XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Functions and Operators

1 Introduction

The purpose of this document is to catalog the functions and operators required for XPath 2.0, XML Query 1.0 and XSLT 2.0. The exact syntax used to invoke these functions and operators is specified in [XPath 2.0], [XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language] and [XSLT 2.0].

This document defines a few new datatypes, constructor functions and functions that take typed values as arguments. Some of the functions define the semantics of operators discussed in [XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language].

[XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] defines a number of primitive and derived datatypes, collectively known as built-in datatypes. This document defines operations on these datatypes as well as the two datatypes defined in 1.5 xdt:anyAtomicType and xdt:untypedAtomic and the two totally ordered subtypes of xs:duration defined in 9.2 Two Totally Ordered Subtypes of Duration, for use in [XPath 2.0], [XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language] and [XSLT 2.0] and related XML standards. This document also discusses operators and functions on nodes and node sequences as defined in the [XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Data Model] for use in [XPath 2.0], [XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language] and [XSLT 2.0] and other related XML standards.

References to specific sections of some of the above documents are indicated by cross-document links in this document. Each such link consists of a pointer to a specific section followed a superscript specifying the linked document. The superscripts have the following meanings: 'XQ' [XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language], 'XT' [XSLT 2.0], 'XP' [XPath 2.0], 'DM' [XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Data Model] and 'FS' [XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Formal Semantics].

1.1 Function Overloading

In general, the specifications named above do not support function overloading. Consequently, there are no overloaded functions in this document except for legacy [XPath 1.0] functions such as fn:string(), which accepts a single argument of a variety of types, and concat() which accepts a variable number of xs:string arguments. In addition, the functions defined in 6 Functions and Operators on Numerics that accept numeric arguments accept arguments of type xs:integer, xs:decimal, xs:float or xs:double. See 1.2 Function Signatures and Descriptions. Operators such as "+" may be overloaded.

1.2 Function Signatures and Descriptions

Each function is defined by specifying its signature, a description of the return type and each of the parameters and its semantics. For many functions, examples are included to illustrate their use.

Each function's signature is presented in a form like this:

fn:function-name($parameter-name as parameter-type, ...) as return-type

In this notation, function-name, in bold-face, is the name of the function whose signature is being specified. If the function takes no parameters, then the name is followed by an empty set of parentheses: "()"; otherwise, the name is followed by a parenthesized list of parameter declarations, each declaration specifying the static type of the parameter, in italics, and a non-normative name used to describe the function's semantics. If there are two or more parameter declarations, they are separated by a comma. The return-type, also in italics, specifies the static type of the value returned by the function. In most cases, the dynamic type returned by the function is the same as its static type. The types "node" and "item" are indicated in function signatures as "node()" and "item()" repectively.

In some cases the word "numeric" is used in function signatures as a shorthand to indicate the four numeric types: xs:integer, xs:decimal, xs:float and xs:double. For example, a function with the signature

fn:numeric-function($arg as numeric) as ...

represents the following four functions signatures:

fn:numeric-function($arg as xs:integer) as ...

fn:numeric-function($arg as xs:decimal) as ...

fn:numeric-function($arg as xs:float) as ...

fn:numeric-function($arg as xs:double) as ...

Similarly, for return types.

For most functions there is a initial paragraph describing what the function does followed by semantic rules. These rules are meant to be followed in the order that they appear in this document.

In some cases, the dynamic type returned by a function depends on the type(s) of its argument(s). These special functions are indicated by using bold italics for the return type. The semantic rules specifying the type of the value returned are documented in the function definition. The rules are described more formally in Section 6.2 Standard functions with specific typing rules^FS.

The function name is a QName as defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] and must adhere to its syntactic conventions. Following [XPath 1.0], function names are composed of English words separated by hyphens,"-". If a function name contains a [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] datatype name, it may have intercapitalized spelling and is used in the function name as such. For example, fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime.

As is customary, the parameter type name indicates that the function accepts arguments of that type, or types derived from it, in that position. This is called subtype substitution. Details of the semantics of passing arguments to functions are discussed in Section B.1 Type Promotion^XQ .

Some functions accept the empty sequence as an argument and some may return the empty sequence. This is indicated in the function signature by following the parameter or return type name with a question mark: "?", indicating that either a single value or the empty sequence must appear. See below.

fn:function-name($parameter-name as parameter-type?) as return-type?

Note that this function signature is different from a signature in which the parameter is omitted. See, for example, the two signatures for fn:string(). In the first signature, the parameter is omitted and the argument defaults to the context-item(.). In the second signature, the argument must be present but may be the empty sequence ().

Some functions accept a sequence as an argument. This is indicated by following the name of type of the items in the sequence with *. The sequence may contain zero or more items of the named type. For example, the function below accepts a sequence of xs:double and returns a xs:double or the empty sequence.

fn:median($arg as xs:double*) as xs:double?

1.3 Namespace Terminology

This document uses the phrase "namespace URI" to identify the concept identified in [Namespaces in XML] as "namespace name", and the phrase "local name" to identify the concept identified in [Namespaces in XML] as "local part".

It also uses the term "expanded-QName".

[Definition] Expanded-QName: An expanded-QName is a pair of values consisting of a namespace URI and a local name. They belong to the value space of the [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]datatype xs:QName. When this document refers to xs:QName we always mean the value space, i.e. a namespace URI, local name pair (and not the lexical space referring to constructs of the form prefix:local-name).

1.4 Type Hierarchy

The diagram below shows the types for which functions are defined in this document. These include the built-in types defined by [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] (shown on the right) as well as types defined in [XPath 2.0] (shown on the left). Solid lines connect a base datatype above to a derived datatype except in the case of xsIDREFS, xs:IDREFS, xs:NMTOKENS, xs:ENTITIES and user-defined list and union types. These types are lists or unions of their parent types(s) rather than true subtypes. Dashed lines connect a union type above with its component types below.

The information in the above diagram is reproduced below in tabular form. For ease of presentation the information is divided into three tables. The first table shows the top three layers of the hierarchy starting at xs:anyType. The second table shows the types derived from xdt:anyAtomicType. The third table shows the types defined in [XPath 2.0]

Each type whose name is indented is derived from the type whose name appears nearest above with one less level of indent.

xs:anyType
	user-defined complex types
	xdt:untypedAny
	xs:anySimpleType
		user-defined list and union types
		xs:IDREFS
		xs:NMTOKENS
		xs:ENTITIES
		xdt:anyAtomicType

The table below shows the datatypes derived from xdt:anyAtomicType. This includes all the [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] built-in datatypes as well as the two totally ordered subtypes of duration defined 9.2 Two Totally Ordered Subtypes of Duration.

Each type whose name is indented is derived from the type whose name appears nearest above with one less level of indent.

xdt:untypedAtomic
xs:dateTime
xs:date
xs:time
xs:duration
	xdt:yearMonthDuration
	xdt:dayTimeDuration
xs:float
xs:double
xs:decimal
	xs:integer
		xs:nonPositiveInteger
			xs:negativeInteger
		xs:long
			xs:int
			xs:short
			xs:byte
		xs:nonNegativeInteger
			xs:unsignedLong
			xs:unsignedInt
			xs:unsignedShort
			xs:unsignedByte
xs:gYearMonth
xs:gYear
xs:gMonthDay
xs:gDay
xs:gMonth
xs:string
	xs:normalizedString
		xs:token
			xs:language
			xs:NMTOKEN
			xs:Name
				xs:NCName
					xs:ID
					xs:IDREF
					xs:ENTITY
xs:boolean
xs:base64Binary
xs:hexBinary
xs:anyURI
xs:QName
xs:NOTATION

The table below shows type hierarchy for the types introduced in [XPath 2.0]. For these types, each type whose name is indented is a component of the union type whose name appears nearest above with one less level of indent.

item
	xdt:anyAtomicType
	node
		attribute
			user-defined attribute types
		comment
		document
			user-defined document types
		element
			user-defined element types
		processing-instruction
		text

1.5 xdt:anyAtomicType and xdt:untypedAtomic

1.5.1 xdt:anyAtomicType

The abstract datatype xdt:anyAtomicType is a child of xs:anySimpleType and is the base type for all the primitive atomic types described in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]. This datatype cannot be used in [XML Schema Part 1: Structures] type declarations, nor can it be used as a base for user-defined atomic types. It can be used, as discussed in the Section 3.12 Expressions on SequenceTypes^XQ, to define a required type (for example in a function signature) to indicate that any of the primitive atomic types or xdt:untypedAtomic is acceptable. This datatype resides in the namespace http://www.w3.org/2003/11/xpath-datatypes.

1.5.2 xdt:untypedAtomic

The abstract datatype xdt:untypedAtomic is a child of xdt:anyAtomicType and serves as a special type annotation to indicate atomic values that have not been validated by a XML Schema or a DTD or have received an instance type annotation of xs:anySimpleType in the PSVI. This datatype cannot be used in [XML Schema Part 1: Structures] type declarations, nor can it be used as a base for user-defined atomic types. It can be used, as discussed in the Section 3.12 Expressions on SequenceTypes^XQ, to define a required type (for example in a function signature) to indicate that only an untyped atomic value is acceptable. This datatype resides in the namespace http://www.w3.org/2003/11/xpath-datatypes.

1.5.3 xdt:untypedAny

The abstract datatype xdt:untypedAny is a child of xs:anyType and serves as a special type annotation to indicate types that have not been validated by a XML Schema or a DTD. This type cannot be used in [XML Schema Part 1: Structures] type declarations, nor can it be used as a base for user-defined types. It can be used, as discussed in the Section 3.12 Expressions on SequenceTypes^XQ, to define a required type (for example in a function signature) to indicate that only an untyped value is acceptable. This datatype resides in the namespace http://www.w3.org/2003/11/xpath-datatypes.

1.6 xs:dateTime, xs:date and xs:time values

xs:dateTime, xs:date and xs:time values are represented in the Section 3.3.1 Mapping PSVI Additions to Types^DM as tuples: a xs:dateTime, xs:date or xs:time value without a timezone and a timezone represented as a xdt:dayTimeDuration value. The value space of these types consists of the normalized value for these datatypes. This means that the xs:dateTime, xs:date or xs:time is first normalized to UTC or timezone Z. To create a value from a lexical representation of xs:dateTime, xs:date and xs:time lexical representations that have a timezone are converted to timezone Z as defined by [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] and the timezone in the lexical representation is converted to a xdt:dayTimeDuration value. Lexical representations that do not contain a timezone are assumed to be in timezone Z and the timezone part of the value set to the empty sequence "()".

We also define the localized value for a xs:dateTime, xs:date and xs:time as the xs:dateTime, xs:date and xs:time value in its original timezone or no timezone, as the case may be, followed by the timezone represented as a xdt:dayTimeDuration. Lexical representations that do not contain a timezone are given a timezone value set to the empty sequence "()".

1.6.1 Examples

A dateTime with lexical representation 1999-05-31T05:00:00 has a value represented by the tuple (1999-05-31T05:00:00Z, ())
A dateTime with lexical representation 1999-05-31T13:20:00-05:00 has a value represented by the tuple (1999-05-31T18:20:00Z, -PT5H)

1.7 Namespaces and Prefixes

The functions and operators discussed in this document are contained in one of three namespaces (see [Namespaces in XML]) and referenced using a xs:QName. Constructor functions for the built-in datatypes defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] discussed in 5 Constructor Functions are in the XML Schema namespace, http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema, and named in this document using the xs: prefix. The namespace prefix used in this document is fn: for the functions available to users and op: for the operator functions. The purpose of the functions indicated by the op: prefix is to define the semantics of operators in the host languages. In [XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language] and [XPath 2.0] they are not directly accessible by users.

The datatypes described in this document in 1.5 xdt:anyAtomicType and xdt:untypedAtomic and 9.2 Two Totally Ordered Subtypes of Duration are contained in a separate namespace and are named using the prefix xdt:.

The namespace prefix for these functions and datatypes can vary, as long as the prefix is bound to the correct URI.

The URIs of the namespaces are:

http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema for constructors
http://www.w3.org/2003/11/xpath-functions for functions.
http://www.w3.org/2003/11/xpath-datatypes for the datatypes.

The functions defined with an fn: prefix are callable by the user. Functions defined with the op: prefix are described here to underpin the definitions of the operators in [XPath 2.0], [XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language] and [XSLT 2.0]. These functions are not available directly to users, and there is no requirement that implementations should actually provide these functions. For this reason, no namespace is associated with the op: prefix. For example, multiplication is generally associated with the * operator, but it is described as a function in this document:

op:multiply($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as numeric

1.8 Terminology

The terminology used to describe the functions and operators on [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] is defined in the body of this specification. The terms defined in the following list are used in building those definitions:

[Definition] for compatibility

A feature of this specification included to ensure that implementations that use this feature remain compatible with [XPath 1.0]

[Definition] may

Conforming documents and processors are permitted to, but need not, behave as described.

[Definition] must

Conforming documents and processors are required to behave as described; otherwise, they are either non-conformant or else in error.

[Definition] implementation defined

Possibly differing between implementations, but specified and documented by the implementor for each particular implementation.

[Definition] implementation-dependent

Possibly differing between implementations, but not specified by this or other W3C specification, and not required to be specified by the implementor for any particular implementation.

[Definition] stable

Most of the functions in the core library have the property that calling the same function twice with the same arguments returns the same result: these functions are said to be stable. This category includes a number of functions such as fn:doc(), fn:collection(), fn:current-dateTime(), fn:current-date and fn:current-time() whose result depends on the external environment. Where the function returns nodes, stability means that the returned nodes are identical, not merely equal. The scope over which the results are stable depends on the processing context. In XSLT, it applies to any two calls on the function executed during the same transformation. In XQuery, it applies to any two calls executed during the evaluation of a top-level expression i.e. an expression not contained in any other expression. In other contexts, the scope is specified by the host environment that invokes the function library.

Some other functions, for example fn:position() and fn:last(), depend on the dynamic context and may, therefore, produce different results each time they are called. These functions are said to be contextual.

2 Accessors

Accessors and their semantics are described in [XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Data Model]. Some of these accessors are exposed to the user through the functions described below.

Function	Accessor	Accepts	Returns
`fn:node-name`	`node-name`	an optional node	zero or one `xs:QName`
`fn:string`	`string-value`	an optional item or no argument	`xs:string`
`fn:data`	`typed-value`	zero or more items	a sequence of atomic values
`fn:base-uri`	`base-uri`	an optional node or no argument	zero or one `xs:string`
`fn:document-uri`	`document-uri`	an optional node	zero or one `xs:string`

2.1 fn:node-name

fn:node-name($arg as node()?) as xs:QName?

Summary: Returns an expanded-QName for node kinds that can have names. For other kinds of nodes it returns the empty sequence. If $arg is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

2.2 fn:string

fn:string() as xs:string

fn:string($arg as item()?) as xs:string

Summary: Returns the value of $arg represented as a xs:string. If no argument is supplied, this function returns the string value of the context item (.).

If $arg is the empty sequence, the zero-length string is returned.

If $arg is a node, the function returns the string-value of the node, as obtained using the dm:string-value accessor defined in the Section 5.5 string-value Accessor^DM.

If $arg is an atomic value, then the function returns the same string as is returned by the expression "$arg cast as xs:string" (see 17 Casting).

2.3 fn:data

fn:data($arg as item()*) as xdt:anyAtomicType*

Summary: fn:data takes a sequence of items and returns a sequence of atomic values.

The result of fn:data is the sequence of atomic values produced by applying the following rules to each item in $arg:

If the item is an atomic value, it is returned.
If the item is a node, fn:data() returns the typed value of the node as defined by the accessor function dm:typed-value in Section 5.6 typed-value Accessor^DM.

2.4 fn:base-uri

fn:base-uri($arg as node()?) as xs:string?

Summary: Returns the value of the base-uri property for $arg as defined by the accessor function dm:base-uri for that kind of node in Section 5.1 base-uri Accessor^DM.

If $arg is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

Document, element and processing-instruction nodes have a base-uri property which may be empty. The base-uri of all other node types is the empty sequence. If the base-uri property for $arg is non-empty, its value is returned. If the base-uri property for $arg is empty, the base-uri of that node's parent is returned. If the node has no parent, the empty sequence is returned.

fn:base-uri() as xs:string

Summary: This version of the function returns the value of the base-uri property from the static context using the preceding rules. The static context is discussed in Section 2.1.1 Static Context^XQ .

2.5 fn:document-uri

fn:document-uri($arg as node()?) as xs:string?

Summary: Returns the value of the document-uri property for $arg as defined by the accessor function dm:document-uri in Section 5.1 base-uri Accessor^DM.

If $arg is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

Returns the empty sequence if the node is not a document node or if its document-uri property is a relative URI. Otherwise, returns an absolute URI expressed as an xs:string.

If the document-uri property of $arg is not the empty sequence, then the following expression always holds:

fn:doc(fn:document-uri($arg)) is $arg

3 The Error Function

In this document, as well as in [XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language], [XPath 2.0], and [XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Formal Semantics], the phrase "an error is raised" is used to describe the behavior of conforming processors in certain situations. When such situations arise in a running system, a conforming implementation of this specification must invoke the fn:error function defined in this section.

The phrase is normally accompanied by specification of a specific error, in which case the phrase "an error is raised [name of error]" is used. The "name of error" specifies a phrase that is mnemonic for the actual error, but the error code to which it refers is an xs:QName. Each error defined in this document is identified by an xs:QName that is in the namespace asssociated with the xdt: prefix. It is the xs:QName that is actually passed as an argument to the fn:error function invocation. Invocation of this function causes the evaluation phase of the outermost XQuery or transformation to be terminated. For a more detailed treatment of error handing, see Section 2.5.2 Handling Dynamic Errors^XQ and Section 6.2.5 The fn:error function^FS.

The fn:error function is a general function that may be invoked as above but may also be invoked from XQuery and XPath 2.0 applications with, for example, an xs:string argument.

fn:error() as none

fn:error($arg as item()?) as none

One version of the fn:error function takes no argments; a second version of the function accepts an optional item() as argument. The fn:error function never returns a value.

Note that "none" is a special type defined in [XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Formal Semantics] and is not available to the user. It indicates that the function never returns and ensures that it has the correct static type.

3.1 Examples

fn:error()
fn:error(xs:QName("xdt:FOAR0003"))
fn:error("Catch Fire and Burn!")

4 The Trace Function

This function is intended to be used in debugging queries by providing a trace of their execution.

fn:trace($value as item()*, $label as xs:string) as item()*

The input $value is returned, unchanged, as the result of the function. In addition, the inputs $value and $label are directed to a trace data set. The location and format of the trace data set are ·implementation dependent·. The ordering of output from invocations of the fn:trace() function is ·implementation dependent·.

4.1 Examples

Consider a situation in which a user wants to investigate the actual value passed to a function. Assume that in a particular execution, $v is an xs:decimal with value 124.84. Writing fn:trace($v, 'the value of $v is:') will put the strings "124.84" and "the value of $v is" in the trace data set in implementation defined order.

5 Constructor Functions

5.1 Constructor Functions for XML Schema Built-in Types

Every built-in atomic type that is defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes], except xs:NOTATION has an associated constructor function; as do xdt:untypedAtomic, defined in 1.5 xdt:anyAtomicType and xdt:untypedAtomic and the two derived types xdt:yearMonthDuration and xdt:dayTimeDuration defined in 9.2 Two Totally Ordered Subtypes of Duration. The form of that function for a type pref:TYPE is:

pref:TYPE($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as pref:TYPE

For example, the signature of the constructor function corresponding to the xs:unsignedInt type defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] is:

xs:unsignedInt($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:unsignedInt

Invoking the constructor function xs:unsignedInt(12) returns the xs:unsignedInt value 12. Another invocation of that constructor function that returns the same xs:unsignedInt value is xs:unsignedInt("12"). The same result would also be returned if the constructor function were to be invoked with a node that had a value equal to the xs:unsignedInt 12. The standard features described in Section 2.3.2 Atomization^XQ would 'atomize' the node to extract its value and then call the constructor with that value. If the value passed to a constructor is illegal for the datatype to be constructed, an error is raised [invalid value for constructor].

If the argument to a constructor function is an xs:string, whitespace normalization is applied as indicated by the whiteSpace facet for the datatype. The resulting whitespace-normalized string must be a valid lexical form for the type, as specified in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]. The semantics of constructor functions when invoked with a xs:string are identical to XML Schema validation. In the case of xs:dateTime, xs:date and xs:time, the value returned differs from [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] and is defined in 1.6 xs:dateTime, xs:date and xs:time values.

The semantics of the constructor function "xs:TYPE(arg)" are identical to the semantics of "arg cast as xs:TYPE". See 17 Casting. In some cases, the semantics of casting are explained using constructor functions; but there is no circularity. The constructors used invariably take xs:string arguments and, in this case, the semantics are the semantics of XML Schema validation as discussed above.

If the argument to a constructor function is a literal, the result of the function may be evaluated statically; if an error is found during such evaluation, it may be reported as a static error.

The following constructor functions for the built-in types are supported:

xs:string($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:string
xs:boolean($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:boolean
xs:decimal($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:decimal
xs:float($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:float

Implementations ·may· return negative zero for xs:float("-0.0E0").
xs:double($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:double

Implementations ·may· return negative zero for xs:double("-0.0E0").
xs:duration($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:duration
xs:dateTime($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as (xs:dateTime, xdt:dayTimeDuration)
xs:time($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as (xs:time, xdt:dayTimeDuration)
xs:date($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as (xs:date, xdt:dayTimeDuration)
xs:gYearMonth($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:gYearMonth
xs:gYear($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:gYear
xs:gMonthDay($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:gMonthDay
xs:gDay($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:gDay
xs:gMonth($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:gMonth
xs:hexBinary($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:hexBinary
xs:base64Binary($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:base64Binary
xs:anyURI($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:anyURI
xs:QName($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:QName

See 17.14 Casting to xs:QName for semantics of xs:QName.

xs:normalizedString($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:normalizedString
xs:token($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:token
xs:language($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:language
xs:NMTOKEN($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:NMTOKEN
xs:Name($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:Name
xs:NCName($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:NCName
xs:ID($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:ID
xs:IDREF($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:IDREF
xs:ENTITY($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:ENTITY
xs:integer($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:integer
xs:nonPositiveInteger($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:nonPositiveInteger
xs:negativeInteger($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:negativeInteger
xs:long($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:long
xs:int($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:int
xs:short($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:short
xs:byte($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:byte
xs:nonNegativeInteger($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:nonNegativeInteger
xs:unsignedLong($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:unsignedLong
xs:unsignedInt($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:unsignedInt
xs:unsignedShort($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:unsignedShort
xs:unsignedByte($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:unsignedByte
xs:positiveInteger($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:positiveInteger

xdt:yearMonthDuration($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xdt:yearMonthDuration
xdt:dayTimeDuration($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xdt:dayTimeDuration
xdt:untypedAtomic($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xdt:untypedAtomic

5.2 Constructor Functions for User-Defined Types

For every globally-defined atomic type in the static context (See Section 2.1.1 Static Context^XQ that is derived by restriction from a primitive type, except types derived from xs:NOTATION, there is a constructor function (whose name is the same as the name of the type) whose effect is to create a value of that type from the supplied argument. The rules for constructing user-defined types are defined in the same way as the rules for constructing built-in derived types discussed in 5.1 Constructor Functions for XML Schema Built-in Types.

In the case of types whose name has a null namespace URI, it will not be possible to call the constructor function if a default namespace for functions is defined. In this case, the cast syntax must be used instead.

Consider a situation where the static context contains a type called hatSize defined in a schema that is bound to the prefix my. In such a case the constructor function:

my:hatSize($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType) as my:hatSize

is available to users.

6 Functions and Operators on Numerics

This section discusses arithmetic operators on the numeric datatypes defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]. It uses an approach that permits lightweight implementation whenever possible.

6.1 Numeric Types

The operators described in this section are defined on the following numeric types. Each type whose name is indented is derived from the type whose name appears nearest above with one less level of indent.

xs:decimal
	xs:integer
xs:float
xs:double

They also apply to types derived by restriction from these types.

Note:

The value space for xs:float and xs:double, as defined in the errata to [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes], defines only a single zero. [IEEE 754-1985] arithmetic, however, can produce distinct results of positive zero and negative zero. These are two different machine representations for the same value. The text accompanying several functions discusses behaviour for both positive and negative zero inputs in the interest of alignment with [IEEE 754-1985].

6.2 Operators on Numeric Values

The following functions define the semantics of operators defined in [XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language] and [XPath 2.0] on these numeric types.

Operators	Meaning
`op:numeric-add`	Addition
`op:numeric-subtract`	Subtraction
`op:numeric-multiply`	Multiplication
`op:numeric-divide`	Division
`op:numeric-integer-divide`	Integer division
`op:numeric-mod`	Modulus
`op:numeric-unary-plus`	Unary plus
`op:numeric-unary-minus`	Unary minus (negation)

The parameters and return types for the above operators are the basic numeric types: xs:integer, xs:decimal, xs:float and xs:double, and types derived from them. The word "numeric" in function signatures signifies these four types. For simplicity, each operator is defined to operate on operands of the same type and to return the same type. The one exception is op:numeric-divide, which returns an xs:decimal if called with two xs:integer operands.)

Operands of type xdt:untypedAtomic are converted to xs:double, except for arguments to 6.2.5 op:numeric-integer-divide which are converted to xs:integer. If the two operands are not of the same type, subtype substitution and type promotion are used to obtain two operands of the same type. Section B.1 Type Promotion^XQ describes the semantics of these operations in detail.

Subtype substitution: A derived type may substitute for its base type. In particular, xs:integer may be used where xs:decimal is expected.
Type promotion: xs:decimal may be promoted to xs:float, and xs:float may be promoted to xs:double.

The result type of operations depends on their argument datatypes and is defined in the following table:

Operator	Returns
`op:operation(xs:integer, xs:integer)`	`xs:integer` (except for `op:numeric-divide(integer, integer)`, which returns `xs:decimal`)
`op:operation(xs:decimal, xs:decimal)`	`xs:decimal`
`op:operation(xs:float, xs:float)`	`xs:float`
`op:operation(xs:double, xs:double)`	`xs:double`
`op:operation(xs:integer)`	`xs:integer`
`op:operation(xs:decimal)`	`xs:decimal`
`op:operation(xs:float)`	`xs:float`
`op:operation(xs:double)`	`xs:double`

These rules define any operation on any pair of arithmetic types. Consider the following example:

op:operation(xs:int, xs:double) => op:operation(xs:double, xs:double)

For this operation, xs:int must be converted to xs:double. This can be done, since by the rules above: xs:int can be substituted for xs:integer, xs:integer can be substituted for xs:decimal, xs:decimal can be promoted to xs:float, and xs:float can be promoted to xs:double. As far as possible, the promotions should be done in a single step. Specifically, when a decimal is promoted to a double, it should not be converted to a float and then to double, as this risks loss of precision.

As another example, a user may define height as a derived type of xs:integer with a minimum value of 20 and a maximum value of 100. He may then derive fenceHeight using an enumeration to restrict the permitted set of values to, say, 36, 48 and 60.

op:operation(fenceHeight, xs:integer) => op:operation(xs:integer, xs:integer)

fenceHeight can be substituted for its base type height and height can be substituted for its base type xs:integer.

On overflow and underflow situations during arithmetic operations conforming implementations ·must· behave as follows:

For xs:float and xs:double operations, overflow behavior ·must· be conformant with [IEEE 754-1985]. This specification allows a number of options:
- Raising an error [numeric operation overflow/underflow] via an overflow trap.
- Returning INF or -INF.
- Returning the largest (positive or negative) non-infinite number.
For xs:float and xs:double operations, underflow behavior ·must· be conformant with [IEEE 754-1985]. This specification allows a number of options:
- Raising an error [numeric operation overflow/underflow] via an underflow trap.
- Returning 0.0E0 or +/- 2**Emin or a denormalized value; where Emin is the smallest possible xs:float or xs:double exponent.
For xs:decimal operations, overflow behavior ·must· raise an error [numeric operation overflow/underflow]. On underflow, 0.0 must be returned.
For xs:integer operations, implementations that support limited precision integer operations ·must·:
- Either, they ·may· choose to always raise an error [numeric operation overflow/underflow].
- Or, they ·may· provide an ·implementation-defined · mechanism that allows users to choose between raising an error and returning a result that is modulo the largest representable integer value. See [ISO 10967].

The functions op:numeric-add, op:numeric-subtract, op:numeric-multiply, op:numeric-divide, op:numeric-integer-divide and op:numeric-mod are each defined for pairs of numeric operands, each of which has the same type: xs:integer, xs:decimal, xs:float, or xs:double. The functions op:numeric-unary-plus and op:numeric-unary-minus are defined for a single operand whose type is one of those same numeric types.

For xs:float and xs:double arguments, if either argument is NaN, the result is NaN.

The number of digits of precision returned by various numeric functions is ·implementation dependent·.

6.2.1 op:numeric-add

op:numeric-add($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as numeric

Summary: Backs up the "+" operator and returns the arithmetic sum of its operands: ($arg1 + $arg2).

6.2.2 op:numeric-subtract

op:numeric-subtract($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as numeric

Summary: Backs up the "-" operator and returns the arithmetic difference of its operands: ($arg1 - $arg2).

6.2.3 op:numeric-multiply

op:numeric-multiply($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as numeric

Summary: Backs up the "*" operator and returns the arithmetic product of its operands: ($arg1 * $arg2).

6.2.4 op:numeric-divide

op:numeric-divide($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as numeric

Summary: Backs up the "div" operator and returns the arithmetic quotient of its operands: ($arg1 div $arg2).

As a special case, if the types of both $arg1 and $arg2 are xs:integer, then the return type is xs:decimal.

For xs:decimal and xs:integer operands, if the divisor is zero, then an error is raised [division by zero]. For xs:float and xs:double operands, floating point division is performed as specified in [IEEE 754-1985] and INF or -INF is returned if the divisor is zero.

6.2.5 op:numeric-integer-divide

`op:numeric-integer-divide`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:integer`,
`op:numeric-integer-divide`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:integer`) `as` `xs:integer`

Summary: Backs up the "idiv" operator and returns the arithmetic quotient of its operands: ($arg1 idiv $arg2). If the numerator is not evenly divided by the divisor, then the quotient is the xs:integer value obtained, ignoring any remainder that results from the division (that is, no rounding is performed).

If the divisor is zero, then an error is raised [division by zero].

6.2.5.1 Examples

op:numeric-integer-divide(10,3) returns 3
op:numeric-integer-divide(3,-2) returns -1
op:numeric-integer-divide(-3,2) returns -1
op:numeric-integer-divide(-3,-2) returns 1

6.2.6 op:numeric-mod

op:numeric-mod($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as numeric

Summary: Backs up the "mod" operator. Informally, this function returns the remainder resulting from dividing $arg1, the dividend, by $arg2, the divisor. The operation a mod b for operands that are xs:integer or xs:decimal, or types derived from them, produces a result such that (a idiv b)*b+(a mod b) is equal to a and the magnitude of the result is always less than the magnitude of b. This identity holds even in the special case that the dividend is the negative integer of largest possible magnitude for its type and the divisor is -1 (the remainder is 0). It follows from this rule that the sign of the result is the sign of the dividend.

If $arg2 is zero, then an error is raised [division by zero].

For xs:float and xs:double operands the following rules apply:

If either operand is NaN, the result is NaN.
If the dividend is positive or negative infinity, or the divisor is positive or negative zero (0), or both, the result is NaN.
If the dividend is finite and the divisor is an infinity, the result equals the dividend.
If the dividend is positive or negative zero and the divisor is finite, the result is the same as the dividend.
In the remaining cases, where neither positive or negative infinity, nor positive or negative zero, nor NaN is involved, the result obeys (a/b)*b+(a mod b) = a. Division is truncating division, analogous to integer division, not [IEEE 754-1985] rounding division.

6.2.6.1 Examples

op:numeric-mod(10,3) returns 1.
op:numeric-mod(6,-2) returns 0.
op:numeric-mod(4.5,1.2) returns 0.9.
op:numeric-mod(1.23E2, 0.6E1) returns 3.0E0.

6.2.7 op:numeric-unary-plus

op:numeric-unary-plus($arg as numeric) as numeric

Summary: Backs up the unary "+" operator and returns its operand with the sign unchanged: (+ $arg). Semantically, this operation performs no operation.

6.2.8 op:numeric-unary-minus

op:numeric-unary-minus($arg as numeric) as numeric

Summary: Backs up the unary "-" operator and returns its operand with the sign reversed: (- $arg). If $arg is positive, its negative is returned; if it is negative, its positive is returned.

For xs:integer and xs:decimal arguments, 0 and 0.0 return 0 and 0.0, respectively. For xs:float and xs:double arguments, NaN returns NaN, 0.0E0 returns -0.0E0 and vice versa. INF and +INF return -INF. -INF returns INF.

6.3 Comparison of Numeric Values

This specification defines the following comparison operators on numeric values. Comparisons take two arguments of the same type. Arguments of type xdt:untypedAtomic are converted to xs:double. If the arguments are of different types, one argument is promoted to the type of the other as described above in 6.2 Operators on Numeric Values. Each comparison operator returns a boolean value. If either, or both, operands are NaN, false is returned.

Operator	Meaning
`op:numeric-equal`	Equality comparison
`op:numeric-less-than`	Less-than comparison
`op:numeric-greater-than`	Greater-than comparison

6.3.1 op:numeric-equal

op:numeric-equal($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if the value of $arg1 is equal to the value of $arg2. For xs:float and xs:double values, positive zero and negative zero compare equal. NaN does not equal itself.

This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on numeric values.

6.3.2 op:numeric-less-than

op:numeric-less-than($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if $arg1 is less than $arg2. For xs:float and xs:double values, positive infinity is greater than all other non-NaN values; negative infinity is less than all other non-NaN values. If $arg1 or $arg2 is NaN, the function returns false.

This function backs up the "lt" and "ge" operators on numeric values.

6.3.3 op:numeric-greater-than

op:numeric-greater-than(


              $arg1

as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if $arg1 is greater than $arg2. For xs:float and xs:double values, positive infinity is greater than all other non-NaN values; negative infinity is less than all other non-NaN values. If $arg1 or $arg2 is NaN, the function returns false.

This function backs up the "gt" and "le" operators on numeric values.

6.4 Functions on Numeric Values

The following functions are defined on numeric types. Each function returns a value of the same type as the type of its argument.

If the argument is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.
If the argument is xdt:untypedAtomic it is converted to xs:double.
For xs:float and xs:double arguments, if the argument is "NaN", "NaN" is returned.
Except for fn:abs(), for xs:float and xs:double arguments, if the argument is positive or negative infinity, positive or negative infinity is returned.

Function	Meaning
`fn:abs`	Returns the absolute value of the argument.
`fn:ceiling`	Returns the smallest number with no fractional part that is greater than or equal to the argument.
`fn:floor`	Returns the largest number with no fractional part that is less than or equal to the argument.
`fn:round`	Rounds to the nearest number with no fractional part.
`fn:round-half-to-even`	Takes a number and a precision and returns a number rounded to the given precision. If the fractional part is exactly half, the result is the number whose least significant digit is even.

6.4.1 fn:abs

fn:abs($arg as numeric?) as numeric?

Summary: Returns the absolute value of $arg. If $arg is negative returns -$arg otherwise returns $arg. If type of $arg is one of the four numeric types xs:float, xs:double, xs:decimal or xs:integer the type of the return is the same as the type of $arg. If the type of $arg is a type derived from one of the numeric types, the type of the return is the parent numeric type.

For xs:float and xs:double arguments, if the argument is positive zero (+0) or negative zero (-0), then positive zero (+0) is returned. If the argument is positive or negative infinity, positive infinity is returned.

For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.1 The fn:abs, fn:ceiling, fn:floor, fn:round, and fn:round-half-to-even functions^FS

6.4.1.1 Examples

fn:abs(10.5) returns 10.5.
fn:abs(-10.5) returns 10.5.

6.4.2 fn:ceiling

fn:ceiling($arg as numeric?) as numeric?

Summary: Returns the smallest (closest to negative infinity) number with no fractional part that is not less than the value of $arg. If type of $arg is one of the four numeric types xs:float, xs:double, xs:decimal or xs:integer the type of the return is the same as the type of $arg. If the type of $arg is a type derived from one of the numeric types, the type of the return is the parent numeric type.

For xs:float and xs:double arguments, if the argument is positive zero (+0), then positive zero (+0) is returned. If the argument is negative zero (-0), then negative zero (-0) is returned. If the argument is less than zero (0), but greater than or equal to -0.5, then negative zero (-0) is returned.

For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.1 The fn:abs, fn:ceiling, fn:floor, fn:round, and fn:round-half-to-even functions^FS

6.4.2.1 Examples

fn:ceiling(10.5) returns 11.
fn:ceiling(-10.5) returns -10.

6.4.3 fn:floor

fn:floor($arg as numeric?) as numeric?

Summary: Returns the largest (closest to positive infinity) number with no fractional part that is not greater than the value of $arg. If type of $arg is one of the four numeric types xs:float, xs:double, xs:decimal or xs:integer the type of the return is the same as the type of $arg. If the type of $arg is a type derived from one of the numeric types, the type of the return is the parent numeric type.

For float and double arguments, if the argument is positive zero (+0), then positive zero (+0) is returned. If the argument is negative zero (-0), then negative zero (-0) is returned.

For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.1 The fn:abs, fn:ceiling, fn:floor, fn:round, and fn:round-half-to-even functions^FS

6.4.3.1 Examples

fn:floor(10.5) returns 10.
fn:floor(-10.5) returns -11.

6.4.4 fn:round

fn:round($arg as numeric?) as numeric?

Summary: Returns the number with no fractional part that is closest to the argument. If there are two such numbers, then the one that is closest to positive infinity is returned. More formally, fn:round(x) produces the same result as fn:floor(x+0.5). If type of $arg is one of the four numeric types xs:float, xs:double, xs:decimal or xs:integer the type of the return is the same as the type of $arg. If the type of $arg is a type derived from one of the numeric types, the type of the return is the parent numeric type.

For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.1 The fn:abs, fn:ceiling, fn:floor, fn:round, and fn:round-half-to-even functions^FS

6.4.4.1 Examples

fn:round(2.5) returns 3.
fn:round(2.4999) returns 2.
fn:round(-2.5) returns -2 (not the possible alternative, -3).

6.4.5 fn:round-half-to-even

fn:round-half-to-even($arg as numeric?) as numeric?

fn:round-half-to-even($arg as numeric?, $precision as xs:integer) as numeric?

Summary: The value returned is the nearest (that is, numerically closest) numeric to $arg that is a multiple of ten to the power of minus $precision. If two such values are equally near (e.g. if the fractional part in $arg is exactly .500...), returns the one whose least significant digit is even. If type of $arg is one of the four numeric types xs:float, xs:double, xs:decimal or xs:integer the type of the return is the same as the type of $arg. If the type of $arg is a type derived from one of the numeric types, the type of the return is the parent numeric type.

The first signature of this function produces the same result as the second signature with $precision=0.

For arguments of type xs:float and xs:double, if the argument is positive zero (+0), then positive zero (+0) is returned. If the argument is negative zero (-0), then negative zero (-0) is returned.

If $arg is of type xs:float or xs:double, rounding occurs on the value of the mantissa computed with exponent = 0.

For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.1 The fn:abs, fn:ceiling, fn:floor, fn:round, and fn:round-half-to-even functions^FS

6.4.5.1 Examples

fn:round-half-to-even(1.5) returns the value corresponding to 2.
fn:round-half-to-even(2.5) returns the value corresponding to 2.
fn:round-half-to-even(3.567812E+3, 2) returns the value corresponding to 3567.81E0.
fn:round-half-to-even(4.7564E-3, 2) returns the value corresponding to 0.0E0.
fn:round-half-to-even(35612.25, -2) returns the value corresponding to 35600.

7 Functions on Strings

This section discusses functions and operators on the [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] xs:string datatype and the datatypes derived from it.

7.1 String Types

The operators described in this section are defined on the following types. Each type whose name is indented is derived from the type whose name appears nearest above with one less level of indent.

xs:string
	xs:normalizedString
		xs:token
			xs:language
			xs:NMTOKEN
			xs:Name
				xs:NCName
					xs:ID
					xs:IDREF
					xs:ENTITY

They also apply to user-defined types derived by restriction from these types.

Note:

This document uses the term "code point", sometimes spelt "codepoint", as defined in [The Unicode Standard], ranging from #x0000 to #x10FFFF inclusive. The use of the word "character" in this document is in the sense of production [2] of [XML 1.0 Recommendation (Second Edition)], so it may include code points which have not yet been assigned to characters."

Note:

In functions that involve character counting such as fn:substring, fn:string-length and fn:translate, what is counted is the of XML characters in the string (or equivalently, the number of Unicode code points). Some implementations may represent a code point above xFFFF using two 16-bit values known as a surrogate. A surrogate counts as one character, not two.

Unless explicitly stated, the xs:string values returned by the functions in this document are not normalized in the sense of [Character Model for the World Wide Web 1.0].

7.2 Functions to Assemble and Disassemble Strings

Function	Meaning
`fn:codepoints-to-string`	Creates an `xs:string` from a sequence of code points.
`fn:string-to-codepoints`	Returns the sequence of code points that constitute an `xs:string`.

7.2.1 fn:codepoints-to-string

fn:codepoints-to-string(


              $arg

as xs:integer*) as xs:string

Creates an xs:string from a sequence of code points. Returns the zero-length string if $arg is the empty sequence. If any of the code points in $arg is not a legal XML character, an error is raised [codepoint not valid].

7.2.1.1 Examples

fn:codepoints-to-string((2309, 2358, 2378, 2325)) returns "अशॊक"

7.2.2 fn:string-to-codepoints

fn:string-to-codepoints(


              $arg

as xs:string?) as xs:integer*

Returns the sequence of code points that constitute an xs:string. If $arg is a zero-length string or the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

7.2.2.1 Examples

fn:string-to-codepoints("Thérèse") returns the sequence (84, 104, 233, 114, 232, 115, 101)

7.3 Equality and Comparison of Strings

7.3.1 Collations

When values whose type is xs:string or a type derived from xs:string are compared (or, equivalently, sorted), the comparisons are inherently performed according to some collation (even if that collation is defined entirely on code point values). The [Character Model for the World Wide Web 1.0] observes that some applications may require different comparison and ordering behaviors than other applications. Similarly, some users having particular linguistic expectations may require different behaviors than other users. Consequently, the collation must be taken into account when comparing strings in any context. Several functions in this and the following section make use of a collation.

Collations can indicate that that two different code points are, in fact, equal for comparison purposes (e.g., "v" and "w" are considered equivalent in Swedish). Strings can be compared codepoint-by-codepoint or in a linguistically appropriate manner, as defined by the collation.

Some collations, especially those based on the [Unicode Collation Algorithm] can be "tailored" for various purposes. This document does not discuss such tailoring, nor does it provide a mechanism to perform tailoring. Instead, it assumes that the collation argument to the various functions below is a tailored and named collation. A specific collation with a distinguished name, http://www.w3.org/2003/11/xpath-functions/collation/codepoint, provides the ability to compare strings based on code point values. Every implementation of XQuery/XPath must support the collation based on code point values.

While the [Character Model for the World Wide Web 1.0] recommends that all strings be subjected to early Unicode normalization, it is not possible to guarantee that all strings in all XML documents are, in fact, normalized, or that they are normalized in the same manner. In order to maximize interoperable results of operations on XML documents in general, there may be collations that operate on unnormalized strings, other collations that raise runtime errors when unnormalized strings are encountered, and still other collations that implicitly normalize strings for the purposes of collating them. For alignment with the [Character Model for the World Wide Web 1.0], applications may choose collations that treat unnormalized strings as though they were normalized (that is, that implicitly normalize the strings). Note that collations based on the Unicode collation algorithm produce equivalent results regardless of a string's normalization.

This specification assumes that collations are named and that the collation name may be provided as an argument to string functions. Functions that allow specification of a collation do so with an argument whose type is xs:string but whose lexical form must conform to an xs:anyURI. If the collation is specified using a relative URI, it is assumed to be relative to the value of the base-uri property in the static context. This specification also defines the manner in which a default collation is determined if the collation argument is not specified in invocations of functions that use a collation but allow it to be omitted.

Functions such as fn:compare and fn:max that compare xs:string values use a single collation URI to identify all aspects of the collation rules. This means that any parameters such as the strength of the collation must be specified as part of the collation URI. For example, suppose there is a collation "http://www.example.com/collations/French" that refers to a French collation that compares on the basis of base characters. Collations that use the same basic rules, but with higher strengths, for example, base characters and accents, or base characters, accents and case, would need to be given different names, say "http://www.example.com/collations/French1" and "http://www.example.com/collations/French2". Note that some specifications use the term collation to refer to an algorithm that can be parameterized, but in this specification, each possible parameterization is considered to be a distinct collation.

The XQuery/XPath static context includes a provision for a default collation that can be used for string comparisons (including ordering operations). However, the static context is not required to have a default collation specified. See the description of the static context in Section 2.1.1 Static Context^XQ. If the static context does not have a default collation specified, a system defined default can be invoked. If this is not provided, the Unicode code point collation is used as the default collation.

The decision of what collation to use for a given comparison or ordering function is determined by the following algorithm:

If the function specifies an explicit collation, CollationA (e.g., if the optional collation argument is specified in an invocation of the fn:compare() function), then:
- If CollationA is supported by the implementation, then CollationA is used.
- Otherwise, an error is raised [unsupported collation].
If no collation is explicitly specified for the function and the function is fn:contains, fn:starts-with, fn:ends-with, fn:substring-before or fn:substring-after the Unicode code point collation (http://www.w3.org/2003/11/xpath-functions/collation/codepoint) is used.
If no collation is explicitly specified for the function and the function is not one of the above functions and the XQuery/XPath static context specifies a collation, CollationB, then:
- If CollationB is supported by the implementation, then CollationB is used.
- Otherwise, an error is raised [unsupported collation].
Otherwise, the Unicode code point collation (http://www.w3.org/2003/11/xpath-functions/collation/codepoint) is used.

Note:

XML allows elements to specify the xml:lang attribute to indicate the language associated with the content of such an element. This specification does not use xml:lang to identify the default collation because using xml:lang does not produce desired effects when the two strings to be compared have different xml:lang values or when a string is multilingual.

7.3.2 fn:compare

fn:compare($comparand1 as xs:string?, $comparand2 as xs:string?) as xs:integer?

`fn:compare`(	`$comparand1`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$comparand2`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$collation`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:integer?`

Summary: Returns -1, 0, or 1, depending on whether the value of the $comparand1 is respectively less than, equal to, or greater than the value of $comparand2, according to the rules of the collation that is used.

The collation used by the invocation of this function is determined according to the rules in 7.3.1 Collations.

If the value of $comparand2 begins with a string that is equal to the value of $comparand1 (according to the collation that is used) and has additional code points following that beginning string, then the result is -1. If the value of $comparand1 begins with a string that is equal to the value of $comparand2 (according to the collation that is used) and has additional code points following that beginning string, then the result is 1.

If either argument is the empty sequence, the result is the empty sequence.

This function, invoked with the second signature, backs up the "eq", "ne", "gt", "lt", "le" and "ge" operators on string values.

7.3.2.1 Examples

fn:compare('abc', 'abc') returns 0.
fn:compare('Strasse', 'Straße') returns 0 if and only if the default collation includes provisions that equate "ss" and the (German) character "ß" ("sharp-s"). (Otherwise, the returned value depends on the semantics of the default collation.)
fn:compare('Strasse', 'Straße', 'deutsch') returns 0 if the collation identified by the relative URI constructed from the string value "deutsch" includes provisions that equate "ss" and the (German) character "ß" ("sharp-s"). (Otherwise, the returned value depends on the semantics of that collation.)
fn:compare('Strassen', 'Straße') returns 1 if the default collation includes provisions that treat differences between "ss" and the (German) character "ß" ("sharp-s") with less strength than the differences between the base characters, such as the final "n".

7.4 Functions on String Values

The following functions are defined on values of type xs:string and types derived from it. Several of these functions use collations. See 7.3.1 Collations for a discussion of collations.

Function	Meaning
`fn:concat`	Concatenates two or more `xs:string`s.
`fn:string-join`	Returns the `xs:string` produced by concatenating a sequence of `xs:string`s using an optional separator.
`fn:substring`	Returns the `xs:string` located at a specified place in an `xs:string`.
`fn:string-length`	Returns the length of the argument.
`fn:normalize-space`	Returns the whitespace-normalized value of the argument.
`fn:normalize-unicode`	Returns the normalized value of the first argument in the normalization form specified by the second argument.
`fn:upper-case`	Returns the upper-cased value of the argument.
`fn:lower-case`	Returns the lower-cased value of the argument.
`fn:translate`	Returns the first `xs:string` argument with occurrences of characters contained in the second argument replaced by the character at the corresponding position in the third argument.
`fn:escape-uri`	Returns the string representing an `xs:anyURI` value with certain characters escaped as specified in [RFC 2396] and [RFC 2732].

Note:

When the above operators and functions are applied to datatypes derived from xs:string, they are guaranteed to return legal xs:strings, but they might not return a legal value for the particular subtype to which they were applied.

7.4.1 fn:concat

fn:concat($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?, ...) as xs:string

Summary: Accepts two or more xs:strings as arguments. Returns the xs:string that is the concatenation of the values of its arguments. If any of the arguments is the empty sequence, the argument is treated as the zero-length string.

The concat() function is specified to allow an arbitrary number of xs:string arguments that are concatenated together. This is the only function specified in this document that has this characteristic. This capability is retained for compatibility with [XPath 1.0].

7.4.1.1 Examples

fn:concat('un', 'grateful') returns " ungrateful ".
fn:concat('Thy ', (), 'old ', "groans ", "", ' ring', ' yet', ' in', ' my', ' ancient',' ears.') returns " Thy old groans ring yet in my ancient ears. ".
fn:concat('Ciao!',()) returns " Ciao! ".
fn:concat('Ingratitude, ', 'thou ', 'marble-hearted', ' fiend!') returns " Ingratitude, thou marble-hearted fiend! ".

7.4.2 fn:string-join

fn:string-join($arg1 as xs:string*, $arg2 as xs:string) as xs:string

Summary: Returns a xs:string created by concatenating the members of the $arg1 sequence using $arg2 as a separator. If the value of $arg2 is the zero-length string, then the members of $arg1 are concatenated without a separator.

If the value of $arg1 is the empty sequence, the zero-length string is returned.

7.4.2.1 Examples

fn:string-join(('Now', 'is', 'the', 'time', '...'), ' ') returns "Now is the time ...".
fn:string-join(('Blow, ', 'blow, ', 'thou ', 'winter ', 'wind!'), '') returns "Blow, blow, thou winter wind!".
fn:string-join((), 'separator') returns "".
Assume a document:
```
<doc>
  <chap>
    <section>
    </section>
  </chap>
</doc>
```
with the <section> as the context node, the [XPath 2.0] expression:

fn:string-join(for $n in ancestor-or-self::* return name($n), '/')

returns "doc/chap/section"

7.4.3 fn:substring

`fn:substring`(	`$sourceString`	`as` `xs:string?`,
`fn:substring`(	`$startingLoc`	`as` `xs:double`) `as` `xs:string`

`fn:substring`(	`$sourceString`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$startingLoc`	`as` `xs:double`,
	`$length`	`as` `xs:double`) `as` `xs:string`

Summary: Returns the portion of the value of $sourceString beginning at the position indicated by the value of $startingLoc and continuing for the number of characters indicated by the value of $length. More specifically, returns the characters in $sourceString whose position $p obeys:

fn:round($startingLoc) <= $p < fn:round($startingLoc) + fn:round($length)

In the above computation, the rules for op:numeric-less-than() and op:numeric-greater-than() apply.

If the value of $sourceString is the empty sequence, the zero-length string is returned.

If $startingLoc is zero or negative, the substring includes characters from the beginning of the $sourceString.

If $length is not specified, the substring includes characters to the end of $sourceString.

If $length is greater than the number of characters in the value of $sourceString following $startingLoc, the substring includes characters to the end of $sourceString.

The first character of a string is located at position 1, not position 0.

7.4.3.1 Examples

fn:substring("motor car", 6) returns " car".

Characters starting at position 6 to the end of $sourceString are selected.
fn:substring("metadata", 4, 3) returns "ada".

Characters at positions greater than or equal to 4 and less than 7 are selected.
fn:substring("12345", 1.5, 2.6) returns "234".

Characters at positions greater than or equal to 2 and less than 5 are selected.
fn:substring("12345", 0, 3) returns "12".

Characters at positions greater than or equal to 0 and less than 3 are selected.
fn:substring("12345", 5, -3) returns "".

Characters at positions greater than or equal to 5 and less than 2 are selected.
fn:substring("12345", 0 div 0E0.0, 3) returns "".

Since 0 div 0 returns NaN, and NaN compared to any other number returns false, no characters are selected.
fn:substring("12345", 1, 0 div 0E0.0) returns "".

As above.
fn:substring((), 1, 3) returns "".

As above.
fn:substring("12345", -42, 1 div 0E0.0) returns "12345".

Characters at positions greater than or equal to -42 and less than INF are selected.
fn:substring("12345", -1 div 0E0.0, 1 div 0E0.0) returns "".

Since -INF + INF returns NaN, no characters are selected.

7.4.4 fn:string-length

fn:string-length() as xs:integer

fn:string-length($arg as xs:string) as xs:integer

Summary: Returns an xs:integer equal to the length in characters of the value of $arg.

If the value of $arg is the empty sequence, the xs:integer 0 is returned.

If no argument is supplied, $arg defaults to the string value (calculated using fn:string()) of the context item (.).

7.4.4.1 Examples

fn:string-length("Harp not on that string, madam; that is past.") returns 45.
fn:string-length(()) returns 0.

7.4.5 fn:normalize-space

fn:normalize-space() as xs:string

fn:normalize-space($arg as xs:string?) as xs:string

Summary: Returns the value of $arg with whitespace normalized by stripping leading and trailing whitespace and replacing sequences of one or more than one whitespace character with a single space, #x20.

The whitespace characters are defined in [XML 1.0 Recommendation (Second Edition)] as TAB (#x9), LINE FEED (#xA), CARRIAGE RETURN (#xD) and SPACE (#x20). If the value of $arg is the empty sequence, returns the zero-length string. If no argument is supplied, $arg defaults to the string value (calculated using fn:string()) of the context item (.).

7.4.5.1 Examples

fn:normalize-space(" The wealthy curled darlings of our nation. ") returns "The wealthy curled darlings of our nation.".
fn:normalize-space(()) returns "".

7.4.6 fn:normalize-unicode

fn:normalize-unicode($arg as xs:string?) as xs:string

`fn:normalize-unicode`(	`$arg`	`as` `xs:string?`,
`fn:normalize-unicode`(	`$normalizationForm`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:string`

Summary: Returns the value of $arg normalized according to the normalization criteria for a normalization form identified by the value of $normalizationForm. The effective value of the $normalizationForm is computed by removing leading and trailing blanks, if present, and converting to upper case.

If the value of $arg is the empty sequence, returns the zero-length string.

See [Character Model for the World Wide Web 1.0] for a description of the normalization forms.

If the $normalizationForm is absent, as in the first format above, it shall be assumed to be "NFC"

If the effective value of $normalizationForm is "NFC", then the value returned by the function is the value of $arg in Unicode Normalization Form C (NFC).
If the effective value of $normalizationForm is "NFD", then the value returned by the function is the value of $arg in Unicode Normalization Form D (NFD).
If the effective value of $normalizationForm is "NFKC", then the value returned by the function is the value of $arg in Unicode Normalization Form KC (NFKC).
If the effective value of $normalizationForm is "NFKD", then the value returned by the function is the value of $arg in Unicode Normalization Form KD (NFKD).
If the effective value of $normalizationForm is "fully-normalized", then the value returned by the function is the value of $arg is the fully normalized form.
If the effective value of $normalizationForm is the zero-length string, no normalization is performed and $arg is returned.

Conforming implementations ·must· support normalization form "NFC" and ·may· support normalization forms "NFD", "NFKC", "NFKD", "fully-normalized". They ·may· also support other normalization forms with ·implementation-defined· semantics. If the effective value of the $normalizationForm is other than one of the values supported by the implementation, then an error is raised [unsupported normalization form].

7.4.7 fn:upper-case

fn:upper-case($arg as xs:string?) as xs:string

Summary: Returns the value of $srcval after translating every character to its upper-case correspondent. Every character that does not have an upper-case correspondent is included in the returned value in its original form. The precise mapping is determined using [Unicode Case Mappings].

If the value of $arg is the empty sequence, the zero-length string is returned.

Note:

Case mappings may change the length of a string. In general, the two functions are not inverses of each other fn:lower-case(fn:upper-case($arg)) is not guaranteed to return $arg, nor is fn:upper-case(fn:lower-case($arg)). The Latin small letter dotless i (as used in Turkish) is perhaps the most prominent lower-case letter which will not round-trip. The Latin capital letter i with dot above is the most prominent upper-case letter which will not round trip; there are others.

These functions may not always be linguistically appropriate (e.g. Turkish i without dot) or appropriate for the application (e.g. titlecase). In cases such as Turkish, a simple translation should be used first.

Results may violate user expectations (in Quebec, for example, the standard uppercase equivalent of "è" is "È", while in metropolitan France it is more commonly "E"; only one of these is supported by the functions as defined).

Many characters of class Ll lack uppercase equivalents in the Unicode case mapping tables; many characters of class Lu lack lowercase equivalents.

7.4.7.1 Examples

fn:upper-case("abCd0") returns "ABCD0".

7.4.8 fn:lower-case

fn:lower-case($arg as xs:string?) as xs:string

Summary, returns the value of $srcval after translating every character to its lower-case correspondent. Every character that does not have an lower-case correspondent is included in the returned value in its original form. The precise mapping is determined using [Unicode Case Mappings].

If the value of $arg is the empty sequence, the zero-length string is returned.

Note:

Many characters of class Ll lack uppercase equivalents in the Unicode case mapping tables; many characters of class Lu lack lowercase equivalents.

7.4.8.1 Examples

fn:lower-case("ABc!D") returns "abc!d".

7.4.9 fn:translate

`fn:translate`(	`$arg`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$mapString`	`as` `xs:string`,
	`$transString`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:string`

Summary: Returns the value of $arg modified so that every character in the value of $arg that occurs at some position N in the value of $mapString has been replaced by the character that occurs at position N in the value of $transString.

If the value of $arg is the empty sequence, the zero-length string is returned.

Every character in the value of $arg that does not appear in the value of $mapString is unchanged.

Every character in the value of $arg that appears at some position M in the value of $mapString, where the value of $transString is less than M characters in length, is omitted from the returned value. If $mapString is the zero-length string $arg is returned.

If a character occurs more than once in $mapString, then the first occurrence determines the replacement character. If $transString is longer than $mapString, the excess characters are ignored.

7.4.9.1 Examples

fn:translate("bar","abc","ABC") returns "BAr"
fn:translate("--aaa--","abc-","ABC") returns "AAA".
fn:translate("abcdabc", "abc", "AB") returns "ABdAB".

7.4.10 fn:escape-uri

`fn:escape-uri`(	`$uri-part`	`as` `xs:string?`,
`fn:escape-uri`(	`$escape-reserved`	`as` `xs:boolean`) `as` `xs:string`

Summary: This function applies the URI escaping rules defined in section 2 of [RFC 2396] as amended by [RFC 2732], with one exception, to the string supplied as $uri-part, which typically represents all or part of a URI. The effect of the function is to replace any special character in the string by an escape sequence of the form %HH, where HH... is the hexadecimal representation of the octets used to represent the character in UTF-8.

The set of characters that are escaped depends on the setting of the boolean argument $escape-reserved.

If $uri-part is the empty sequence, returns the zero-length string.

If $escape-reserved is true, all characters are escaped other than the lower case letters a-z, the upper case letters A-Z, the digits 0-9, the PERCENT SIGN "%" and the NUMBER SIGN "#" characters and the characters referred to in [RFC 2396] as "marks": specifically, HYPHEN-MINUS ("-"), LOW LINE ("_"), FULL STOP ".", EXCLAMATION MARK "!", TILDE "~", ASTERISK "*", APOSTROPHE "'", LEFT PARENTHESIS "(", and RIGHT PARENTHESIS ")".

If $escape-reserved is false, the behavior differs in that characters referred to in [RFC 2396] and [RFC 2732] as reserved characters, together with the NUMBER SIGN '#' character, (See [Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax]) are not escaped. These characters are SEMICOLON ";", SOLIDUS "/", QUESTION MARK "?", COLON ":", COMMERCIAL AT "@", AMPERSAND "&", EQUALS SIGN "=", PLUS SIGN "+", DOLLAR SIGN "$", COMMA "," NUMBER SIGN "#", LEFT SQUARE BRACKET "[" and RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET "]".

[RFC 2396] does not define whether escaped URIs should use lower case or upper case for hexadecimal digits. To ensure that escaped URIs can be compared using string comparison functions, this function must always generate hexadecimal values using the upper-case letters A-F.

Generally, $escape-reserved should be set to true when escaping a string that is to form a single part of a URI, and to false when escaping an entire URI or URI reference.

7.4.10.1 Examples

fn:escape-uri ("http://www.example.com/spinaltap.micro.umn.edu/00/Weather/CA/Los%20Angeles#ocean", true()) returns "http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.com%2Fspinaltap.micro.umn.edu%2F00%2FWeather%2FCA%2FLos%20Angeles%23ocean"
fn:escape-uri ("http://example.com/spinaltap.micro.umn.edu/00/Weather/CA/Los%20Angeles#ocean", false()) returns "http://example.com/spinaltap.micro.umn.edu/00/Weather/CA/Los%20Angeles#ocean"

7.5 Functions Based on Substring Matching

The functions described in the section examine a string $arg1 to see whether it contains another string $arg2 as a substring. The result depends on whether $arg2 is a substring of $arg1, and if so, on the range of characters in $arg1 which $arg2 matches.

In the absence of a collation argument, or when the Unicode code point Collation is used, this simply involves determining whether $arg1 contains a contiguous sequence of characters whose code points are the same, one for one, with the code points of the characters in $arg2.

When a collation is specified, the rules are more complex.

All collations support the capability of deciding whether two strings are considered equal, and if not, which of the strings should be regarded as preceding the other. For functions such as fn:compare(), this is all that is required. For other functions, such as fn:contains(), the collation needs to support an additional property: it must be able to decompose the string into a sequence of collation units, each unit consisting of one or more characters, such that two strings can be compared by pairwise comparison of these units. The string $arg1 is then considered to contain $arg2 as a substring if the sequence of collation units corresponding to $arg2 is a subsequence of the sequence of the collation units corresponding to $arg1. The characters in $arg1 that match are the characters corresponding to these collation units.

This rule may occasionally lead to surprises. For example, consider a collation that treats "Jaeger" and "Jäger" as equal. It might do this by treating "ä" as representing two collation units, in which case the expression fn:contains("Jäger", "eg") will return true. Alternatively, a collation might treat "ae" as a single collation unit, in which case the expression fn:contains("Jaeger", "eg") will return false. The results of these functions thus depends strongly on the properties of the collation that is used.

In the definitions below, we say that $arg1 contains $arg2 at positions m through n if the collation units corresponding to characters in positions m to n of $arg1 are the same as the collation units corresponding to all the characters of $arg2. In the simple case of the Unicode code point collation, the collation units are the same as the characters of the string.

It is possible to define collations that do not have the ability to decompose a string into units suitable for substring matching. An argument to a function defined in this section may be a URI that identifies a collation that is able to compare two strings, but that does not have the capability to split the string into collation units. Such a collation may fail, or give unexpected results and the system may reject it.

Function	Meaning
`fn:contains`	Indicates whether one `xs:string` contains another `xs:string`. A collation may be specified.
`fn:starts-with`	Indicates whether the value of one `xs:string` begins with the collation units of another `xs:string`. A collation may be specified.
`fn:ends-with`	Indicates whether the value of one `xs:string` ends with the collation units of another `xs:string`. A collation may be specified.
`fn:substring-before`	Returns the collation units of one `xs:string` that precede in that `xs:string` the collation units of another `xs:string`. A collation may be specified.
`fn:substring-after`	Returns the collation units of `xs:string` that follow in that `xs:string` the collation units of another `xs:string`. A collation may be specified.

7.5.1 fn:contains

fn:contains($arg1

as

xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?) as xs:boolean

`fn:contains`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$collation`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: Returns an xs:boolean indicating whether or not the value of $arg1 contains (at the beginning, at the end, or anywhere within) a sequence of collation units that match the collation units of $arg2 according to the collation that is used.

The collation used by the invocation of this function is determined according to the rules in 7.3.1 Collations. If the specified collation is unsuitable for this function an error ·may· be raised [collation unsuitable for this function].

If the value of $arg1 or $arg2 is the empty sequence, it is interpreted as the zero-length string.

If the value of $arg2 is the zero-length string, then the function returns true.

If the value of $arg1 is the zero-length string, the function returns false.

7.5.1.1 Examples

The collation used for the purposes of these examples is the Unicode default collation.

fn:contains("goldenrod","rod") returns true.
fn:contains("", "rod") returns false.
fn:contains((), "") returns true.

7.5.2 fn:starts-with

fn:starts-with($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?) as xs:boolean

`fn:starts-with`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$collation`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: Returns an xs:boolean indicating whether or not the value of $arg1 starts with a sequence of collation units that matches the collation units of $arg2 according to the collation that is used.

If the value of $arg1 or $arg2 is the empty sequence, it is interpreted as the zero-length string.

If the value of $arg2 is the zero-length string, then the function returns true. If the value of $arg1 is the zero-length string and the value of $arg2 is not the zero-length string, then the function returns false.

7.5.2.1 Examples

The collation used for the purposes of these examples is the Unicode default collation.

fn:starts-with("goldenrod", "gold") returns true.
fn:starts-with("goldenrod", "rod") returns false.
fn:starts-with("goldenrod", "") returns true.
fn:starts-with("How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have a thankless child!", "How sharp") returns true.
fn:starts-with((), "") returns true.

7.5.3 fn:ends-with

fn:ends-with($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?) as xs:boolean

`fn:ends-with`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$collation`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: Returns an xs:boolean indicating whether or not the value of $arg1 ends with a sequence of collation units that match the collation units of $arg2 according to the specified collation.

If the value of $arg1 or $arg2 is the empty sequence, it is interpreted as the zero-length string.

7.5.3.1 Examples

The collation used for the purposes of these examples is the Unicode default collation.

fn:ends-with("goldenrod","rod") returns true.
fn:ends-with("", "rod") returns false.
fn:ends-with((), "") returns true.

7.5.4 fn:substring-before

fn:substring-before($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?) as xs:string

`fn:substring-before`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$collation`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:string`

Summary: Returns the substring of the value of $arg1 that precedes in the value of $arg1 the first occurrence of a string that is equal to the value of $arg2 according to the collation that is used.

If the value of $arg1 or $arg2 is the empty sequence, it is interpreted as the zero-length string.

If the value of $arg2 is the zero-length string, then the function returns the zero-length string.

If the value of $arg1 does not contain a string that is equal to the value of $arg2, then the function returns the zero-length string.

The collation used by the invocation of this function is determined according to the rules in 7.3.1 Collations If the specified collation is unsuitable for this function an error ·may· be raised [collation unsuitable for this function].

7.5.4.1 Examples

fn:substring-before("xpath-functions.xml",".") returns "xpath-functions".
fn:substring-before("Baloney!","") returns "Baloney!".

7.5.5 fn:substring-after

fn:substring-after($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?) as xs:string

`fn:substring-after`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$collation`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:string`

Summary: Returns the substring of the value of $arg1 that follows in the value of $arg1 the first occurrence of a string that is equal to the value of $arg2 according to the collation that is used.

If the value of $arg1 or $arg2 is the empty sequence, it is interpreted as the zero-length string.

If the value of $arg2 is the zero-length string, then the function returns the value of $arg1.

If the value of $arg1 does not contain a string that is equal to the value of $arg2, then the function returns the zero-length string.

7.5.5.1 Examples

fn:substring-after("antidisestablishmentarianism","dis") returns "establishmentarianism".
fn:substring-after("Who there?","") returns "Who there?".

7.6 String Functions that Use Pattern Matching

The three functions described in this section make use of a regular expression syntax for pattern matching. This is described below.

Function	Meaning
`fn:matches`	Returns an `xs:boolean` value that indicates whether the value of the first argument is matched by the regular expression that is the value of the second argument.
`fn:replace`	Returns the value of the first argument with every substring matched by the regular expression that is the value of the second argument replaced by the replacement string that is the value of the third argument.
`fn:tokenize`	Returns a sequence of one or more `xs:string`s whose values are substrings of the value of the first argument separated by substrings that match the regular expression that is the value of the second argument.

7.6.1 Regular Expression Syntax

The regular expression syntax used by these functions is defined in terms of the regular expression syntax specified in XML Schema (see [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]), which in turn is based on the established conventions of languages such as Perl. However, because XML Schema uses regular expressions only for validity checking, it omits some facilities that are widely-used with languages such as Perl. This section, therefore, describes extensions to the XML Schema regular expressions syntax that reinstate these capabilities.

7.6.1.1 Flags

All these functions provide an optional parameter, $flags, to set options for the interpretation of the regular expression. The parameter accepts a xs:string, in which individual letters are used to set options. The presence of a letter within the string indicates that the option is on; its absence indicates that the option is off. Letters may appear in any order and may be repeated. If there are characters present that are not defined here as flags, then an error is raised [invalid regular expression flags].

The following options are defined:

s: If present, the match operates in "dot-all" mode. (Perl calls this the single-line mode.) If the s flag is not specified, the metacharacter . matches any character except a newline (#x0A) character. In dot-all mode, the metacharacter . matches any character whatsoever. Suppose the input contains "hello" and "world" on two lines. This will not be matched by the regular expression "hello.*world" unless dot-all mode is enabled.
m: If present, the match operates in multi-line mode. By default, the metacharacter ^ matches the start of the entire string, while $ matches the end of the entire string. In multi-line mode, ^ matches the start of any line (that is, the start of the entire string, and the position immediately after a newline character), while $ matches the end of any line (that is, the end of the entire string, and the position immediately before a newline character). Newline here means the character #x0A only.
i: If present, the match operates in case-insensitive mode. Otherwise, the match operates in case-sensitive mode. In case-sensitive mode, a character in the input string matches a character specified by the pattern only if the Unicode code-points match. In case-insensitive mode, a character in the input string matches a character specified by the pattern if there is a canonical caseless match between the two characters as defined in section 2.5 of [Unicode Case Mappings].
x: If present, whitespace characters within the regular expression are ignored. By default, whitespace characters match themselves. This allows, for example, regular expressions to be broken up into lines for readability.

The regular expression syntax and semantics are identical to those defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] with the following additions:

Two meta-characters, ^ and $ are added. By default, the metacharacter ^ matches the start of the entire string, while $ matches the end of the entire string. In multi-line mode, ^ matches the start of any line (that is, the start of the entire string, and the position immediately after a newline character), while $ matches the end of any line (that is, the end of the entire string, and the position immediately before a newline character). Newline here means the character #x0A" only.

This means that the production in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]:

[10] Char ::= [^.\?*+()|#x5B#x5D]

is modified to read:

[10] Char ::= [^.\?*+()|^$#x5B#x5D]

The characters #x5B and #x5D correspond to "[" and "]" respectively.

The following production:

[11] charClass ::= charClassEsc | charClassExpr | WildCardEsc

is modified to read:

[11] charClass ::= charClassEsc | charClassExpr | WildCardEsc | "^" | "$"
In string mode, the metacharacter . matches any character whatsoever. In multiline mode, the metacharacter . matches any character except a newline (#x0A) character. Suppose the input contains "hello" and "world" on two lines. This will not be matched by the regular expression "hello.*world" in multiline mode.
Reluctant quantifiers are supported. They are indicated by a "?" following a quantifier. Specifically:
- X?? matches X, once or not at all
- X*? matches X, zero or more times
- X+? matches X, one or more times
- X{n}? matches X, exactly n times
- X(n,}? matches X, at least n times
- X{n,m}? matches X, at least n times, but not more than m times
The effect of these quantifiers is that the regular expression matches the shortest possible substring consistent with the match as a whole succeeding. Without the "?", the regular expression matches the longest possible substring.

To achieve this, the production in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]:

[4] quantifier ::= [?*+] | ( '{' quantity '}' )

is changed to:

[4] quantifier ::= ( [?*+] | ( '{' quantity '}' ) ) '?'?

Note:

Reluctant quantifiers have no effect on the results of the boolean fn:matches function, since this function is only interested in discovering whether a match exists, and not where it exists.
Sub-expressions (groups) within the regular expression are recognized. The regular expression syntax defined by [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] allows a regular expression to contain parenthesized sub-expressions, but attaches no special significance to them. The fn:replace() function described below allows access to the parts of the input string that matched a sub-expression (called captured substrings). The sub-expressions are numbered according to the position of the opening parenthesis in left-to-right order within the top-level regular expression: the first opening parenthesis identifies captured substring 1, the second identifies captured substring 2, and so on. 0 identifies the substring captured by the entire regular expression. If a sub-expression matches more than one substring (because it is within a construct that allows repetition), then only the last substring that it matched will be captured.
Back-references are allowed. The construct \n where n is a single digit is always recognized as a back-reference; if this is followed by further digits, these digits are taken to be part of the back-reference if and only if the back-reference is preceded by sufficiently many capturing subexpressions. A back-reference matches the string that was matched by the n'th capturing subexpression within the regular expression, that is, the parenthesized subexpression whose opening left parenthesis is the n'th unescaped left parenthesis within the regular expression. The closing right parenthesis of this subexpression must occur before the back-reference. For example, the regular expression ('|").*\1 matches a sequence of characters delimited either by an apostrophe at the start and end, or by a quotation mark at the start and end.

Back references change the following production:

[23] charClassEsc ::= ( SingleCharEsc | MultiCharEsc | catEsc | complEsc )

to

[23] charClassEsc ::= ( SingleCharEsc | MultiCharEsc | catEsc | complEsc | backReference )

[23a] backReference ::= "\" [0-9]+

7.6.2 fn:matches

fn:matches($input as xs:string?, $pattern as xs:string) as xs:boolean

`fn:matches`(	`$input`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$pattern`	`as` `xs:string`,
	`$flags`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: The function returns true if $input matches the regular expression supplied as $pattern as influenced by the value of $flags, if present; otherwise, it returns false.

The effect of calling the first version of this function (omitting the argument $flags) is the same as the effect of calling the second version with the $flags argument set to a zero-length string. Flags are defined in 7.6.1.1 Flags.

If $input is the empty sequence, it is interpreted as the zero-length string.

Unless the metacharacters ^ and $ are used as anchors, the string is considered to match the pattern if any substring matches the pattern. But if anchors are used, the anchors must match the start/end of the string (in string mode), or the start/end of a line (in multiline mode).

Note:

This is different from the behavior of patterns in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes], where regular expressions are implicitly anchored.

An error is raised [invalid regular expression] if the value of $pattern is invalid according to the rules described in section 7.6.1 Regular Expression Syntax.

An error is raised [invalid regular expression flags] if the value of $flags is invalid according to the rules described in section 7.6.1 Regular Expression Syntax.

7.6.2.1 Examples

fn:matches("abracadabra", "bra") returns true
fn:matches("abracadabra", "^a.*a$") returns true
fn:matches("abracadabra", "^bra") returns false

Given the source document:

<poem author="Wilhelm Busch"> 
Kaum hat dies der Hahn gesehen,
Fängt er auch schon an zu krähen:
«Kikeriki! Kikikerikih!!»
Tak, tak, tak! - da kommen sie.
</poem>

the following function calls produce the following results, with the poem element as the context node:

fn:matches(., "Kaum.*krähen") returns false
fn:matches(., "Kaum.*krähen", "s") returns true
fn:matches(., "^Kaum.*gesehen,$", "m") returns true
fn:matches(., "^Kaum.*gesehen,$") returns false
fn:matches(., "kiki", "i") returns true

Note:

Regular expression matching is defined on the basis of Unicode code-points; it takes no account of collations.

7.6.3 fn:replace

`fn:replace`(	`$input`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$pattern`	`as` `xs:string`,
	`$replacement`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:string`

`fn:replace`(	`$input`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$pattern`	`as` `xs:string`,
	`$replacement`	`as` `xs:string`,
	`$flags`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:string`

Summary: The function returns the xs:string that is obtained by replacing each non-overlapping substring of $input that matches the given $pattern with an occurrence of the $replacement string.

The $flags argument is interpreted in the same manner as for the fn:matches() function.

If $input is the empty sequence, it is interpreted as the zero-length string.

If two overlapping substrings of $input both match the $pattern, then only the first one (that is, the one whose first character comes first in the $input string) is replaced.

Within the $replacement string, the variables $1 to $9 may be used to refer to the substring captured by each of the first nine parenthesized sub-expressions in the regular expression. $0 refers to the substring captured by the regular expression as a whole. A literal "$" symbol must be written as "\$". A literal "\" symbol must be written as "\\". For each match of the pattern, these variables are assigned the value of the content of the relevant captured sub-expression, and the modified replacement string is then substituted for the characters in $input that matched the pattern.

If a variable $n is present in the replacement string, but there is no nth captured substring (which may happen because there were fewer than n parenthesized sub-expressions, or because the nth parenthesized sub-expression was not matched) then the variable is replaced by a zero-length string.

If two alternatives within the pattern both match at the same position in the $input, then the match that is chosen is the one matched by the first alternative. For example:

fn:replace("abcd", "(ab)|(a)", "[1=$1][2=$2]") returns "[1=ab][2=]cd"

An error is raised [invalid regular expression] if the value of $pattern is invalid according to the rules described in section 7.6.1 Regular Expression Syntax.

An error is raised [invalid regular expression flags] if the value of $flags is invalid according to the rules described in section 7.6.1 Regular Expression Syntax.

An error is raised [regular expression matches zero-length string] if the pattern matches a zero-length string, that is, if the expression fn:matches("", $pattern, $flags) returns true. It is not an error, however, if a captured substring is zero-length.

An error is raised [invalid replacement string] if the value of $replacement contains a "$" character that is not immediately followed by a digit 1-9 and not immediately preceded by a "\".

An error is raised [invalid replacement string] if the value of $replacement contains a "\" character that is not part of a "\\" pair, unless it is immediately followed by a "$" character.

7.6.3.1 Examples

replace("abracadabra", "bra", "*") returns "a*cada*"
replace("abracadabra", "a.*a", "*") returns "*"
replace("abracadabra", "a.*?a", "*") returns "*c*bra"
replace("abracadabra", "a", "") returns "brcdbr"
replace("abracadabra", "a(.)", "a$1$1") returns "abbraccaddabbra"
replace("abracadabra", ".*?", "$1") raises an error, because the pattern matches the zero-length string
replace("AAAA", "A+", "b") returns "b"
replace("AAAA", "A+?", "b") returns "bbbb"
replace("darted", "^(.*?)d(.*)$", "$1c$2") returns "carted". The first "d" is replaced.

7.6.4 fn:tokenize

fn:tokenize($input

as

xs:string?, $pattern as xs:string) as xs:string+

`fn:tokenize`(	`$input`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$pattern`	`as` `xs:string`,
	`$flags`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:string+`

Summary: This function breaks the $input string into a sequence of strings, treating any substring that matches $pattern as a separator. The separators themselves are not returned.

The $flags argument is interpreted in the same way as for the fn:matches() function.

If $input is the empty sequence, the result is the zero-length string.

If the supplied $pattern matches a zero-length string, that is, if fn:matches("", $pattern, $flags) returns true, then an error is raised: [regular expression matches zero-length string].

If a separator occurs at the start of the $input string, the result sequence will start with a zero-length string. Zero-length strings will also occur in the result sequence if a separator occurs at the end of the $input string, or if two adjacent substrings match the supplied $pattern.

If two alternatives within the supplied $pattern both match at the same position in the $input string, then the match that is chosen is the first. For example:

fn:tokenize("abracadabra", "(ab)|(a)") returns ("", "r", "c", "d", "r", "")

An error is raised [invalid regular expression] if the value of $pattern is invalid according to the rules described in section 7.6.1 Regular Expression Syntax.

An error is raised [invalid regular expression flags] if the value of $flags is invalid according to the rules described in section 7.6.1 Regular Expression Syntax.

7.6.4.1 Examples

fn:tokenize("The cat sat on the mat", "\s+") returns ("The", "cat", "sat", "on", "the", "mat")
fn:tokenize("1, 15, 24, 50", ",\s*") returns ("1", "15", "24", "50")
fn:tokenize("1,15,,24,50,", ",") returns ("1", "15", "", "24", "50", "")
fn:tokenize("abba", ".?") raises the error [regular expression matches zero-length string].
fn:tokenize("Some unparsed <br> HTML <BR> text", "\s*<br>\s*", "i") returns ("Some unparsed", "HTML", "text")

8 Functions and Operators on Boolean Values

This section defines functions and operators on the [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] boolean datatype.

8.1 Additional Boolean Constructor Functions

The following additional constructor functions are defined on the boolean type.

Function	Meaning
`fn:true`	Constructs the xs:boolean value 'true'.
`fn:false`	Constructs the xs:boolean value 'false'.

8.1.1 fn:true

fn:true() as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns the xs:boolean value true. Equivalent to xs:boolean("1").

8.1.1.1 Examples

fn:true() returns true.

8.1.2 fn:false

fn:false() as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns the xs:boolean value false. Equivalent to xs:boolean("0").

8.1.2.1 Examples

fn:false() returns false.

8.2 Operators on Boolean Values

The following functions define the semantics of operators on boolean values in [XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language] and [XPath 2.0]:

Operator	Meaning
`op:boolean-equal`	Equality of `xs:boolean` values
`op:boolean-less-than`	A less-than operator on `xs:boolean` values: `false` is less than `true`.
`op:boolean-greater-than`	A greater-than operator on `xs:boolean` values: `true` is greater than `false`.

The ordering operators op:boolean-less-than and op:boolean-greater-than are provided for application purposes and for compatibility with [XPath 1.0]. The [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] datatype xs:boolean is not ordered.

8.2.1 op:boolean-equal

op:boolean-equal($value1 as xs:boolean, $value2 as xs:boolean) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if both arguments are true or if both arguments are false. Returns false if one of the arguments is true and the other argument is false.

This function backs up the "eq" operator on xs:boolean values.

8.2.2 op:boolean-less-than

op:boolean-less-than($arg1 as xs:boolean, $arg2 as xs:boolean) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if $arg1 is false and $arg2 is true. Otherwise, returns false.

This function backs up the "lt" and "ge" operators on xs:boolean values.

8.2.3 op:boolean-greater-than

op:boolean-greater-than(


              $arg1

as xs:boolean, $arg2 as xs:boolean) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if $arg1 is true and $arg2 is false. Otherwise, returns false.

This function backs up the "gt" and "le" operators on xs:boolean values.

8.3 Functions on Boolean Values

The following functions are defined on boolean values:

Function	Meaning
`fn:not`	Inverts the `xs:boolean` value of the argument.

8.3.1 fn:not

fn:not($arg as item()*) as xs:boolean

Summary: $arg is first reduced to an effective boolean value by applying the fn:boolean() function. Returns true if the effective boolean value is false, and false if the effective boolean value is true.

8.3.1.1 Examples

fn:not(fn:true()) returns false.

9 Functions and Operators on Durations, Dates and Times

This section discusses operations on the [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] date and time types. It also discusses operations on two subtypes of xs:duration that are defined in this document. See 9.2 Two Totally Ordered Subtypes of Duration.

The functions described in this section follow the principle of locale-independent storage for these datatypes that originated with [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]. Thus, a single calendar (Gregorian) and a single timezone (UTC) is chosen to represent normalized date and time values. Since the value tuple (See Section 3.3.1 Mapping PSVI Additions to Types^DM) also contains the timezone specified in the lexical representation, applications and other processing systems are free to present this information in locale-specific representations.

9.1 Duration, Date and Time Types

The operators described in this section are defined on the following date and time types:

xs:dateTime
xs:date
xs:time
xs:gYearMonth
xs:gYear
xs:gMonthDay
xs:gMonth
xs:gDay

Note that only equality is defined on xs:gYearMonth, xs:gYear, xs:gMonthDay, xs:gMonth and xs:gDay values.

In addition, operators are defined on the 9.2 Two Totally Ordered Subtypes of Duration:

xdt:yearMonthDuration
xdt:dayTimeDuration

No operators are defined on the [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] datatype xs:duration. Appendix C.6 Working With xs:duration Values discusses how to work with xs:duration values.

9.1.1 Limits and Precision

For a number of the above datatypes [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] extends the basic [ISO 8601] lexical representations, such as YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.s for dateTime, by allowing a preceding minus sign, more than four digits to represent the year field — no maximum is specified — and an unlimited number of digits for fractional seconds.

For this specification, all minimally conforming processors must support year values with a minimum of 4 digits (i.e., YYYY) and a minimum fractional second precision of 1 millisecond or three digits (i.e., s.sss). However, conforming processors may set larger ·implementation-defined· limits on the maximum number of digits they support in these two situations.

A processor that limits the number of digits in date and time datatype representations may encounter overflow and underflow conditions when it tries to execute the functions in 9.7 Adding and Subtracting Durations From dateTime, date and time. In these situations, the processor ·must· return zero in case of underflow and ·must· raise an error [overflow in date/time arithmetic] in case of overflow.

The value spaces of the two totally ordered subtypes of xs:duration described in 9.2 Two Totally Ordered Subtypes of Duration are xs:integer months for xdt:yearMonthDuration and xs:decimal seconds for xdt:dayTimeDuration. If a processor limits the number of digits allowed in the representation of xs:integer and xs:decimal then overflow and underflow situations can arise when it tries to execute the functions in 9.5 Arithmetic Functions on xdt:yearMonthDuration and xdt:dayTimeDuration. In these situations the processor ·must· return zero in case of underflow and ·must· raise an error [overflow in duration arithmetic] in case of overflow.

9.2 Two Totally Ordered Subtypes of Duration

Two totally ordered subtypes of xs:duration are defined in this specification using the mechanisms described in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] for defining user-defined types. They are available in the namespace http://www.w3.org/2003/11/xpath-datatypes.

Note:

The W3C XML Query Working Group has requested the W3C XML Schema Working Group that these two subtypes of xs:duration be included in the built-in datatypes described in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]. If the W3C XML Schema Working Group agrees to this request, these two datatypes will be removed from the above name space and moved into the XML Schema namespace http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema.

9.2.1 xdt:yearMonthDuration

[Definition] xdt:yearMonthDuration is derived from xs:duration by restricting its lexical representation to contain only the year and month components. The value space of xdt:yearMonthDuration is the set of xs:integer month values. The year and month components of xdt:yearMonthDuration correspond to the Gregorian year and month components defined in section 5.5.3.2 of [ISO 8601], respectively.

xdt:yearMonthDuration is derived from xs:duration as follows.

<xs:simpleType name='yearMonthDuration'>
    <xs:restriction base='xs:duration'>
        <xs:pattern value="[\-]?P[0-9]+(Y([0-9]+M)?|M)"/>
    </xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>

9.2.1.1 Lexical representation

The lexical representation for xdt:yearMonthDuration is the [ISO 8601] reduced format PnYnM, where nY represents the number of years and nM the number of months. The values of the years and months components are not restricted but allow an arbitrary unsigned xs:integer.

An optional preceding minus sign ('-') is allowed to indicate a negative duration. If the sign is omitted a positive duration is indicated. To indicate a xdt:yearMonthDuration of 1 year, 2 months, one would write: P1Y2M. One could also indicate a xdt:yearMonthDuration of minus 13 months as: -P13M.

Reduced precision and truncated representations of this format are allowed provided they conform to the following:

If the number of years or months in any expression equals zero (0), the number and its corresponding designator ·may· be omitted. However, at least one number and its designator ·must· be present. For example, P1347Y and P1347M are allowed; P-1347M is not allowed, although -P1347M is allowed. P1Y2MT is not allowed. Also, P24YM is not allowed, nor is PY43M since Y must have at least one prededing digit and M must have one preceding digit.

9.2.1.2 Calculating the value from the lexical representation

The value of a xdt:yearMonthDuration lexical form is obtained by multiplying the value of the years component by 12 and adding the value of the months component. The value is positive or negative depending on the preceding sign.

9.2.1.3 Canonical representation

The canonical representation of xdt:yearMonthDuration restricts the value of the months component to xs:integer values between 0 and 11, both inclusive. To convert from a non-canonical representation to the canonical representation, the lexical representation is first converted to a value in xs:integer months as defined above. This value is then divided by 12 to obtain the value of the years component of the canonical representation. The remaining number of months is the value of the months component of the canonical representation. If a component has the value zero (0), then the number and the designator for that component ·must· be omitted. However, if the value is zero (0) months, the canonical form is "P0M".

9.2.1.4 Order relation on xdt:yearMonthDuration

Let the function that calculates the value of an xdt:yearMonthDuration in the manner described above be called V(d). Then for two xdt:yearMonthDuration values x and y, x > y if and only if V(x) > V(y). The order relation on yearMonthDuration is a total order.

9.2.2 xdt:dayTimeDuration

[Definition] xdt:dayTimeDuration is derived from xs:duration by restricting its lexical representation to contain only the days, hours, minutes and seconds components. The value space of xdt:dayTimeDuration is the set of fractional second values. The components of xdt:dayTimeDuration correspond to the day, hour, minute and second components defined in Section 5.5.3.2 of [ISO 8601], respectively. xdt:dayTimeDuration is derived from xs:duration as follows. To make the long pattern easier to read, it has been formatted on six lines using additional new line and space characters in the pattern string. These additional characters should not be interpreted as part of the pattern.

<xs:simpleType name='dayTimeDuration'>
    <xs:restriction base='xs:duration'>
         <xs:pattern value="[\-]?P([0-9]+D(T([0-9]+(H([0-9]+(M([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?S
                |\.[0-9]+S)?|(\.[0-9]*)?S)|(\.[0-9]*)?S)?|M([0-9]+
                (\.[0-9]*)?S|\.[0-9]+S)?|(\.[0-9]*)?S)|\.[0-9]+S))?
                |T([0-9]+(H([0-9]+(M([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?S|\.[0-9]+S)?
                |(\.[0-9]*)?S)|(\.[0-9]*)?S)?|M([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?S|\.[0-9]+S)?
                |(\.[0-9]*)?S)|\.[0-9]+S))"/>
    </xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>

9.2.2.1 Lexical representation

The lexical representation for xdt:dayTimeDuration is the [ISO 8601] truncated format PnDTnHnMnS, where nD represents the number of days, T is the date/time separator, nH the number of hours, nM the number of minutes and nS the number of seconds.

The values of the days, hours and minutes components are not restricted, but allow an arbitrary unsigned xs:integer. Similarly, the value of the seconds component allows an arbitrary unsigned xs:decimal. An optional minus sign ('-') is allowed to precede the 'P', indicating a negative duration. If the sign is omitted, the duration is positive. See also [ISO 8601] Date and Time Formats.

For example, to indicate a duration of 3 days, 10 hours and 30 minutes, one would write: P3DT10H30M. One could also indicate a duration of minus 120 days as: -P120D. Reduced precision and truncated representations of this format are allowed, provided they conform to the following:

If the number of days, hours, minutes, or seconds in any expression equals zero (0), the number and its corresponding designator ·may· be omitted. However, at least one number and its designator ·must· be present.
The seconds part ·may· have a decimal fraction.
The designator 'T' ·must· be absent if and only if all of the time items are absent. The designator 'P' ·must· always be present.

For example, P13D, PT47H, P3DT2H, -PT35.89S and P4D251M are all allowed. P-134D is not allowed (invalid location of minus sign), although -P134D is allowed.

9.2.2.2 Calculating the value of a xdt:dayTimeDuration from the lexical representation

The value of a xdt:dayTimeDuration lexical form in fractional seconds is obtained by converting the days, hours, minutes and seconds value to fractional seconds using the conversion rules: 24 hours = 1 day, 60 minutes = 1 hour and 60 seconds = 1 minute.

9.2.2.3 Canonical representation

The canonical representation of xdt:dayTimeDuration restricts the value of the hours component to xs:integer values between 0 and 23, both inclusive; the value of the minutes component to xs:integer values between 0 and 59; both inclusive; and the value of the seconds component to xs:decimal valued from 0.0 to 59.999... (see [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes], Appendix D).

To convert from a non-canonical representation to the canonical representation, the value of the lexical form in fractional seconds is first calculated in the manner described above. The value of the days component in the canonical form is then calculated by dividing the value by 86,400 (24*60*60). The remainder is in fractional seconds. The value of the hours component in the canonical form is calculated by dividing this remainder by 3,600 (60*60). The remainder is again in fractional seconds. The value of the minutes component in the canonical form is calculated by dividing this remainder by 60. The remainder in fractional seconds is the value of the seconds component in the canonical form. If a component has the value zero (0) then the number and the designator for that component must be omitted. However, if all the components of the lexical form are zero (0), the canonical form is "PT0S".

9.2.2.4 Order relation on xdt:dayTimeDuration

Let the function that calculates the value of a xdt:dayTimeDuration in the manner described above be called V(d). Then for two xdt:dayTimeDuration values x and y, x > y if and only if V(x) > V(y). The order relation on xdt:dayTimeDuration is a total order.

9.3 Comparisons of Duration, Date and Time Values

Operator	Meaning
`op:yearMonthDuration-equal`	Equality comparison on `xdt:yearMonthDuration` values
`op:yearMonthDuration-less-than`	Less-than comparison on `xdt:yearMonthDuration` values
`op:yearMonthDuration-greater-than`	Greater-than comparison on `xdt:yearMonthDuration` values
`op:dayTimeDuration-equal`	Equality comparison on `xdt:dayTimeDuration` values
`op:dayTimeDuration-less-than`	Less-than comparison on `xdt:dayTimeDuration` values
`op:dayTimeDuration-greater-than`	Greater-than comparison on `xdt:dayTimeDuration` values
`op:dateTime-equal`	Equality comparison on `xs:dateTime` values
`op:dateTime-less-than`	Less-than comparison on `xs:dateTime` values
`op:dateTime-greater-than`	Greater-than comparison on `xs:dateTime` values
`op:date-equal`	Equality comparison on `xs:date` values
`op:date-less-than`	Less-than comparison on `xs:date` values
`op:date-greater-than`	Greater-than comparison on `xs:date` values
`op:time-equal`	Equality comparison on `xs:time` values
`op:time-less-than`	Less-than comparison on `xs:time` values
`op:time-greater-than`	Greater-than comparison on `xs:time` values
`op:gYearMonth-equal`	Equality comparison on `xs:gYearMonth` values
`op:gYear-equal`	Equality comparison on `xs:gYear` values
`op:gMonthDay-equal`	Equality comparison on `xs:gMonthDay` values
`op:gMonth-equal`	Equality comparison on `xs:gMonth` values
`op:gDay-equal`	Equality comparison on `xs:gDay` values

The following comparison operators are defined on the [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] date, time and duration datatypes. Each operator takes two operands of the same type and returns a boolean result. As discussed in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes], the order relation on xs:duration and the date and time datatypes is not a total order but, rather, a partial order. For this reason, no functions are defined on xs:duration. A full complement of comparison and arithmetic functions are defined on the two subtypes of duration described in 9.2 Two Totally Ordered Subtypes of Duration.

If either operand to a comparison function on date or time values does not have an explicit timezone then, for the purpose of the operation, an implicit timezone, provided by the evaluation context, is assumed to be present as part of the value. This creates a total order for all date and time values. The order relations on date and time datatypes is defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes].

Note that for xs:dateTime, xs:date and xs:time, as discussed in 1.6 xs:dateTime, xs:date and xs:time values the value is defined as a tuple. Comparison operators on these three datatypes operate on the first, or normalized value, part of the tuple and disregard the second, or timezone, part of the tuple. If the timezone part is (), the implicit timezone is used to adjust the normalized value as necessary.

9.3.1 op:yearMonthDuration-equal

`op:yearMonthDuration-equal`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`,
`op:yearMonthDuration-equal`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: Returns true if and only if $arg1 is equal to $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on xdt:yearMonthDuration values.

9.3.2 op:yearMonthDuration-less-than

`op:yearMonthDuration-less-than`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`,
`op:yearMonthDuration-less-than`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: Returns true if and only if $arg1 is less than $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "lt" and "ge" operators on xdt:yearMonthDuration values.

9.3.3 op:yearMonthDuration-greater-than

`op:yearMonthDuration-greater-than`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`,
`op:yearMonthDuration-greater-than`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: Returns true if and only if $arg1 is greater than $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "gt" and "le" operators on xdt:yearMonthDuration values.

9.3.4 op:dayTimeDuration-equal

`op:dayTimeDuration-equal`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`,
`op:dayTimeDuration-equal`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: Returns true if and only if the value of $arg1 is equal to the value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on xdt:dayTimeDuration values.

9.3.5 op:dayTimeDuration-less-than

`op:dayTimeDuration-less-than`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`,
`op:dayTimeDuration-less-than`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: Returns true if and only if $arg1 is less than $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "lt" and "ge" operators on xdt:dayTimeDuration values.

9.3.6 op:dayTimeDuration-greater-than

`op:dayTimeDuration-greater-than`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`,
`op:dayTimeDuration-greater-than`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: Returns true if and only if $arg1 is greater than $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "gt" and "le" operators on xdt:dayTimeDuration values.

9.3.7 op:dateTime-equal

op:dateTime-equal($arg1 as xs:dateTime, $arg2 as xs:dateTime) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if the normalized value of $arg1 is equal to the normalized value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on xs:dateTime values.

9.3.7.1 Examples

Assume that the evaluation context provides an implicit timezone value of -5:00.

op:dateTime-equal(xs:dateTime("2002-04-02T12:00:00-01:00"), xs:dateTime("2002-04-02T17:00:00+04:00")) returns true.
op:dateTime-equal(xs:dateTime("2002-04-02T12:00:00"), xs:dateTime("2002-04-02T23:00:00+06:00")) returns true.
op:dateTime-equal(xs:dateTime("2002-04-02T12:00:00"), xs:dateTime("2002-04-02T17:00:00")) returns false.
op:dateTime-equal(xs:dateTime("2002-04-02T12:00:00"), xs:dateTime("2002-04-02T12:00:00")) returns true.

9.3.8 op:dateTime-less-than

op:dateTime-less-than($arg1 as xs:dateTime, $arg2 as xs:dateTime) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if the normalized value of $arg1 is less than the normalized value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "lt" and "ge" operators ond xs:dateTime values.

9.3.9 op:dateTime-greater-than

`op:dateTime-greater-than`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:dateTime`,
`op:dateTime-greater-than`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:dateTime`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: Returns true if and only if the normalized value of $arg1 is greater than the normalized value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "gt" and "le" operators on xs:dateTime values.

9.3.10 op:date-equal

op:date-equal($arg1 as xs:date, $arg2 as xs:date) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if the normalized value of $arg1 is equal to the normalized value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on xs:date values.

9.3.11 op:date-less-than

op:date-less-than($arg1 as xs:date, $arg2 as xs:date) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if the normalized value of $arg1 is less than the normalized value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "lt" and "ge" operators on xs:date values.

9.3.12 op:date-greater-than

op:date-greater-than($arg1 as xs:date, $arg2 as xs:date) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if the normalized value of $arg1 is greater than the normalized value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "gt" and "le" operators on xs:date values.

9.3.13 op:time-equal

op:time-equal($arg1 as xs:time, $arg2 as xs:time) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if the normalized value of $arg1 is equal to the normalized value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on xs:time values.

9.3.14 op:time-less-than

op:time-less-than($arg1 as xs:time, $arg2 as xs:time) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if the normalized value of $arg1 is less than the normalized value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "lt" and "ge" operators on xs:time values.

9.3.14.1 Examples

Assume that the evaluation context provides an implicit timezone value of -5:00.

op:time-less-than(xs:time("12:00:00"), xs:time("23:00:00+06:00")) returns false.
op:time-less-than(xs:time("11:00:00"), xs:time("17:00:00")) returns true.
op:time-less-than(xs:time("23:00:00"), xs:time("01:00:00-01:00")) returns false since it compares the normalized values 04:00:00Z (23:00:00 adjusted with the implicit timezone -05:00) and 02:00:00Z.

9.3.15 op:time-greater-than

op:time-greater-than($arg1 as xs:time, $arg2 as xs:time) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if the normalized value of $arg1 is greater than the normalized value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "gt" and "le" operators on xs:time values.

9.3.16 op:gYearMonth-equal

`op:gYearMonth-equal`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:gYearMonth`,
`op:gYearMonth-equal`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:gYearMonth`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: Returns true if and only if the normalized value of $arg1 is equal to the normalized value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on xs:gYearMonth values.

9.3.17 op:gYear-equal

op:gYear-equal($arg1 as xs:gYear, $arg2 as xs:gYear) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if the normalized value of $arg1 is equal to the normalized value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on xs:gYear values.

9.3.18 op:gMonthDay-equal

op:gMonthDay-equal($arg1 as xs:gMonthDay, $arg2 as xs:gMonthDay) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if the normalized value of $arg1 is equal to the normalized value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on xs:gMonthDay values.

9.3.19 op:gMonth-equal

op:gMonth-equal($arg1 as xs:gMonth, $arg2 as xs:gMonth) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if the normalized value of $arg1 is equal to the normalized value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on xs:gMonth values.

9.3.20 op:gDay-equal

op:gDay-equal($arg1 as xs:gDay, $arg2 as xs:gDay) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if and only if the normalized value of $arg1 is equal to the normalized value of $arg2. Returns false otherwise.

This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on xs:gDay values.

9.4 Component Extraction Functions on Duration, Date and Time Values

The duration, date and time datatypes may be considered to be composite datatypes in that they contain distinct components. The extraction functions specified below extract a single component from a duration, date or time value. For xs:dateTime, xs:date and xs:time the localized value is used. To get the value of a component from the normalized value, the xs:dateTime, xs:date or xs:time must first be adjusted to UTC or timezone Z. This is illustrated in some of the examples in this section.

Function	Meaning
`fn:get-years-from-yearMonthDuration`	Returns the year component of an `xdt:yearMonthDuration` value.
`fn:get-months-from-yearMonthDuration`	Returns the months component of an `xdt:yearMonthDuration` value.
`fn:get-days-from-dayTimeDuration`	Returns the days component of an `xdt:dayTimeDuration` value.
`fn:get-hours-from-dayTimeDuration`	Returns the hours component of an `xdt:dayTimeDuration` value.
`fn:get-minutes-from-dayTimeDuration`	Returns the minutes component of an `xdt:dayTimeDuration` value.
`fn:get-seconds-from-dayTimeDuration`	Returns the seconds component of an `xdt:dayTimeDuration` value.
`fn:get-year-from-dateTime`	Returns the year from an `xs:dateTime` value.
`fn:get-month-from-dateTime`	Returns the month from an `xs:dateTime` value.
`fn:get-day-from-dateTime`	Returns the day from an `xs:dateTime` value.
`fn:get-hours-from-dateTime`	Returns the hours from an `xs:dateTime` value.
`fn:get-minutes-from-dateTime`	Returns the minutes from an `xs:dateTime` value.
`fn:get-seconds-from-dateTime`	Returns the seconds from an `xs:dateTime` value.
`fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime`	Returns the timezone from an `xs:dateTime` value.
`fn:get-year-from-date`	Returns the year from an `xs:date` value.
`fn:get-month-from-date`	Returns the month from an `xs:date` value.
`fn:get-day-from-date`	Returns the day from an `xs:date` value.
`fn:get-timezone-from-date`	Returns the timezone from an `xs:date` value.
`fn:get-hours-from-time`	Returns the hours from an `xs:time` value.
`fn:get-minutes-from-time`	Returns the minutes from an `xs:time` value.
`fn:get-seconds-from-time`	Returns the seconds from an `xs:time` value.
`fn:get-timezone-from-time`	Returns the timezone from an `xs:time` value.

9.4.1 fn:get-years-from-yearMonthDuration

fn:get-years-from-yearMonthDuration( $arg as xdt:yearMonthDuration?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer representing the years component in the canonical lexical representation of the value of $arg. The result may be negative.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.1.1 Examples

fn:get-years-from-yearMonthDuration(xdt:yearMonthDuration("P20Y15M")) returns 21.
fn:get-years-from-yearMonthDuration(xdt:yearMonthDuration("-P15M")) returns -1.

9.4.2 fn:get-months-from-yearMonthDuration

fn:get-months-from-yearMonthDuration( $arg as xdt:yearMonthDuration?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer representing the months component in the canonical lexical representation of the value of $arg. The result may be negative.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.2.1 Examples

fn:get-months-from-yearMonthDuration(xdt:yearMonthDuration("P20Y15M")) returns 3.
fn:get-months-from-yearMonthDuration(xdt:yearMonthDuration("-P20Y18M")) returns -6.

