EPUB 3 Structural Semantics Vocabulary 1.1

W3C Group Note 04 November 2021

Abstract

This vocabulary, a part of EPUB® 3, defines a set of properties relating to the description of structural semantics of written works.

Status of This Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at https://www.w3.org/TR/.

This document was published by the EPUB 3 Working Group as a Group Note using the Note track.

Group Notes are not endorsed by W3C nor its Members.

This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

The W3C Patent Policy does not carry any licensing requirements or commitments on this document.

This document is governed by the 2 November 2021 W3C Process Document.

1. Introduction

Structural semantics add additional meaning about the specific structural purpose an HTML (or SVG) element plays. The epub:type attribute [EPUB-33] is used to express domain-specific semantics in EPUB Content Documents and Media Overlay Documents [EPUB-33], with the structural information it carries complementing the underlying vocabulary.

The applied semantics refine the meaning of their containing elements without changing their nature for assistive technologies, as happens when using the similar role attribute [HTML]. The attribute does not enhance the accessibility of the content, in other words, only provides hints about the purpose.

Semantic metadata enriches content for use in publishing workflows and for author-defined purposes. It also allows Reading Systems to learn more about the structure and content of a document (e.g., to enable skippability and escapability in Media Overlays).

The [EPUB-33] specification defines a method for adding structural semantics using the attribute axis: instead of adding new elements, EPUB Creators can append the epub:type attribute to existing elements to add the desired semantics. This document defines a set of property values, i.e., a vocabulary, that can be used for that purpose.

1.1 About this Vocabulary

While the EPUB Structural Semantics vocabulary is generally host language agnostic, it has been constructed primarily to enable semantic inflection of elements in the HTML vocabulary.

The HTML usage context fields indicate contexts in HTML documents where the given property is considered relevant. EPUB Creators may use the properties on HTML markup elements not specifically listed, but must ensure that the semantics they express represent a subset of the carrying element's semantics and do not attach an existing element's meaning to a semantically neutral element.

The DPUB-ARIA role fields indicate the [DPUB-ARIA-1.0] roles that can alternatively be used with the [HTML] role attribute to improve accessibility. These roles may have more restrictive usage contexts, however, so may not be valid wherever the epub:type attribute is used. Refer to [HTML-ARIA] for more information about where the roles are allowed.

When processing HTML documents, Reading Systems may ignore such non-compliant properties, unless their usage context is explicitly overridden or extended by the host specification.

The Usage Details sections identify IDPF specifications that define or utilize the specified properties.

2. Document Partitions

cover: A section that introduces the work, often consisting of a marketing image, the title, author, and publisher, and select quotes and reviews.; HTML usage context: section, body; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-cover (only allowed on cover image tag)
frontmatter: Preliminary material to the main content of a publication, such as tables of contents, dedications, etc.; HTML usage context: section, body
bodymatter: The main content of a publication.; HTML usage context: section, body
backmatter: Ancillary material occurring after the main content of a publication, such as indices, appendices, etc.; HTML usage context: section, body

3. Document Divisions

volume: A component of a collection.; HTML usage context: section, body
part: A major structural division in a work that contains a set of related sections dealing with a particular subject, narrative arc, or similar encapsulated theme.; HTML usage context: section, body; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-part
chapter: A major thematic section of content in a work.; HTML usage context: section, body; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-chapter
subchapter [deprecated]: A major sub-division of a chapter.; HTML usage context: section, body
division: A major structural division that may also appear as a substructure of a part (esp. in legislation).; HTML usage context: section, body

4. Document Sections and Components

Sections and components that typically occur in the publication bodymatter.

abstract [draft]: A short summary of the principle ideas, concepts, and conclusions of the work, or of a section or excerpt within it.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-abstract
foreword: An introductory section that precedes the work, typically not written by the author of the work.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-foreword
preface: An introductory section that precedes the work, typically written by the author of the work.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-preface
prologue: An introductory section that sets the background to a work, typically part of the narrative.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-prologue
introduction: A preliminary section that typically introduces the scope or nature of the work.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-introduction
preamble: A section in the beginning of the work, typically containing introductory and/or explanatory prose regarding the scope or nature of the work's content; HTML usage context: section, grouping content
conclusion: A concluding section or statement that summarizes the work or wraps up the narrative.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-conclusion
epilogue: A concluding section of narrative that wraps up or comments on the actions and events of the work, typically from a future perspective.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-epilogue
afterword: A closing statement from the author or a person of importance, typically providing insight into how the content came to be written, its significance, or related events that have transpired since its timeline.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-afterword
epigraph: A quotation set at the start of the work or a section that establishes the theme or sets the mood.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-epigraph

toc: A navigational aid that provides an ordered list of links to the major sectional headings in the content. A table of contents may cover an entire work, or only a smaller section of it.; HTML usage context: sectioning content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-toc
toc-brief [draft]: An abridged version of the table of contents.; HTML usage context: sectioning content
landmarks: A collection of references to well-known/recurring components within the publication; HTML usage context: sectioning content
loa: A listing of audio clips included in the work.; HTML usage context: sectioning content
loi: A listing of illustrations included in the work.; HTML usage context: sectioning content
lot: A listing of tables included in the work.; HTML usage context: sectioning content
lov: A listing of video clips included in the work.; HTML usage context: sectioning content

6. Document Reference Sections

appendix: A section of supplemental information located after the primary content that informs the content but is not central to it.; HTML usage context: sectioning content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-appendix
colophon: A short section of production notes particular to the edition (e.g., describing the typeface used), often located at the end of a work.; HTML usage context: sectioning content, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-colophon
credits [draft]: A collection of credits.; HTML usage context: sectioning content, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-credits
keywords [draft]: A collection of keywords.; HTML usage context: sectioning content, grouping content

6.1 Indexes

index: A navigational aid that provides a detailed list of links to key subjects, names and other important topics covered in the work.; HTML usage context: sectioning content, body; Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index property; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-index
index-headnotes: Narrative or other content to assist users in using the index.; Required parent context: index; HTML usage context: sectioning content, header; Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index-headnotes property
index-legend: List of symbols, abbreviations or special formatting used in the index, and their meanings.; Required parent context: index-headnotes; HTML usage context: sectioning content, dl; Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index-legend property
index-group: Collection of consecutive main entries that share a common characteristic, for example the starting letter of the main entries.; Required parent context: index; HTML usage context: sectioning content; Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index-group property
index-entry-list: Collection of consecutive main entries or subentries.; Required parent context: index-entry , index-group, and index; HTML usage context: ul; this property is implied when the ul has an ancestor of index except within index-headnotes; Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index-entry-list property
index-entry: One term with any attendant subentries, locators, cross references, and/or editorial note.; Required parent context: index-entry-list; HTML usage context: li; this property is implied when parent ul is of type index-entry-list (implicit or explicit); Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index-entry property
index-term: Word, phrase, string, glyph, or image representing the indexable content.; Required parent context: index-xref-related , index-entry and index-xref-preferred; HTML usage context: phrasing content; typically span; Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index-term property
index-editor-note: Editorial note pertaining to a single entry.; Required parent context: index-entry; HTML usage context: flow content; Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index-editor-note property
index-locator: A reference to an occurrence of the indexed content in the publication.; Required parent context: index-entry , index-locator-list , and index-locator-range; HTML usage context: a; this property is implied when parent context is index-locator-list or index-locator-range; Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index-locator property
index-locator-list: Collection of sequential locators or locator ranges.; Required parent context: index-entry; HTML usage context: ul; Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index-locator-list property
index-locator-range: A pair of locators that connects a term to a range of content rather than a single point.; Required parent context: index-locator-list and index-entry; HTML usage context: flow content; Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index-locator-range property
index-xref-preferred: Reference from one term to one or more preferred terms or term categories in an index (analogous to "See xxx").; Required parent context: index-entry; HTML usage context: flow content; Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index-xref-preferred property
index-xref-related: Reference from one term to one or more related terms or term categories in an index (analogous to "See also xxx").; Required parent context: index-entry; HTML usage context: flow content; Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index-xref-related property
index-term-category: Word, phrase, string, glyph, or image representing a category of terms in the index.; Required parent context: index-xref-related and index-xref-preferred; HTML usage context: a; Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index-term-category property
index-term-categories: Wrapper for a list of the term categories belonging to an index.; Required parent context: index-xref-related and index-xref-preferred; HTML usage context: a; Usage details: EPUB Indexes – index-term-categories property

6.2 Glossaries

glossary: A brief dictionary of new, uncommon, or specialized terms used in the content.; HTML usage context: dl, sectioning content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-glossary
glossterm: A glossary term.; Required parent context: glossary; HTML usage context: The glossterm property is implied on dt elements within a dl element marked with the glossary property.
glossdef: The definition of a term in a glossary.; Required parent context: glossary; HTML usage context: The glossdef property is implied on dd elements within a dl element marked with the glossary property.

6.3 Bibliographies

bibliography: A list of external references cited in the work, which may be to print or digital sources.; HTML usage context: sectioning content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-bibliography
biblioentry: A single reference to an external source in a bibliography. A biblioentry typically provides more detailed information than its reference(s) in the content (e.g., full title, author(s), publisher, publication date, etc.).; Required parent context: bibliography; HTML usage context: grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-biblioentry (Deprecated)

7. Preliminary Sections and Components

Preliminary sections and components, typically occurring in the publication frontmatter.

titlepage: The title page of the work.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content
halftitlepage: The half title page of the work.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content
copyright-page: The copyright page of the work.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content
seriespage [draft]: Marketing section used to list related publications.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content
acknowledgments: A section or statement that acknowledges significant contributions by persons, organizations, governments, and other entities to the realization of the work.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-acknowledgments
imprint: Information relating to the publication or distribution of the work.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content
imprimatur: A formal statement authorizing the publication of the work.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content
contributors: A list of contributors to the work.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content
other-credits: Acknowledgments of previously published parts of the work, illustration credits, and permission to quote from copyrighted material.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content
errata: A set of corrections discovered after initial publication of the work, sometimes referred to as corrigenda.; HTML usage context: section, aside, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-errata
dedication: An inscription at the front of the work, typically addressed in tribute to one or more persons close to the author.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-dedication
revision-history: A record of changes made to a work.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content

8. Complementary Content

case-study [draft]: A detailed analysis of a specific topic.; Inherits from: xhv:complementary; HTML usage context: sectioning content
help [deprecated]: Helpful information that clarifies some aspect of the content or assists in its comprehension.; Inherits from: xhv:complementary; HTML usage context: aside, phrasing content; Replaced by: tip
marginalia [deprecated]: Content, both textual and graphical, that is offset in the margin.; Inherits from: xhv:complementary; HTML usage context: aside, phrasing content; Replaced by: aside
notice: Notifies the user of consequences that might arise from an action or event. Examples include warnings, cautions and dangers.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-notice
pullquote [draft]: A distinctively placed or highlighted quotation from the current content designed to draw attention to a topic or highlight a key point.; Inherits from: xhv:complementary; HTML usage context: aside; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-pullquote
sidebar [deprecated]: Secondary or supplementary content, typically formatted as an inset or box.; Inherits from: xhv:complementary; HTML usage context: aside; Replaced by: aside
tip: Helpful information that clarifies some aspect of the content or assists in its comprehension.; Inherits from: xhv:complementary; HTML usage context: aside, phrasing content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-tip
warning [deprecated]: A warning.; HTML usage context: section, grouping content; Replaced by: notice

9. Titles and Headings

halftitle: The title appearing on the first page of a work or immediately before the text.; Inherits from: title; HTML usage context: heading content. This property should only appear once within the document scope.
fulltitle: The full title of the work, either simple, in which case it is identical to title, or compound, in which case it consists of a title and a subtitle.; Inherits from: title; Same as: http://purl.org/dc/terms/title; HTML usage context: heading content. This property should only appear once within the document scope.
covertitle: The title of the work as displayed on the work's cover.; Inherits from: title; HTML usage context: heading content. This property should only appear once within the document scope.
title: The primary name of a document component, such as a list, table, or figure.; HTML usage context: heading content, phrasing content descendants of heading content.
subtitle: An explanatory or alternate title for the work, or a section or component within it.; Inherits from: title; HTML usage context: heading content, phrasing content descendants of heading content, paragraphs, divs; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-subtitle
label [draft]: The text label that precedes an ordinal in a component title (e.g., 'Chapter', 'Part', 'Figure', 'Table').; Inherits from: title; HTML usage context: Phrasing content descendants of heading content, li and figcaption
ordinal [draft]: An ordinal specifier for a component in a sequence of components (e.g., '1', 'IV', 'B-1').; Inherits from: title; HTML usage context: Phrasing content descendants of heading content, li and figcaption
bridgehead: A structurally insignificant heading that does not contribute to the hierarchical structure of the work.; HTML usage context: flow content, typically p, div or span

10. Educational Content

10.1 Learning objectives

learning-objective: An explicit designation or description of a learning objective or a reference to an explicit learning objective.; HTML usage context: flow content, phrasing content
learning-objectives [draft]: A collection of learning-objectives.; HTML usage context: sectioning content, grouping content
learning-outcome [draft]: The understanding or ability a student is expected to achieve as a result of a lesson or activity.; HTML usage context: flow content
learning-outcomes [draft]: A collection of learning-outcomes.; HTML usage context: sectioning content, grouping content
learning-resource: A resource provided to enhance learning, or a reference to such a resource.; HTML usage context: flow content
learning-resources [draft]: A collection of learning-resources.; HTML usage context: sectioning content, grouping content
learning-standard [draft]: A formal set of expectations or requirements typically issued by a government or a standards body.; HTML usage context: sectioning content, phrasing content
learning-standards [draft]: A collection of learning-standards.; HTML usage context: sectioning content, grouping content

10.2 Testing

answer [draft]: The component of a self-assessment problem that provides the answer to the question.; HTML usage context: aside, grouping content
answers [draft]: A collection of answers.; HTML usage context: sectioning content, grouping content
assessment: A test, quiz, or other activity that helps measure a student's understanding of what is being taught.; HTML usage context: sectioning content
assessments [draft]: A collection of assessments.; HTML usage context: sectioning content
feedback [draft]: Instruction to the reader based on the result of an assessment.; HTML usage context: grouping content, phrasing content
fill-in-the-blank-problem [draft]: A problem that requires the reader to input a text answer to complete a sentence, statement or similar.; HTML usage context: aside, grouping content
general-problem [draft]: A problem with a free-form solution.; HTML usage context: aside, grouping content
qna: A section of content structured as a series of questions and answers, such as an interview or list of frequently asked questions.; HTML usage context: lists or sectioning content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-qna
match-problem [draft]: A problem that requires the reader to match the contents of one list with the corresponding items in another list.; HTML usage context: aside, grouping content
multiple-choice-problem [draft]: A problem with a set of potential answers to choose from ‒ some, all, or none of which may be correct.; HTML usage context: aside, grouping content
practice [draft]: A review exercise or sample.; See also: practices; HTML usage context: aside, grouping content
question [draft]: The component of a self-assessment problem that identifies the question to be solved.; HTML usage context: grouping content
practices [draft]: A collection of practices.; HTML usage context: sectioning content
true-false-problem [draft]: A problem with either a true or false answer.; HTML usage context: aside, grouping content

11. Comics

panel: An individual frame, or drawing.; HTML usage context: li; Usage details: EPUB Region-Based Navigation
panel-group: A group of panels (e.g., a strip).; HTML usage context: li; Usage details: EPUB Region-Based Navigation
balloon: An area in a comic panel that contains the words, spoken or thought, of a character.; HTML usage context: li; Usage details: EPUB Region-Based Navigation
text-area: An area of text in a comic panel. Used to represent titles, narrative text, character dialogue (inside a balloon or not) and similar.; HTML usage context: li; Usage details: EPUB Region-Based Navigation
sound-area: An area of text in a comic panel that represents a sound.; HTML usage context: li; Usage details: EPUB Region-Based Navigation

12. Notes and Annotations

annotation [deprecated]: Explanatory information about passages in the work.; Inherits from: xhv:complementary; HTML usage context: aside, phrasing content; Replaced by: Open Annotation in EPUB
note [deprecated]: A note. This property does not carry spatial positioning semantics, as do the footnote and endnote properties. It can be used to identify footnotes, endnotes, marginal notes, inline notes, and similar when legacy naming conventions are not desired.; HTML usage context: On the aside element when identifying a single note, or on descendants of sectioning content when identifying individual notes in a group (refer to footnotes and endnotes).; Replaced by: footnote, endnote
footnote: Ancillary information, such as a citation or commentary, that provides additional context to a referenced passage of text.; See also: footnotes; HTML usage context: On the aside element when identifying a single footnote, or on descendants of sectioning content when identifying individual footnotes in a group (refer to footnotes and endnotes).; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-footnote
endnote: One of a collection of notes that occur at the end of a work, or a section within it, that provides additional context to a referenced passage of text.; See also: endnotes; HTML usage context: On the aside element when identifying a single endnote, or on descendants of sectioning content when identifying individual endnotes in a group (refer to footnotes and endnotes).; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-endnote (Deprecated)
rearnote [deprecated]: A note appearing in the rear (backmatter) of the work, or at the end of a section.; See also: rearnotes; HTML usage context: On the aside element when identifying a single rearnote, or on descendants of sectioning content when identifying individual rearnotes in a group (refer to footnotes and rearnotes).; Replaced by: endnote
footnotes: A collection of footnotes.; See also: footnote; HTML usage context: sectioning content
endnotes: A collection of notes at the end of a work or a section within it.; See also: endnote; HTML usage context: sectioning content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-endnotes
rearnotes [deprecated]: A collection of notes appearing at the rear (backmatter) of the work, or at the end of a section.; See also: rearnote; HTML usage context: sectioning content; Replaced by: endnotes

13. References

annoref [deprecated]: A reference to an annotation.; Inherits from: xhv:link; See also: annotation; HTML usage context: a; Replaced by: Open Annotation in EPUB
biblioref [draft]: A reference to a bibliography entry.; Inherits from: xhv:link; HTML usage context: a; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-biblioref
glossref [draft]: A reference to a glossary definition.; Inherits from: xhv:link; HTML usage context: a; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-glossref
noteref: A reference to a note, typically appearing as a superscripted number or symbol in the main body of text.; Inherits from: xhv:link; See also: note; HTML usage context: a; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-noteref
backlink [draft]: A link that allows the user to return to a related location in the content (e.g., from a footnote to its reference or from a glossary definition to where a term is used).; Inherits from: xhv:link; HTML usage context: a; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-backlink

14. Document Text

Terms for describing components at the phrasing level.

credit [draft]: An acknowledgment of the source of integrated content from third-party sources, such as photos. Typically identifies the creator, copyright, and any restrictions on reuse.; HTML usage context: phrasing content; DPUB-ARIA role: doc-credit
keyword: A key word or phrase.; HTML usage context: phrasing content
topic-sentence: A phrase or sentence serving as an introductory summary of the containing paragraph.; HTML usage context: phrasing content
concluding-sentence: A phrase or sentence serving as a concluding summary of the containing paragraph.; HTML usage context: phrasing content

15. Pagination

pagebreak

A separator denoting the position before which a break occurs between two contiguous pages in a statically paginated version of the content.

Page break locators are also commonly used to provide static markers in purely digital publications (i.e., where no statically paginated equivalent exists). These markers provide consistent navigation regardless of differences in font and screen size that can otherwise affect the dynamic pagination of the content.

EPUB Creators must ensure the name of the page break is an end user-consumable page number that identifies the page that is beginning.

HTML usage context: phrasing and flow content, where the value of the carrying elements title attribute takes precedence over element content for the purposes of representing the pagebreak value

DPUB-ARIA role: doc-pagebreak

page-list

A navigational aid that provides a list of links to the pagebreaks in the content.

HTML usage context: sectioning content

DPUB-ARIA role: doc-pagelist

16. Tables

table: A structure containing data or content laid out in tabular form.; HTML usage context: Not Allowed; Media Overlays usage context: Identifies a seq or par as an escapable or skippable table structure.
table-row: A row of data or content in a tabular structure.; HTML usage context: Not Allowed; Media Overlays usage context: Identifies a seq or par as an escapable or skippable table row.
table-cell: A single cell of tabular data or content.; HTML usage context: Not Allowed; Media Overlays usage context: Identifies a seq or par as an escapable or skippable table cell.

17. Lists

list: A structure that contains an enumeration of related content items.; HTML usage context: Not Allowed; Media Overlays usage context: Identifies a seq or par as an escapable or skippable list structure.
list-item: A single item in an enumeration.; HTML usage context: Not Allowed; Media Overlays usage context: Identifies a seq or par as an escapable or skippable list item.

18. Figures

figure: An illustration, diagram, photo, code listing or similar, referenced from the text of a work, and typically annotated with a title, caption and/or credits.; HTML usage context: Not Allowed; Media Overlays usage context: Identifies a seq or par as an escapable or skippable figure.

19. Asides

aside: Secondary or supplementary content.; HTML usage context: Not Allowed; Media Overlays usage context: Identifies a seq or par as an escapable or skippable aside.

A. Acknowledgements

This section is non-normative.

The following members of the EPUB 3 Working Group contributed to the development of this specification:

Juliette Alexandria (Access2online Inc.)
Luc Audrain (W3C Invited Expert)
Will AWAD (Newgen Knowledgeworks)
Sofia Bautista (Legible Media Inc.)
Laura Brady (W3C Invited Expert)
Leah Brochu (National Network for Equitable Library Service)
Matthew C. Chan (House of Anansi Press)
Yu-Wei Chang (Taiwan Digital Publishing Forum)
Fred Chasen (Scribd)
Garth Conboy (Google LLC)
Juan Corona (Legible Media Inc.)
Dave Cramer (W3C Invited Expert, chair)
Romain Deltour (DAISY Consortium)
Marisa DeMeglio (DAISY Consortium)
Brady Duga (Google LLC)
Reinaldo Ferraz (NIC.br - Brazilian Network Information Center)
John Foliot (W3C Invited Expert)
Teenya Franklin (Pearson plc)
Hadrien Gardeur (EDRLab)
Matt Garrish (DAISY Consortium)
Jen Goulden (Crawford Technologies)
Ivan Herman (W3C, staff contact)
Tetsu Hoshino (Kodansha, Publishers, Ltd.)
Norikazu Ishizu (Kadokawa Corporation)
Norihito IYENAGA (Kodansha, Publishers, Ltd.)
Ken Jones (Circular Software)
Deborah Kaplan (W3C Invited Expert)
Bill Kasdorf (Book Industry Study Group)
George Kerscher (DAISY Consortium)
Kazuhito Kidachi (Mitsue-Links Co., Ltd.)
Masakazu Kitahara (Voyager Japan, Inc.)
Toshiaki Koike (Voyager Japan, Inc.)
Ryo Kuroda (ACCESS CO., LTD.)
Charles LaPierre (Benetech)
Dan Lazin (Google LLC)
Laurent Le Meur (EDRLab)
Farrah Little (National Network for Equitable Library Service)
Karan Malhotra (Newgen Knowledgeworks)
Makoto Murata (DAISY Consortium)
Cristina Mussinelli (Fondazione LIA)
Yoichiro Nagao (Kodansha, Publishers, Ltd.)
Yoshinori Ohmura (SHUEISHA Inc.)
Rachel Osolen (National Network for Equitable Library Service)
Gregorio Pellegrino (Fondazione LIA)
Vijaya Gowri Perumal (Newgen Knowledgeworks)
Wendy Reid (Rakuten, Inc., chair)
Leonard Rosenthol (Adobe)
Shinobu Sato (Kadokawa Corporation)
Ben Schroeter (Pearson plc)
Daihei Shiohama (MEDIA DO Co., Ltd.)
Tzviya Siegman (Wiley)
Avneesh Singh (DAISY Consortium)
MOTOI SUZUKI (SHUEISHA Inc.)
Yutaka Suzuki (Kadokawa Corporation)
Kyrce Swenson (Pearson plc)
Shinya Takami (Kadokawa Corporation, chair)
Mateus Teixeira (W. W. Norton & Company)
Yukio Tomikura (Kodansha, Publishers, Ltd.)
Aimee Ubbink (Crawford Technologies)
Daniel Weck (DAISY Consortium)
Zheng Xu (Gardenia Corp, Rakuten, Inc.)
Fuqiao Xue (W3C)
Evan Yamanishi (W. W. Norton & Company)
Osamu Yoshiba (Kodansha, Publishers, Ltd.)
Junichi Yoshii (Kodansha, Publishers, Ltd.)
Naomi Yoshizawa (W3C)

B. References

B.1 Informative references

[DPUB-ARIA-1.0]: Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA Module 1.0. Matt Garrish; Tzviya Siegman; Markus Gylling; Shane McCarron. W3C. 14 December 2017. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/dpub-aria-1.0/
[EPUB-33]: EPUB 3.3. Matt Garrish; Ivan Herman; Dave Cramer; Garth Conboy; Marisa DeMeglio; Daniel Weck. W3C. 1 November 2021. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/epub-33/
[HTML]: HTML Standard. Anne van Kesteren; Domenic Denicola; Ian Hickson; Philip Jägenstedt; Simon Pieters. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/
[HTML-ARIA]: ARIA in HTML. Steve Faulkner; Scott O'Hara; Patrick Lauke. W3C. 30 September 2021. W3C Proposed Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/html-aria/