences for trip planning.

The N-Triples language is used to express arbitrary application data; security considerations will vary by domain of use. Security tools and protocols applicable to text (for example, PGP encryption, checksum validation, password-protected compression) may also be used on N-Triples documents. Security/privacy protocols must be imposed which reflect the sensitivity of the embedded information.

N-Triples can express data which is presented to the user, such as RDF Schema labels. Applications rendering strings retrieved from untrusted N-Triples documents, or using unescaped characters, SHOULD use warnings and other appropriate means to limit the possibility that malignant strings might be used to mislead the reader. The security considerations in the media type registration for XML ([RFC3023] section 10) provide additional guidance around the expression of arbitrary data and markup.

N-Triples uses IRIs as term identifiers. Applications interpreting data expressed in N-Triples SHOULD address the security issues of Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) [RFC3987] Section 8, as well as Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax [RFC3986] Section 7.

Multiple IRIs may have the same appearance. Characters in different scripts may look similar (for instance, a Cyrillic "о" may appear similar to a Latin "o"). A character followed by combining characters may have the same visual representation as another character (for example, LATIN SMALL LETTER "E" followed by COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT has the same visual representation as LATIN SMALL LETTER "E" WITH ACUTE). Any person or application that is writing or interpreting data in N-Triples must take care to use the IRI that matches the intended semantics, and avoid IRIs that may look similar. Further information about matching visually similar characters can be found in Unicode Security Considerations [UNICODE-SECURITY] and Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) [RFC3987] Section 8.

C. N-Triples Internet Media Type, File Extension and Macintosh File Type

Contact:
Eric Prud'hommeaux
See also:
How to Register a Media Type for a W3C Specification
Internet Media Type registration, consistency of use
TAG Finding 3 June 2002 (Revised 4 September 2002)

The Internet Media Type (formerly known as MIME Type) for N-Triples is "application/n-triples".

It is recommended that N-Triples files have the extension ".nt" (all lowercase) on all platforms.

It is recommended that N-Triples files stored on Macintosh HFS file systems be given a file type of "TEXT".

This information that follows will be submitted to the IESG for review, approval, and registration with IANA.

Type name:
application
Subtype name:
n-triples
Required parameters:
None
Optional parameters:
None
Encoding considerations:
The syntax of N-Triples is expressed over code points in Unicode [UNICODE]. The encoding is always UTF-8 [UTF-8].
Unicode code points may also be expressed using an \uXXXX (U+0 to U+FFFF) or \UXXXXXXXX syntax (for U+10000 onwards) where X is a hexadecimal digit [0-9A-F]
Security considerations:
See B. Security Considerations.
Interoperability considerations:
There are no known interoperability issues.
Published specification:
This specification.
Applications which use this media type:
No widely deployed applications are known to use this media type. It may be used by some web services and clients consuming their data.
Additional information:
Magic number(s):
None.
File extension(s):
".nt"
Macintosh file type code(s):
"TEXT"
Person & email address to contact for further information:
Eric Prud'hommeaux <eric@w3.org>
Intended usage:
COMMON
Restrictions on usage:
None
Author/Change controller:
The N-Triples specification is the product of the RDF WG. The W3C reserves change control over this specifications.

D. Acknowledgments

This section is non-normative.

D.1 Acknowledgments for RDF 1.1

This section is non-normative.

The editor of the RDF 1.1 edition acknowledges valuable contributions from Gregg Kellogg, Eric Prud'hommeaux, Dave Beckett, David Robillard, Gregory Williams, Pat Hayes, Richard Cyganiak, Henry S. Thompson, Peter Ansell, Evan Patton and David Booth.

This specification is a product of extended deliberations by the members of the RDF Working Group. It draws upon the earlier specification in [RDF-TESTCASES], edited by Dave Beckett.

D.2 Acknowledgments for RDF 1.2

This section is non-normative.

The editors of the RDF 1.2 edition acknowledge valuable contributions from Andy Seaborne.

In addition to the editors, the following people have contributed to this specification: Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Pierre-Antoine Champin, and Ted Thibodeau Jr

Members of the RDF-star Working Group Group included Achille Zappa, Adrian Gschwend, Andy Seaborne, Antoine Zimmermann, Dan Brickley, David Chaves-Fraga, Dominik Tomaszuk, Dörthe Arndt, Enrico Franconi, Fabien Gandon, Gregg Kellogg, Gregory Williams, Jesse Wright, Jose Emilio Labra Gayo, Julián Arenas-Guerrero, Olaf Hartig, Ora Lassila, Pasquale Lisena, Peter Patel-Schneider, Pierre-Antoine Champin, Raphaël Troncy, Ruben Taelman, Rémi Ceres, Souripriya Das, Stuart Sutton, Ted Thibodeau, Thomas Pellissier Tanon, Timothée Haudebourg, and Vladimir Alexiev.

Editor's note

Recognize members of the Task Force? Not an easy to find list of contributors.

E. Changes between RDF 1.1 and RDF 1.2

This section is non-normative.

F. Index

This section is non-normative.

F.1 Terms defined by this specification

F.2 Terms defined by reference

G. Issue summary

This section is non-normative.

There are no issues listed in this specification.