9.4.3 fn:get-days-from-dayTimeDuration

fn:get-days-from-dayTimeDuration(


              $arg

as xdt:dayTimeDuration?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer representing the days component in the canonical lexical representation of the value of $arg. The result may be negative.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.3.1 Examples

fn:get-days-from-dayTimeDuration(xdt:dayTimeDuration("P3DT10H")) returns 3.
fn:get-days-from-dayTimeDuration(xdt:dayTimeDuration("P3DT55H")) returns 5.

9.4.4 fn:get-hours-from-dayTimeDuration

fn:get-hours-from-dayTimeDuration(


              $arg

as xdt:dayTimeDuration?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer representing the hours component in the canonical lexical representation of the value of $arg. The result may be negative.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.4.1 Examples

fn:get-hours-from-dayTimeDuration(xdt:dayTimeDuration("P3DT10H")) returns 10.
fn:get-hours-from-dayTimeDuration(xdt:dayTimeDuration("P3DT12H32M12S")) returns 12.
fn:get-hours-from-dayTimeDuration(xdt:dayTimeDuration("PT123H")) returns 3.
fn:get-hours-from-dayTimeDuration(xdt:dayTimeDuration("-P3DT10H")) returns -10.

9.4.5 fn:get-minutes-from-dayTimeDuration

fn:get-minutes-from-dayTimeDuration( $arg as xdt:dayTimeDuration?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer representing the minutes component in the canonical lexical representation of the value of $arg. The result may be negative.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.5.1 Examples

fn:get-minutes-from-dayTimeDuration(xdt:dayTimeDuration("P3DT10H")) returns 0.
fn:get-minutes-from-dayTimeDuration(xdt:dayTimeDuration("-P5DT12H30M")) returns -30.

9.4.6 fn:get-seconds-from-dayTimeDuration

fn:get-seconds-from-dayTimeDuration( $arg as xdt:dayTimeDuration?) as xs:decimal?

Summary: Returns an xs:decimal representing the seconds component in the canonical lexical representation of the value of $arg. The result may be negative.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.6.1 Examples

fn:get-seconds-from-dayTimeDuration(xdt:dayTimeDuration("P3DT10H12.5S")) returns 12.5.
fn:get-seconds-from-dayTimeDuration(xdt:dayTimeDuration("-P256S")) returns -16.0.

9.4.7 fn:get-year-from-dateTime

fn:get-year-from-dateTime(


              $arg

as xs:dateTime?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer representing the year component in the localized value of $arg. The result may be negative.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.7.1 Examples

fn:get-year-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("1999-05-31T13:20:00-05:00")) returns 1999.
fn:get-year-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("1999-05-31T21:30:00-05:00")) returns 1999.
fn:get-year-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("1999-12-31T19:20:00")) returns 1999.

9.4.8 fn:get-month-from-dateTime

fn:get-month-from-dateTime(


              $arg

as xs:dateTime?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer between 1 and 12, both inclusive, representing the month component in the localized value of $arg.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.8.1 Examples

fn:get-month-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("1999-05-31T13:20:00-05:00")) returns 5.
fn:get-month-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("1999-12-31T19:20:00-05:00")) returns 12.
fn:get-month-from-dateTime(fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone(xs:dateTime("1999-12-31T19:20:00-05:00"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("PT0H"))) returns 1.

9.4.9 fn:get-day-from-dateTime

fn:get-day-from-dateTime(


              $arg

as xs:dateTime?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer between 1 and 31, both inclusive, representing the day component in the localized value of $arg.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.9.1 Examples

fn:get-day-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("1999-05-31T13:20:00-05:00")) returns 31.
fn:get-day-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("1999-12-31T20:00:00-05:00")) returns 31.
fn:get-day-from-dateTime(fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone(xs:dateTime("1999-12-31T19:20:00-05:00"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("PT0H"))) returns 1.

9.4.10 fn:get-hours-from-dateTime

fn:get-hours-from-dateTime(


              $arg

as xs:dateTime?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer between 0 and 23, both inclusive, representing the hours component in the localized value of $arg.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.10.1 Examples

fn:get-hours-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("1999-05-31T08:20:00-05:00")) returns 8.
fn:get-hours-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("1999-12-31T21:20:00-05:00")) returns 21.
fn:get-hours-from-dateTime(fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone(xs:dateTime("1999-12-31T21:20:00-05:00"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("PT0H"))) ) returns 2.
fn:get-hours-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("1999-12-31T12:00:00")) returns 12.

9.4.11 fn:get-minutes-from-dateTime

fn:get-minutes-from-dateTime(


              $arg

as xs:dateTime?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer value between 0 and 59, both inclusive, representing the minute component in the localized value of $arg.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.11.1 Examples

fn:get-minutes-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("1999-05-31T13:20:00-05:00")) returns 20 .
fn:get-minutes-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("1999-05-31T13:30:00+05:30")) returns 0 .

9.4.12 fn:get-seconds-from-dateTime

fn:get-seconds-from-dateTime(


              $arg

as xs:dateTime?) as xs:decimal?

Summary: Returns an xs:decimal value between 0 and 60.999..., both inclusive representing the seconds and fractional seconds in the localized value of $arg. Note that the value can be greater than 60 seconds to accomodate occasional leap seconds used to keep human time synchronized with the rotation of the planet.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.12.1 Examples

fn:get-seconds-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("1999-05-31T13:20:00-05:00")) returns 0.

9.4.13 fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime

fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime(


              $arg

as xs:dateTime?) as xdt:dayTimeDuration?

Summary: Returns the timezone component of $arg. The result is an xdt:dayTimeDuration that indicates deviation from UTC; its value may range from +14:00 to -14:00 hours, both inclusive.

.If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.13.1 Examples

fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("1999-05-31T13:20:00-05:00")) returns the xdt:dayTimeDuration whose value is -PT5H.
fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("2000-06-12T13:20:00Z")) returns the xdt:dayTimeDuration whose value is -PT0H.
fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("2004-08-27T00:00:00")) returns ().

9.4.14 fn:get-year-from-date

fn:get-year-from-date($arg as xs:date?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer representing the year in the localized value of $arg. The value may be negative.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.14.1 Examples

fn:get-year-from-date(xs:date("1999-05-31")) returns 1999.
fn:get-year-from-date(xs:date("2000-01-01+05:00")) returns 2000.

9.4.15 fn:get-month-from-date

fn:get-month-from-date($arg as xs:date?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer between 1 and 12, both inclusive, representing the month component in the localized value of $arg.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.15.1 Examples

fn:get-month-from-date(xs:date("1999-05-31-05:00")) returns 5 .
fn:get-month-from-date(xs:date("2000-01-01+05:00")) returns 1.

9.4.16 fn:get-day-from-date

fn:get-day-from-date($arg as xs:date?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer between 1 and 31, both inclusive, representing the day component in the localized value of $arg.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.16.1 Examples

fn:get-day-from-date(xs:date("1999-05-31-05:00")) returns 31.
fn:get-day-from-date(xs:date("2000-01-01+05:00")) returns 01.

9.4.17 fn:get-timezone-from-date

fn:get-timezone-from-date(


              $arg

as xs:date?) as xdt:dayTimeDuration?

Summary: Returns the timezone component in the value of $arg. The result is an xdt:dayTimeDuration that indicates deviation from UTC; its value may range from +14:00 to -14:00 hours, both inclusive.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.17.1 Examples

fn:get-timezone-from-date(xs:date("1999-05-31-05:00")) returns the xdt:dayTimeDuration whose value is -PT5H.
fn:get-timezone-from-date(xs:date("2000-06-12Z")) returns the xdt:dayTimeDuration with value PT0H.

9.4.18 fn:get-hours-from-time

fn:get-hours-from-time($arg as xs:time?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer between 0 and 23, both inclusive, representing the value of the hours component in the localized value of $arg.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.18.1 Examples

Assume that the evaluation context provides an implicit timezone value of -05:00.

fn:get-hours-from-time(xs:time("11:23:00")) returns 11.
fn:get-hours-from-time(xs:time("21:23:00")) returns 21.
fn:get-hours-from-time(xs:time("01:23:00+05:00")) returns 1.
fn:get-hours-from-time(fn:adjust-time-to-timezone(xs:time("01:23:00+05:00"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("PT0H"))) returns 16.

9.4.19 fn:get-minutes-from-time

fn:get-minutes-from-time(


              $arg

as xs:time?) as xs:integer?

Summary: Returns an xs:integer value between 0 to 59, both inclusive, representing the value of the minutes component in the localized value of $arg.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.19.1 Examples

fn:get-minutes-from-time(xs:time("13:00:00Z")) returns 0 .

9.4.20 fn:get-seconds-from-time

fn:get-seconds-from-time(


              $arg

as xs:time?) as xs:decimal?

Summary: Returns an xs:decimal value between 0 and 60.999..., both inclusive, representing the seconds and fractional seconds in the localized value of $arg. Note that the value can be greater than 60 seconds to accomodate occassional leap seconds used to keep human time synchronized with the rotation of the planet.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.20.1 Examples

fn:get-seconds-from-time(xs:time("13:20:10.5")) returns 10.5.

9.4.21 fn:get-timezone-from-time

fn:get-timezone-from-time(


              $arg

as xs:time?) as xdt:dayTimeDuration?

Summary: Returns an xdt:dayTimeDuration representing the timezone component of $arg. The result is a xdt:dayTimeDuration that indicates deviation from UTC; its value may range from +14:00 to -14:00 hours, both inclusive.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

9.4.21.1 Examples

fn:get-timezone-from-time(xs:time("13:20:00-05:00")) returns xdt:dayTimeDuration whose value is -PT5H.
fn:get-timezone-from-time(xs:time("13:20:00")) returns ().

9.5 Arithmetic Functions on xdt:yearMonthDuration and xdt:dayTimeDuration

Function	Meaning
`op:add-yearMonthDurations`	Adds two `xdt:yearMonthDuration`s. Returns an `xdt:yearMonthDuration`.
`op:subtract-yearMonthDurations`	Subtracts one `xdt:yearMonthDuration` from another. Returns an `xdt:yearMonthDuration`.
`op:multiply-yearMonthDuration`	Multiplies a `xdt:yearMonthDuration` by an `xs:decimal`. Returns an `xdt:yearMonthDuration`.
`op:divide-yearMonthDuration`	Divides an `xdt:yearMonthDuration` by an `xs:decimal`. Returns an `xdt:yearMonthDuration`.
`op:add-dayTimeDurations`	Adds two `xdt:dayTimeDurations`. Returns an `xdt:dayTimeDuration`.
`op:subtract-dayTimeDurations`	Subtracts one `xdt:dayTimeDuration` from another. Returns an `xdt:dayTimeDuration`.
`op:multiply-dayTimeDuration`	Multiplies an `xdt:dayTimeDuration` by a `xs:decimal`. Returns an `xdt:dayTimeDuration`.
`op:divide-dayTimeDuration`	Divides an `xdt:dayTimeDuration` by an `xs:decimal`. Returns an `xdt:dayTimeDuration`.

9.5.1 op:add-yearMonthDurations

`op:add-yearMonthDurations`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`,
`op:add-yearMonthDurations`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`) `as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`

Summary: Returns the result of adding the value of $arg1 to the value of $arg2. Backs up the "+" operator on xdt:yearMonthDuration values.

9.5.1.1 Examples

op:add-yearMonthDurations(xdt:yearMonthDuration("P2Y11M"), xdt:yearMonthDuration("P3Y3M")) returns a xdt:yearMonthDuration value corresponding to 6 years and 2 months.

9.5.2 op:subtract-yearMonthDurations

`op:subtract-yearMonthDurations`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`,
`op:subtract-yearMonthDurations`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`) `as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`

Summary: Returns the result of subtracting the value of $arg2 from the value of $arg2. Backs up the "-" operator on xdt:yearMonthDuration values.

9.5.2.1 Examples

op:subtract-yearMonthDurations(xdt:yearMonthDuration("P2Y11M"), xdt:yearMonthDuration("P3Y3M")) returns a xdt:yearMonthDuration value corresponding to negative 4 months.

9.5.3 op:multiply-yearMonthDuration

`op:multiply-yearMonthDuration`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`,
`op:multiply-yearMonthDuration`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:double`) `as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`

Summary: Returns the result of multiplying the value of $arg1 by $arg2. The result is rounded to the nearest month. For a value v, 0 <= v < 0.5 rounds to 0; 0.5 <= v < 1.0 rounds to 1.

If $arg2 is positive or negative zero, the result is a zero-length duration. If $arg2 is positive or negative infinity, the result overflows and is handled as discussed in 9.1.1 Limits and Precision. If $arg2 is NaN an error is raised [NaN supplied as float/double value]

Backs up the "*" operator on xdt:yearMonthDuration values.

9.5.3.1 Examples

op:multiply-yearMonthDuration(xdt:yearMonthDuration("P2Y11M"), 2.3) returns a xdt:yearMonthDuration value corresponding to 6 years and 9 months.

9.5.4 op:divide-yearMonthDuration

`op:divide-yearMonthDuration`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`,
`op:divide-yearMonthDuration`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:double`) `as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`

Summary: Returns the result of dividing the value of $arg1 by $arg2. The result is rounded to the nearest month. For a value v, 0 <= v < 0.5 rounds to 0; 0.5 <= v < 1.0 rounds to 1.

If $arg2 is positive or negative infinity, the result is a zero-length duration. If $arg2 is positive or negative zero, the result overflows and is handled as discussed in 9.1.1 Limits and Precision. If $arg2 is NaN an error is raised [NaN supplied as float/double value]

Backs up the "div" operator on xdt:yearMonthDuration values.

9.5.4.1 Examples

op:divide-yearMonthDuration(xdt:yearMonthDuration("P2Y11M"), 1.5) returns a xdt:yearMonthDuration value corresponding to 1 year and 11 months.

9.5.5 op:add-dayTimeDurations

`op:add-dayTimeDurations`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`,
`op:add-dayTimeDurations`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`) `as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`

Summary: Returns the result of adding the value of $arg1 to the value of $arg2. Backs up the "+" operator on xdt:dayTimeDuration values.

9.5.5.1 Examples

op:add-dayTimeDurations(xdt:dayTimeDuration("P2DT12H5M"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("P5DT12H")) returns a xdt:dayTimeDuration value corresponding to 8 days and 5 minutes.

9.5.6 op:subtract-dayTimeDurations

`op:subtract-dayTimeDurations`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`,
`op:subtract-dayTimeDurations`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`) `as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`

Summary: Returns the result of subtracting the value of $arg2 from the value of $arg2. Backs up the "-" operator on xdt:dayTimeDuration values.

9.5.6.1 Examples

op:subtract-dayTimeDurations(xdt:dayTimeDuration("P2DT12H"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("P1DT10H30M")) returns a xdt:dayTimeDuration value corresponding to 1 day, 1 hour and 30 minutes.

9.5.7 op:multiply-dayTimeDuration

`op:multiply-dayTimeDuration`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`,
`op:multiply-dayTimeDuration`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:double`) `as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`

Summary: Returns the result of multiplying the value of $arg1 by $arg2.

Backs up the "*" operator on xdt:dayTimeDuration values.

9.5.7.1 Examples

op:multiply-dayTimeDuration(xdt:dayTimeDuration("PT2H10M"), 2.1) returns a xdt:dayTimeDuration value corresponding to 4 hours and 33 minutes.

9.5.8 op:divide-dayTimeDuration

`op:divide-dayTimeDuration`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`,
`op:divide-dayTimeDuration`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:double`) `as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`

Summary: Returns the result of dividing the value of $arg1 by $arg2.

Backs up the "div" operator on xdt:dayTimeDuration values.

9.5.8.1 Examples

op:divide-dayTimeDuration(xdt:yearMonthDuration("P1DT2H30M10.5S"), 1.5) returns a xdt:dayTimeDuration value corresponding to 17 hours, 40 minutes and 7 seconds.

9.6 Timezone Adjustment on dateTime, date and time Values

Function	Meaning
`fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone`	Adjusts an `xs:dateTime` value to a specific timezone, or to no timezone at all.
`fn:adjust-date-to-timezone`	Adjusts an `xs:date` value to a specific timezone, or to no timezone at all.
`fn:adjust-time-to-timezone`	Adjusts an `xs:time` value to a specific timezone, or to no timezone at all.

These functions adjust an xs:dateTime, xs:date or xs:time value to the given or implicit timezone.

9.6.1 fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone

fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone(


              $arg

as xs:dateTime?) as xs:dateTime?

`fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone`(	`$arg`	`as` `xs:dateTime?`,
`fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone`(	`$timezone`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration?`) `as` `xs:dateTime?`

Summary: Adjusts an xs:dateTime value to a specific timezone, or to no timezone at all. If $timezone is the empty sequence, returns an xs:dateTime without a timezone. Otherwise, returns an xs:dateTime with a timezone.

If $timezone is not specified, then $timezone is the value of the implicit timezone in the evaluation context.

If $arg is the empty sequence, then the result is the empty sequence.

A dynamic error is raised (invalid timezone value) if $timezone is less than -PT14H00M or greater than PT14H00M.

If $arg does not have a timezone component and $timezone is the empty sequence, then the result is $arg.

If $arg does not have a timezone component and $timezone is not the empty sequence, then the result is $arg with $timezone as the timezone component.

If $arg has a timezone component and $timezone is the empty sequence, then the result is the localized value of $arg without its timezone component.

If $arg has a timezone component and $timezone is not the empty sequence, then the result is an xs:dateTime value with a timezone component of $timezone that is equal to $arg.

9.6.1.1 Examples

Assume the evaluation context provides an implicit timezone of -5:00 (-PT5H0M).

let $tz := xdt:dayTimeDuration("-PT10H")

fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone(xs:dateTime("2002-03-07T10:00:00")) returns 2002-03-07T10:00:00-05:00
fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone(xs:dateTime("2002-03-07T10:00:00-07:00")) returns 2002-03-07T12:00:00-05:00
fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone(xs:dateTime("2002-03-07T10:00:00"), $tz) returns 2002-03-07T10:00:00-10:00
fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone(xs:dateTime("2002-03-07T10:00:00-07:00"), $tz) returns 2002-03-07T07:00:00-10:00
fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone(xs:dateTime("2002-03-07T10:00:00-07:00"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("PT10H")) returns 2002-03-08T03:00:00+10:00
fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone(xs:dateTime("2002-03-07T00:00:00+01:00"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("-PT8H")) returns 2002-03-06T15:00:00-08:00
fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone(xs:dateTime("2002-03-07T10:00:00"), ()) returns 2002-03-07T10:00:00
fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone(xs:dateTime("2002-03-07T10:00:00-07:00"), ()) returns 2002-03-07T10:00:00

9.6.2 fn:adjust-date-to-timezone

fn:adjust-date-to-timezone(


              $arg

as xs:date?) as xs:date?

`fn:adjust-date-to-timezone`(	`$arg`	`as` `xs:date?`,
`fn:adjust-date-to-timezone`(	`$timezone`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration?`) `as` `xs:date?`

Summary: Adjusts an xs:date value to a specific timezone, or to no timezone at all. If $timezone is the empty sequence, returns an xs:date without a timezone. Otherwise, returns an xs:date with a timezone. For purposes of timezone adjustment, an xs:date is treated as an xs:dateTime with time 00:00:00.

If $timezone is not specified, then $timezone is the value of the implicit timezone in the evaluation context.

If $arg is the empty sequence, then the result is the empty sequence.

A dynamic error is raised (invalid timezone value) if $timezone is less than -PT14H00M or greater than PT14H00M.

If $arg does not have a timezone component and $timezone is the empty sequence, then the result is the value of $arg.

If $arg does not have a timezone component and $timezone is not the empty sequence, then the result is $arg with $timezone as the timezone component.

If $arg has a timezone component and $timezone is the empty sequence, then the result is the localized value of $arg without its timezone component.

If $timezone is not the empty sequence, then the result is $arg with $timezone as its timezone component.

9.6.2.1 Examples

Assume the evaluation context provides an implicit timezone of -5:00 (-PT5H0M).

let $tz := xdt:dayTimeDuration("-PT10H")

fn:adjust-date-to-timezone(xs:date("2002-03-07")) returns 2002-03-07-05:00.
fn:adjust-date-to-timezone(xs:date("2002-03-07-07:00")) returns 2002-03-07-05:00.$arg is converted to the xs:dateTime "2002-03-07T00:00:00-07:00". This is adjusted to the implicit timezone, giving "2002-03-07T02:00:00-05:00".
fn:adjust-date-to-timezone(xs:date("2002-03-07"), $tz) returns 2002-03-07-10:00.
fn:adjust-date-to-timezone(xs:date("2002-03-07-07:00"), $tz) returns 2002-03-06-10:00. $arg is converted to the xs:dateTime "2002-03-07T00:00:00-07:00". This is adjusted to the given timezone, giving "2002-03-06T21:00:00-10:00".
fn:adjust-date-to-timezone(xs:date("2002-03-07"), ()) returns 2002-03-07.
fn:adjust-date-to-timezone(xs:date("2002-03-07-07:00"), ()) returns 2002-03-07.

9.6.3 fn:adjust-time-to-timezone

fn:adjust-time-to-timezone(


              $arg

as xs:time?) as xs:time?

`fn:adjust-time-to-timezone`(	`$arg`	`as` `xs:time?`,
`fn:adjust-time-to-timezone`(	`$timezone`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration?`) `as` `xs:time?`

Summary: Adjusts an xs:time value to a specific timezone, or to no timezone at all. If $timezone is the empty sequence, returns an xs:time without a timezone. Otherwise, returns an xs:time with a timezone.

If $timezone is not specified, then $timezone is the value of the implicit timezone in the evaluation context.

If $arg is the empty sequence, then the result is the empty sequence.

A dynamic error is raised (invalid timezone value) if $timezone is less than -PT14H00M or greater than PT14H00M.

If $arg does not have a timezone component and $timezone is the empty sequence, then the result is $arg.

If $arg does not have a timezone component and $timezone is not the empty sequence, then the result is $arg with $timezone as the timezone component.

If $arg has a timezone component and $timezone is the empty sequence, then the result is the localized value of $arg without its timezone component.

If $arg has a timezone component and $timezone is not the empty sequence, then:

Let $srcdt be an xs:dateTime value, with an arbitrary date for the date component and time and timezone components that are the same as the time and timezone components of $arg.
Let $r be the result of evaluating

fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone($srcdt, $timezone)
The result of this function will be a time value that has time and timezone components that are the same as the time and timezone components of $r.

9.6.3.1 Examples

Assume the evaluation context provides an implicit timezone of -5:00 (-PT5H0M).

let $tz := xdt:dayTimeDuration("-PT10H")

fn:adjust-time-to-timezone(xs:time("10:00:00")) returns 10:00:00-05:00
fn:adjust-time-to-timezone(xs:time("10:00:00-07:00")) returns 12:00:00-05:00
fn:adjust-time-to-timezone(xs:time("10:00:00"), $tz) returns 10:00:00-10:00
fn:adjust-time-to-timezone(xs:time("10:00:00-07:00"), $tz) returns 07:00:00-10:00
fn:adjust-time-to-timezone(xs:time("10:00:00"), ()) returns 10:00:00
fn:adjust-time-to-timezone(xs:time("10:00:00-07:00"), ()) returns 10:00:00
fn:adjust-time-to-timezone(xs:time("10:00:00-07:00"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("PT10H")) returns 03:00:00+10:00

9.7 Adding and Subtracting Durations From dateTime, date and time

These functions support adding or subtracting a duration value to or from an xs:dateTime, an xs:date or an xs:time value. Appendix E of [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] describes an algorithm for performing such operations.

If any of the arguments to the functions below is an xs:dateTime, xs:date or xs:time that does not contain an explicit timezone then, for the purpose of the operation, an implicit timezone, provided by the evaluation context, is assumed to be present as part of the value.

Function	Meaning
`fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-yearMonthDuration`	Returns the difference between two `xs:dateTime`s as an `xdt:yearMonthDuration`.
`fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-dayTimeDuration`	Returns the difference between two `xs:dateTimes` as an `xdt:dayTimeDuration`.
`op:subtract-dates`	Returns the difference between two `xs:date`s as an `xdt:dayTimeDuration`.
`op:subtract-times`	Returns the difference between two `xs:time`s as an `xdt:dayTimeDuration`.
`op:add-yearMonthDuration-to-dateTime`	Returns the end of a time period by adding an `xdt:yearMonthDuration` to the `xs:dateTime` that starts the period.
`op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-dateTime`	Returns the end of a time period by adding an `xdt:dayTimeDuration` to the `xs:dateTime` that starts the period.
`op:subtract-yearMonthDuration-from-dateTime`	Returns the beginning of a time period by subtracting an `xdt:yearMonthDuration` from the `xs:dateTime` that ends the period.
`op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-dateTime`	Returns the beginning of a time period by subtracting an `xdt:dayTimeDuration` from the `xs:dateTime` that ends the period.
`op:add-yearMonthDuration-to-date`	Returns the end of a time period by adding an `xdt:yearMonthDuration` to the `xs:date` that starts the period.
`op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-date`	Returns the end of a time period by adding an `xdt:dayTimeDuration` to the `xs:date` that starts the period.
`op:subtract-yearMonthDuration-from-date`	Returns the beginning of a time period by subtracting an `xdt:yearMonthDuration` from the `xs:date` that ends the period.
`op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-date`	Returns the beginning of a time period by subtracting an `xdt:dayTimeDuration` from the `xs:date` that ends the period.
`op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-time`	Adds the value of the hours, minutes and seconds components of an `xdt:dayTimeDuration` to an `xs:time` value.
`op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-time`	Subtracts the value of the hours, minutes and seconds components of an `xdt:dayTimeDuration` to an `xs:time` value.

9.7.1 fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-yearMonthDuration

`fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-yearMonthDuration`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:dateTime?`,
`fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-yearMonthDuration`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:dateTime?`) `as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration?`

Summary: Returns the xdt:yearMonthDuration that corresponds to the difference between the normalized value of $arg1 and the normalized value of $arg2. In general, the difference between two xs:dateTime values will be a duration that contains years and months as well as days, hours, etc. In fact, it can be looked at as an xdt:yearMonthDuration plus an xdt:dayTimeDuration. This function returns the result rounded to contain only years and months. The calculation is as follows: first the duration is calculated as the value of an xdt:dayTimeDuration in seconds. Then, starting from $arg2, the maximum number of months in the duration are calculated. If there is a remaining number of days, they are discarded.

If either argument is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

If the normalized value of $arg1 precedes in time the normalized value of $arg2, the returned value is a negative duration.

9.7.1.1 Examples

fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-yearMonthDuration(xs:dateTime("2000-10-30T11:12:00"), xs:dateTime("1999-11-28T09:00:00")) returns a xdt:yearMonthDuration value corresponding to 11 months.
fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-yearMonthDuration(xs:dateTime("2004-04-30T00:00:00"), xs:dateTime("2004-03-31TT09:00:00")) returns a xdt:yearMonthDuration value corresponding to 0 months.

9.7.2 fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-dayTimeDuration

`fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-dayTimeDuration`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:dateTime?`,
`fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-dayTimeDuration`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:dateTime?`) `as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration?`

Summary: Returns the xdt:dayTimeDuration that corresponds to the difference between the normalized value of $arg1 and the normalized value of $arg2.

If either argument is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

If the normalized value of $arg1 precedes in time the normalized value of $arg2, then the returned value is a negative duration.

9.7.2.1 Examples

Assume that the evaluation context provides an implicit timezone value of -5:00.

fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-dayTimeDuration(xs:dateTime("2000-10-30T06:12:00"), xs:dateTime("1999-11-28T09:00:00Z")) returns an xdt:dayTimeDuration value corresponding to 337 days, 2 hours and 12 minutes.

9.7.3 op:subtract-dates

op:subtract-dates($arg1 as xs:date?, $arg2 as xs:date?) as xdt:dayTimeDuration?

Summary: Returns the xdt:dayTimeDuration that corresponds to the difference between the normalized value of $arg1 and the normalized value of $arg2.

If either argument is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

If the normalized value of $arg1 precedes in time the normalized value of $arg2, then the returned value is a negative duration.

Backs up the subtract, "-", operator on xs:date values.

9.7.3.1 Examples

op:subtract-dates(xs:date("2000-10-30"), xs:date("1999-11-28")) returns an xdt:dayTimeDuration value corresponding to 337 days.

9.7.4 op:subtract-times

op:subtract-times($arg1 as xs:time?, $arg2 as xs:time?) as xdt:dayTimeDuration?

Summary: Returns the xdt:dayTimeDuration that corresponds to the difference between the normalized value of $arg1 and the normalized value of $arg2.

If either argument is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

If the normalized value of $arg1 precedes in time the normalized value of $arg2, then the returned value is a negative duration.

Backs up the subtract, "-", operator on xs:time values.

9.7.4.1 Examples

Assume that the evaluation context provides an implicit timezone value of -5:00.

op:subtract-times(xs:time("11:12:00Z"), xs:time("04:00:00")) returns an xdt:dayTimeDuration value corresponding to 2 hours and 12 minutes.

9.7.5 op:add-yearMonthDuration-to-dateTime

`op:add-yearMonthDuration-to-dateTime`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:dateTime`,
`op:add-yearMonthDuration-to-dateTime`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`) `as` `xs:dateTime`

Summary: Returns the xs:dateTime computed by adding $arg2 to the normalized value of $arg1 using the algorithm described in Appendix E of [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]. If $arg2 is negative, then the result xs:dateTime precedes $arg1.

The result has the same timezone as arg1. If arg1 has no timezone, the result has no timezone.

This functions backs up the "+" operator on xs:dateTime and xdt:yearMonthDuration values.

9.7.5.1 Examples

op:add-yearMonthDuration-to-dateTime(xs:dateTime("2000-10-30T11:12:00"), xdt:yearMonthDuration("P1Y2M")) returns an xs:dateTime value corresponding to the lexical representation "2001-12-30T11:12:00".

9.7.6 op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-dateTime

`op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-dateTime`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:dateTime`,
`op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-dateTime`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`) `as` `xs:dateTime`

The result has the same timezone as arg1. If arg1 has no timezone, the result has no timezone.

This functions backs up the "+" operator on xs:dateTime and xdt:dayTimeDuration values.

9.7.6.1 Examples

op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-dateTime(xs:dateTime("2000-10-30T11:12:00"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("P3DT1H15M")) returns an xs:dateTime value corresponding to the lexical representation "2000-11-02T12:27:00".

9.7.7 op:subtract-yearMonthDuration-from-dateTime

`op:subtract-yearMonthDuration-from-dateTime`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:dateTime`,
`op:subtract-yearMonthDuration-from-dateTime`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`) `as` `xs:dateTime`

Summary: Returns the xs:dateTime computed by negating $arg2 and adding the result to the normalized value of $arg1 using the algorithm described in Appendix E of [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]. If $arg2 is negative, then the xs:dateTime returned follows $arg1.

The result has the same timezone as arg1. If arg1 has no timezone, the result has no timezone.

This functions backs up the "-" operator on xs:dateTime and xdt:yearMonthDuration values.

9.7.7.1 Examples

op:subtract-yearMonthDuration-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("2000-10-30T11:12:00"), xdt:yearMonthDuration("P1Y2M")) returns an xs:dateTime value corresponding to the lexical representation "1999-08-30T11:12:00".

9.7.8 op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-dateTime

`op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-dateTime`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:dateTime`,
`op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-dateTime`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`) `as` `xs:dateTime`

The result has the same timezone as arg1. If arg1 has no timezone, the result has no timezone.

This functions backs up the "-" operator on xs:dateTime and xdt:dayTimeDuration values.

9.7.8.1 Examples

op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-dateTime(xs:dateTime("2000-10-30T11:12:00"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("P3DT1H15M")) returns an xs:dateTime value corresponding to the lexical representation "2000-10-27T09:57:00".

9.7.9 op:add-yearMonthDuration-to-date

`op:add-yearMonthDuration-to-date`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:date`,
`op:add-yearMonthDuration-to-date`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`) `as` `xs:date`

Summary: Returns the xs:date computed by adding $arg2 to the normalized value of $arg1 using the algorithm described in Appendix E of [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]. If $arg2 is negative, then the xs:date returned precedes $arg1.

The result has the same timezone as arg1. If arg1 has no timezone, the result has no timezone.

This functions backs up the "+" operator on xs:date and xdt:yearMonthDuration values.

9.7.9.1 Examples

op:add-yearMonthDuration-to-date(xs:date("2000-10-30"), xdt:yearMonthDuration("P1Y2M")) returns the xs:date whose normalized value is December 30, 2001.

9.7.10 op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-date

`op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-date`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:date`,
`op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-date`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`) `as` `xs:date`

The result has the same timezone as arg1. If arg1 has no timezone, the result has no timezone.

This functions backs up the "+" operator on xs:date and xdt:dayTimeDuration values.

9.7.10.1 Examples

op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-date(xs:date("2004-10-30"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("P2DT2H30M0S")) returns the xs:date whose normalized value is November 1, 2004.

9.7.11 op:subtract-yearMonthDuration-from-date

`op:subtract-yearMonthDuration-from-date`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:date`,
`op:subtract-yearMonthDuration-from-date`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:yearMonthDuration`) `as` `xs:date`

Summary: Returns the xs:date computed by negating $arg2 and adding the result to the normalized value of $arg1 using the algorithm described in Appendix E of [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]. If $arg2 is negative, then the xs:date returned precedes $arg1.

The result has the same timezone as arg1. If arg1 has no timezone, the result has no timezone.

This functions backs up the "-" operator on xs:date and xdt:yearMonthDuration values.

9.7.11.1 Examples

op:subtract-yearMonthDuration-from-date(xs:date("2000-10-30"), xdt:yearMonthDuration("P1Y2M")) returns the xs:date whose normalized value is August 30, 1999.

9.7.12 op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-date

`op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-date`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:date`,
`op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-date`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`) `as` `xs:date`

The result has the same timezone as arg1. If arg1 has no timezone, the result has no timezone.

This functions backs up the "-" operator on xs:date and xdt:dayTimeDuration values.

9.7.12.1 Examples

op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-date(xs:date("2000-10-30"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("P3DT1H15M")) returns a xs:date whose normalized value is October 26, 2000.

9.7.13 op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-time

`op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-time`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:time`,
`op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-time`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`) `as` `xs:time`

Summary: First, the days component in the canonical lexical representation of $arg2 is set to zero (0) and the value of the resulting xdt:dayTimeDuration is calculated. Alternatively, the value modulus 86,400 is used. This value is added to the normalized value of $arg1 and the result returned. Note that the xs:time returned may occur in a following or preceding day and may be less than $arg1.

The result has the same timezone as arg1. If arg1 has no timezone, the result has no timezone.

This functions backs up the "+" operator on xs:time and xdt:dayTimeDuration values.

9.7.13.1 Examples

op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-time(xs:time("11:12:00"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("P3DT1H15M")) returns a normalized xs:time value corresponding to the lexical representation "12:27:00".
op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-time(xs:time("23:12:00"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("P1DT3H15M")) returns a normalized xs:time value corresponding to the lexical representation "02:27:00".

9.7.14 op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-time

`op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-time`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:time`,
`op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-time`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:dayTimeDuration`) `as` `xs:time`

Summary: The result is calculated by first setting the day component in the canonical lexical representation of $arg2 to zero (0) and calculating the value of the resulting xdt:dayTimeDuration. Alternatively, the value of $arg2 modulus 86,400 is used. This value is subtracted from the normalized value of $arg1 and the result is returned. Note that the xs:time returned may occur in a preceding or following day and may be greater than $arg1.

The result has the same timezone as arg1. If arg1 has no timezone, the result has no timezone.

This functions backs up the "-" operator on xs:time and xdt:dayTimeDuration values.

9.7.14.1 Examples

op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-time(xs:time("11:12:00"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("P3DT1H15M")) returns a normalized xs:time value corresponding to the lexical representation "09:57:00".
op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-time(xs:time("08:20:00"), xdt:dayTimeDuration("P23DT10H10M")) returns a normalized xs:time value corresponding to the lexical representation "22:10:00".

10 Functions Related to QNames

10.1 Additional Constructor Functions for QNames

This section defines additional constructor functions for QName as defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]. Leading and trailing whitespace, if present, is stripped from string arguments before the result is constructed.

Function	Meaning
`fn:resolve-QName`	Returns an `xs:QName` with the lexical form given in the first argument. The prefix is resolved using the in-scope namespaces for a given element.
`fn:expanded-QName`	Returns an `xs:QName` with the namespace URI given in the first argument and the local name in the second argument.

10.1.1 fn:resolve-QName

fn:resolve-QName($qname as xs:string?, $element as element()?) as xs:QName?

Summary: Returns an xs:QName value (that is, an expanded QName) by taking an xs:string that has the lexical form of an xs:QName (a string in the form "prefix:local-name" or "local-name") and resolving it using the in-scope namespaces for a given element.

If $qname does not have the correct lexical form for xs:QName an error is raised [invalid lexical value].

If $qname is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence. If $element is the empty sequence, an error is raised [invalid lexical value].

More specifically, the function searches the namespace nodes of $element for a node whose name matches the prefix of $qname, or the zero-length string if it has no prefix, and constructs an expanded QName whose local name is taken from the supplied $qname, and whose namespace URI is taken from the string value of the namespace node.

If the $qname has a prefix and if there is no namespace node for $element that matches this prefix, then an error is raised [no namespace found for prefix].

If the $qname has no prefix, and there is no namespace node for $element corresponding to the default (unnamed) namespace, then the resulting expanded QName has no namespace part.

10.1.1.1 Usage Note

Sometimes the requirement is to construct an xs:QName without using the default namespace. This can be achieved by writing:

   if (contains($qname, ":")) then fn:resolve-QName($qname, $element)
        else fn:expanded-QName("", $qname)

If the requirement is to construct an xs:QName using the namespaces in the static context, then the xs:QName constructor should be used.

10.1.1.2 Examples

Assume that the element bound to $element has a single namespace node bound to the prefix eg.

fn:resolve-QName("hello", $element) returns a QName with local name "hello" that is in no namespace.
fn:resolve-QName("eg:myFunc", $element) returns an xs:QName whose namespace URI is specified by the namespace node corresponding to the prefix "eg" and whose local name is "myFunc".

10.1.2 fn:expanded-QName

fn:expanded-QName($paramURI as xs:string?, $paramLocal as xs:string) as xs:QName

Summary: Returns an xs:QName with the namespace URI given in $paramURI and the local name in $paramLocal. If $paramURI is the empty string or the empty sequence, it represents "no namespace".

If $paramLocal does not have the correct lexical form for xs:NCName an error is raised [invalid lexical value].

10.1.2.1 Examples

fn:expanded-QName("http://www.example.com/example", "person") returns an xs:QName with namespace URI = "http://www.example.com/example" and local name = "person".

10.2 Operators and Functions Related to QNames

This section discusses functions on QNames as defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes].

Function	Meaning
`op:QName-equal`	Returns `true` if the local names and namespace URIs of the two arguments are equal.
`fn:get-local-name-from-QName`	Returns an `xs:string` representing the local name of the `xs:QName` argument.
`fn:get-namespace-uri-from-QName`	Returns the namespace URI for the `xs:QName` argument. If the `xs:QName` is in no namespace, the zero-length string is returned.
`fn:get-namespace-uri-for-prefix`	Returns the namespace URI of one of the in-scope namespaces for the given element, identified by its namespace prefix.
`fn:get-in-scope-prefixes`	Returns the prefixes of the in-scope namespaces for the given element.

10.2.1 op:QName-equal

op:QName-equal($arg1 as xs:QName, $arg2 as xs:QName) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if the namespace URIs of $arg1 and $arg2 are equal and the local names of $arg1 and $arg2 are identical on a codepoint-by-codepoint basis. Otherwise, returns false. Two namespace URIs are considered equal if they are either both absent or both present and identical on a codepoint-by-codepoint basis. See also 11.2 op:anyURI-equal.

Backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on values of type xs:QName.

10.2.2 fn:get-local-name-from-QName

fn:get-local-name-from-QName(


              $arg

as xs:QName?) as xs:string?

Summary: Returns an xs:string representing the local part of $arg. If $arg is the empty sequence, returns the empty sequence.

10.2.2.1 Examples

fn:get-local-name-from-QName(fn:expanded-QName("http://www.example.com/example", "person")) returns "person".

10.2.3 fn:get-namespace-uri-from-QName

fn:get-namespace-uri-from-QName(


              $arg

as xs:QName?) as xs:string?

Summary: Returns the namespace URI for $arg as an xs:string. If $arg is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned. If $arg is in no namespace, the zero-length string is returned.

10.2.3.1 Examples

fn:get-namespace-uri-from-QName(fn:expanded-QName("http://www.example.com/example", "person")) returns the namespace URI corresponding to "http://www.example.com/example".

10.2.4 fn:get-namespace-uri-for-prefix

`fn:get-namespace-uri-for-prefix`(	`$prefix`	`as` `xs:string`,
`fn:get-namespace-uri-for-prefix`(	`$element`	`as` `element`) `as` `xs:string?`

Summary: Returns the namespace URI of one of the in-scope namespaces for $element, identified by its namespace prefix.

If $element has an in-scope namespace whose namespace prefix is equal to $prefix, it returns the namespace URI of that namespace. If $prefix is the zero-length string, it returns the namespace URI of the default (unnamed) namespace. Otherwise, it returns the empty sequence.

Prefixes are equal only if their Unicode code-points match exactly.

10.2.5 fn:get-in-scope-prefixes

fn:get-in-scope-prefixes(


              $element

as element) as xs:string*

Summary: Returns the prefixes of the in-scope namespaces for $element. For namespaces that have a prefix, it returns the prefix as an xs:NCName. For the default namespace, which has no prefix, it returns the zero-length string.

11 Functions and Operators for anyURI

This section specifies functions that take anyURI as arguments.

Function	Meaning
`fn:resolve-uri`	Returns an `xs:string` representing an absolute `xs:anyURI` given a base URI and a relative URI.
`op:anyURI-equal`	Returns `true` if the two arguments are equal.

11.1 fn:resolve-uri

fn:resolve-uri($relative as xs:string?) as xs:string?

fn:resolve-uri($relative as xs:string?, $base as xs:string) as xs:string?

Summary: If $relative is a relative URI reference, the first form of this function resolves it against the value of the base-uri property from the static context. If $relative is an absolute URI reference , it is returned unchanged. If the base-uri property is not initialized in the static context an error is raised [base uri not defined in the static context].

The second form of this function expects $base to be an absolute URI and $relative to be an absolute or a relative URI reference as defined in [RFC 2396]. If $relative is a relative URI reference, it is resolved against the base-uri, $base, and the resulting absolute URI reference is returned. If $relative is an absolute URI reference, it is returned unchanged. If $base is not an absolute URI, an error is raised [base uri argument to fn:resolve-uri is not an absolute uri].

If $relative or $base is not a valid anyURI an error is raised [invalid argument to fn:resolve-uri()].

If $relative is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

Note:

If $relative is the zero-length string, returns the value of the base-uri property from the static context in the first form (if the base-uri property is not initialized in the static context an error is raised [base uri not defined in the static context]) and $base in the second form.

Note:

Resolving a URI does not dereference it. This is merely a syntactic operation on two character strings.

11.2 op:anyURI-equal

op:anyURI-equal($arg1 as xs:anyURI, $arg2 as xs:anyURI) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if $arg1 and $arg2 compare equal on a codepoint-by-codepoint basis. Otherwise, returns false. This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on anyURI.

For more details on comparing URIs see [Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax].

11.2.1 Examples

op:anyURI-equal(xs:anyURI("http://www.example.com/spinaltap.micro.umn.edu/00/Weather/California/Los%20Angeles"), xs:anyURI("http://www.example.com/spinaltap.micro.umn.edu")) returns false

12 Functions and Operators on base64Binary and hexBinary

12.1 Comparisons of base64Binary and hexBinary Values

The following comparison operators on xs:base64Binary and xs:hexBinary values are defined. Comparisons take two operands of the same type; that is, both operands must be xs:base64Binary or both operands may be xs:hexBinary. Each returns a boolean value.

A value of type xs:hexBinary may be compared with a value of type xs:base64Binary by casting one value to the other type. See 17.12 Casting to xs:base64Binary and xs:hexBinary.

Function	Meaning
`op:hexBinary-equal`	Returns `true` if the two arguments are equal.
`op:base64Binary-equal`	Returns `true` if the two arguments are equal.

12.1.1 op:hexBinary-equal

`op:hexBinary-equal`(	`$value1`	`as` `xs:hexBinary`,
`op:hexBinary-equal`(	`$value2`	`as` `xs:hexBinary`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: Returns true if $value1 and $value2 are of the same length, measured in binary octets, and contain the same octets in the same order. Otherwise, returns false.

This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on xs:hexBinary values.

12.1.2 op:base64Binary-equal

`op:base64Binary-equal`(	`$value1`	`as` `xs:base64Binary`,
`op:base64Binary-equal`(	`$value2`	`as` `xs:base64Binary`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: Returns true if $value1 and $value2 are of the same length, measured in binary octets, and contain the same octets in the same order. Otherwise, returns false.

This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on xs:base64Binary values.

13 Functions and Operators on NOTATION

13.1 Operators on NOTATION

This section discusses functions that take NOTATION as arguments.

Function	Meaning
`op:NOTATION-equal`	Returns `true` if the two arguments are equal.

13.1.1 op:NOTATION-equal

op:NOTATION-equal($arg1 as xs:NOTATION, $arg2 as xs:NOTATION) as xs:boolean

Summary: Returns true if $arg1 and $arg2 compare equal on a codepoint-by-codepoint basis. Else returns false. This function backs up the "eq" and "ne" operators on xs:NOTATION values.

14 Functions and Operators on Nodes

This section discusses functions and operators on nodes. Nodes are formally defined in Section 6 Nodes^DM.

14.1 Functions and Operators on Nodes

Function	Meaning
`fn:name`	Returns the name of the context node or the specified node as an `xs:string`.
`fn:local-name`	Returns the local name of the context node or the specified node as an `xs:NCName`.
`fn:namespace-uri`	Returns the namespace URI as an `xs:string` for the `xs:QName` of the argument node or the context node if the argument is omitted. This may be the zero-length string if the `xs:QName` is in no namespace.
`fn:number`	Returns the value of the context node or the specified item converted to an `xs:double`.
`fn:lang`	Returns `true` or `false`, depending on whether the language of the context node, as defined using the xml:lang attribute, is the same as, or a sublanguage of, the language specified by the argument.
`op:is-same-node`	Returns `true` if the two arguments have the same identity.
`op:node-before`	Indicates whether one node appears before another node in document order.
`op:node-after`	Indicates whether one node appears after another node in document order.
`fn:root`	Returns the root of the tree to which the node argument belongs.

For the illustrative examples below assume an XQuery operating on a PurchaseOrder document containing a number of line-item elements. Each line-item has child elements called description, price, quantity, etc. Quantity has simple content of type xs:decimal. Further assume that variables $item1, $item2, etc. are each bound to single line-item element nodes in the document in sequence and that the value of the quantity child of the first line-item is 5.0.

<PurchaseOrder>
  <line-item>
    <description> ... </description>
    <price> ... </price>
    <quantity>5.0</quantity>
      ...
  </line-item>
  <line-item>
      ...
  </line-item>
      ...
</PurchaseOrder>

14.1.1 fn:name

fn:name() as xs:string

fn:name($arg as node()?) as xs:string

Summary: Returns the name of a node, as an xs:string that is either the zero-length string, or has the lexical form of an xs:QName.

If the argument is omitted, it defaults to the context node. If there is no context node (that is, if there is no context item, or if the context item is not a node), the zero-length string is returned.

If the argument is supplied and is the empty sequence, the function returns the zero-length string.

If the target node has no name (that is, if it is a document node, a comment, a text node, or a namespace node having no name), the function returns the zero-length string.

Otherwise, the value returned is an xs:string whose lexical form is an xs:QName.

If $arg is a processing instruction or a namespace node, or if it is an element or attribute node whose expanded-QName (as determined by the dm:node-name accessor in the Section 5.3 node-name Accessor^DM) is in no namespace, then the function returns the local part of the expanded-QName.

If $arg is an attribute node whose expanded-QName is in a namespace, then a prefix is determined using the following rule: if the attribute has a parent, in the same way that a prefix would be constructed for that element, otherwise a non-empty prefix is chosen arbitrarily, and no attempt is made to associate the prefix with the namespace URI.

If $arg is an element node whose expanded-QName is in a namespace, then a prefix is determined using the following rules: if the element has at least one namespace node whose namespace URI is the same as the namespace name of the xs:QName returned by the fn:node-name, it returns the local part of the name of that namespace node or the empty string if the namespace node has no name. If there are several such namespace nodes, it chooses one of them arbitrarily. If there is no such namespace node, it generates an arbitrary prefix that is distinct from the fn:node-name of any of the element node's namespaces. The prefix is the empty string if the element has an empty namespace name i.e. if it is in the null namespace.

This prefix is then combined with the local part of the node's expanded-QName to form a string which will take one of the forms "prefix:local-part" (if the prefix is a non-zero length string) or "local-part" (if the prefix is a zero-length string).

Note:

Some host languages, such as [XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language], will never provide a namespace node as an argument to this function.

14.1.2 fn:local-name

fn:local-name() as xs:string

fn:local-name($arg as node()?) as xs:string

Summary: Returns the local part of the name of $arg as an xs:string that will either be the zero-length string or will have the lexical form of an xs:NCName.

If the argument is supplied and is the empty sequence, the function returns the zero-length string.

If the target node has no name (that is, if it is a document node, a comment, or a text node), the function returns the zero-length string.

Otherwise, the value returned will be the local part of the expanded-QName of the target node (as determined by the dm:node-name accessor in Section 5.3 node-name Accessor^DM. This will be an xs:string whose lexical form is an xs:NCName.

Note:

Some host languages, such as [XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language], will never provide a namespace node as an argument to this function.

14.1.3 fn:namespace-uri

fn:namespace-uri() as xs:string

fn:namespace-uri($arg as node()?) as xs:string

Summary: Returns the namespace URI of the QName of $arg as a xs:string.

If $arg is the empty sequence, the zero-length string is returned.

If $arg is neither an element nor an attribute node, or if it is an element or attribute node that has no QName or whose expanded-QName (as determined by the dm:node-name accessor in the Section 5.3 node-name Accessor^DM) is in no namespace, then the function returns the zero-length string.

14.1.4 fn:number

fn:number() as xs:double

fn:number($arg as item()?) as xs:double

Summary: Returns the value indicated by $arg or, if $arg is not specified, the context node, converted to an xs:double. If there is no context node (that is, if there is no context item, or if the context item is not a node), NaN is returned.

If $arg, or the context node, is the empty sequence, the xs:double value NaN is returned.

If $arg, or the context node, is atomic, the value obtained by converting it to xs:double following the rules of 17.8 Casting to numeric types is returned..

If $arg, or the context node, is a node with an atomic type, its value converted to xs:double following the rules of 17.8 Casting to numeric types is returned..

Otherwise, $arg, or the context node, is converted to an xs:string as if by a call to the fn:string() function and the result converted to an xs:double following the rules of 17.8 Casting to numeric types.

If the conversion to xs:double fails because the lexical representation is not a valid lexical representation of a numeric simple type as defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes], the xs:double value NaN is returned.

14.1.4.1 Examples

fn:number($item1/quantity) returns 5.
fn:number($item2) returns NaN.

14.1.5 fn:lang

fn:lang($testlang as xs:string?) as xs:boolean

Summary: This function tests whether the language of the context node, as specified by xml:lang attributes is the same as, or is a sublanguage of, the language specified by $testlang. If there is no context node (that is, if there is no context item, or if the context item is not a node), then returns false. The language of the context node is determined by the value of the xml:lang attribute on the context node, or, if the context node has no such attribute, by the value of the xml:lang attribute on the nearest ancestor of the context node that has an xml:lang attribute. If there is no such ancestor, then returns false

If $lang is the empty sequence it is interpreted as the zero-length string.

The relevant xml:lang attribute is determined by the value of the XPath expression:

(ancestor-or-self::*/@xml:lang)[last()]

If this expression returns an empty sequence, the function returns false.

Otherwise, the function returns true if and only if the string-value of the relevant xml:lang attribute is equal to $testlang ignoring case, or if the string-value of the relevant testlang attribute contains a hyphen, "-" (The character "-" is HYPHEN-MINUS, %x002D) such that the part of the string-value preceding that hyphen is equal to $testlang, ignoring case.

14.1.5.1 Examples

The expression fn:lang("en") would return true if the context node were any of the following four elements:
- <para xml:lang="en"/>
- <div xml:lang="en"><para>And now, and forever!</para></div>
- <para xml:lang="EN"/>
- <para xml:lang="en-us"/>
The expression fn:lang("fr") would return false if the context node were <para xml:lang="EN"/>

14.1.6 op:is-same-node

op:is-same-node($parameter1 as node(), $parameter2 as node()) as xs:boolean

Summary: If the node identified by the value of $parameter1 is the same node as the node identified by the value of $parameter2 (that is, the two nodes have the same identity), then the function returns true; otherwise, the function returns false. This function backs up the "is" operator on nodes.

14.1.6.1 Examples

op:is-same-node($item1, $item1) returns true.
op:is-same-node($item1, $item2) returns false.

14.1.7 op:node-before

op:node-before($parameter1 as node(), $parameter2 as node()) as xs:boolean

Summary: If the node identified by the value of $parameter1 occurs in document order before the node identified by the value of $parameter2, this function returns true; otherwise, it returns false. The rules determining the order of nodes within a single document and in different documents can be found in Section 2.4 Document Order^DM. This function backs up the "<<" operator.

14.1.7.1 Examples

op:node-before($item1, $item2) returns true.
op:node-before($item1, $item1) returns false.

14.1.8 op:node-after

op:node-after($parameter1 as node(), $parameter2 as node()) as xs:boolean

Summary: If the node identified by the value of $parameter1 occurs in document order after the node identified by the value of $parameter2, this function returns true; otherwise, it returns false. The rules determining the order of nodes within a single document and in different documents can be found in Section 2.4 Document Order^DM. This function backs up the ">>" operator.

14.1.8.1 Examples

op:node-after($item1, $item2) returns false.
op:node-after($item1, $item1) returns false.
op:node-after($item2, $item1) returns true.

14.1.9 fn:root

fn:root() as node()

fn:root($arg as node()?) as node()?

Summary: Returns the root of the tree to which $arg belongs. This will usually, but not necessarily, be a document node.

If $arg is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

If $arg is a document node, $arg is returned.

If the function is called without an argument, the context item is used as the default argument. If there is no context node (that is, if there is no context item, or if the context item is not a node), an error is raised [context item is not a node].

14.1.9.1 Examples

These examples use some variables which could be defined in [XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language] as:

let $i := <tool>wrench</tool>
let $o := <order> {$i} <quantity>5</quantity> </order>
let $odoc := document ($o)
let $newi := $o/tool

Or they could be defined in [XSLT 2.0] as:

<xsl:variable name="i" as="element()">
  <tool>wrench</tool>
</xsl:variable>

<xsl:variable name="o" as="element()">
  <order>
    <xsl:copy-of select="$i"/>
    <quantity>5</quantity>
  </order>
</xsl:variable>

<xsl:variable name="odoc">
  <xsl:copy-of select="$o"/>
</xsl:variable>

<xsl:variable name="newi" select="$o/tool"/>

fn:root($i) returns $i
fn:root($o/quantity) returns $o
fn:root($odoc//quantity) returns $odoc
fn:root($newi) returns $o

Note:

We could make the final three examples type-safe by wrapping their operands with fn:exactly-one().

15 Functions and Operators on Sequences

A sequence is an ordered collection of zero or more items. An item is either a node or an atomic value. The terms sequence and item are defined formally in [XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language] and [XPath 2.0].

15.1 Functions and Operators on Sequences

The following functions are defined on sequences.

Function	Meaning
`fn:zero-or-one`	Returns the input sequence if it contains zero or one items. Raises an error otherwise.
`fn:one-or-more`	Returns the input sequence if it contains one or more items. Raises an error otherwise.
`fn:exactly-one`	Returns the input sequence if it contains exactly one item. Raises an error otherwise.
`fn:boolean`	Computes the effective boolean value of the argument sequence.
`op:concatenate`	Concatenates two sequences.
`fn:index-of`	Returns a sequence of `xs:integer`s, each of which is the index of a member of the sequence specified as the first argument that is equal to the atomic value that is the value of the second argument. If no members of the specified sequence are equal to the value of the second argument, the empty sequence is returned.
`fn:empty`	Indicates whether or not the provided sequence is empty.
`fn:exists`	Indicates whether or not the provided sequence is not empty.
`fn:distinct-values`	Returns a sequence in which all but one of a set of duplicate values, based on value equality, have been deleted. The order in which the distinct values are returned is ·implementation dependent·.
`fn:insert-before`	Inserts an item or sequence of items at a specified position in a sequence.
`fn:remove`	Removes an item from a specified position in a sequence.
`fn:reverse`	Reverses the order of items in a sequence.
`fn:subsequence`	Returns the subsequence of a given sequence, identified by location.
`fn:unordered`	Indicates that the given sequence may be returned in any order.

Functions fn:zero-or-one, fn:one-or-more, and fn:exactly-one check that the length of a sequence is in the expected range. They are particularly useful with regard to static typing. For example, the XML Schema [XML Schema Part 1: Structures] describing the output of a query may require a sequence of length one-or-more in some position, but the static type system may not be able to infer this; inserting a call to fn:one-or-more at the appropriate place will provide a suitable static type at query analysis time, and confirm that the length is correct with a dynamic check at query execution time.

As in the previous section, for the illustrative examples below, assume an XQuery operating on a Purchase Order document containing a number of line-item elements. The variable $seq is bound to the sequence of line-item nodes in document order. The variables $item1, $item2, etc. are bound to individual line-item nodes in the sequence.

15.1.1 fn:zero-or-one

fn:zero-or-one($arg as item()*) as item()?

Summary: Returns $arg if it contains zero or one items. Otherwise, raises an error [fn:zero-or-one called with a sequence containing more than one item]. The type of the result depends on the type of $arg.

15.1.2 fn:one-or-more

fn:one-or-more($arg as item()*) as item()+

Summary: Returns $arg if it contains one or more items. Otherwise, raises an error [fn:one-or-more called with a sequence containing no items]. The type of the result depends on the type of $arg.

15.1.3 fn:exactly-one

fn:exactly-one($arg as item()*) as item()

Summary: Returns $arg if it contains exactly one item. Otherwise, raises an error [fn:exactly-one called with a sequence containing zero or more than one item]. The type of the result depends on the type of $arg.

15.1.4 fn:boolean

fn:boolean($arg as item()*) as xs:boolean

Summary: Computes the effective boolean value of the sequence $arg.

If $arg is the empty sequence, returns false.

If $arg contains a single atomic value, then the function returns false if $arg is:

The singleton xs:boolean value false.
The singleton value "" (zero-length string) of type xs:string or xdt:untypedAtomic.
A singleton numeric value that is numerically equal to zero.
The singleton xs:float or xs:double value NaN.

In all other cases, returns true.

Note:

The result of this function is not neccesarily the same as "$arg cast as xs:boolean". For example, fn:boolean("false") returns the value "true" whereas "false" cast as xs:boolean returns false.

15.1.5 op:concatenate

op:concatenate($seq1 as item()*, $seq2 as item()*) as item()*

Summary: Returns a sequence consisting of the items in $seq1 followed by the items in $seq2. This function backs up the infix operator ",". If either sequence is the empty sequence, the other operand is returned.

15.1.5.1 Examples

op:concatenate((1 2 3), (4 5)) returns (1 2 3 4 5).
op:concatenate((), ()) returns ().

15.1.6 fn:index-of

`fn:index-of`(	`$seqParam`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType*`,
`fn:index-of`(	`$srchParam`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType`) `as` `xs:integer*`

`fn:index-of`(	`$seqParam`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType*`,
	`$srchParam`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType`,
	`$collation`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:integer*`

Summary: Returns a sequence of positive integers giving the positions within the sequence $seqParam of items that are equal to $srchParam.

The collation used by the invocation of this function is determined according to the rules in 7.3.1 Collations.

The items in the sequence $seqParam are compared with $srchParam under the rules for the eq operator, using the selected collation when comparing strings. If the type of the items in $seqParam is not xs:string and $collation is specified, the collation is ignored. If an item compares equal, then the position of that item in the sequence $srchParam is included in the result. If the items are not comparable, then an error is raised [items not comparable].

If the value of $seqParam is the empty sequence, or if no item in $seqParam matches $srchParam, then the empty sequence is returned.

The first item in a sequence is at position 1, not position 0.

The result sequence is in ascending numeric order.

15.1.6.1 Examples

fn:index-of ((10, 20, 30, 40), 35) returns ().
fn:index-of ((10, 20, 30, 30, 20, 10), 20) returns (2, 5).
fn:index-of (("a", "sport", "and", "a", "pastime"), "a") returns (1, 4).
If @a is an attribute of type xs:string* whose typed value is "red green blue", then: fn:index-of (@a, "blue") returns 3.

This is because the function calling mechanism atomizes the attribute node to produce a sequence of three strings.

15.1.7 fn:empty

fn:empty($arg as item()*) as xs:boolean

Summary: If the value of $arg is the empty sequence, the function returns true; otherwise, the function returns false.

15.1.7.1 Examples

fn:empty($seq) returns false.

15.1.8 fn:exists

fn:exists($arg as item()*) as xs:boolean

Summary: If the value of $arg is not the empty sequence, the function returns true; otherwise, the function returns false.

15.1.8.1 Examples

fn:exists($seq) returns true.

15.1.9 fn:distinct-values

fn:distinct-values($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*) as xdt:anyAtomicType*

`fn:distinct-values`(	`$arg`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType*`,
`fn:distinct-values`(	`$collation`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xdt:anyAtomicType*`

Summary: Returns the sequence that results from removing from $arg all but one of a set of values that are eq to one other. Values that cannot be compared, i.e. the eq operator is not defined for their types, are considered to be distinct.

The type returned is a sequence of values of the same type as $arg.

The static type of the result is a sequence of prime types as defined in Section 6.2.4 The fn:distinct-values function^FS.

The collation used by the invocation of this function is determined according to the rules in 7.3.1 Collations.

If $arg is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

Values of type xdt:untypedAtomic are compared as if they were of type xs:string.

For xs:float and xs:double values, 0.0 is equal to -0.0 and, although NaN does not equal itself, if $arg contains multiple NaN values a single NaN is returned.

If an xs:dateTime, xs:date or xs:time value does not have a timezone, an implicit timezone is provided by the evaluation context. The normalized value is adjusted using this implicit timezone if necessary. The adjusted normalized value is used to compute distinctness.

Equality of string values is determined according to the collation that is used. If the type of the items in $arg is not xs:string and $collation is specified, the collation is ignored.

Which value of a set of values that compare equal is returned, along with its original type annotation, is ·implementation dependent·. Note that xs:dateTime, xs:date or xs:time values can compare equal even if their timezones are different. The order in which the sequence of values is returned is ·implementation dependent·.

15.1.9.1 Examples

fn:distinct-values(1, 2.0, 3, 2) might return (1, 3, 2.0).

15.1.10 fn:insert-before

`fn:insert-before`(	`$target`	`as` `item()*`,
	`$position`	`as` `xs:integer`,
	`$inserts`	`as` `item()`) `as` `item()`

Summary: Returns a new sequence constructed from the value of $target with the value of $inserts inserted at the position specified by the value of $position. (The value of $target is not affected by the sequence construction.)

If $target is the empty sequence, $inserts is returned. If $inserts is the empty sequence, $target is returned.

The value returned by the function consists of all items of $target whose index is less than $position, followed by all items of $inserts, followed by the remaining elements of $target, in that sequence.

If $position is less than one (1), the first position, the effective value of $position is one (1). If $position is greater than the number of items in $target, then the effective value of $position is equal to the number of items in $target plus 1.

15.1.10.1 Examples

let $x := ("a", "b", "c")

fn:insert-before($x, 0, "z") returns ("z", "a", "b", "c")
fn:insert-before($x, 1, "z") returns ("z", "a", "b", "c")
fn:insert-before($x, 2, "z") returns ("a", "z", "b", "c")
fn:insert-before($x, 3, "z") returns ("a", "b", "z", "c")
fn:insert-before($x, 4, "z") returns ("a", "b", "c", "z")

15.1.11 fn:remove

fn:remove($target as item()*, $position as xs:integer) as item()*

Summary: Returns a new sequence constructed from the value of $target with the item at the position specified by the value of $position removed.

If $position is less than 1 or greater than the number of items in $target, $target is returned. Otherwise, the value returned by the function consists of all items of $target whose index is less than $position, followed by all items of $target whose index is greater than $position. If $target is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.7 The fn:remove function^FS

15.1.12 fn:reverse

fn:reverse($arg as item()*) as item()*

Summary: Reverses the order of items in a sequence. If $arg is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.8 The fn:reverse function^FS

15.1.13 fn:subsequence

fn:subsequence($sourceSeq as item()*, $startingLoc as xs:double) as item()*

`fn:subsequence`(	`$sourceSeq`	`as` `item()*`,
	`$startingLoc`	`as` `xs:double`,
	`$length`	`as` `xs:double`) `as` `item()*`

Summary: Returns the contiguous sequence of items in the value of $sourceSeq beginning at the position indicated by the value of $startingLoc and continuing for the number of items indicated by the value of $length. More specifically, returns the items in $sourceString whose position $p obeys:

fn:round($startingLoc) <= $p < fn:round($startingLoc) + fn:round($length)

In the above computation, the rules for op:numeric-less-than() and op:numeric-greater-than() apply.

If $sourceSeq is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

If $startingLoc is zero or negative, the subsequence includes items from the beginning of the $sourceSeq.

If $length is not specified, the subsequence includes items to the end of $sourceSeq.

If $length is greater than the number of items in the value of $sourceSeq following $startingLoc, the subsequence includes items to the end of $sourceSeq.

The first item of a sequence is located at position 1, not position 0.

For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.9 The fn:subsequence function^FS

15.1.13.1 Examples

Assume $seq = ($item1, $item2, $item3, $item4, ...)

fn:subsequence($seq, 4) returns ($item4, $item5, ...)
fn:subsequence($seq, 4, 2) returns ($item4, $item5)

15.1.14 fn:unordered

fn:unordered($sourceSeq as item()*) as item()*

Summary: This function takes a sequence, or more typically, an expression, that evaluates to a sequence, as input and returns an arbitrary ·implementation dependent· permutation of the input sequence. Query optimizers may be able to do a better job if the order of the output sequence is not specified. For example, if you want to retrieve all the prices from a purchase order, and if there is an index on prices, it may be possible to compute an unordered result more efficiently.

15.2 Equals, Union, Intersection and Except

Function	Meaning
`fn:deep-equal`	Returns `true` if the two arguments have items that compare equal in corresponding positions.
`op:union`	Returns the union of the two sequence arguments, eliminating duplicates.
`op:intersect`	Returns the intersection of the two sequence arguments, eliminating duplicates.
`op:except`	Returns the difference of the two sequence arguments, eliminating duplicates.

As in the previous sections, for the illustrative examples below, assume an XQuery operating on a Purchase Order document containing a number of line-item elements. The variables $item1, $item2, etc. are bound to individual line-item nodes in the sequence. We use sequences of these nodes in some of the examples below.

15.2.1 fn:deep-equal

fn:deep-equal($parameter1 as item()*, $parameter2 as item()*) as xs:boolean

`fn:deep-equal`(	`$parameter1`	`as` `item()*`,
	`$parameter2`	`as` `item()*`,
	`$collation`	`as` `string`) `as` `xs:boolean`

Summary: If the sequences that are the values of $parameter1 and $parameter2 have the same values (that is, they have the same number of items and items in corresponding positions in the two sequences compare equal), the function returns true; otherwise, the function returns false. Equality of corresponding items is determined based on the eq operator if they are atomic values and based on deep equality of nodes, as defined below, if they are nodes.

Returns true if both of its arguments are the empty sequence. Returns false if one, but not both, of its arguments is the empty sequence.

If equality is not defined for the types of two corresponding values the function returns false.

String values are compared using a collation. If the type of the items in $parameter1 and $parameter2 is not xs:string and $collation is specified, the collation is ignored.

The collation used by the invocation of this function is determined according to the rules in 7.3.1 Collations.

15.2.1.1 Deep Equality of Nodes

The following (recursive) tests are applied in order to determine whether two nodes are deep equal. This uses a function called is-namespace-node() which checks, by elimination, whether a node is a namespace node. Note that some host languages may not support namespace nodes.

If the two nodes are of different kinds, the result is false.

if ($parameter1 instance of element() and not ($parameter2 instance of
element())) then fn:false() else

if ($parameter1 instance of attribute() and not ($parameter2 instance of
attribute())) then fn:false() else

if ($parameter1 instance of text() and not ($parameter2 instance of
text())) then fn:false() else

if ($parameter1 instance of comment() and not ($parameter2 instance of
comment())) then fn:false() else

(: if ($parameter1 instance of document-node() and not ($parameter2
instance of document-node())) then fn:false() else :)

if ($parameter1 instance of processing-instruction() and
 not ($parameter2 instance of processing-instruction())) then fn:false() else 

if (is-namespace-node($parameter1) and not is-namespace-node($parameter2)) 
   then fn:false()
   else

Return true if the the two nodes have names that compare equal as xs:QNames or if they do not have names.

if (not(fn:deep-equal(fn:node-name($parameter1), fn:node-name($parameter2)))) 
then fn:false()
else

Now perform specific tests based on the kind of nodes in hand. First, test element nodes:

if ($parameter1 instance of element()) then      (: element nodes :)  
  if (some $a1 in $parameter1/@* satisfies       (: have attributes :)
      not (some $a2 in $parameter2/@* 
           satisfies fn:deep-equal($a1, $a2, $collation))
      or (some $a2 in $parameter2/@* satisfies
      not (some $a1 in $parameter1/@* 
           satisfies fn:deep-equal($a1, $a2, $collation))))
then fn:false() else

Check if both element nodes have simple types. if so, compare their typed values, else compare their children recursively. The result is true if and only if the children of both nodes are all pairwise deep-equal, ignoring comment and processing instruction node children in both cases.

  if ($parameter1 instance of element(*, xs:anySimpleType) and 
     ($parameter2 instance of element(*, xs:anySimpleType))
       return fn:deep-equal(fn:data($parameter1), fn:data($parameter2))
     else 
     if (not ($parameter1 instance of element(*, xs:anySimpleType)) and 
      not ($parameter2 instance of element(*, xs:anySimpleType))) then
                               (:compare children recursively :)
        return fn:deep-equal( $parameter1/(* | text()),  
                       $parameter2/(* | text()), $collation )
     else return fn:false()
else

Test attribute nodes by comparing their typed values:

if ($parameter1 instance of attribute()) then    (: attribute nodes :)
   fn:deep-equal( fn:data($parameter1), fn:data($parameter2), $collation
)
else

Test text nodes by comparing their string values:

if ($parameter1 instance of text()) then
   fn:compare
     (fn:string($parameter1), fn:string($parameter2), $collation) ne 0
else

Test comment nodes by comparing their string values:

if ($parameter1 instance of comment()) then
   fn:compare
     (fn:string($parameter1), fn:string($parameter2), $collation) ne 0
else

Test processing instruction nodes by comparing their string values:

if ($parameter1 instance of processing-instruction()) then
   fn:compare
        (fn:string($parameter1), fn:string($parameter2), $collation) ne 0

Finally, test namespace nodes by comparing their string values:

else  (: Must be a namespace node by elimination :)
   fn:compare (fn:string($parameter1), fn:string($parameter2)) ne 0

Note:

The two nodes are not required to have the same type annotation, and they are not required to have the same in-scope namespaces. They may also differ in their parent, their base URI, and their IDs. The order of children is significant, but the order of attributes is insignificant. The contents of comments and processing instructions are significant only if these nodes are used directly as arguments to the function, not if they appear as children of the nodes supplied as arguments.

Note:

The result of fn:deep-equal(1, current-dateTime()) is false; it does not raise an error.

Here is the complete algorithm:

if ($parameter1 instance of element() and not ($parameter2 instance of
element())) then fn:false() else

if ($parameter1 instance of attribute() and not ($parameter2 instance of
attribute())) then fn:false() else

if ($parameter1 instance of text() and not ($parameter2 instance of
text())) then fn:false() else

if ($parameter1 instance of comment() and not ($parameter2 instance of
comment())) then fn:false() else

(: if ($parameter1 instance of document-node() and not ($parameter2
instance of document-node())) then fn:false() else :)

if ($parameter1 instance of processing-instruction() and
 not ($parameter2 instance of processing-instruction())) then fn:false() else 

if (is-namespace-node($parameter1) and not is-namespace-node($parameter2)) 
   then fn:false()
   else 
if (not(fn:deep-equal(fn:node-name($parameter1), fn:node-name($parameter2)))) 
then fn:false()
else

if ($parameter1 instance of element()) then      (: element nodes :)  
  if (some $a1 in $parameter1/@* satisfies       (: have attributes :)
      not (some $a2 in $parameter2/@* 
           satisfies fn:deep-equal($a1, $a2, $collation))
      or (some $a2 in $parameter2/@* satisfies
      not (some $a1 in $parameter1/@* 
           satisfies fn:deep-equal($a1, $a2, $collation))))
then fn:false() else

if ($parameter1 instance of element(*, xs:anySimpleType) and 
     ($parameter2 instance of element(*, xs:anySimpleType))
       return fn:deep-equal(fn:data($parameter1), fn:data($parameter2))
     else 
     if (not ($parameter1 instance of element(*, xs:anySimpleType)) and 
      not ($parameter2 instance of element(*, xs:anySimpleType))) then
                               (:compare children recursively :)
        return fn:deep-equal( $parameter1/(* | text()),  
                       $parameter2/(* | text()), $collation )
     else return fn:false()
else 
    
if ($parameter1 instance of attribute()) then    (: attribute nodes :)
   fn:deep-equal( fn:data($parameter1), fn:data($parameter2), $collation
)
else

if ($parameter1 instance of text()) then
   fn:compare
     (fn:string($parameter1), fn:string($parameter2), $collation) ne 0
else

if ($parameter1 instance of comment()) then
   fn:compare
     (fn:string($parameter1), fn:string($parameter2), $collation) ne 0
else

if ($parameter1 instance of processing-instruction()) then
   fn:compare
        (fn:string($parameter1), fn:string($parameter2), $collation) ne 0
else  (: Must be a namespace node by elimination :)
   fn:compare (fn:string($parameter1), fn:string($parameter2)) ne 0

15.2.1.2 Examples

fn:deep-equal($item1, $item2) returns false.
fn:deep-equal($item1, $item1) returns true .
fn:deep-equal(($item1, $item2), 2.3E0) returns false.

15.2.2 op:union

op:union($parameter1 as node()*, $parameter2 as node()*) as node()*

Summary: Constructs a sequence containing every node that occurs in the values of either $parameter1 or $parameter2, eliminating duplicate nodes. Nodes are returned in document order. Two nodes are equal if they are op:is-same-node(). For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.10 The op:union, op:intersect, and op:except operators^FS.

This function backs up the "union" or "|" operator.

15.2.2.1 Examples

Assume $seq1 = ($item1, $item2), $seq2 = ($item1, $item2) and $seq3 = ($item2, $item3).

op:union($seq1, $seq1) returns the sequence ($item1, $item2).
op:union($seq2, $seq3) returns the sequence consisting of ($item1, $item2, $item3).

15.2.3 op:intersect

op:intersect($parameter1 as node()*, $parameter2 as node()*) as node()*

Summary: Constructs a sequence containing every node that occurs in the values of both $parameter1 and $parameter2, eliminating duplicate nodes. Nodes are returned in document order.

If either operand is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

Two nodes are equal if they are op:is-same-node(). For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.10 The op:union, op:intersect, and op:except operators^FS.

This function backs up the "intersect" operator.

15.2.3.1 Examples

Assume $seq1 = ($item1, $item2), $seq2 = ($item1, $item2) and $seq3 = ($item2, $item3).

op:intersect($seq1, $seq1) returns the sequence ($item1, $item2).
op:intersect($seq2, $seq3) returns the sequence ($item2).

15.2.4 op:except

op:except($parameter1 as node()*, $parameter2 as node()*) as node()*

Summary: Constructs a sequence containing every node that occurs in the value of $parameter1, but not in the value of $parameter2, eliminating duplicate nodes. Nodes are returned in document order.

If $parameter1 is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned. If $parameter2 is the empty sequence, $parameter1 is returned.

Two nodes are equal if they are op:is-same-node(). For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.10 The op:union, op:intersect, and op:except operators^FS.

This function backs up the "except" operator.

15.2.4.1 Examples

Assume $seq1 = ($item1, $item2), $seq2 = ($item1, $item2) and $seq3 = ($item2, $item3).

op:except($seq1, $seq2) returns the empty sequence.
op:except($seq2, $seq3) returns the sequence ($item1).

15.3 Aggregate Functions

Aggregate functions take a sequence as argument and return a single value computed from values in the sequence. Except for fn:count, the sequence must consist of values of a single type or one if its subtypes, or they must be numeric. xdt:untypedAtomic values are permitted in the input sequence and handled by special conversion rules. The type of the items in the sequence must also support certain operations.

Function	Meaning
`fn:count`	Returns the number of items in a sequence.
`fn:avg`	Returns the average of a sequence of values.
`fn:max`	Returns the maximum value from a sequence of comparable values.
`fn:min`	Returns the minimum value from a sequence of comparable values.
`fn:sum`	Returns the sum of a sequence of values.

15.3.1 fn:count

fn:count($arg as item()*) as xs:integer

Summary: Returns the number of items in the value of $arg.

Returns 0 if $arg is the empty sequence.

15.3.1.1 Examples

Assume $seq1 = ($item1, $item2) and $seq3 = (), the empty sequence.

fn:count($seq1) returns 2.
fn:count($seq3) returns 0.

15.3.2 fn:avg

fn:avg($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*) as xdt:anyAtomicType?

Summary: Returns the average of the values in the input sequence $arg, that is, the sum of the values divided by the number of values.

If $arg is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned.

If $arg contains values of type xdt:untypedAtomic they are cast to xs:double.

Duration values must either all be xdt:yearMonthDuration values or must all be xdt:dayTimeDuration values. For numeric values, the numeric promotion rules defined in 6.2 Operators on Numeric Values are used to promote all values to a single common type. After these operations, $arg must contain items of a single type, which must be one of the four numeric types, xdt:yearMonthDuration or xdt:dayTimeDuration or one if its subtypes.

If the above conditions are not met, then an error is raised [invalid argument to aggregate function].

If $arg contains xs:float or xs:double values and includes a NaN value, the result is NaN.

Otherwise, returns the average of the values computed as sum($arg) div count($arg).

For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.6 The fn:min, fn:max, fn:avg, and fn:sum functions^FS.

15.3.2.1 Examples

Assume $d1 = xdt:yearMonthDuration("P20Y") and $d2 = xdt:yearMonthDuration("P10M") and $seq3 = (3, 4, 5).

fn:avg($seq3) returns 4.0.
fn:avg(($d1, $d2)) returns a yearMonthDuration with value 125 months.
fn:avg(($d1, $seq3)) raises an error [invalid argument to aggregate function].
fn:avg(()) returns ().

15.3.3 fn:max

fn:max($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*) as xdt:anyAtomicType?

fn:max($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*, $collation as string) as xdt:anyAtomicType?

Summary: Selects an item from the input sequence $arg whose value is greater than or equal to the value of every other item in the input sequence. If there are two or more such items, then the specific item whose value is returned is ·implementation dependent·.

Any values of type xdt:untypedAtomic in the sequence $arg are cast to xs:double. The items in the resulting sequence may be reordered in an arbitrary order. The resulting sequence is referred to below as the converted sequence.

If the converted sequence is empty, the empty sequence is returned.

If the converted sequence contains the value NaN, the value NaN is returned.

$arg must contain only items of a single type or one if its subtypes for which the gt operator is defined. For numeric values, the numeric promotion rules defined in 6.2 Operators on Numeric Values are used to promote all values to a single common type. In addition, the values in the sequence must have a total order. If date/time values do not have a timezone, the implicit timezone provided by the evaluation context is added and the adjusted normalized value is used in the calculation. Duration values must either all be xdt:yearMonthDuration values or must all be xdt:dayTimeDuration values.

If any of these conditions is not met, then an error is raised [invalid argument to aggregate function].

If the items in the value of $arg are of type xs:string or types derived by restriction from xs:string, then the determination of the greatest item is made according to the collation that is used. If the type of the items in $arg is not xs:string and $collation is specified, the collation is ignored.

The collation used by the invocation of this function is determined according to the rules in 7.3.1 Collations.

Otherwise, the result of the function is the result of the expression:

   if (every $v in $c satisfies $c[1] ge $v)) 
   then $c[1] 
   else fn:max(fn:subsequence($c, 2))]

evaluated with $collation as the default collation if specified, and with $c as the converted sequence.

For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.6 The fn:min, fn:max, fn:avg, and fn:sum functions^FS.

Note:

If the converted sequence contains exactly one value then that value is returned.

Note:

The default type when the fn:max function is applied to xdt:untypedAtomic values is xs:double. This differs from the default type for operators such as lt, and for sorting in XQuery and XSLT, which is xs:string.

15.3.3.1 Examples

Assume $seq1 = (3, 4, 5).

fn:max($seq1) returns 5.
fn:max(3,4,5) returns 5.
fn:max(5, 5.0e0) may return the xs:integer 5 or the xs:double 5.0e0.
fn:max(3,4,"Zero") raises an error [invalid argument to aggregate function].
fn:max(fn:current-date(), xs:date(2001-01-01) typically returns the current date.
fn:max("a", "b", "c") returns "c" under a typical default collation.

15.3.4 fn:min

fn:min($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*) as xdt:anyAtomicType?

fn:min($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*, $collation as string) as xdt:anyAtomicType?

Summary: selects an item from the input sequence $arg whose value is less than or equal to the value of every other item in the input sequence. If there are two or more such items, then the specific item whose value is returned is ·implementation dependent·.

If the converted sequence is empty, the empty sequence is returned.

If the converted sequence contains the value NaN, the value NaN is returned.

If any of these conditions is not met, then an error is raised [invalid argument to aggregate function].

The collation used by the invocation of this function is determined according to the rules in 7.3.1 Collations.

Otherwise, the result of the function is the result of the expression:

   if (every $v in $c satisfies $c[1] le $v)) 
   then $c[1] 
   else fn:min(fn:subsequence($c, 2))]

evaluated with $collation as the default collation if specified, and with $c as the converted sequence.

For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.6 The fn:min, fn:max, fn:avg, and fn:sum functions^FS.

Note:

If the converted sequence contains exactly one value then that value is returned.

Note:

15.3.4.1 Examples

Assume $seq1 = (3, 4, 5).

fn:min($seq1) returns 3.
fn:min(3,4,5) returns 3.
fn:min(5, 5.0e0) may return the xs:integer 5 or the xs:double 5.0e0.
fn:min(3,4,"Zero") raises an error [invalid argument to aggregate function].
fn:min(fn:current-date(), xs:date(2001-01-01) typically returns the date "2001-01-01".
fn:min("a", "b", "c") returns "a" under a typical default collation.

15.3.5 fn:sum

fn:sum($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*) as xdt:anyAtomicType

`fn:sum`(	`$arg`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType*`,
`fn:sum`(	`$zero`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType?`) `as` `xdt:anyAtomicType?`

Summary: Returns a value obtained by adding together the values in $arg. If the single-argument form of the function is used, then the value returned for an empty sequence is the xs:double value 0.0e0. If the two-argument form is used, then the value returned for an empty sequence is the value of the $zero argument.

Any values of type xdt:untypedAtomic in $arg are cast to xs:double. The items in the resulting sequence may be reordered in an arbitrary order. The resulting sequence is referred to below as the converted sequence.

If the converted sequence is empty, then the single-argument form of the function returns the xs:double value 0.0e0; the two-argument form returns the value of the argument $zero.

If the converted sequence contains the value NaN, NaN is returned.

The input sequence $arg must contain items of a single type or one of its subtypes. In addition, the type must support addition. Duration values must either all be xdt:yearMonthDuration values or must all be xdt:dayTimeDuration values. For numeric values, the numeric promotion rules defined in 6.2 Operators on Numeric Values are used to promote all values to a single common type. The sum of a sequence of integers will therefore be an integer, while the sum of a numeric sequence that includes at least one xs:double will be an xs:double.

If the above conditions are not met, an error is raised [invalid argument to aggregate function].

Otherwise, the result of the function is the result of the expression:

$c[1] + fn:sum(subsequence($c, 2))

where $c is the converted sequence.

For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.6 The fn:min, fn:max, fn:avg, and fn:sum functions^FS.

Note:

The second argument allows an appropriate value to be defined to represent the sum of an empty sequence. For example, when summing a sequence of durations it would be appropriate to return a zero-length duration of the appropriate type. This argument is necessary because a system that does dynamic typing cannot distinguish "an empty sequence of integers", for example, from "an empty sequence of durations".

Note:

If the converted sequence contains exactly one value then that value is returned.

15.3.5.1 Examples

Assume $d1 = xdt:yearMonthDuration("P20Y") and $d2 = xdt:yearMonthDuration("P10M") and $seq3 = (3, 4, 5).

fn:sum(($d1, $d2)) returns a yearMonthDuration with a value of 250 months.
fn:sum($seq3) returns 12.
fn:sum(()) returns 0.0e0.
fn:sum((),()) returns ().
fn:sum((1 to 100)[.<0], 0) returns 0.
fn:sum(($d1, 9E1)) raises an error [invalid argument to aggregate function].

15.4 Functions and Operators that Generate Sequences

Function	Meaning
`op:to`	Returns the sequence containing every `xs:integer` between the values of the operands.
`fn:id`	Returns the sequence of nodes having unique IDs that match the IDREFs represented by the argument sequence.
`fn:idref`	Returns the sequence of nodes with IDREF values matching the items in the argument sequence.
`fn:doc`	Returns a document node retrieved using the specified URI.
`fn:collection`	Returns a sequence of document nodes retrieved using the specified URI.

15.4.1 op:to

op:to($firstval as xs:integer, $lastval as xs:integer) as xs:integer*

Summary: Returns the sequence containing every xs:integer whose value is between the value of $firstval (inclusive) and the value of $lastval (inclusive), in monotonic order. If the value of the first operand is greater than the value of the second, the empty sequence is returned. If the values of the two operands are equal, a sequence containing a single xs:integer equal to the value is returned.

This function backs up the "to" operator.

15.4.2 fn:id

fn:id($arg as xs:string*) as element()*

Summary: Returns the sequence of element nodes with ID values matching the values of one or more of the IDREF values supplied in $arg.

Each string in $arg is parsed as if it were of type xs:IDREFS, that is, $arg is treated as a space-separated sequence of tokens, each acting as an IDREF. These tokens are then included in the list of candidate IDREFs. After this process, the list must consist entirely of IDREF values. If any of the tokens is not a lexically-valid IDREF (that is, if it is not lexically an xs:NCName), it is ignored.

The result of the function is a sequence, in document order, of those elements that are in the same document as the context node, and that have an ID value equal to one or more of the IDREFs in the list of candidate IDREFs. An element has an ID value of V if it has an attribute whose type is xs:ID and whose value is V, or if the element itself is of (simple) type xs:ID and has a value of V.

An ID value matches a candidate IDREF if they consist of the same sequence of Unicode code-points. The default collation is not used in the comparison.

An error is raised [no context document] if there is no context item, or if the context item is not a node, or if the context item is a node in a tree whose root is not a document node.

No error is raised in respect of an IDREF value that does not match the ID of any element in the document. If no IDREF value matches any element, the function returns the empty sequence.

If the source document is well-formed but not valid, it is possible for two or more elements to have the same ID value. In this situation, the function will select the first such element.

It is also possible in a well-formed but invalid document to have an attribute that has a declared type of ID, but whose value does not conform to the lexical rules for an ID. Such an element will never be selected by this function.

15.4.3 fn:idref

fn:idref($arg as xs:string*) as node()*

Summary: Returns the nodes that have IDREF values that reference one or more of the ID values specified in $arg.

Each string in $arg is parsed as if it were of lexically of type xs:ID. These strings are then included in the list of candidate IDs. After this process, the list must consist entirely of ID values. If any of the strings in $arg is not a lexically-valid ID (that is, if it is not lexically an xs:NCName), it is ignored.

A node references an ID value if it is an element or attribute node whose type is xs:IDREF or xs:IDREFS. If the node is of type xs:IDREF then its value must match one of the ID values in the list of candidate IDs. If it is of type xs:IDREFS then one of the values in the IDREFS sequence must match one of the values in the list of candidate IDs.

An IDREF value matches a candidate ID if they consist of the same sequence of Unicode code-points. The default collation is not used in the comparison. This function allows reverse navigation from IDs to IDREFs.

The resulting element or attribute nodes are returned in document order, without duplicates. The nodes that are returned all belong to the document containing the context node. An error is raised [no context document] if there is no context item, or if the context item is not a node, or if the context item is a node in a tree whose root is not a document node.

15.4.4 fn:doc

fn:doc($uri as xs:string?) as document?

Summary: Retrieves a document using an xs:anyURI supplied as an xs:string. If $uri is not a valid xs:anyURI, an error is raised [invalid argument to fn:doc()]. If it is a relative URI, it is resolved relative to the value of the base URI property from the static context.

$uri must not contain a fragment identifier.

If $uri is the empty sequence, the result is an empty sequence.

Note:

If $uri is read from a source document, it is generally appropriate to resolve it relative to the base URI property of the relevant node in the source document. This can be achieved by calling the fn:resolve-uri function, and passing the resulting absolute URI as an argument to this function.

This function is ·stable·. Two calls on this function return the same document node if the same URI (after resolution to an absolute URI) is supplied to both calls. Thus, the following expression (if it does not raise an error) will always be true:

doc("foo.xml") is doc("foo.xml")

If two calls on this function supply different absolute URIs, the same document node may be returned if the implementation can determine that the two URIs refer to the same resource.

The default processing performed by this function is as follows. The resource identified by the URI is retrieved. If the resource cannot be retrieved, an error is raised ("Error retrieving resource"). The data resulting from the retrieval action is then parsed as an XML document and a tree is constructed in accordance with the [XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Data Model]. If the top-level media type is known and is "text", the content is parsed in the same way as if the media type were text/xml; otherwise, it is parsed in the same way as if the media type were application/xml. If the contents cannot be parsed successfully, an error is raised [error parsing contents of resource]. Otherwise, the result of the function is the document node at the root of the resulting tree.

The following aspects of this processing are ·implementation-defined·. Implementations may provide external configuration options that allow any aspect of the processing to be controlled by the user.

The set of URI schemes that the implementation recognizes is implementation-defined. Implementations may allow the mapping of URIs to resources to be configured by the user, using mechanisms such as catalogs or user-written URI handlers.
The handling of non-XML media types is implementation-defined. Implementations may allow instances of the data model to be constructed from non-XML resources, under user control.
It is implementation-defined whether DTD validation and/or schema validation is applied to the source document.
Implementations may provide user-defined error handling options that allow processing to continue following an error in retrieving a resource, or in parsing and validating its content. When errors have been handled in this way, the function may return either an empty sequence, or a fallback document provided by the error handler.

For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.2 The fn:collection and fn:doc functions^FS.

15.4.5 fn:collection

fn:collection($arg as xs:string?) as node()*

Summary: Takes a xs:string as argument and returns a sequence of nodes obtained by interpreting $arg as an xs:anyURI and resolving it. If $arg is the empty sequence, the empty sequence is returned. If $arg is not a valid xs:anyURI, or cannot be resolved, an error is raised [invalid argument to fn:collection()]. If the $arg is a relative URI, it is resolved against the value of the base-URI property from the static context. This function is ·stable·.

For detailed type semantics, see Section 6.2.2 The fn:collection and fn:doc functions^FS.

16 Context Functions

The following functions are defined to obtain information from the evaluation context. The context is always defined but may be the empty sequence.

Function	Meaning
`fn:position`	Returns the position of the context item within the sequence of items currently being processed.
`fn:last`	Returns the number of items in the sequence of items currently being processed.
`fn:current-dateTime`	Returns the current `xs:dateTime`.
`fn:current-date`	Returns the current `xs:date`.
`fn:current-time`	Returns the current `xs:time`.
`fn:default-collation`	Returns the value of the default collation property from the static context.
`fn:implicit-timezone`	Returns the value of the implicit timezone property from the evaluation context.

16.1 fn:position

fn:position() as xs:integer

Summary: Returns an xs:integer indicating the position of the context item within the sequence of items currently being processed. If the context item is undefined, an error is raised [undefined context item].

16.2 fn:last

fn:last() as xs:integer

Summary: Returns an xs:integer indicating the number of items in the sequence of items currently being processed. If the context item is undefined, an error is raised [undefined context item].

16.3 fn:current-dateTime

fn:current-dateTime() as xs:dateTime

Summary: Returns the xs:dateTime (with timezone) that is current at some time during the evaluation of a query or transformation in which fn:current-dateTime() is executed. This function is ·stable·. The precise instant during the query or transformation represented by the value of fn:current-dateTime() is ·implementation dependent·.

The timezone component of fn:current-dateTime() is the value of the implicit timezone property in the evaluation context.

16.3.1 Examples

fn:current-dateTime() returns an xs:dateTime corresponding to the current date and time. For example, an invocation of fn:current-dateTime() might return 2004-05-12T18:17:15.125Z corresponding to the current time on May 12, 2004 with an implicit timezone of Z.

16.4 fn:current-date

fn:current-date() as xs:date

Summary: Returns the xs:date (with timezone) that is current at some time during the evaluation of a query or transformation in which fn:current-date() is executed. This function is ·stable·. The precise instant during the query or transformation represented by the value of fn:current-date() is ·implementation dependent·.

The timezone component of fn:current-date() is the value of the implicit timezone property in the evaluation context.

16.4.1 Examples

fn:current-date() returns an xs:date corresponding to the current date and time. For example, an invocation of fn:current-date() might return 2004-05-12+01:00.

16.5 fn:current-time

fn:current-time() as xs:time

Summary: Returns the xs:time (with timezone) that is current at some time during the evaluation of a query or transformation in which fn:current-time() is executed. This function is ·stable·. The precise instant during the query or transformation represented by the value of fn:current-time() is ·implementation dependent·.

The timezone component of fn:current-time() is the value of the implicit timezone property in the evaluation context.

16.5.1 Examples

fn:current-time() returns an xs:time corresponding to the current date and time. For example, an invocation of fn:current-time() might return 23:17:00.000-05:00.

16.6 fn:default-collation

fn:default-collation() as xs:string

Summary: Returns the value of the default collation property from the static context.

Note:

The default collation property can never be undefined. If it is not explicitly defined, a system defined default can be invoked. If this is not provided, the Unicode code point collation is used.

16.7 fn:implicit-timezone

fn:implicit-timezone() as xdt:dayTimeDuration?

Summary: Returns the value of the implicit timezone property from the evaluation context. Returns the empty sequence if the implicit timezone is undefined.

17 Casting

Constructor functions and cast expressions accept an expression and return a value of a given type. They both convert a value to a given type with identical semantics and different syntax. The name of a constructor function is the same as the name of the [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] built-in type (see 5.1 Constructor Functions for XML Schema Built-in Types) or user-derived type (see 5.2 Constructor Functions for User-Defined Types) that is the target for the conversion, and the semantics are exactly the same as for a cast expression; for example, "xs:date("2003-01-01")" means exactly the same as ""2003-01-01" cast as xs:date".

Where the argument to a cast is a literal, the result of the function may be evaluated statically; if an error is encountered during such evaluation, it may be reported as a static error.

If the empty sequence is passed to a cast expression an error is raised [invalid value for cast] .

17.1 Casting from primitive types to primitive types

This section defines casting between the 19 primitive types defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] as well as xdt:untypedAtomic and the two derived types xdt:yearMonthDuration and xdt:dayTimeDuration. The type conversions that are supported are indicated in the table below. In this table, there is a row for each primitive type with that type as the source of the conversion and there is a column for each primitive type as the target of the conversion. The intersections of rows and columns contain one of three characters: "Y" indicates that a conversion from values of the type to which the row applies to the type to which the column applies is supported; "N" indicates that there are no supported conversions from values of the type to which the row applies to the type to which the column applies; and "M" indicates that a conversion from values of the type to which the row applies to the type to which the column applies may succeed for some values in the value space and fails for others.

Casting is not supported to or from xs:anySimpleType. Thus, there is no row or column for this type in the table below. For any node that has not been validated or has been validated as xs:anySimpleType, the typed value of the node is an atomic value of type xdt:untypedAtomic. There are no values with the type annotation xs:anySimpleType at runtime.

In the following table, the columns and rows are identified by short codes that identify simple types as follows:

uA = xdt:untypedAtomic
aURI = xs:anyURI
b64 = xs:base64Binary
bool = xs:boolean
dat = xs:date
gDay = xs:gDay
dbl = xs:double
dec = xs:decimal
dT = xs:dateTime
dTD = xdt:dayTimeDuration
dur = xs:duration
flt = xs:float
hxB = xs:hexBinary
gMD = xs:gMonthDay
gMon = xs:gMonth
NOT = xs:NOTATION
QN = xs:QName
str = xs:string
tim = xs:time
gYM = xs:gYearMonth
yMD = xdt:yearMonthDuration
gYr = xs:gYear

In the following table, the notation "S\T" indicates that the source ("S") of the conversion is indicated in the column below the notation and that the target ("T") is indicated in the row to the right of the notation.

S\T	uA	str	flt	dbl	dec	dur	yMD	dTD	dT	tim	dat	gYM	gYr	gMD	gDay	gMon	bool	b64	hxB	aURI	QN	NOT
uA	Y	Y	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	N
str	Y	Y	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	M	N
flt	Y	Y	Y	Y	M	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N	N	N	N	N
dbl	Y	Y	Y	Y	M	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N	N	N	N	N
dec	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N	N	N	N	N
dur	Y	Y	N	N	N	Y	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N
yMD	Y	Y	N	N	N	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N
dTD	Y	Y	N	N	N	Y	N	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N
dT	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N
tim	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N
dat	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N
gYM	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N
gYr	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N
gMD	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N
gDay	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N
gMon	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N
bool	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N	N	N	N	N
b64	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	Y	N	N	N
hxB	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	Y	N	N	N
aURI	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N	N
QN	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N
NOT	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y

17.2 Casting to derived types

Casting a value to a derived type can be separated into three cases:

When the supplied value is an instance of a type that is derived by restriction from the target type. This is described in section 17.3 Casting from derived types to parent types.
When the supplied value is of a type derived by restriction from the same primitive type as the target type. This is described in 17.4 Casting within a branch of the type hierarchy.
When the derived type is derived, directly or indirectly, from a different primitive type than the source type. This is described in 17.5 Casting across the type hierarchy.
When the supplied value is an instance of the target type, the cast always succeeds (Identity cast).

17.3 Casting from derived types to parent types

It is always possible to cast a value of any atomic type to an atomic type from which it is derived, directly or indirectly, by restriction. For example, it is possible to cast an xs:unsignedShort to an xs:unsignedInt, an xs:integer, or an xs:decimal. Since the value space of the original type is a subset of the value space of the target type, such a cast is always successful. The result will have the same value as the original, but will have a new type annotation.

17.4 Casting within a branch of the type hierarchy

It is possible to cast a value to a target type if the type of the source value and the target type are both derived by restriction (directly or indirectly) from the same primitive type, provided that the supplied value conforms to the constraints implied by the facets of the target type. For example an instance of xs:byte can be cast to xs:unsignedShort, provided the value is not negative. This includes the case where the target type is derived from the type of the supplied value, as well as the case where both derive from a common supertype.

If the value does not conform to the facets defined for the target type, then an error is raised [invalid value for cast]. See [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]. In the case of the pattern facet (which applies to the lexical space rather than the value space), the pattern is tested against the canonical lexical representation of the value, as defined for the source data type (or the result of casting the value to a string, in the case of types that have no canonical lexical representation defined for them).

Note that this will cause casts to fail if the pattern excludes the canonical lexical representation of the source type. For example, if the type my:distance is defined as a restriction of xs:decimal with a pattern that requires two digits after the decimal point, casting of an xs:integer to my:distance will always fail, because the canonical representation of an xs:integer does not conform to this pattern.

In some cases, casting from a parent type to a derived type requires special rules. See 17.8 Casting to numeric types for rules regarding casting to xs:integer and 17.9 Casting to duration types for rules regarding casting to xdt:yearMonthDuration and xdt:dayTimeDuration.

17.5 Casting across the type hierarchy

When the source type and the target type are derived, directly or indirectly, from different primitive types, this is called casting across the type hierarchy. Casting across the type hierarchy is logically equivalent to three separate steps performed in order. Errors can occur in either of the latter two steps.

Cast the source value, up the hierarchy, to the primitive type of the source, as described in 17.3 Casting from derived types to parent types.
Cast the value to the primitive type of the target type, as described in 17.1 Casting from primitive types to primitive types.
Cast the value down to the target type, as described in 17.4 Casting within a branch of the type hierarchy

17.6 Casting from xs:string and xdt:untypedAtomic

When the supplied value is an instance of xs:string or an instance of xdt:untypedAtomic, it is treated as being a string value and validated as a lexical value of the target type. Casting is permitted from xs:string and xdt:untypedAtomic to any primitive atomic type or any atomic type derived by restriction — except xs:NOTATION. Casting to xs:QName involves special semantics. See 17.14 Casting to xs:QName.

For example, cast as xs:unsignedInt("13") returns the xs:unsignedInt with value 13. This could also be written xs:unsignedInt("13").

For xs:dateTime, xs:date and xs:time, the value returned is a tuple as explained in 1.6 xs:dateTime, xs:date and xs:time values.

17.7 Casting to xs:string and xdt:untypedAtomic

Casting is permitted from any primitive type, except xs:QName, to the primitive types xs:string and xdt:untypedAtomic.

When a value of any simple type is cast to xs:string, the derivation of the xs:string value TV depends on the source type ST and on the source value SV, as follows.

If ST is xs:string or a type derived from xs:string, TV is SV.
If ST is xs:anyURI, the type conversion is performed without escaping any characters.
If ST is a numeric type, the following rules apply:
- If ST is xs:integer, TV is the canonical lexical representation of SV as defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes]. There is no decimal point.
- If ST is xs:decimal, then:
  - If SV is in the value space of xs:integer, that is, if there are no significant digits after the decimal point, then the value is converted from an xs:decimal to an xs:integer and the resulting xs:integer is converted to an xs:string using the rule above.
  - Otherwise, the canonical lexical representation of SV is returned, as defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes].
- If ST is xs:float or xs:double, then:
  - If SV is NaN, the resulting value is "NaN".
  - If SV has an absolute value that is greater than or equal to 0.000001 (one millionth) and less than 1000000 (one million), then the value is converted to an xs:decimal and the resulting xs:decimal is converted to an xs:string using the rules above.
  - Otherwise, the canonical lexical representation of SV value is returned, as defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes].
If ST is xs:dateTime, xs:date or xs:time, TV is the localized value. If necessary, the localized value is recovered from the normalized value as follows: if an explicit timezone was present, the normalized value is adjusted using the explicit timezone; if an explicit timezone was not present, the Z timezone is dropped from the normalized value. The localized value and the explicit timezone, if present, are cast separately to xs:string and concatenated to yield TV.
In all other cases, TV is the [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] canonical representation of SV. For datatypes that do not have a canonical lexical representation defined an ·implementation dependent· canonical representation may be used.

To cast to xdt:untypedAtomic the value is cast to xs:string, as described above, and the type annotation changed to xdt:untypedAtomic.

Note:

The string representations of numeric values are backwards compatible with XPath 1.0 except for the special values positive and negative infinity, and for values outside the range 1.0e-6 to 1.0e+6.

17.8 Casting to numeric types

17.8.1 Casting to xs:float

When a value of any simple type is cast to xs:float, the xs:float TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:

If ST is xs:float, then TV is SV and the conversion is complete.
If ST is xs:double and SV can be represented in the value space of xs:float as defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes], then TV is xs:float(SV cast as xs:string) and the conversion is complete.
If ST is xs:double and SV cannot be represented in the value space of xs:float as defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes], then the following rules apply:
- If SV is greater than the maximum xs:float value, TV is INF.
- If SV is less than the minimum xs:float value, TV is -INF.
- If converting SV to xs:float would result in underflow, TV is 0.
If ST is xs:decimal, or a type derived from xs:decimal, then TV is xs:float(SV cast as xs:string) and the conversion is complete.
If ST is xs:boolean, SV is converted to 1.0E0 if SV is true and to 0.0E0 if SV is false and the conversion is complete.
If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic, xs:anySimpleType or xs:string or a type derived from xs:string, SV is converted to an intermediate value IV of type xs:string and TV is xs:float(IV).

Note:

Implementations ·may· return negative zero for "-0.0E0" cast to xs:float.

17.8.2 Casting to xs:double

When a value of any simple type is cast to xs:double, the xs:double value TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:

If ST is xs:double, then TV is SV and the conversion is complete.
If ST is xs:float or xs:decimal, or types derived from them, then TV is xs:double(SV cast as xs:string) and the conversion is complete.
If ST is xs:boolean, SV is converted to 1.0E0 if SV is true and to 0.0E0y if SV is false and the conversion is complete.
If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic, xs:anySimpleType or xs:string, or a type derived from xs:string, SV is converted to an intermediate value IV of type xs:string and TV is xs:double(IV).

Note:

Implementations ·may· return negative zero for "-0.0E0" cast to xs:double.

17.8.3 Casting to xs:decimal

When a value of any simple type is cast to xs:decimal, the xs:decimal value TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:

If ST is xs:decimal, or a type derived from xs:decimal, then TV is SV, converted to an xs:decimal value if need be, and the conversion is complete.
If ST is xs:float or xs:double, then TV is the xs:decimal value, within the set of xs:decimal values that the implementation is capable of representing, that is numerically closest to SV. If two values are equally close, then the one that is closest to zero is chosen. If SV is positive or negative infinity or NaN, or if it is higher than the highest decimal value that the implementation can represent, or lower than the lowest, then the cast raises an error [error in casting to decimal].
If ST is xs:boolean, SV is converted to 1.0 if SV is 1 or true and to 0.0 if SV is 0 or false and the conversion is complete.
If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic, xs:anySimpleType or xs:string, or a type derived from xs:string, SV is converted to an intermediate value IV of type xs:string and TV is xs:decimal(IV).

17.8.4 Casting to xs:integer

When a value of any simple type is cast to xs:integer, the xs:integer value TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:

If ST is xs:integer, or a type derived from xs:integer, then TV is SV, converted to an xs:integer value if need be, and the conversion is complete.
If ST is xs:decimal, xs:float or xs:double, then TV is SV with the fractional part discarded and the value converted to xs:integer. Thus, casting 3.1456 returns 3 and -17.89 returns -17. Casting 3.124E1 returns 31. If SV is too large to be accomodated as an integer, then an error is raised [input value too large for integer]. If SV is one of the special xs:float or xs:double values NaN, INF, +INF or -INF, an error is raised [error in casting to integer].
If ST is xs:boolean, SV is converted to 1 if SV is 1 or true and to 0 if SV is 0 or false and the conversion is complete.
If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic, xs:anySimpleType or xs:string, or a type derived from xs:string, SV is converted to an intermediate value IV of type xs:string and TV is xs:integer(IV).

17.9 Casting to duration types

When a value of any primitive type is cast to xs:duration, xdt:yearMonthDuration or xdt:dayTimeDuration, the target value TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:

If source type (ST) is the same as target type (TT), then TV is SV.
If ST is xs:duration, or a type derived from xs:duration, and TT is xdt:yearMonthDuration, then TV is derived from SV by removing the day, hour, minute and second components from SV.
If ST is xs:duration, or a type derived from duration, and TT is xdt:dayTimeDuration, then TV is derived from SV by removing the year and month components from SV.
If ST is xdt:yearMonthDuration or xdt:dayTimeDuration, or a type derived from them, and TT is xs:duration, then TV is derived from SV by xs:duration(SV cast as xs:string).
If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic or xs:string, or a type derived from xs:string, SV is converted to an intermediate value IV of type xs:string and TV is derived from IV using the rules of [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] validation.

Note that casting from xs:duration to xdt:yearMonthDuration or xdt:dayTimeDuration loses information. To avoid this, users can cast the xs:duration value to both an xdt:yearMonthDuration and an xdt:dayTimeDuration and work with both values.

17.10 Casting to date and time types

In several situations, casting to date and time types requires the extraction of a component from the source value or from the result of fn:current-dateTime and converting it to an xs:string. These conversions must follow certain rules. For example, converting an xs:integer year value requires converting to xs:string with four or more characters preceded by a minus sign if the value is negative.

This document defines four functions to perform these conversions. These functions are for illustrative purposes only and make no recommendations as to style of efficiency.

The arguments to these functions come from functions defined in this document. Thus, the functions below assume that they are correct and do no range checking on them.

declare function eg:convertYearToString($year as xs:integer) as xs:string
{
   let $plusMinus := if ($year >= 0) then "" else "-"
   let $yearString := fn:abs($year) cast as xs:string
   let $length := fn:length($yearString)
   return
     if ($length = 1)  then fn:concat($plusMinus, "000", $yearString)
     else
     if ($length = 2)  then fn:concat($plusMinus, "00", $yearString)
       else
       if ($length = 3)  then fn:concat($plusMinus, "0", $yearString)
       else fn:concat($plusMinus, $yearString)
}

declare function eg:convertTo2CharString($value as xs:integer) as xs:string
{
   let $string := $value cast as xs:string
   return 
     if (fn:length($string) = 1) then fn:concat("0", $string)
     else $string
}

declare function eg:convertSecondsToString($seconds as xs:decimal) as xs:string
{
   let $string := $seconds cast as xs:string
   let $intLength := ($seconds cast as xs:integer) cast as xs:string
   return 
     if ($intLength = 1) then fn:concat("0", $string)
     else $string
}

declare function eg:convertTZtoString($tz as xdt:dayTimeDuration?) as xs:string
{
   if (empty($tz)) then ""
   else 
     let $tzh :=  fn:get-hours-from-dayTimeDuration($tz)
     let $tzm := fn:get-minutes-from-dayTimeDuration($tz)
     let $plusMinus := if ($tzh >= 0) then "+" else "-"
     let $tzhSimpleString := fn:abs($tzh) cast as xs:string
     let $tzhString := if (fn:length($tzhSimpleString) < 2)
                     then fn:concat("0", $tzhSimpleString)
                     else $tzhSimpleString
     let $tzmSimpleString := fn:abs($tzm) cast as xs:string
     let $tzmString := if (fn:length($tzmSimpleString) < 2)
                     then fn:concat("0", $tzmSimpleString)
                     else $tzmSimpleString
     return fn:concat($plusMinus, $tzhString, ":", $tzmString)
}

Conversion from primitive types to date and time types follows the rules below.

When a value of any primitive type is cast to xs:dateTime, xs:time, xs:date, xs:gYearMonth, xs:gYear, xs:gMonthDay, xs:gDay, or xs:gMonth,

let CYR be eg:convertToYearCharString( fn:get-year-from-dateTime( fn:current-dateTime() )),

let CMO be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-month-from-dateTime( fn:current-dateTime() )),

let CDA be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-day-from-dateTime( fn:current-dateTime() )) and

let CTZ be eg:convertTZtoString( fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime( fn:current-dateTime() ).
When a value of any primitive type is cast to xs:dateTime, the xs:dateTime value TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:
- If ST is xs:dateTime, then TV is SV.
- If ST is xs:time, then let SHR be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-hours-from-time( SV )) , let SMI be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-minutes-from-time( SV)), let SSE be eg:convertSecondsToString( fn:get-seconds-from-time( SV)) and let STZ be eg:convertTZtoString( fn:get-timezone-from-time(SV)) ; TV is xs:dateTime( fn:concat( CYR , '-', CMO , '-', CDA , 'T', SHR , ':', SMI , ':', SSE, STZ ) ).
- If ST is xs:date, then let SYR be eg:convertYearToString( fn:get-year-from-date( SV)), let SMO be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-month-from-date(SV)), let SDA be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-day-from-date( SV)) and let STZ be eg:convertTZtoString( fn:get-timezone-from-date(SV)); TV is xs:dateTime( fn:concat( SYR , '-', SMO , '-', SDA , 'T00:00:00 ', STZ ) ).
- If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic or xs:string, or a type derived from xs:string, SV is converted to an intermediate value IV of type xs:string and TV is xs:dateTime( IV ).
When a value of any primitive type is cast to xs:time, the xs:time value TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:
- If ST is xs:time, then TV is SV.
- If ST is xs:dateTime, then TV is xs:time( fn:concat( eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-hours-from-dateTime(SV)), ':', eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-minutes-from-dateTime(SV)), ':', eg:convertSecondsToString( fn:get-seconds-from-dateTime(SV)), eg:convertTZtoString( fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime(SV)) )).
- If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic or xs:string, or a type derived from xs:string, SV is converted to an intermediate value IV of type xs:string and TV is xs:time( IV ).
When a value of any primitive type is cast to xs:date, the xs:date value TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:
- If ST is xs:date, then TV is SV.
- If ST is xs:dateTime, then let SYR be eg:convertYearToString( fn:get-year-from-dateTime(SV)), let SMO be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-month-from-dateTime(SV)), let SDA be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-day-from-dateTime(SV)) and let STZ be eg:convertTZtoString(fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime( SV)); TV is xs:date( fn:concat( SYR , '-', SMO , '-', SDA, STZ ) ).
- If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic or xs:string, or a type derived from xs:string, SV is converted to an intermediate value IV of type xs:string and TV is xs:date( IV ).
When a value of any primitive type is cast to xs:gYearMonth, the xs:gYearMonth value TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:
- If ST is xs:gYearMonth, then TV is SV.
- If ST is dateTime, then let SYR be eg:convertYearToString( fn:get-year-from-dateTime( SV )), let SMO be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-month-from-dateTime( SV )) and let STZ be eg:convertTZtoString( fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime( SV )); TV is xs:gYearMonth( fn:concat( SYR , '-', SMO, STZ ) ).
- If ST is date, then let SYR be eg:convertYearToString( fn:get-year-from-date( SV )), let SMO be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-month-from-date( SV )) and let STZ be eg:convertTZtoString( fn:get-timezone-from-date( SV )); TV is xs:gYearMonth( fn:concat( SYR , '-', SMO, STZ ) ).
- If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic or xs:string, or a type derived from xs:string, SV is converted to an intermediate value IV of type xs:string and TV is xs:gYearMonth( IV ).
When a value of any primitive type is cast to xs:gYear, the xs:gYear value TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:
- If ST is xs:gYear, then TV is SV.
- If ST is dateTime, let SYR be eg:convertYearToString( fn:get-year-from-dateTime( SV )) and let STZ be eg:convertTZtoString( fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime( SV )); TV is xs:gYear( SYR, STZ ).
- If ST is date, let SYR be eg:convertYearToString( fn:get-year-from-date( SV )); and let STZ be eg:convertTZtoString( fn:get-timezone-from-date( SV )); TV is xs:gYear( SYR, STZ ).
- If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic or xs:string, or a type derived from xs:string, SV is converted to an intermediate value IV of type xs:string and TV is xs:gYear( IV ).
When a value of any primitive type is cast to xs:gMonthDay, the xs:gMonthDay value TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:
- If ST is xs:gMonthDay, then TV is SV.
- If ST is dateTime, then let SMO be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-month-from-dateTime( SV )), let SDA be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-day-from-dateTime( SV )) and let STZ be eg:convertTZtoString( fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime( SV )); TV is xs:gYearMonth( fn:concat( '--', SMO , '-', SDA, STZ ) ).
- If ST is date, then let SMO be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-month-from-date( SV )), let SDA be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-day-from-date( SV )) and let STZ be eg:convertTZtoString( fn:get-timezone-from-date( SV )); TV is xs:gYearMonth( fn:concat( , '--', SMO , '-', SDA, STZ ) ).
- If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic or xs:string, or a type derived from xs:string, SV is converted to an intermediate value IV of type xs:string and TV is xs:gMonthDay( IV ).
When a value of any primitive type is cast to xs:gDay, the xs:gDay value TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:
- If ST is xs:gDay, then TV is SV.
- If ST is dateTime, then let SDA be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-day-from-dateTime( SV )) and let STZ be eg:convertTZtoString( fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime( SV )); TV is xs:gDay( fn:concat( '---', SDA, STZ )).
- If ST is date, then let SDA be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-day-from-date( SV )) and let STZ be eg:convertTZtoString( fn:get-timezone-from-date( SV )); TV is xs:gDay( fn:concat( '---', SDA, STZ )).
- If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic or xs:string, or a type derived from xs:string, SV is converted to an intermediate value IV of type xs:string and TV is xs:gDay( IV ).
When a value of any primitive type is cast to xs:gMonth, the xs:gMonth value TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:
- If ST is xs:gMonth, then TV is SV.
- If ST is dateTime, then let SMO be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-month-from-dateTime( SV )) and let STZ be eg:convertTZtoString( fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime( SV )); TV is xs:gMonth( fn:concat( '--' , SMO, STZ )).
- If ST is date, then let SMO be eg:convertTo2CharString( fn:get-month-from-date( SV )) and let STZ be eg:convertTZtoString( fn:get-timezone-from-date( SV )); TV is xs:gMonth( fn:concat( '--', SMO, STZ )).
- If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic or xs:string, or a type derived from xs:string, SV is converted to an intermediate value IV of type xs:string and TV is xs:gMonth( IV ).

17.11 Casting to xs:boolean

When a value of any primitive type is cast to xs:boolean, the xs:boolean value TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:

If ST is xs:boolean, then TV is SV.
If ST is xs:float, xs:double, xs:decimal or xs:integer and SV is 0, +0, -0, 0.0, 0.0E0 or NaN, then TV is false.
If ST is xs:float, xs:double, xs:decimal or xs:integer and SV is not one of the above values, then TV is true.
If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic or xs:string, or a type derived from xs:string, SV is converted to an intermediate value IV of type xs:string and TV is xs:boolean(IV).

17.12 Casting to xs:base64Binary and xs:hexBinary

Values of type xs:base64Binary can be cast to xs:hexBinary and vice versa, since the two types have the same value space. Casting to xs:base64Binary and xs:hexBinary is also supported from the same type and from xdt:untypedAtomic, xs:string and subtypes of xs:string using [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes] semantics.

17.13 Casting to xs:anyURI

Casting to xs:anyURI is supported only from the same type, xdt:untypedAtomic or xs:string and types derived from xs:string.

When a value of any primitive type is cast to xs:anyURI, the xs:anyURI value TV is derived from the source type ST and the source value SV as follows:

If ST is xdt:untypedAtomic or xs:string, or a type derived from xs:string TV is xs:anyURI(SV). The extent to which an implementation validates the lexical form of SV is ·implementation dependent·.

17.14 Casting to xs:QName

It is possible to cast to xs:QName only from xdt:untypedAtomic, xs:string, or types derived from xs:string In each case the source value SV is treated like an xs:string.

The lexical form of SV must conform to the QName production of [Namespaces in XML]. If not, an error is raised [invalid value for constructor].

The effect of casting to xs:QName is context dependent. The local part of the resulting xs:QName is taken from the local part of SV. The namespace URI of the resulting xs:QName is determined as follows:

If SV has a prefix, then the prefix is mapped to a namespace URI using the in-scope namespaces from the static context. A dynamic error is raised ("No namespace for prefix") if there is no in-scope namespace with the given prefix.
If SV has no prefix, then the resulting xs:QName has the namespace URI given by the default namespace for elements and types, as defined in the static context. If there is no default namespace for elements and types, then the resulting xs:QName has no namespace.

17.14.1 Usage Note

Sometimes the user may want to cast to an xs:QName without using the default namespace. This can be achieved by writing:

   if (fn:contains(SV, ":")) then xs:QName(SV)
        else fn:expanded-QName("", SV)

Note that the result of casting a string to an xs:QName depends on the static context in which the expression appears, in particular on the namespace declarations that are in scope. This means, for example, that it is not a good idea to pass a string as an argument to a function and convert the string to an xs:QName within the function; the conversion must be done in the place where the appropriate namespaces are declared.

17.15 Casting to xs:NOTATION

Casting to xs:NOTATION and types derived from it is permitted only from values of the same type because the validity of values of these types is context dependent and cannot, in general, be determined. The target value TV is derived from the source value SV as follows: TV = SV.

A References

A.1 Normative

IEEE 754-1985: IEEE. IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic. See http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html
RFC 2396: IETF. RFC 2396: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax. See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt
RFC 2732: IETF. RFC 2732: Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's. See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2732.txt
Character Model for the World Wide Web 1.0: Character Model for the World Wide Web 1.0, Last Call Working Draft available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-charmod-20020430/
ISO 10967: ISO (International Organization for Standardization). ISO/IEC 10967-1:1994, Information technology — Language Independent Arithmetic — Part 1: Integer and floating point arithmetic [Geneva]: International Organization for Standardization, 1994. Available from: http://www.iso.ch/
The Unicode Standard: The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 2.0. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Developers Press, 1996.
The Unicode Standard: The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0.00. Defined by: The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 2003. ISBN 0-321-18578-1)
Unicode Case Mappings: Unicode Technical Standard #21, Unicode Case Mappings. Available at: http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/
Unicode Collation Algorithm: Unicode Technical Standard #10, Unicode Collation Algorithm Available at: http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr10/
XML 1.0 Recommendation (Second Edition): World Wide Web Consortium. Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0, Second Edition. Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml
XPath 2.0: World Wide Web Consortium. XML Path Language (XPath) Version 2.0. Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath20/
XSLT 2.0: World Wide Web Consortium. XSL Transformations Version 2.0. Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt20/
XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Data Model: World Wide Web Consortium. XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Data Model. Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/query-datamodel/
XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Formal Semantics: World Wide Web Consortium. XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Formal Semantics. Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/query-semantics/
XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language: World Wide Web Consortium. XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language. Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xquery/
XML Schema Part 1: Structures: XML Schema Part 1: Structures. Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-1/
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes: XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes. Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/
Namespaces in XML: Namespaces in XML. Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xml-names-19990114/

A.2 Non-normative

ISO 8601: ISO (International Organization for Standardization). Representations of dates and times, 2000-08-03. Available from: http://www.iso.ch/
SQL: ISO (International Organization for Standardization). ISO/IEC 9075-2:1999, Information technology --- Database languages --- SQL --- Part 2: Foundation (SQL/Foundation). [Geneva]: International Organization for Standardization, 1999. See http://www.iso.ch/cate/d26197.html
XML Information Set: XML Information Set, John Cowan and Richard Tobin, Editors. World Wide Web Consortium, 24 Oct 2001. This version is http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-infoset-20011024/. The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-infoset.
XPath 1.0: XML Path Language (XPath) Version 1.0, James Clark and Steven DeRose, Editors. World Wide Web Consortium, 16 Nov 1999. This version is http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116. The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath.
XSLT 1.0: XSL Transformations (XSLT) Version 1.0, James Clark, Editor. World Wide Web Consortium, 16 Nov 1999. This version is http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116. The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt.
Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax: "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax" (T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, L. Masinter, Eds.) is currently being revised. The IETF Internet Draft http://www.apache.org/~fielding/uri/rev-2002/rfc2396bis.html is expected to obsolete [RFC 2396], which is the current URI standard. Section 6 "Normalization and Comparison" contains information on comparison of URIs.

B Compatibility with XPath 1.0 (Non-Normative)

This appendix summarizes the relationship between certain functions defined in [XPath 1.0] and the corresponding functions defined in this document. The first column of the table provides the signature of functions defined in this document. The second column provides the signature of the corresponding function in [XPath 1.0]. The third column discusses the differences in the semantics of the corresponding functions. The functions appear in the order they appear in [XPath 1.0].

The evaluation of the arguments to the functions defined in this document depends on whether the XPath 1.0 Compatibility mode is on or off. See [XPath 2.0]. If the mode is on, the following conversions are applied before the argument value is passed to the function:

If the expected type is xs:string or xs:string?, then the given value V is effectively replaced by fn:string(fn:subsequence(V, 1, 1)).
If the expected type is xs:double or xs:double?, then the given value V is effectively replaced by fn:number(fn:subsequence(V, 1, 1)).
If the expected type is a (possibly optional) node or item xs:string?, then the given value V is effectively replaced by fn:subsequence(V, 1, 1).
Otherwise, the given value is unchanged.

XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 XPath 1.0 Notes

fn:last() as xs:integer

last() =>
            number

Precision of numeric results may be different.

fn:position() as xs:integer

position() =>
            number

Precision of numeric results may be different.

fn:count($arg as item*) as xs:integer

count(node-set) =>
            number

Precision of numeric results may be different.

fn:id($arg as xs:string*) as element()*

id(object) =>
            node-set

XPath 2.0 behavior is different for boolean and numeric arguments. The recognition of a node as an id value is sensitive to the manner in which the datamodel is constructed. In XPath 1.0 the whole string is treated as a unit. In XPath 2.0 each string is treated as a list.

fn:local-name() as xs:string

local-name(node-set?)
            => string

If compatibility mode is off, an error will occur if argument has more than one node.

fn:local-name($arg as node()?) as xs:string

fn:namespace-uri() as xs:string

namespace-uri(node-set?) => string

If compatibility mode is off, an error will occur if argument has more than one node.

fn:namespace-uri($arg as node?) as xs:string

fn:name($arg as node()?) as xs:string

name(node-set?) =>
            string

If compatibility mode is off, an error will occur if argument has more than one node. The rules for determining the prefix are more precisely defined in [XPath 2.0]. Function is not "well-defined" for parentless attribute nodes.

fn:string() as xs:string

string(object) =>
            string

If compatibility mode is off, an error will occur if argument has more than one node. Representations of numeric values are backwards compatible except for the special values positive and negative infinity, and for values outside the range 1.0e-6 to 1.0e+6.

fn:string($arg

as

item()?) as xs:string

fn:concat($arg1

as

xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?, ...) as xs:string

concat(string,
            string, string*) => string

If compatibility mode is off, an error will occur if argument has more than one node or if argument is a number or a boolean. If compatibility mode on, implicit conversion is performed.

fn:starts-with($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?) as xs:boolean?

starts-with(string,
            string) => boolean

In 1.0, returns false if the first argument is an empty node-set. In 2.0, returns (). If compatibility mode is off, an error will occur if argument has more than one node or if argument is a number or a boolean. If compatibility mode is on, implicit conversion is performed.

`fn:starts-with`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$collation`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:boolean?`

fn:contains($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?) as xs:boolean?

contains(string,
            string) => boolean

In 1.0, returns false if the first argument is an empty node-set. In 2.0, returns (). If compatibility mode is off, an error will occur with more than one node and a non-string argument results in a type error.

`fn:contains`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$collation`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:boolean?`

fn:substring-before($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?) as xs:string?

substring-before(string, string) =>
            string

In 1.0, returns "" if the first argument is an empty node-set. In 2.0, returns (). If backwards compatibility mode is off, numbers and booleans will give errors. Multiple nodes and more than one value will also give error.

`fn:substring-before`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$collation`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:string?`

fn:substring-after($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?) as xs:string?

substring-after(string, string) =>
            string

`fn:substring-after`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$arg2`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$collation`	`as` `xs:string`) `as` `xs:string?`

`fn:substring`(	`$sourceString`	`as` `xs:string?`,
`fn:substring`(	`$startingLoc`	`as` `xs:double`) `as` `xs:string?`

substring(string,
            number, number?) => string

In 1.0, returns "" if the first argument is an empty node-set. In 2.0, returns ().

`fn:substring`(	`$sourceString`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$startingLoc`	`as` `xs:double`,
	`$length`	`as` `xs:double`) `as` `xs:string?`

fn:string-length($arg as xs:string?) as xs:integer?

string-length(string?) => number

If you apply

fn:string-length(@a) ==
            0

; In 1.0 returns true if @a oes not exist. In 2.0 returns false.

fn:string-length() as xs:integer?

fn:normalize-space($arg as xs:string?) as xs:string?

normalize-space(string?) => string

In 1.0, returns "" if the first argument is an empty node-set. In 2.0, returns (). If backwards compatibility mode is off, numbers and booleans will give errors for first arg. Also, multiple nodes will give error.

fn:normalize-space() as xs:string?

`fn:translate`(	`$arg`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$mapString`	`as` `xs:string?`,
	`$transString`	`as` `xs:string?`) `as` `xs:string`

translate(string,
            string, string)=> string

fn:boolean($arg as item()*) as xs:boolean

boolean(object) =>
            boolean

fn:not($arg as item()*) as xs:boolean

not(boolean) =>
            boolean

fn:true() as xs:boolean

true() =>
            boolean

fn:false() as


                xs:boolean

false() =>
            boolean

fn:lang($testlang as xs:string) as xs:boolean

lang(string) =>
            boolean

If backwards compatibility mode is off, numbers and booleans will give errors. Also, multiple nodes will give error. If compatibility mode is on, implicit conversion is performed.

fn:number() as xs:double

number(object?) =>
            number

Error if argument has more than one node when not in backwards compatibility node.

fn:number($arg

as

item()?) as xs:double

fn:sum($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*) as xdt:anyAtomicType

sum(node-set) =>
            number

2.0 raises an error if sequence contains values that cannot be added together such as NMTOKENS and other subtypes of string. 1.0 returns NaN. In 2.0 NaN values are removed from sequences of xs:float or xs:double before addition is performed.

fn:floor($arg as numeric?) as numeric?

floor(number)=>
            number

In 2.0, if argument is (), the result is (). In 1.0, the result is NaN. If compatibility mode is off, an error will occur with more than one node. If compatibility mode is on, implicit conversion is performed.

fn:ceiling($arg as numeric?) as numeric?

ceiling(number)=>
            number

fn:round($arg as numeric?) as numeric?

round(number)=>
            number

C Illustrative User-written Functions (Non-Normative)

Certain functions that were proposed for inclusion in this function library have been excluded on the basis that it is straightforward for users to implement these functions themselves using XSLT 2.0 or XQuery 1.0.

This Appendix provides sample implementations of some of these functions.

To emphasize that these functions are examples of functions that vendors may write, their names carry the prefix 'eg'. Vendors are free to define such functions in any namespace. A group of vendors may also choose to create a collection of such useful functions and put them in a common namespace.

C.1 eg:if-empty and eg:if-absent

In some situations, users may want to provide default values for missing information that may be signaled by elements that are omitted, have no value or have the empty sequence as their value. For example, a missing middle initial may be indicated by omitting the element or a non-existent bonus signalled with an empty sequence. This section includes examples of functions that provide such defaults. These functions return xdt:anyAtomicType*. Users may want to write functions that return more specific types.

C.1.1 eg:if-empty

`eg:if-empty`(	`$node`	`as` `node?`,
`eg:if-empty`(	`$value`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType`) `as` `xdt:anyAtomicType*`

If the first argument is the empty sequence or an element without simple or complex content, if-empty() returns the second argument; otherwise, it returns the content of the first argument.

XSLT implementation

<xsl:function name="eg:if-empty" as="xdt:anyAtomicType*">
  <xsl:param name="node()" type="node()?"/>
  <xsl:param name="value" type="xdt:anyAtomicType"/>
  <xsl:choose>
    <xsl:when test="$node and $node/child::node()">
      <xsl:sequence select="fn:data($node)"/>
    </xsl:when>
    <xsl:otherwise>
      <xsl:sequence select="$value"/>
    </xsl:otherwise>
  </xsl:choose>
</xsl:function>

XQuery implementation

declare function eg:if-empty (
  $node as node()?,
  $value as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xdt:anyAtomicType* 
{
  if ($node and $node/child::node())
            then fn:data($node)
            else $value
}

C.1.2 eg:if-absent

`eg:if-absent`(	`$node`	`as` `node()?`,
`eg:if-absent`(	`$value`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType`) `as` `xdt:anyAtomicType*`

If the first argument is the empty sequence, if-absent() returns the second argument; otherwise, it returns the content of the first argument.

XSLT implementation

<xsl:function name="eg:if-absent">
  <xsl:param name="node()" type="node()?"/>
  <xsl:param name="value" type="xdt:anyAtomicType"/>
  <xsl:choose>
    <xsl:when test="$node">
      <xsl:sequence select="fn:data($node)"/>
    </xsl:when>
    <xsl:otherwise>
      <xsl:sequence select="$value"/>
    </xsl:otherwise>
  </xsl:choose>
</xsl:function>

XQuery implementation

declare function eg:if-absent (
  $node as node()?,
  $value as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xdt:anyAtomicType* 
{
  if ($node)
    then fn:data($node)
    else $value
}

C.2 union, intersect and except on sequences of values

C.2.1 eg:value-union

`eg:value-union`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType*`,
`eg:value-union`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType`) `as` `xdt:anyAtomicType`

This function returns a sequence containing all the distinct items in $arg1 and $arg2, in an undefined order.

XSLT implementation

xsl:function name="eg:value-union" as="xdt:anyAtomicType*">
  <xsl:param name="arg1" type="xdt:anyAtomicType*"/>
  <xsl:param name="arg2" type="xdt:anyAtomicType*"/>
  <xsl:sequence
     select="fn:distinct-values(($arg1, $arg2))"/> 
</xsl:function>

XQuery implementation

declare function eg:value-union (
  $arg1 as xdt:anyAtomicType*,
  $arg2 as xdt:anyAtomicType*) as xdt:anyAtomicType* 
{
  fn:distinct-values(($arg1, $arg2))
}

C.2.2 eg:value-intersect

`eg:value-intersect`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType*`,
`eg:value-intersect`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType`) `as` `xdt:anyAtomicType`

This function returns a sequence containing all the distinct items that appear in both $arg1 and $arg2, in an undefined order.

XSLT implementation>

<xsl:function name="eg:value-intersect" as="xdt:anyAtomicType*">
  <xsl:param name="arg1" type="xdt:anyAtomicType*"/>
  <xsl:param name="arg2" type="xdt:anyAtomicType*"/>
  <xsl:sequence 
     select="fn:distinct-values($arg1[.=$arg2])"/>
</xsl:function>

XQuery implementation

declare function eg:value-intersect (
  $arg1 as xdt:anyAtomicType*,
  $arg2 as xdt:anyAtomicType* ) as xdt:anyAtomicType* 
{
  fn:distinct-values($arg1[.=$arg2])
}

C.2.3 eg:value-except

`eg:value-except`(	`$arg1`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType*`,
`eg:value-except`(	`$arg2`	`as` `xdt:anyAtomicType`) `as` `xdt:anyAtomicType`

This function returns a sequence containing all the distinct items that appear in $arg1 but not in $arg2, in an undefined order.

XSLT implementation

<xsl:function name="eg:value-except" as="xdt:anyAtomicType*">
  <xsl:param name="arg1" type="xdt:anyAtomicType*"/>
  <xsl:param name="arg2" type="xdt:anyAtomicType*"/>
  <xsl:sequence
     select="fn:distinct-values($arg1[not(.=$arg2)])"/>
</xsl:function>

XQuery implementation

declare function eg:value-except (
  $arg1 as xdt:anyAtomicType*,
  $arg2 as xdt:anyAtomicType*) as xdt:anyAtomicType* 
{
  fn:distinct-values($arg1[not(.=$arg2)])
}

C.3 eg:index-of-node

eg:index-of-node($seqParam as node()*, $srchParam as node()) as xs:integer*

This function returns a sequence of positive integers giving the positions within the sequence $seqParam of nodes that are identical to $srchParam.

The nodes in the sequence $seqParam are compared with $srchParam under the rules for the is operator. If a node compares identical, then the position of that node in the sequence $srchParam is included in the result.

If the value of $seqParam is the empty sequence, or if no node in $seqParam matches $srchParam, then the empty sequence is returned.

The index is 1-based, not 0-based.

The result sequence is in ascending numeric order.

XSLT implementation

<xsl:function name="eg:index-of-node" as="xs:integer*">
  <xsl:param name="sequence" as="node()*"/>
  <xsl:param name="srch" as="node()"/>
  <xsl:for-each select="$sequence">
    <xsl:if test=". is $srch">
       <xsl:sequence select="position()"/>
    </xsl:if>
  </xsl:for-each>
</xsl:function>

XQuery implementation

declare function eg:index-of-node($sequence as node()*, $srch as node()) as xs:integer* 
{
  for $n at $i in $sequence where ($n is $srch) return $i
}

C.4 eg:string-pad

eg:string-pad($padString

as

xs:string?, $padCount as xs:integer) as xs:string

XQuery implementation

declare function eg:string-pad (
  $padString as xs:string?,
  $padCount as xs:integer) as xs:string 
{
   string-join(for $i in 1 to $padCount return $padString, "")
}

This returns the zero-length string if $padString is the empty sequence, which is consistent with the general principle that if an xs:string argument is the empty sequence it is treated as if it were the zero-length string.

C.5 eg:distinct-nodes-stable

fn:eg:distinct-nodes-stable(


            $arg

as node()*) as node()*

This function illustrates one possible implementation of a distinct-nodes function. It removes duplicate nodes, preserving the first occurrence of each node.

In XPath

$arg[empty(subsequence($arg, 1, position()-1) intersect .)]

XQuery implementation

declare function distinct-nodes-stable ($arg as node()*) as node()* 
{ 
   for $a at $apos in $arg 
   let $before_a := fn:subsequence($a, 1, $apos - 1) 
   where every $ba in $before_a satisfies $ba isnot $a 
   return $a 
}

C.6 Working With xs:duration Values

This document does not define equality on xs:duration values. Nor does it define other comparison functions on such values. Users wanting to work with xs:duration values should cast them into xdt:yearMonthDuration and xdt:dayTimeDuration values and use the functions defined for comparing them in 9.3 Comparisons of Duration, Date and Time Values to define appropriate semnatics.

One way of comparing two xs:duration values for equality is to compare their yearMonth and dayTime components separately and return equal if both corresponding components are equal. This could be written as follows:

XSLT implementation

<xsl:function name="eg:duration-equal" as="xs:boolean">
  <xsl:param name="arg1" as="xs:duration"/>
  <xsl:param name="arg2" as="xs:duration"/>
  <xsl:sequence 
    select="(cast as xdt:yearMonthDuration (arg1) eq 
          cast as xdt:yearMonthDuration(arg2) and
        cast as xdt:dayTimeDuration(arg1) eq 
          cast as xdt:dayTimeDuration (arg2))
        )" />
</xsl:function>

XQuery implementation

declare function eg:duration-equal($arg1 as xs:duration, $arg2 as xs:duration)
    as xs:boolean 
{
  if (cast as xdt:yearMonthDuration ($arg1) eq
      cast as xdt:yearMonthDuration($arg2) 
   and
      cast as xdt:dayTimeDuration($arg1) eq 
      cast as xdt:dayTimeDuration ($arg2)) return fn:true()
  else return fn:false()
}

D Error Summary (Non-Normative)

err:FOAR0001, division by zero: This error is raised whenever an attempt is made to divide by zero.
err:FOAR0002, numeric operation overflow/underflow: This error is raised whenever numeric operations result in an overflow or underflow.
err:FOCA0001, error in casting to decimal: .
err:FOCA0002, invalid lexical value: .
err:FOCA0003, input value too large for integer: .
err:FOCA0004, error in casting to integer: .
err:FOCA0005, NaN supplied as float/double value: .
err:FOCH0001, codepoint not valid: .
err:FOCH0002, unsupported collation: .
err:FOCH0003, unsupported normalization form: .
err:FOCH0004, collation unsuitable for this function: .
err:FODC0001, no context document: .
err:FODC0002, invalid argument to fn:doc(): .
err:FODC0003, error parsing contents of resource: .
err:FODC0004, invalid argument to fn:collection(): .
err:FODT0001, overflow in date/time arithmetic: .
err:FODT0002, overflow in duration arithmetic: .
err:FONC0001, undefined context item: .
err:FONS0002, default namespace is defined: .
err:FONS0003, no prefix defined for namespace: .
err:FONS0004, no namespace found for prefix: .
err:FONS0005, base uri not defined in the static context: .
err:FORG0001, invalid value for constructor: .
err:FORG0002, invalid argument to fn:resolve-uri(): .
err:FORG0003, fn:zero-or-one called with a sequence containing more than one item: .
err:FORG0004, fn:one-or-more called with a sequence containing no items: .
err:FORG0005, fn:exactly-one called with a sequence containing zero or more than one item: .
err:FORG0006, invalid position: .
err:FORG0007, invalid argument to aggregate function: .
err:FORG0008, invalid value for cast: .
err:FORG0009, base uri argument to fn:resolve-uri is not an absolute uri: .
err:FORX0001, invalid regular expression flags: .
err:FORX0002, invalid regular expression: .
err:FORX0003, regular expression matches zero-length string: .
err:FORX0004, invalid replacement string: .
err:FOTY0001, type error: This error is raised whenever a static type error is encountered.
err:FOTY0011, context item is not a node: .
err:FOTY0012, items not comparable: .
err:FOTY0013, type does not have equality defined: .
err:FOTY0014, type exception: .

E Functions and Operators Issues List (Non-Normative)

This appendix contains the current issues related to the operators specification.

F ChangeLog since Last Call Version on 2003-05-02 (Non-Normative)

Changes to this document are in detailed in the last call issues document.

G Function and Operator Quick Reference (Non-Normative)

G.1 Functions and Operators by Section

Accessors

fn:node-name: fn:node-name($arg as node()?) as xs:QName?
fn:string: fn:string() as xs:string

fn:string($arg as item()?) as xs:string
fn:data: fn:data($arg as item()*) as xdt:anyAtomicType*
fn:base-uri: fn:base-uri($arg as node()?) as xs:string?

fn:base-uri() as xs:string
fn:document-uri: fn:document-uri($arg as node()?) as xs:string?

The Error Function

fn:error() as


              none

fn:error($arg

as

item()?) as


              none

The Trace Function

fn:trace($value

as

item()*, $label as xs:string)

as

item()*

Functions and Operators on Numerics

Operators on Numeric Values: op:numeric-add($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as numeric

op:numeric-subtract($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as numeric

op:numeric-multiply($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as numeric

op:numeric-divide($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as numeric

op:numeric-integer-divide($arg1 as xs:integer, $arg2 as xs:integer) as xs:integer

op:numeric-mod($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as numeric

op:numeric-unary-plus($arg as numeric) as numeric

op:numeric-unary-minus($arg as numeric) as numeric
Comparison of Numeric Values: op:numeric-equal($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as xs:boolean

op:numeric-less-than($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as xs:boolean

op:numeric-greater-than($arg1 as numeric, $arg2 as numeric) as xs:boolean
Functions on Numeric Values: fn:abs($arg as numeric?) as numeric?

fn:ceiling($arg as numeric?) as numeric?

fn:floor($arg as numeric?) as numeric?

fn:round($arg as numeric?) as numeric?

fn:round-half-to-even($arg as numeric?) as numeric?

fn:round-half-to-even($arg as numeric?, $precision as xs:integer) as numeric?

Functions on Strings

Functions to Assemble and Disassemble Strings: fn:codepoints-to-string($arg as xs:integer*) as xs:string

fn:string-to-codepoints($arg as xs:string?) as xs:integer*
Equality and Comparison of Strings: fn:compare($comparand1 as xs:string?, $comparand2 as xs:string?) as xs:integer?

fn:compare($comparand1 as xs:string?, $comparand2 as xs:string?, $collation as xs:string) as xs:integer?
Functions on String Values: fn:concat($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?, ...) as xs:string

fn:string-join($arg1 as xs:string*, $arg2 as xs:string) as xs:string

fn:substring($sourceString as xs:string?, $startingLoc as xs:double) as xs:string

fn:substring($sourceString as xs:string?, $startingLoc as xs:double, $length as xs:double) as xs:string

fn:string-length() as xs:integer

fn:string-length($arg as xs:string) as xs:integer

fn:normalize-space() as xs:string

fn:normalize-space($arg as xs:string?) as xs:string

fn:normalize-unicode($arg as xs:string?) as xs:string

fn:normalize-unicode($arg as xs:string?, $normalizationForm as xs:string) as xs:string

fn:upper-case($arg as xs:string?) as xs:string

fn:lower-case($arg as xs:string?) as xs:string

fn:translate($arg as xs:string?, $mapString as xs:string, $transString as xs:string) as xs:string

fn:escape-uri($uri-part as xs:string?, $escape-reserved as xs:boolean) as xs:string
Functions Based on Substring Matching: fn:contains($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?) as xs:boolean

fn:contains($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?, $collation as xs:string) as xs:boolean

fn:starts-with($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?) as xs:boolean

fn:starts-with($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?, $collation as xs:string) as xs:boolean

fn:ends-with($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?) as xs:boolean

fn:ends-with($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?, $collation as xs:string) as xs:boolean

fn:substring-before($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?) as xs:string

fn:substring-before($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?, $collation as xs:string) as xs:string

fn:substring-after($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?) as xs:string

fn:substring-after($arg1 as xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?, $collation as xs:string) as xs:string
String Functions that Use Pattern Matching: fn:matches($input as xs:string?, $pattern as xs:string) as xs:boolean

fn:matches($input as xs:string?, $pattern as xs:string, $flags as xs:string) as xs:boolean

fn:replace($input as xs:string?, $pattern as xs:string, $replacement as xs:string) as xs:string

fn:replace($input as xs:string?, $pattern as xs:string, $replacement as xs:string, $flags as xs:string) as xs:string

fn:tokenize($input as xs:string?, $pattern as xs:string) as xs:string+

fn:tokenize($input as xs:string?, $pattern as xs:string, $flags as xs:string) as xs:string+

Functions and Operators on Boolean Values

Additional Boolean Constructor Functions: fn:true() as xs:boolean

fn:false() as xs:boolean
Operators on Boolean Values: op:boolean-equal($value1 as xs:boolean, $value2 as xs:boolean) as xs:boolean

op:boolean-less-than($arg1 as xs:boolean, $arg2 as xs:boolean) as xs:boolean

op:boolean-greater-than($arg1 as xs:boolean, $arg2 as xs:boolean) as xs:boolean
Functions on Boolean Values: fn:not($arg as item()*) as xs:boolean

Functions and Operators on Durations, Dates and Times

Comparisons of Duration, Date and Time Values: op:yearMonthDuration-equal($arg1 as xdt:yearMonthDuration, $arg2 as xdt:yearMonthDuration) as xs:boolean

op:yearMonthDuration-less-than($arg1 as xdt:yearMonthDuration, $arg2 as xdt:yearMonthDuration) as xs:boolean

op:yearMonthDuration-greater-than($arg1 as xdt:yearMonthDuration, $arg2 as xdt:yearMonthDuration) as xs:boolean

op:dayTimeDuration-equal($arg1 as xdt:dayTimeDuration, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration) as xs:boolean

op:dayTimeDuration-less-than($arg1 as xdt:dayTimeDuration, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration) as xs:boolean

op:dayTimeDuration-greater-than($arg1 as xdt:dayTimeDuration, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration) as xs:boolean

op:dateTime-equal($arg1 as xs:dateTime, $arg2 as xs:dateTime) as xs:boolean

op:dateTime-less-than($arg1 as xs:dateTime, $arg2 as xs:dateTime) as xs:boolean

op:dateTime-greater-than($arg1 as xs:dateTime, $arg2 as xs:dateTime) as xs:boolean

op:date-equal($arg1 as xs:date, $arg2 as xs:date) as xs:boolean

op:date-less-than($arg1 as xs:date, $arg2 as xs:date) as xs:boolean

op:date-greater-than($arg1 as xs:date, $arg2 as xs:date) as xs:boolean

op:time-equal($arg1 as xs:time, $arg2 as xs:time) as xs:boolean

op:time-less-than($arg1 as xs:time, $arg2 as xs:time) as xs:boolean

op:time-greater-than($arg1 as xs:time, $arg2 as xs:time) as xs:boolean

op:gYearMonth-equal($arg1 as xs:gYearMonth, $arg2 as xs:gYearMonth) as xs:boolean

op:gYear-equal($arg1 as xs:gYear, $arg2 as xs:gYear) as xs:boolean

op:gMonthDay-equal($arg1 as xs:gMonthDay, $arg2 as xs:gMonthDay) as xs:boolean

op:gMonth-equal($arg1 as xs:gMonth, $arg2 as xs:gMonth) as xs:boolean

op:gDay-equal($arg1 as xs:gDay, $arg2 as xs:gDay) as xs:boolean
Component Extraction Functions on Duration, Date and Time Values: fn:get-years-from-yearMonthDuration($arg as xdt:yearMonthDuration?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-months-from-yearMonthDuration($arg as xdt:yearMonthDuration?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-days-from-dayTimeDuration($arg as xdt:dayTimeDuration?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-hours-from-dayTimeDuration($arg as xdt:dayTimeDuration?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-minutes-from-dayTimeDuration($arg as xdt:dayTimeDuration?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-seconds-from-dayTimeDuration($arg as xdt:dayTimeDuration?) as xs:decimal?

fn:get-year-from-dateTime($arg as xs:dateTime?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-month-from-dateTime($arg as xs:dateTime?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-day-from-dateTime($arg as xs:dateTime?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-hours-from-dateTime($arg as xs:dateTime?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-minutes-from-dateTime($arg as xs:dateTime?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-seconds-from-dateTime($arg as xs:dateTime?) as xs:decimal?

fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime($arg as xs:dateTime?) as xdt:dayTimeDuration?

fn:get-year-from-date($arg as xs:date?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-month-from-date($arg as xs:date?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-day-from-date($arg as xs:date?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-timezone-from-date($arg as xs:date?) as xdt:dayTimeDuration?

fn:get-hours-from-time($arg as xs:time?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-minutes-from-time($arg as xs:time?) as xs:integer?

fn:get-seconds-from-time($arg as xs:time?) as xs:decimal?

fn:get-timezone-from-time($arg as xs:time?) as xdt:dayTimeDuration?
Arithmetic Functions on xdt:yearMonthDuration and xdt:dayTimeDuration: op:add-yearMonthDurations($arg1 as xdt:yearMonthDuration, $arg2 as xdt:yearMonthDuration) as xdt:yearMonthDuration

op:subtract-yearMonthDurations($arg1 as xdt:yearMonthDuration, $arg2 as xdt:yearMonthDuration) as xdt:yearMonthDuration

op:multiply-yearMonthDuration($arg1 as xdt:yearMonthDuration, $arg2 as xs:double) as xdt:yearMonthDuration

op:divide-yearMonthDuration($arg1 as xdt:yearMonthDuration, $arg2 as xs:double) as xdt:yearMonthDuration

op:add-dayTimeDurations($arg1 as xdt:dayTimeDuration, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration) as xdt:dayTimeDuration

op:subtract-dayTimeDurations($arg1 as xdt:dayTimeDuration, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration) as xdt:dayTimeDuration

op:multiply-dayTimeDuration($arg1 as xdt:dayTimeDuration, $arg2 as xs:double) as xdt:dayTimeDuration

op:divide-dayTimeDuration($arg1 as xdt:dayTimeDuration, $arg2 as xs:double) as xdt:dayTimeDuration
Timezone Adjustment on dateTime, date and time Values: fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone($arg as xs:dateTime?) as xs:dateTime?

fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone($arg as xs:dateTime?, $timezone as xdt:dayTimeDuration?) as xs:dateTime?

fn:adjust-date-to-timezone($arg as xs:date?) as xs:date?

fn:adjust-date-to-timezone($arg as xs:date?, $timezone as xdt:dayTimeDuration?) as xs:date?

fn:adjust-time-to-timezone($arg as xs:time?) as xs:time?

fn:adjust-time-to-timezone($arg as xs:time?, $timezone as xdt:dayTimeDuration?) as xs:time?
Adding and Subtracting Durations From dateTime, date and time: fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-yearMonthDuration($arg1 as xs:dateTime?, $arg2 as xs:dateTime?) as xdt:yearMonthDuration?

fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-dayTimeDuration($arg1 as xs:dateTime?, $arg2 as xs:dateTime?) as xdt:dayTimeDuration?

op:subtract-dates($arg1 as xs:date?, $arg2 as xs:date?) as xdt:dayTimeDuration?

op:subtract-times($arg1 as xs:time?, $arg2 as xs:time?) as xdt:dayTimeDuration?

op:add-yearMonthDuration-to-dateTime($arg1 as xs:dateTime, $arg2 as xdt:yearMonthDuration) as xs:dateTime

op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-dateTime($arg1 as xs:dateTime, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration) as xs:dateTime

op:subtract-yearMonthDuration-from-dateTime($arg1 as xs:dateTime, $arg2 as xdt:yearMonthDuration) as xs:dateTime

op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-dateTime($arg1 as xs:dateTime, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration) as xs:dateTime

op:add-yearMonthDuration-to-date($arg1 as xs:date, $arg2 as xdt:yearMonthDuration) as xs:date

op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-date($arg1 as xs:date, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration) as xs:date

op:subtract-yearMonthDuration-from-date($arg1 as xs:date, $arg2 as xdt:yearMonthDuration) as xs:date

op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-date($arg1 as xs:date, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration) as xs:date

op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-time($arg1 as xs:time, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration) as xs:time

op:subtract-dayTimeDuration-from-time($arg1 as xs:time, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration) as xs:time

Functions Related to QNames

Additional Constructor Functions for QNames: fn:resolve-QName($qname as xs:string?, $element as element()?) as xs:QName?

fn:expanded-QName($paramURI as xs:string?, $paramLocal as xs:string) as xs:QName
Operators and Functions Related to QNames: op:QName-equal($arg1 as xs:QName, $arg2 as xs:QName) as xs:boolean

fn:get-local-name-from-QName($arg as xs:QName?) as xs:string?

fn:get-namespace-uri-from-QName($arg as xs:QName?) as xs:string?

fn:get-namespace-uri-for-prefix($prefix as xs:string, $element as element) as xs:string?

fn:get-in-scope-prefixes($element as element) as xs:string*

Functions and Operators for anyURI

fn:resolve-uri: fn:resolve-uri($relative as xs:string?) as xs:string?

fn:resolve-uri($relative as xs:string?, $base as xs:string) as xs:string?
op:anyURI-equal: op:anyURI-equal($arg1 as xs:anyURI, $arg2 as xs:anyURI) as xs:boolean

Functions and Operators on base64Binary and hexBinary

Comparisons of base64Binary and hexBinary Values: op:hexBinary-equal($value1 as xs:hexBinary, $value2 as xs:hexBinary) as xs:boolean

op:base64Binary-equal($value1 as xs:base64Binary, $value2 as xs:base64Binary) as xs:boolean

Functions and Operators on NOTATION

Operators on NOTATION: op:NOTATION-equal($arg1 as xs:NOTATION, $arg2 as xs:NOTATION) as xs:boolean

Functions and Operators on Nodes

Functions and Operators on Nodes: fn:name() as xs:string

fn:name($arg as node()?) as xs:string

fn:local-name() as xs:string

fn:local-name($arg as node()?) as xs:string

fn:namespace-uri() as xs:string

fn:namespace-uri($arg as node()?) as xs:string

fn:number() as xs:double

fn:number($arg as item()?) as xs:double

fn:lang($testlang as xs:string?) as xs:boolean

op:is-same-node($parameter1 as node(), $parameter2 as node()) as xs:boolean

op:node-before($parameter1 as node(), $parameter2 as node()) as xs:boolean

op:node-after($parameter1 as node(), $parameter2 as node()) as xs:boolean

fn:root() as node()

fn:root($arg as node()?) as node()?

Functions and Operators on Sequences

Functions and Operators on Sequences: fn:zero-or-one($arg as item()*) as item()?

fn:one-or-more($arg as item()*) as item()+

fn:exactly-one($arg as item()*) as item()

fn:boolean($arg as item()*) as xs:boolean

op:concatenate($seq1 as item()*, $seq2 as item()*) as item()*

fn:index-of($seqParam as xdt:anyAtomicType*, $srchParam as xdt:anyAtomicType) as xs:integer*

fn:index-of($seqParam as xdt:anyAtomicType*, $srchParam as xdt:anyAtomicType, $collation as xs:string) as xs:integer*

fn:empty($arg as item()*) as xs:boolean

fn:exists($arg as item()*) as xs:boolean

fn:distinct-values($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*) as xdt:anyAtomicType*

fn:distinct-values($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*, $collation as xs:string) as xdt:anyAtomicType*

fn:insert-before($target as item()*, $position as xs:integer, $inserts as item()*) as item()*

fn:remove($target as item()*, $position as xs:integer) as item()*

fn:reverse($arg as item()*) as item()*

fn:subsequence($sourceSeq as item()*, $startingLoc as xs:double) as item()*

fn:subsequence($sourceSeq as item()*, $startingLoc as xs:double, $length as xs:double) as item()*

fn:unordered($sourceSeq as item()*) as item()*
Equals, Union, Intersection and Except: fn:deep-equal($parameter1 as item()*, $parameter2 as item()*) as xs:boolean

fn:deep-equal($parameter1 as item()*, $parameter2 as item()*, $collation as string) as xs:boolean

op:union($parameter1 as node()*, $parameter2 as node()*) as node()*

op:intersect($parameter1 as node()*, $parameter2 as node()*) as node()*

op:except($parameter1 as node()*, $parameter2 as node()*) as node()*
Aggregate Functions: fn:count($arg as item()*) as xs:integer

fn:avg($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*) as xdt:anyAtomicType?

fn:max($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*) as xdt:anyAtomicType?

fn:max($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*, $collation as string) as xdt:anyAtomicType?

fn:min($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*) as xdt:anyAtomicType?

fn:min($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*, $collation as string) as xdt:anyAtomicType?

fn:sum($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*) as xdt:anyAtomicType

fn:sum($arg as xdt:anyAtomicType*, $zero as xdt:anyAtomicType?) as xdt:anyAtomicType?
Functions and Operators that Generate Sequences: op:to($firstval as xs:integer, $lastval as xs:integer) as xs:integer*

fn:id($arg as xs:string*) as element()*

fn:idref($arg as xs:string*) as node()*

fn:doc($uri as xs:string?) as document?

fn:collection($arg as xs:string?) as node()*

Context Functions

fn:position: fn:position() as xs:integer
fn:last: fn:last() as xs:integer
fn:current-dateTime: fn:current-dateTime() as xs:dateTime
fn:current-date: fn:current-date() as xs:date
fn:current-time: fn:current-time() as xs:time
fn:default-collation: fn:default-collation() as xs:string
fn:implicit-timezone: fn:implicit-timezone() as xdt:dayTimeDuration?

G.2 Functions and Operators Alphabetically

fn:abs($arg

as

numeric?) as


          numeric?

op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-date(


          $arg1

as xs:date, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration)

as

xs:date

op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-dateTime(


          $arg1

as xs:dateTime, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration)

as

xs:dateTime

op:add-dayTimeDuration-to-time(


          $arg1

as xs:time, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration)

as

xs:time

op:add-dayTimeDurations(


          $arg1

as xdt:dayTimeDuration, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration)

as

xdt:dayTimeDuration

op:add-yearMonthDuration-to-date(


          $arg1

as xs:date, $arg2 as xdt:yearMonthDuration)

as

xs:date

op:add-yearMonthDuration-to-dateTime(


          $arg1

as xs:dateTime, $arg2 as xdt:yearMonthDuration)

as

xs:dateTime

op:add-yearMonthDurations(


          $arg1

as xdt:yearMonthDuration, $arg2 as xdt:yearMonthDuration)

as

xdt:yearMonthDuration

fn:adjust-date-to-timezone(


          $arg

as xs:date?)

as

xs:date?

fn:adjust-date-to-timezone(


          $arg

as xs:date?, $timezone as xdt:dayTimeDuration?)

as

xs:date?

fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone(


          $arg

as xs:dateTime?)

as

xs:dateTime?

fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone(


          $arg

as xs:dateTime?, $timezone as xdt:dayTimeDuration?)

as

xs:dateTime?

fn:adjust-time-to-timezone(


          $arg

as xs:time?)

as

xs:time?

fn:adjust-time-to-timezone(


          $arg

as xs:time?, $timezone as xdt:dayTimeDuration?)

as

xs:time?

op:anyURI-equal(


          $arg1

as xs:anyURI, $arg2 as xs:anyURI)

as

xs:boolean

fn:avg($arg

as

xdt:anyAtomicType*)

as

xdt:anyAtomicType?

fn:base-uri($arg

as

node()?) as


          xs:string?

fn:base-uri() as


          xs:string

op:base64Binary-equal(


          $value1

as xs:base64Binary, $value2 as xs:base64Binary)

as

xs:boolean

fn:boolean($arg

as

item()*) as


          xs:boolean

op:boolean-equal(


          $value1

as xs:boolean, $value2 as xs:boolean)

as

xs:boolean

op:boolean-greater-than(


          $arg1

as xs:boolean, $arg2 as xs:boolean)

as

xs:boolean

op:boolean-less-than(


          $arg1

as xs:boolean, $arg2 as xs:boolean)

as

xs:boolean

fn:ceiling($arg

as

numeric?) as


          numeric?

fn:codepoints-to-string(


          $arg

as xs:integer*)

as

xs:string

fn:collection($arg

as

xs:string?) as


          node()*

fn:compare($comparand1

as

xs:string?, $comparand2 as xs:string?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:compare($comparand1

as

xs:string?, $comparand2 as xs:string?, $collation as xs:string)

as

xs:integer?

fn:concat($arg1

as

xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?, ...) as xs:string

op:concatenate(


          $seq1

as item()*, $seq2 as item()*)

as

item()*

fn:contains($arg1

as

xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?)

as

xs:boolean

fn:contains($arg1

as

xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?, $collation as xs:string)

as

xs:boolean

fn:count($arg

as

item()*) as


          xs:integer

fn:current-date()

as

xs:date

fn:current-dateTime()

as

xs:dateTime

fn:current-time()

as

xs:time

fn:data($arg

as

item()*) as


          xdt:anyAtomicType*

op:date-equal($arg1

as

xs:date, $arg2 as xs:date)

as

xs:boolean

op:date-greater-than(


          $arg1

as xs:date, $arg2 as xs:date)

as

xs:boolean

op:date-less-than(


          $arg1

as xs:date, $arg2 as xs:date)

as

xs:boolean

op:dateTime-equal(


          $arg1

as xs:dateTime, $arg2 as xs:dateTime)

as

xs:boolean

op:dateTime-greater-than(


          $arg1

as xs:dateTime, $arg2 as xs:dateTime)

as

xs:boolean

op:dateTime-less-than(


          $arg1

as xs:dateTime, $arg2 as xs:dateTime)

as

xs:boolean

op:dayTimeDuration-equal(


          $arg1

as xdt:dayTimeDuration, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration)

as

xs:boolean

op:dayTimeDuration-greater-than(


          $arg1

as xdt:dayTimeDuration, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration)

as

xs:boolean

op:dayTimeDuration-less-than(


          $arg1

as xdt:dayTimeDuration, $arg2 as xdt:dayTimeDuration)

as

xs:boolean

fn:deep-equal($parameter1

as

item()*, $parameter2 as item()*)

as

xs:boolean

fn:deep-equal($parameter1

as

item()*, $parameter2 as item()*, $collation as string)

as

xs:boolean

fn:default-collation()

as

xs:string

fn:distinct-values(


          $arg

as xdt:anyAtomicType*)

as

xdt:anyAtomicType*

fn:distinct-values(


          $arg

as xdt:anyAtomicType*, $collation as xs:string)

as

xdt:anyAtomicType*

op:divide-dayTimeDuration(


          $arg1

as xdt:dayTimeDuration, $arg2 as xs:double)

as

xdt:dayTimeDuration

op:divide-yearMonthDuration(


          $arg1

as xdt:yearMonthDuration, $arg2 as xs:double)

as

xdt:yearMonthDuration

fn:doc($uri

as

xs:string?) as


          document?

fn:document-uri(


          $arg

as node()?)

as

xs:string?

fn:empty($arg

as

item()*) as


          xs:boolean

fn:ends-with($arg1

as

xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?)

as

xs:boolean

fn:ends-with($arg1

as

xs:string?, $arg2 as xs:string?, $collation as xs:string)

as

xs:boolean

fn:error() as


          none

fn:error($arg

as

item()?) as


          none

fn:escape-uri($uri-part

as

xs:string?, $escape-reserved as


          xs:boolean

) as xs:string

fn:exactly-one(


          $arg

as item()*)

as

item()

op:except($parameter1

as

node()*, $parameter2 as node()*)

as

node()*

fn:exists($arg

as

item()*) as


          xs:boolean

fn:expanded-QName(


          $paramURI

as xs:string?, $paramLocal as xs:string)

as

xs:QName

fn:false() as


          xs:boolean

fn:floor($arg

as

numeric?) as


          numeric?

op:gDay-equal($arg1

as

xs:gDay, $arg2 as xs:gDay)

as

xs:boolean

fn:get-day-from-date(


          $arg

as xs:date?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:get-day-from-dateTime(


          $arg

as xs:dateTime?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:get-days-from-dayTimeDuration(


          $arg

as xdt:dayTimeDuration?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:get-hours-from-dateTime(


          $arg

as xs:dateTime?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:get-hours-from-dayTimeDuration(


          $arg

as xdt:dayTimeDuration?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:get-hours-from-time(


          $arg

as xs:time?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:get-in-scope-prefixes(


          $element

as element)

as

xs:string*

fn:get-local-name-from-QName(


          $arg

as xs:QName?)

as

xs:string?

fn:get-minutes-from-dateTime(


          $arg

as xs:dateTime?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:get-minutes-from-dayTimeDuration(


          $arg

as xdt:dayTimeDuration?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:get-minutes-from-time(


          $arg

as xs:time?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:get-month-from-date(


          $arg

as xs:date?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:get-month-from-dateTime(


          $arg

as xs:dateTime?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:get-months-from-yearMonthDuration(


          $arg

as xdt:yearMonthDuration?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:get-namespace-uri-for-prefix(


          $prefix

as xs:string, $element as element)

as

xs:string?

fn:get-namespace-uri-from-QName(


          $arg

as xs:QName?)

as

xs:string?

fn:get-seconds-from-dateTime(


          $arg

as xs:dateTime?)

as

xs:decimal?

fn:get-seconds-from-dayTimeDuration(


          $arg

as xdt:dayTimeDuration?)

as

xs:decimal?

fn:get-seconds-from-time(


          $arg

as xs:time?)

as

xs:decimal?

fn:get-timezone-from-date(


          $arg

as xs:date?)

as

xdt:dayTimeDuration?

fn:get-timezone-from-dateTime(


          $arg

as xs:dateTime?)

as

xdt:dayTimeDuration?

fn:get-timezone-from-time(


          $arg

as xs:time?)

as

xdt:dayTimeDuration?

fn:get-year-from-date(


          $arg

as xs:date?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:get-year-from-dateTime(


          $arg

as xs:dateTime?)

as

xs:integer?

fn:get-years-from-yearMonthDuration(


          $arg

as xdt:yearMonthDuration?)

as

xs:integer?

op:gMonth-equal(


          $arg1

as xs:gMonth, $arg2 as xs:gMonth)

as

xs:boolean

op:gMonthDay-equal(


          $arg1

as xs:gMonthDay, $arg2 as xs:gMonthDay)

as

xs:boolean

op:gYear-equal(


          $arg1

as xs:gYear, $arg2 as xs:gYear)

as

xs:boolean

op:gYearMonth-equal(


          $arg1

as xs:gYearMonth, $arg2 as xs:gYearMonth)

as

xs:boolean

op:hexBinary-equal(


          $value1

as xs:hexBinary, $value2 as xs:hexBinary)

as

xs:boolean

fn:id($arg as


          xs:string*

) as element()*

fn:idref($arg

as

xs:string*) as


          node()*

fn:implicit-timezone()

as

xdt:dayTimeDuration?

fn:index-of($seqParam

as

xdt:anyAtomicType*, $srchParam as xdt:anyAtomicType)

as

xs:integer*

fn:index-of($seqParam

as

xdt:anyAtomicType*, $srchParam as xdt:anyAtomicType, $collation as xs:string)

as

xs:integer*

fn:insert-before(


          $target

as item()*, $position as xs:integer, $inserts as item()*)

as

item()*

op:intersect($parameter1

as

node()*, $parameter2 as node()*)

as

node()*

op:is-same-node(


          $parameter1

as node(), $parameter2 as node())

as

xs:boolean

fn:lang($testlang

as

xs:string?) as


          xs:boolean

fn:last() as


          xs:integer

fn:local-name() as


          xs:string

fn:local-name($arg

as

node()?) as


          xs:string

fn:lower-case($arg

as

xs:string?) as


          xs:string

fn:matches($input

as

xs:string?, $pattern as xs:string)

as

xs:boolean

fn:matches($input

as

xs:string?, $pattern as xs:string, $flags as xs:string)

as

xs:boolean

fn:max($arg

as

xdt:anyAtomicType*)

as

xdt:anyAtomicType?

fn:max($arg

as

xdt:anyAtomicType*, $collation as string)

as

xdt:anyAtomicType?

fn:min($arg

as

xdt:anyAtomicType*)

as

xdt:anyAtomicType?

fn:min($arg

as

xdt:anyAtomicType*, $collation as string)

as

xdt:anyAtomicType?

op:multiply-dayTimeDuration(


          $arg1

as xdt:dayTimeDuration, $arg2 as xs:double)

as

xdt:dayTimeDuration

op:multiply-yearMonthDuration(


          $arg1

as xdt:yearMonthDuration, $arg2 as xs:double)

as

xdt:yearMonthDuration

fn:name() as


          xs:string

fn:name($arg

as

node()?) as


          xs:string

fn:namespace-uri()

as

xs:string

fn:namespace-uri(


          $arg

as node()?)

as

xs:string

op:node-after($parameter1

as

node(), $parameter2 as node())

as

xs:boolean

op:node-before(


          $parameter1

as node(), $parameter2 as node())

as

xs:boolean

fn:node-name($arg

as

node()?) as


          xs:QName?

fn:normalize-space()

as

xs:string

fn:normalize-space(


          $arg

as xs:string?)

as

xs:string

fn:normalize-unicode(


          $arg

as xs:string?)

as

xs:string

fn:normalize-unicode(


          $arg

as xs:string?, $normalizationForm as


          xs:string

) as xs:string

fn:not($arg

as

item()*) as


          xs:boolean

op:NOTATION-equal(


          $arg1

as xs:NOTATION, $arg2 as xs:NOTATION)

as

xs:boolean

fn:number() as


          xs:double

fn:number($arg

as

item()?) as


          xs:double

op:numeric-add(


          $arg1

as numeric, $arg2 as numeric)

as

numeric

op:numeric-divide(


          $arg1

as numeric, $arg2 as numeric)

as

numeric

op:numeric-equal(


          $arg1

as numeric, $arg2 as numeric)

as

xs:boolean

op:numeric-greater-than(


          $arg1

as numeric, $arg2 as numeric)

as

xs:boolean

op:numeric-integer-divide(


          $arg1

as xs:integer, $arg2 as xs:integer)

as

xs:integer

op:numeric-less-than(


          $arg1

as numeric, $arg2 as numeric)

as

xs:boolean

op:numeric-mod(


          $arg1

as numeric, $arg2 as numeric)

as

numeric

op:numeric-multiply(


          $arg1

as numeric, $arg2 as numeric)

as

numeric

op:numeric-subtract(


          $arg1

as numeric, $arg2 as numeric)

as

numeric

op:numeric-unary-minus(


          $arg

as numeric)

as

numeric

op:numeric-unary-plus(


          $arg

as numeric)

as

numeric

fn:one-or-more(


          $arg

as item()*)

as

item()+

XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Functions and Operators

W3C Working Draft 12 November 2003

Abstract

Status of this Document

Table of Contents

Appendices

1 Introduction

1.1 Function Overloading

1.2 Function Signatures and Descriptions

1.3 Namespace Terminology

1.4 Type Hierarchy

1.5 xdt:anyAtomicType and xdt:untypedAtomic

1.5.1 xdt:anyAtomicType

1.5.2 xdt:untypedAtomic

1.5.3 xdt:untypedAny

1.6 xs:dateTime, xs:date and xs:time values

1.6.1 Examples

1.7 Namespaces and Prefixes

1.8 Terminology

2 Accessors

2.1 fn:node-name

2.2 fn:string

2.3 fn:data

2.4 fn:base-uri

2.5 fn:document-uri

3 The Error Function

3.1 Examples

4 The Trace Function

4.1 Examples

5 Constructor Functions

5.1 Constructor Functions for XML Schema Built-in Types

5.2 Constructor Functions for User-Defined Types

6 Functions and Operators on Numerics

6.1 Numeric Types

6.2 Operators on Numeric Values

6.2.1 op:numeric-add

6.2.2 op:numeric-subtract

6.2.3 op:numeric-multiply

6.2.4 op:numeric-divide

6.2.5 op:numeric-integer-divide

6.2.5.1 Examples

6.2.6 op:numeric-mod

6.2.6.1 Examples

6.2.7 op:numeric-unary-plus

6.2.8 op:numeric-unary-minus

6.3 Comparison of Numeric Values

6.3.1 op:numeric-equal

6.3.2 op:numeric-less-than

6.3.3 op:numeric-greater-than

6.4 Functions on Numeric Values

6.4.1 fn:abs

6.4.1.1 Examples

6.4.2 fn:ceiling

6.4.2.1 Examples

6.4.3 fn:floor

6.4.3.1 Examples

6.4.4 fn:round

6.4.4.1 Examples

6.4.5 fn:round-half-to-even

6.4.5.1 Examples

7 Functions on Strings

7.1 String Types

7.2 Functions to Assemble and Disassemble Strings

7.2.1 fn:codepoints-to-string

7.2.1.1 Examples

7.2.2 fn:string-to-codepoints

7.2.2.1 Examples

7.3 Equality and Comparison of Strings

7.3.1 Collations

7.3.2 fn:compare

7.3.2.1 Examples

7.4 Functions on String Values

7.4.1 fn:concat

7.4.1.1 Examples

7.4.2 fn:string-join

7.4.2.1 Examples

7.4.3 fn:substring

7.4.3.1 Examples

7.4.4 fn:string-length

7.4.4.1 Examples