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This document describes authoring features and reading system support for improving the voicing of EPUB® 3 publications.
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The need for clear and accurate Text-to-Speech (TTS) rendering of publications is imperative for their readability and comprehension. Unfortunately, the complexities of voicing natural languages and the limitations of built-in vocabularies in TTS engines often leads to incorrect and illegible voicing. Users either have to infer the correct meaning, when possible, or stop reading and have the garbled words spelled out. Anyone who has tried to read educational or instructional material using basic TTS playback will understand the frustration of this experience.
W3C has defined a variety of technologies to aid in improving the voice rendering of markup content: the Synthetic Speech Markup Language [ssml], pronunciation lexicons [pronunciation-lexicon], and the CSS Speech module.
SSML and pronunciation lexicons provide enhanced speech rendering. Lexicons are like dictionaries of common terms a TTS engine can use, while SSML provides the ability to add individual voicing for specific phrases. EPUB creators can use these technologies together or separately depending on the complexity of the text. Despite these advantages, the technologies have not been adapted for easy use within the XHTML and SVG formats that EPUB relies on. This document proposes an approach to enable their authoring and rendering in EPUB content documents.
This document also covers the use of CSS Speech for improved aural rendering in EPUB. CSS Speech covers a different domain than SSML and pronunciation lexicons. Instead of controlling the specific voicing of words and phrases, these properties allow EPUB creators to aspects of the aural playback itself — what text to render, at what volume, with what preferred voice, etc.
This document covers the use of these technologies for rendering by EPUB reading systems. Although it is anticipated that general assistive technologies such as screen readers could take advantage of the technologies, use by them is out of scope.
This section is non-normative.
The EPUB Working Group of the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF) first defined a means of integrating the Synthetic Speech Markup Language [ssml] and pronunciation lexicons [pronunciation-lexicon] in EPUB 3.0 [epubcontentdocs-30] so that EPUB creators could improve the rendering quality of text-to-speech (TTS) playback in reading systems. The ability to include cascading style sheets [css2] also allowed EPUB creators to access the in-development speech properties of the CSS Speech module [css-speech-1].
Although there has been some authoring uptake of these technologies, support in reading systems has yet to materialize to a level where these technologies are considered stable. Consequently, these technologies are now published as a W3C Working Group Note.
EPUB creators can continue to use these technologies in their publications, as the move to a Note does not change their validity or affect backward compatibility. Developers of reading systems that support TTS playback are also strongly encouraged to implement support. The Working Group will look at standardizing any of the technologies that meet support requirements in future revisions of EPUB 3.
The Specification for Spoken Presentation in HTML [spoken-html] is another initiative in W3C to bring SSML to HTML. It is still too early to determine what effect, if any, it will have on this document. The Working Group will monitor the work and future updates to this Note will reflect any impact it has on Text-to-Speech rendering in EPUB.
This specification uses terminology defined in EPUB 3.3 [epub-33].
It also defines the following term:
The rendering of the textual content of an EPUB publication by a reading system as artificial human speech using a synthesized voice.
Only the first instance of a term in a section links to its definition.
As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative.
The key words MAY, MUST, MUST NOT, SHOULD, and SHOULD NOT in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.
This section is non-normative.
The W3C Speech Synthesis Markup Language [ssml] is a language used for assisting Text-to-Speech (TTS) engines in generating synthetic speech. Although SSML is designed as a standalone document type, it also defines semantics suitable for use within other markup languages.
This specification recasts the [ssml] phoneme
element as two attributes — ssml:ph
and
ssml:alphabet
— and makes them available within EPUB content documents.
The attributes allow EPUB creators to specify the proper phonetic pronunciation for uncommon terms that a TTS engine is likely to mispronounce, as well as to disambiguate heteronyms.
The ssml:ph
attribute specifies a phonemic/phonetic pronunciation of the text
represented by its carrying element.
ph
https://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis
EPUB creators MAY specify on any element in EPUB content documents with which they can logically associate a phonetic equivalent (i.e., that has descendant text content that a Text-to-Speech engine would otherwise render).
EPUB creators MUST NOT specify the attribute on a descendant of an element that already carries this attribute.
A phonemic/phonetic expression, syntactically valid with respect to the phonemic/phonetic alphabet used.
The ssml:ph
attribute inherits the authoring requirements of the [ssml]
phoneme
element's ph
attribute.
When the ssml:ph
attribute appears on an element that has text node
descendants, the corresponding document text to which the pronunciation applies is the string that
results from concatenating the descendant text nodes, in document order. The specified phonetic
pronunciation must therefore logically match the element's textual data in its entirety (i.e., not
just an isolated part of its content).
EPUB creators SHOULD NOT use the ssml:ph
attribute on elements without
text content that a Text-to-Speech engine would normally render (e.g., on empty div
or
span
elements). The attribute is not intended to add additional voicing only for
TTS playback, and reading systems are expected to ignore the attribute if it does not replace text
they would normally render.
The ssml:ph
attribute does not replace attribute values that carry additional
textual information (e.g., alt
[html] and aria-label
[wai-aria])
or link additional textual information (e.g., aria-describedby
[wai-aria]).
Similarly, EPUB creators SHOULD NOT add empty ssml:ph
attributes to
try and suppress the rendering of text. Reading systems are expected to ignore empty attributes.
(See the aria-hidden
attribute [wai-aria] for specifying that content is only for visual rendering.)
The ssml:alphabet
attribute specifies which phonemic/phonetic pronunciation alphabet is
used in the value of the ssml:ph
attribute.
alphabet
https://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis
EPUB creators MAY specify on any element in an EPUB content document that can contain descendant text content.
The name of the pronunciation alphabet used to express the value of the ssml:ph
attribute.
