Techniques for WCAG 2.0

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PDF3: Ensuring correct tab and reading order in PDF documents

Important Information about Techniques

See Understanding Techniques for WCAG Success Criteria for important information about the usage of these informative techniques and how they relate to the normative WCAG 2.0 success criteria. The Applicability section explains the scope of the technique, and the presence of techniques for a specific technology does not imply that the technology can be used in all situations to create content that meets WCAG 2.0.

Applicability

Tagged PDF documents

This technique relates to:

User Agent and Assistive Technology Support Notes

See User Agent Support Notes for PDF3. Also see PDF Technology Notes.

Description

The intent of this technique is to ensure that users can navigate through content in a logical order that is consistent with the meaning of the content. Correct tab and reading order is typically accomplished using a tool for authoring PDF.

For sighted users, the logical order of PDF content is also the visual order on the screen. For keyboard and assistive technology users, the tab order through content, including interactive elements (form fields and links), determines the order in which these users can navigate the content. The tab order must reflect the logical order of the document.

Logical structure is created when a document is saved as tagged PDF. The reading order of a PDF document is the tag order of document elements, including interactive elements.

If the reading order is not correct, keyboard and assistive technology users may not be able to understand the content. For example, some documents use multiple columns, and the reading order is clear visually to sighted users as flowing from the top to the bottom of the first column, then to the top of the next column. But if the document is not properly tagged, a screen reader may read the document from top to bottom, across both columns, interpreting them as one column.

The simplest way to ensure correct reading order is to structure the document correctly in the authoring tool used to create the document, before conversion to tagged PDF. Note, however, that pages with complex layouts with graphics, tables, footnotes, side-bars, form fields, and other elements may not convert to tagged PDF in the correct reading order. These inconsistencies must then be corrected with repair tools such as Acrobat Pro.

When a PDF document containing form fields has a correct reading order, all form fields are contained in the tab order in the appropriate order, and in the correct order relative to other content in the PDF. Common tab-order errors include:

Examples

Example 1: Creating a 2-column document using Microsoft Word 2007

This example is shown with Microsoft Word. There are other software tools that perform similar functions. See the list of other software tools in PDF Authoring Tools that Provide Accessibility Support.

Multi-column documents created using Word's Page Layout > Columns... tool typically are in the correct reading order when converted to tagged PDF. The image below shows Word's Columns tool.

The Columns tool in Word. Two is selected to lay out the page in 2 columns.

This example is shown in operation in the working example of 2-column document using Word 2007 (Word file) and working example of 2-column document using Word 2007 (PDF file).

Example 2: Creating a 2-column document using OpenOffice.org Writer 2.2

This example is shown with OpenOffice.org Writer. There are other software tools that perform similar functions. See the list of other software tools in PDF Authoring Tools that Provide Accessibility Support.

Multi-column documents created using OpenOffice.org Writer's Format > Columns... tool typically are in the correct reading order when converted to tagged PDF. The image below shows Writer's Columns tool.

The Columns tool in OpenOffice.org Writer. Two is selected to lay out the page in 2 columns.

This example is shown in operation in the working example of 2-column document using OpenOffice Writer (OpenOffice file) and working example of 2-column document using OpenOffice Writer (PDF file).

Example 3: Setting the tab order for one or more pages using Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro

This example is shown with Adobe Acrobat Pro. There are other software tools that perform similar functions. See the list of other software tools in PDF Authoring Tools that Provide Accessibility Support.

In a tagged PDF document:

  1. Open the Pages panel by either:

    • Clicking the Pages icon Pages icon in the upper left of the Adobe Acrobat Pro navigation pane

    • Or selecting View > Navigation Panels > Pages

  2. Select one or more page thumbnails.

  3. Access the context menu for the selected thumbnail(s) and select Page Properties...

  4. Select the Tab Order tab in the Page Properties dialog.

  5. If needed, select a tab order option:

Option Description
Use Row Order Tabs from the upper left field, moving first left to right and then down, one table row at a time.
Use Column Order Tabs from the upper left field, moving first from top to bottom and then across from left to right, one table column at a time.
Use Document Structure For tagged documents, moves in the tag order specified by the authoring application.

Note: This is usually the correct reading order and will be selected by default for tagged documents.

Unspecified If the document was created using an earlier version of Acrobat Pro, the tab order is Unspecified by default. With this setting, form fields are tabbed through first, followed by links and then comments ordered by row. This may not be correct reading order.

Page properties in Adobe Acrobat Professional. The choices are Use Row Order, Use Column Order, Use Document Structure, Unspecified. Use Document Structure is selected. This is also the default.

This example is shown in operation in the working example of setting the tab order (Word file) and working example of setting the tab order (PDF file).

Example 4: Checking the reading order using Reflow in Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro

This example is shown with Adobe Acrobat Pro. There are other software tools that perform similar functions. See the list of other software tools in PDF Authoring Tools that Provide Accessibility Support.

To quickly check the reading order of your PDF document, use the Reflow view in Adobe Acrobat Pro as follows:

If the tagged PDF does not reflow in the correct reading order, you can use the authoring tool to repair reading order problems and re-convert the document to tagged PDF. If you do not have access to the original document and authoring tool, you can use the Order panel in the TouchUp Reading Order tool to resolve reading order problems (see Examples 3 and 4).

The following image shows a 2-column document converted to tagged PDF.

Image of a 2-column document in Adobe Acrobat Pro.

The following image shows the same 2-column document in reflow view.

Image of a 2-column document in the Reflow view in Adobe Acrobat Pro.

Example 5: Checking the reading order using the Order panel in Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro

This example is shown with Adobe Acrobat Pro. There are other software tools that perform similar functions. See the list of other software tools in PDF Authoring Tools that Provide Accessibility Support.

To display the reading order of a document:

  1. Advanced > Accessibility > Touch Up Reading Order...

  2. Select the Show Order Panel button

In the TouchUp Reading Order tool, make sure the Show Page Content Order check box is checked. Each section of contiguous page content appears as a separate highlighted region and is numbered according to its placement in the reading order.

Note in the following image, the required-field text precedes the header in the reading order: it should follow the header. These are items 6 and 7 in the content order. Example 6 shows how to repair the order.

The text and form fields in a PDF document in Adobe Acrobat Pro. The reading order is shown in the Order panel and by the numbers in the highlighted sections of the page content. The items 6 and 7 are in the wrong content order and must be switched.

Example 6: Repairing the reading order using the Order panel in Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro

This example is shown with Adobe Acrobat Pro. There are other software tools that perform similar functions. See the list of other software tools in PDF Authoring Tools that Provide Accessibility Support.

To correct the reading order in Example 5, use the Order panel:

  1. Either:

    • Drag-and-drop the header to precede the required-field text, or

    • Cut-and-paste the text to follow the header.

In the following image, the reading order is correct for the text and header. That is, the content elements numbered 6 and 7 have been switched into the correct reading order.

 The corrected reading order In Adobe Acrobat Pro. Items 6 and 7 have been switched and are now in the correct order.

After this correction all content is in the correct reading order: the text preceding the form, the form fields, and the text following the form. Users can navigate from the text into and out of the form fields, in the correct order.

Note: Reordering content with the Order panel is most appropriate for simple text content within a PDF since modifications made with the order panel can affect not only the reading order but the underlying structure of content contained within the PDF. This may impact the z-order for content on a page, including making some content become hidden behind other content. Authors should save their work before using the order panel and verify that the changes do not have adverse effects on the document.

Example 7: Repairing the reading order using the Tags panel in Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro

This example is shown with Adobe Acrobat Pro. There are other software tools that perform similar functions. See the list of other software tools in PDF Authoring Tools that Provide Accessibility Support (http://trace.wisc.edu/wcag_wiki/index.php?title=PDF_Technology_Notes).

To correct the reading order in Example 5, use the Tags panel, and either

In the following image, the reading order is correct for the text and header. That is, the content elements H1 and H2 have been switched into the correct reading order.

Image showing the corrected reading order In
    						Adobe Acrobat Pro. The tags H1 and H2 have been switched and are
    							now in the correct order.

Resources

Resources are for information purposes only, no endorsement implied.

Tests

Procedure

  1. Verify that the content is in the correct reading order by one of the following:

    • Read the PDF document with a screen reader or a tool that reads aloud, listening to hear that each element is read in the correct order.

    • Reflow the pages and visually inspect the reading order.

    • Use a tool that exposes the document through the accessibility API, and verify that the reading order is correct.

  2. Verify that the tab order is correct for focusable content by one of the following:

    • Use the tab key to traverse the focus order in the document.

    • Use a tool that is capable of showing the page object entry that specifies the tab order setting to open the PDF document and view the setting.

Expected Results

If this is a sufficient technique for a success criterion, failing this test procedure does not necessarily mean that the success criterion has not been satisfied in some other way, only that this technique has not been successfully implemented and can not be used to claim conformance.