H. References

H.1 Normative references

[EBNF-NOTATION]
EBNF Notation. Tim Bray; Jean Paoli; Michael Sperberg-McQueen; Eve Maler; François Yergeau et al. W3C. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#sec-notation
[RDF12-CONCEPTS]
RDF 1.2 Concepts and Abstract Syntax. Olaf Hartig; Pierre-Antoine Champin; Gregg Kellogg. W3C. 17 August 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-concepts/
[RDF12-TURTLE]
RDF 1.2 Turtle. Gregg Kellogg; Dominik Tomaszuk. W3C. 27 July 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-turtle/
[RFC2119]
Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. S. Bradner. IETF. March 1997. Best Current Practice. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119
[RFC8174]
Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words. B. Leiba. IETF. May 2017. Best Current Practice. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174
[UNICODE]
The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. URL: https://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/
[UTF-8]
UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646. F. Yergeau. IETF. November 2003. Internet Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3629

H.2 Informative references

[RDF-TESTCASES]
RDF Test Cases. jan grant; Dave Beckett. W3C. 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-testcases/
[RDF12-N-QUADS]
RDF 1.2 N-Quads. Gregg Kellogg; Dominik Tomaszuk. W3C. 27 July 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-n-quads/
[RDF12-NEW]
What’s New in RDF 1.2. David Wood. W3C. DNOTE. URL: https://w3c.github.io/rdf-new/spec/
[RDF12-PRIMER]
RDF 1.2 Primer. Guus Schreiber; Yves Raimond. W3C. DNOTE. URL: https://w3c.github.io/rdf-primer/spec/
[RDF12-SCHEMA]
RDF 1.2 Schema. Dominik Tomaszuk; Timothée Haudebourg. W3C. 15 June 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-schema/
[RDF12-SEMANTICS]
RDF 1.2 Semantics. Peter Patel-Schneider; Dörthe Arndt; Timothée Haudebourg. W3C. 15 June 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-semantics/
[RDF12-TRIG]
RDF 1.2 TriG. Gregg Kellogg; Dominik Tomaszuk. W3C. 27 July 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-trig/
[RDF12-XML]
RDF 1.2 XML Syntax. Gregg Kellogg. W3C. 10 August 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-xml/
[RFC3023]
XML Media Types. M. Murata; S. St. Laurent; D. Kohn. IETF. January 2001. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3023
[RFC3986]
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax. T. Berners-Lee; R. Fielding; L. Masinter. IETF. January 2005. Internet Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986
[RFC3987]
Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs). M. Duerst; M. Suignard. IETF. January 2005. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3987
[SPARQL12-CONCEPTS]
SPARQL 1.2 Concepts. The W3C RDF-star Working Group. W3C. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://w3c.github.io/sparql-concepts/spec/
[SPARQL12-ENTAILMENT]
SPARQL 1.2 Entailment Regimes. Peter Patel-Schneider. W3C. 15 June 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-entailment/
[SPARQL12-FEDERATED-QUERY]
SPARQL 1.2 Federated Query. Ruben Taelman; Gregory Williams. W3C. 16 June 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-federated-query/
[SPARQL12-GRAPH-STORE-PROTOCOL]
SPARQL 1.2 Graph Store Protocol. Andy Seaborne; Thomas Pellissier Tanon. W3C. 16 June 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-graph-store-protocol/
[SPARQL12-NEW]
What’s New in SPARQL 1.2. The W3C RDF-star Working Group. W3C. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://w3c.github.io/sparql-new/spec/
[SPARQL12-PROTOCOL]
SPARQL 1.2 Protocol. Andy Seaborne; Ruben Taelman; Gregory Williams; Thomas Pellissier Tanon. W3C. 16 June 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-protocol/
[SPARQL12-QUERY]
SPARQL 1.2 Query Language. Olaf Hartig; Andy Seaborne; Ruben Taelman; Gregory Williams; Thomas Pellissier Tanon. W3C. 18 August 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-query/
[SPARQL12-RESULTS-CSV-TSV]
SPARQL 1.2 Query Results CSV and TSV Formats. Ruben Taelman; Gregory Williams; Thomas Pellissier Tanon. W3C. 29 June 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-results-csv-tsv/
[SPARQL12-RESULTS-JSON]
SPARQL 1.2 Query Results JSON Format. Andy Seaborne; Ruben Taelman; Gregory Williams; Thomas Pellissier Tanon. W3C. 28 July 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-results-json/
[SPARQL12-RESULTS-XML]
SPARQL 1.2 Query Results XML Format. Ruben Taelman; Dominik Tomaszuk; Thomas Pellissier Tanon. W3C. 28 July 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-results-xml/
[SPARQL12-SERVICE-DESCRIPTION]
SPARQL 1.2 Service Description. Ruben Taelman; Gregory Williams. W3C. 16 June 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-service-description/
[SPARQL12-UPDATE]
SPARQL 1.2 Update. Ruben Taelman; Andy Seaborne; Thomas Pellissier Tanon. W3C. 14 July 2023. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-update/
[UNICODE-SECURITY]
Unicode Security Considerations. Mark Davis; Michel Suignard. Unicode Consortium. 19 September 2014. Unicode Technical Report #36. URL: https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr36/tr36-15.html