The ssml:alphabet
attribute inherits the authoring requirements of the [ssml]
phoneme
element's alphabet
attribute.
The value of the ssml:alphabet
attribute is inherited in the
document tree. The pronunciation alphabet used for each ssml:ph
attribute value is
determined by locating the first occurrence of the ssml:alphabet
attribute starting
with the element on which the ssml:ph
attribute appears, followed by the nearest
ancestor element.
EPUB creators SHOULD ensure that an alphabet is defined in scope for all phonemes expressed in ssml:ph
attributes. Interoperability of playback
cannot be guaranteed in the absence of a declaration — reading systems may apply a default
alphabet, for example, or may not voice the phoneme.
Although the [ssml] specification refers to a registry of alphabets, one has not been published. As the charter of the W3C Voice Browser Working Group has expired, the Working Group does not anticipate the publication of such a registry. EPUB creators therefore should reference reading system support documentation to determine what alphabet values they support. Some common alphabets include x-JEITA (also x-JEITA-IT-4002 and x-JEITA-IT-4006) and x-sampa.
This section is non-normative.
The W3C Pronunciation Lexicon Specification (PLS) [pronunciation-lexicon] defines syntax and semantics for XML-based pronunciation lexicons to be used by Automatic Speech Recognition and Text-to-Speech (TTS) engines.
Pronunciation lexicons allow EPUB creators to define a single global phonetic pronunciation that reading systems can use for all instances of a term instead of having to tag every instance using the SSML attributes. It is a much more efficient way of defining pronunciations for words with only a single pronunciation, or where a particular pronunciation is predominant.
EPUB creators can use the [html] link
element
and [svg] link
element to associate one or more lexicons with their respective EPUB content document
type. When reading systems process the documents, they can identify the linked lexicons and use them
to initiate text-to-speech playback.
A pronunciation lexicon:
MUST meet the conformance constraints for XML documents defined in XML Conformance [epub-33].
MUST be valid to the grammar defined in [pronunciation-lexicon].
A non-normative schema for validating lexicons is available at https://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-pronunciation-lexicon-20081014/pls.rng
[pronunciation-lexicon].
EPUB creators MAY associate zero or more pronunciation lexicons [pronunciation-lexicon] with an EPUB content document.
To associate a pronunciation lexicon with an XHTML content document,
EPUB creators MUST use the [html] link
element. Similarly, to associate a pronunciation lexicon with an SVG content document, EPUB
creators MUST use the [svg] link
element.
For both types of EPUB content document, the link
element MUST have its rel
attribute set to "pronunciation
" and its type
attribute set to the media
type "application/pls+xml
".
EPUB creators SHOULD specify the link
element
hreflang
attribute on each link
, and its value MUST match the language for which the pronunciation lexicon is
relevant [pronunciation-lexicon] when specified.
The CSS Speech [css-speech-1] module defines properties that allow EPUB creators to declaratively control the aural rendering of EPUB content documents. It includes properties for specifying the preferred Text-to-Speech voice, the volume level, and pauses and cues to perform when encountering elements.
As EPUB content documents support the use of cascading style sheets [css2], EPUB creators MAY use CSS Speech [css-speech-1] properties in their style sheet definitions.
Reading systems may implement Text-to-Speech playback in different ways depending on the type of engine they use — one might only feed the text content of the document to the engine, for example, while another could support full markup. This document tries to provide flexibility in its requirements to allow for these differences. The only requirement is that the correct rendering behavior result.
Although this document frames the enhancements in the context of a reading system with built-in Text-to-Speech rendering capabilities, it is anticipated that any application or assistive technology that can access the markup of an EPUB publication will be able to use these features to provide improved voice rendering. Ensuring the technologies works with these applications is outside the scope of this work, however.
Reading systems with Text-to-Speech (TTS) capabilities SHOULD support SSML attributes, pronunciation lexicons and CSS Speech as follows:
Reading systems that support SSML:
MUST process the ssml:ph
attribute per the
requirements for the phoneme
element's ph
attribute [ssml] with the additional
requirements that it:
MUST ignore ssml:ph
attributes whose
value is an empty string or consists only of ASCII whitespace [infra].
MUST ignore ssml:ph
attributes on
elements whose descendant text content is an empty string or consists only
of ASCII whitespace [infra].
MUST ignore ssml:ph
attributes on
elements whose descendant text content represents a fallback.
MUST process the ssml:alphabet
attribute per
the requirements for the phoneme
element's alphabet
attribute
[ssml].
Reading systems that support pronunciation lexicons:
MUST process all linked pronunciation lexicons in an EPUB content document as defined in [pronunciation-lexicon].
MUST apply the supplied lexemes to all text nodes in the EPUB content document whose language matches the language for which the pronunciation lexicon is relevant [pronunciation-lexicon]. [bcp47] defines the algorithm for matching language tags.
It is not required that the reading system use a Text-to-Speech engine that supports pronunciation lexicons so long as the lexemes are processed and applied correctly. A reading system might, for example, transform the lexicon into an alternative dictionary format its TTS engine supports.
Reading systems that support SSML and pronunciation lexicons:
MUST let any pronunciation instructions provided via the ssml:ph
attribute take precedence in cases where a grapheme
element
[pronunciation-lexicon] matches a text node of an element that carries the
ssml:ph
attribute.
This document adds no additional requirements for reading system support to those defined in [css-speech-1].
This section is non-normative.
Note that this change log only identifies substantive changes since EPUB content documents 3.2 — those that affect conformance or are similarly noteworthy.
For a list of all issues addressed during the revision, refer to the Working Group's issue tracker.
ssml:alphabet
attribute and added additional
requirements for the ssml:ph
attribute to avoid its use for adding or removing text
vocalization. See issue 1706.This section is non-normative.
The following members of the EPUB 3 Working Group contributed to the development of this specification: