This document describes requirements for general Korean language/Hangul text layout and typography realized with technologies like CSS, SVG and XSL-FO. The document is mainly based on a project to develop the international standard for Korean text layout.
Status of This Document
This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication.
Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the
latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at
http://www.w3.org/TR/.
This document describes requirements for general Korean language/Hangul text layout realized with technologies like CSS, SVG and XSL-FO. The document is mainly based on a project to develop the international standard for Korean text layout, and was originally developed by Korean typographic experts and standardization experts in Korean, then translated to English under the guidance of the authors. The Korean version of this document is also available, but the English version is the authoritative version. The Working Group expects this document to become a Working Group Note.
Note
If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please raise a github issue or send them to
public-i18n-cjk@w3.org
(subscribe,
archives), with [klreq] at the start of your email's subject. To make it easier to track comments, please raise separate issues or emails for each comment. All comments are welcome.
Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C
Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other
documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in
progress.
This document was produced by a group operating under the
5 February 2004 W3C Patent
Policy.
The group does not expect this document to become a W3C Recommendation.
W3C maintains a public list of any patent
disclosures
made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes
instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent
which the individual believes contains
Essential
Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with
section
6 of the W3C Patent Policy.
Every cultural group has its own language and writing system. Especially between East and West, the difference is great. Thus to digitize the writing system, a lot of data and technology is needed that accurately represents the language and writing system.
The purpose of this document is to explain the important differences between the Korean writing system and others, in order to digitize it. However this document does not provide the solution for actual implementations or problems, but only describes the basic information that should be treated as important issues.
1.2 How this Document was Created
This document was created by discussing the Korean related issues through Korea's Standard Infrastructure Enhancement Program and surveying needs from actual users and technical experts.
The following types of experts were involved in the creation of this document:
Korean typography experts
International and Domestic (Korea) Standardization Experts
Academic and Industry Experts
The contents of this document are related to the Korean writing system, so all discussions took place in Korean, and were then translated into English once the document had been finished.
The technical terms for discussing and describing the Korean writing system were carefully selected after considering potential differences in nuance even if a direct translation exists, and in some parts they were described in both languages so the discussion can be continued in the future. Also many figures are included to promote understanding for certain parts that are hard to describe in English.
1.3 Basic Principles for Document Development
This document describes the characteristics of the Korean language system along the lines of the following principles.
It does not cover every issue of Korean typography, but only the important differences from the Western language systems.
All text in the figures is in Korean, but the technical aspects of actual implementation are not covered by this document.
In order to help readers' understanding of how Korean is used, typical real life examples are provided to explain the core combination properties.
Text layout rules and recommendations for readable design are different matters, but it is hard to discuss these two aspects separately. In this document, these two issues are separated carefully.
The characters used in Hangul Fonts consist of the following: Hangul characters, punctuation marks, Latin alphabetic characters, numbers, and special characters.
2.1.1 Hangul Code Ranges in Unicode
The Hangul code ranges in Unicode consist of precomposed Hangul syllables and the Hangul 'Jamo' alphabet. (Refer to Appendix A for the code table.)
Hangul Syllables: U+AC00 ~ U+D7A3
Hangul Jamo: U+1100 ~ U+11FF
Hangul Jamo for Compatibility: U+3130 ~ U+318E
Hangul Jamo Extended-A: U+A960 ~ U+A970
Hangul Jamo Extended-B: U+D780 ~ U+D7FB
2.1.2 Hangul Punctuation Mark Code Ranges based on Unicode
Following punctuation marks are used in a Hangul environment. (Refer to Appendix A for the code table.)
Basic Latin (U+0020~U+007F): Latin alphabet and numerals
General Punctuation (U+2010~)
Superscripts and Subscripts (U+2070~)
Currency Symbols (U+20A0~)
Letterlike Symbols (U+2100~)
Number Forms (U+2050~)
Arrows (U+2190~)
Mathematical Operators (U+2200~)
Enclosed Alphanumerics (U+2460~)
Box Drawing (U+2500~)
Block Elements (U+2580~)
Geometric Shapes (U+25A0~)
Miscellaneous Symbols (U+2600~)
Dingbats (U+2700~)
CJK Symbols and Punctuation (U+3000~)
Enclosed CJK Letters and Months (U+3200~)
CJK Compatibility Ideographs (U+F900~)
CJK Compatibility Symbols and Punctuation for Vertical Writing (U+FE30~FE48)
2.1.3 Hangul Punctuation Marks in Horizontal and Vertical Writing
CJK Symbols and Punctuation (U+3008~U+300F) are used by default. However, in the case of punctuation, half-width punctuation (pause (comma) U+002C, full stop (period) U+002E) is used for horizontal writing, and full-width punctuation (ideographic comma U+3001, ideographic full stop U+3002) are used for vertical writing.
Fig. 1CJK Symbols and Punctuation (U+3000~) for Horizontal WritingFig. 2CJK Symbols and Punctuation (U+FE30~) for Vertical Writing
2.2 Hangul Font Types
Hangul uses both fixed width and proportional width fonts.
2.2.1 Proportional Width Hangul Fonts
In this mode, Hangul (Hangul Syllables U+AC00 ~ U+D7A3) glyphs use 'character frame width proportional to each letter face width'.
2.2.2 Fixed Width Hangul Fonts
In this mode, Hangul (Hangul Syllables U+AC00 ~ U+D7A3) glyphs use fixed values for character frame width.
2.3 'Letter Face Position in Character Frame' Standard
Standardization of 'letter face position in character frame' of fixed width Hangul fonts improves the compatibility of the space between Hangul font characters. (The relation between each side's spaces remains even when the Hangul font is changed. It prevents a paragraph's left outline being scattered when the opening quotation mark or parenthesis at the line head has an unexpected space).
2.3.1 Arrangement of 'Letter Face Position in Character Frame' for Full Width Parentheses
In horizontal writing, the letter face of a full width opening parenthesis is placed on the right end of the character frame, and the left space is considered a user controlled area. In vertical writing, the letter face of a full width opening parenthesis is placed on the bottom end of character frame, and the space is considered a user controlled area.
Fig. 4Full-width opening parentheses and quotation marks positioned in the character frame （｛［〔《「『 ' " (U+FF08, U+FF5B, U+FF3B, U+3014, U+300A, U+300C, U+300E, U+ 02BB, U+201C)
In horizontal writing, the letter face of a full width closing parenthesis is placed on the left end of the character frame, and the space is considered a user controlled area. In vertical writing, the letter face of a full width closing parenthesis is placed on the top end of the character frame, and the space is considered a user controlled area.
Fig. 5Full-width closing parentheses and quotation marks positioned in the character frame ）｝］〕》」』' " (U+FF09, U+FF5D, U+FF3D, U+3015, U+300B, U+300D, U+300F, U+02BC, U+201D)
2.3.2 Arrangement of 'Letter Face Position in Character Frame' for Punctuation
The letter face of punctuation marks is placed at the left end of the character frame. The remaining space is available for use as a controllable margin by the font user.
Fig. 6Punctuation marks positioned in the character frame . , 。、(U+002E, U+002C, U+3002, U+3001)
2.3.3 Arrangement of 'Letter Face Position in Character Frame' for Other Glyphs
Other glyphs are designed with either proportional or fixed width.
2.4 Kerning for Hangul Fonts
This is a typographic option for adjusting the kerning between all characters or character classes used in a Hangul environment.
2.4.1 Adjustment of Kerning for Hangul Fonts
Hangul font kerning is adjusted by considering the inner space and contour region of Hangul syllables that are composed of Hangul Jamos.
Fig. 7Adjustment of kerning for Hangul fonts
2.4.2 Group Kerning for Hangul Fonts
Group kerning can be applied for efficient adjustment of kerning for the 11,172 Hangul syllables. In order to apply Hangul group kerning, kerning groups are defined first, then groups are paired.
Fig. 8Defining kerning groups for Hangul fontsFig. 9Pairing kerning groups for Hangul fonts
3. Typography for characters
Typographic options include the control of characters and the control of paragraphs. In this chapter, the font itself and options in the system for controlling the font are described.
3.1 About Character Classes
Characters or symbols with same characteristics in the typographic environment are classified, then writing options are applied for each character class.
3.1.1 Typical Typographic Characteristics
Full-width, half-width, and proportional-width for character frame width.
Character groups that cannot be placed at the line head.
Character groups that cannot be placed at the line end.
Inter-character space between the character groups.
3.1.2 Examples for Grouping by Typographic Characteristic of Characters and Symbols
In a Hangul environment, characters and symbols are classified by typographic characteristics, into 32 classes.
Rule setting: For each character class, set whether it can or not be placed at the line head or end.
Space setting between character classes: Set up spaces between each character class.
3.2 Character Types and Typographic Rules Used in Hangul Environment
3.2.1 Character Types in Hangul Writing
Hangul Compatibility Jamo (U+3130~)
Enclosed CJK Characters and Numerals (U+3200~)
CJK Ideographs (U+4E00~)
Hangul Jamo Extended-A (U+A960~)
Hangul Precomposed Syllables (U+AC00~U+D7A3)
Hangul Jamo Extended-B (U+D7B0~)
CJK Compatibility Ideographs (U+F900~)
3.2.2 Inter-Character Spacing for Hangul, Hanja, Kana, etc
Characters like Hangul, Hanja, or Kana have zero space between characters by default. Additionally, there are inter-character space settings such as settings such as narrower or wider, to support double-sided justification.
3.3 Hangul and Latin Mixed Writing (Including Partial Horizontal Writing in Vertical Writing)
Mixed writing is a Hangul sentence with Latin alphabetic characters, numbers, or symbols inside.
3.3.1 Characters for Horizontal Hangul and Latin Mixed Writing
Hangul syllables, proportional width basic Latin, and fixed width or proportional width Arabic numerals are used.
Fig. 10Example of horizontal mixed writing
3.3.2 Characters for Vertical Hangul and Latin Mixed Writing
Hangul syllables, proportional width basic Latin, and fixed width or proportional width Arabic numerals are used.
Each Latin character is placed vertically.
Fig. 11Example of vertical Latin in mixed writing.
Latin characters are placed 90 degrees rotated.
Fig. 12Example of vertical Latin rotated in mixed writing.
Partial horizontal writing in vertical writing; two-digit numbers are rotated 90 degrees as a group, then aligned by the center of the line. Used mainly for two-digit numbers.
Fig. 13Example of partial horizontal writing in vertical writing.
3.4 Superscripts and Subscripts
Superscripts and subscripts are placed next to a base character. Superscripts and subscripts are used for SI units, numeric·chemical formulae, footnote numbers, etc. The space between the base character and the superscript or subscript is zero by default.
Usually the size of the superscript or subscript is 60~70% of the size of the base character.
Fig. 14Examples of superscript·subscript
3.5 Arrangement of Signs, Math Symbols
The space between signs, math symbols and Hangul characters is a user defined space (1/8-width space recommended) by default.
The space between signs or math symbols and numerals or Latin alphabetic text is zero by default.
4. Typography for paragraphs
Typographic options include the control of characters and the control of paragraphs. This issue describes the writing/layout/editing system settings that control the font, not the font itself.
4.1 Writing Direction (Horizontal Writing, Vertical Writing)
4.1.1 Writing Direction in Hangul Writing
Hangul is written both horizontally and vertically.
Fig. 15Horizontal writing and vertical writing (arrow indicates the text direction)
4.1.2 Major Differences between Horizontal Writing and Vertical Writing
The direction of characters, lines, columns, and pages is as follows.
In vertical writing:
Characters progress from top to bottom, and lines progress from right to left.
Columns progress from top to bottom, pages progress from right to left, and pages are turned from left to right.
Fig. 16Character direction in vertical writing.
In horizontal writing:
Characters progress from left to right, and lines progress from top to bottom.
Columns progress from left to right, and pages progress from left to right, and pages are turned from right to left.
Fig. 17Character direction in horizontal writing.
The direction of Latin alphabetic characters and numerals inserted in sentences is as below:
Regular direction is used in horizontal writing, and there are three ways of arranging text in vertical writing.
Each character is arranged in the same direction as the Hangul characters.
Fig. 18Character arrangement in vertical writing – normal arrangement.
Characters are rotated 90 degrees, mainly for Latin alphabet words.
Fig. 19Character arrangement in vertical writing – 90-degree-rotation.
Arrangement the same as Hangul characters. Two digit numbers rotated 90 degrees as a group, then aligned by the center of a line.
Fig. 20Character arrangement in vertical writing – composed character arrangement.
Captions or titles of tables, figures, etc. are rotated clockwise or counter-clockwise.
Fig. 2190 degree rotated table and table caption in vertical writing.
In vertical writing, the caption top of tables, figures, etc. is positioned to the right side of the page. If the caption is in a horizontal direction, the caption top is positioned to the top side of the page.
Fig. 22Example of a figure using the top side of the page in vertical writing.
In horizontal writing, the caption top of tables, figures, etc. is positioned to the left side of the page. If the caption is in a horizontal direction, the caption top is positioned to the top side of the page.
Fig. 2390-degree-rotated table and table caption in horizontal writing.
Horizontal writing, align horizontal lines in each column.
Fig. 25Example of line adjustment in horizontal writing.
4.2 Paragraph Adjustment
4.2.1 Indentation
Indentation, by emptying the beginning of a line when a new paragraph starts, is applied so that the division into paragraphs is shown clearly. The value of the character width in the specific paragraph is used as the default unit for indentation.
Line head indentations on every paragraph. The most common writing mode.
Fig. 26Indentation on the first lines in horizontal writing.
No indentation on all paragraphs. More suitable for horizontal writing where the length of lines is shorter, relatively, than vertical writing.
Fig. 27No indentation on all lines in horizontal writing.
Indentation on the first line of every paragraph, but not applied to the first paragraph of a page or the paragraph right after a title.
Fig. 28No indentation on the first line in horizontal writing.
Indentation is applied to all lines besides the first line of a paragraph for bulleted list, numbered list, etc.
4.2.3 Inward Paragraph Indentation and Outward Paragraph Indentation
Inward paragraph indentation is writing placed inside of the page body by a certain number of characters, and outward paragraph indentation is writing placed outside of the page body.
Fig. 29Inward and outward paragraph indentation in horizontal writing.
4.2.4 Paragraph Line Alignment
Line alignment means aligning a line to the position of a certain character.
Center Alignment: apply zero or a specified value to the space between adjacent characters, and equally apply the same amount of space at both sides of the line. Align to the center of the line.
Line Head Alignment (left side alignment in horizontal writing): apply zero or a specified value to the space between adjacent characters, and align to the line head. If the number of characters in the last line is not enough to be a full line, fill from the line head and empty the line end.
Line End Alignment (right side alignment in horizontal writing): apply zero or a specified value to the space between adjacent characters, and align to the line end. If the number of characters in the last line is not enough to be a full line, fill from the line end and empty the line head.
Even Space Alignment: apply zero or a specified value to the space between adjacent characters, and align by the line head and the line end. If the number of characters in the last line is not enough to be a full line, fill from the line head and empty the line end.
Even Space Alignment with Forced End: apply zero or a specified value to the space between adjacent characters, then align by the line head and the line end. If the number of characters in the last line is not enough to be a full line, fill from the line head to the line end by force-adjusting the space between characters.
This is a process to avoid a situation when the number of characters in the last line of a paragraph is lower than the recommended minimum number. This is also called the widow process.
4.3.2 Principles for Before/After Space Adjustment when Hangul Opening Parentheses (cl1), Hangul Closing Parentheses (cl2), or Middle Dots (cl3) are Consecutive
When a closing parenthesis is followed by an opening parenthesis, a half-width space is added between them.
When an opening parenthesis is followed by an opening parenthesis, no space is added between them, and a half-width space is added in front of the first opening parenthesis.
When a closing parenthesis is followed by a closing parenthesis, no space is added between them, and a half-width space is added after the last closing parenthesis.
When a closing parenthesis is followed by a middle dot, a quarter-width space is added between them.
When a middle dot is followed by an opening parenthesis, a quarter-width space is added after the middle dot.
Fig. 32Space inserting principles for automatic space adjustment.
Lines cannot start with closing parenthesis (cl2), hyphen (cl5), dividing punctuation marks (cl6), middle dots (cl7), periods and commas (cl8~9), iteration marks (cl11), or prolonged sound marks (cl12).
4.3.4 Line End Restrictions
Opening parenthesis (cl1) cannot be placed at the end of a line.
4.3.5 Word Break Restrictions
In cases of characters or symbols in a sequence like following, there is no line break between them.
Between a sequence of em dashes (——) or horizontal bars (――).
Between a sequence of triple dot ellipses (……) or double dot ellipses (‥‥).
Between a sequence of Arabic numerals.
Between prefix symbols (cl13) and Arabic or Hanja numerals.
Between Arabic or Hanja numbers and suffix symbols (cl14).
Between a base character and a superscript or subscript.
4.3.6 Restrictions on Inter-Character Width Adjustment when Adjusting Lines
In cases like the following inter-character width cannot be expanded during line adjustment. This is done in order to group characters and symbols as one word.
All the cases mentioned in 4.3.6.
Before and after Hangul opening parenthesis (cl2) and Hangul closing parenthesis (cl2).
Before and after periods, commas (cl8~9) and middle dots (cl7).
Before and after dividing punctuation marks (cl6).
Before and after hyphens (cl5).
Before and after spaces in CJK characters, such as full-width characters.
Lines are expressed by information such as line spacing or paragraph spacing.
4.4.1 Line Spacing
There are four approaches to line spacing: character size, fixed value, space, and minimum line spacing.
'Proportional line spacing' is applied by using a certain percentage of the character size.
Fig. 33Certain percentage of the character size: 160%.
'Line height' is applied using a fixed value, using units like point (pt), millimeter (mm), centimeter (cm), pica (pi), pixel (px), character (ch), 'Geop' (gp), inch ("), etc.
Fig. 34Fixed value: 20pt.
'Fixed value interline space' is applied by only specifying a value for the space, using units like point (pt), millimeter (mm), centimeter (cm), pica (pi), pixel (px), character (ch), 'Geop' (gp), inch("), etc.
Fig. 35Specifying the space: 20pt.
'Minimum line height' is applied by specifying the minimum value for line spacing, using units like point (pt), millimeter (mm), centimeter (cm), pica (pi), pixel (px), character (ch), 'Geup' (gp), inch (˝), etc.
Fig. 36Minimum value: 20pt.
4.4.2 Line Breaking Rules
Line breaking is done by setting the rules for dividing the end of each line, and by adjusting the space between words in the line before.
Line Breaking Rules in Hangul.
If a line ends in Hangul, line breaking is done on character or word basis. The user can decide which approach to use on a paragraph-by-paragraph basis, or for the whole document.
Fig. 37Word-based (on the left) vs. character-based (on the right) line breaks.
Line Breaking Rules in English.
If a line ends in English, line breaking is done on character basis or word basis, or by using a hyphen.
Minimum Space for Breaking Line.
By specifying a minimum value for inter-word spaces, inter-word spaces in a line can be reduced in order to keep the word at the end of the line from breaking onto the next line.
4.5 Line Adjustment Process
Even space alignment is the default setting in Hangul writing. Lines are aligned using even spaces if fixed-width Hangul characters are arranged without spaces, but in cases like those below, line adjustment (adjusting inter-character spaces) is applied to align any dislocated line ends.
4.5.1 Cases for Application of Line Adjustment
When proportional width glyphs like Latin alphabet text, Latin alphabet punctuation marks, numerals, etc. are included (Hangul-Latin mixed writing).
When the character sizes in a line are different to each other.
When restrictions, such as line breaking restrictions, are applied
4.6 Tabs
4.6.1 Using Tabs
The position of a tab and the alignment method (tab type) are specified, then the tab code is entered before the character or the word in the specified position.
4.6.2 Aligning at Specified Tab Position
Adjustment mode (tab type) is specified at the tab position.
(Upper) left corner adjustment tab: in horizontal writing, the left end of characters/words is aligned to the tab position, and in vertical writing, the top end is aligned.
Fig. 38Left tab.
(Bottom) right corner adjustment tab: in horizontal writing, the right end of characters/words is aligned to the tab position, and in vertical writing, the bottom end is aligned.
Fig. 39Right tab.
Center adjustment tab: the center of characters/words is aligned to the tab position.
Fig. 40Center tab.
Specific character adjustment tab: the front end of a specific character in characters/words is aligned to the tab position.
Fig. 41Specific character tab.
5. Components Besides Paragraphs
5.1 Notes (Footnote, Endnote)
A note is used for presenting supplementary information about the main content, or presenting the source of cited information.
5.1.1 Footnote Application in Multi-Column
When footnotes are used in multi-column, there are three processing modes.
Showing footnotes at the bottom of the column with the corresponding text.
Fig. 42Bottom of the corresponding column
Showing footnotes in a single-column, aligned to the page width.
Fig. 43Page width single-column.
Showing all the footnotes in a column on the right side.
Fig. 44Right side column
5.1.2 Vertical Position of Footnote
The position of footnotes can be specified when the page is not full.
Placing the footnote right above the specified footer area. If the footnote is increased, it goes toward the main text and the main text area is decreased.
Fig. 45Decreased main text area when the footnote content is changed. (Single column and multi-column cases.)
Placing the footnote right below the main text If the main text content is increased, the footnote content goes downward
Fig. 46Moved footnote content when main text content is changed. (Single column and multi-column cases.)
5.1.3 Numbers in Notes
Numbers used in footnotes and endnotes use many types of symbols and characters, such as Arabic numerals, Latin alphabet characters, Hangul characters, Hanja characters, etc.
Fig. 47Examples of footnote/endnote number.
5.1.4 Dividing Notes and Main Text
In order to divide the note and the main text, a dividing line or a space is inserted. Spaces are added above and below the dividing line, and spaces between each note are specified.
Fig. 48Example of dividing the main text and the note with a dividing line.
5.1.5 Note Position
A note has many different positions due to the characteristics of footnotes and endnotes.
Footnote Position
A footnote can be presented below the annotated main text, right above the footer of the page including the annotated main text (refer to the figure in 5.1.2.).
Endnote Position
Endnotes can be presented all together at the end of the document. If the document is separated into many chapters and each chapter needs different endnotes presented, endnotes can be gathered at a specified location.
Note Restrictions
Notes can be used in any part of the text body including paragraphs with tables or boxes, but cannot be used in footers or headers.
5.2 Page Numbers
Page numbers can be presented in many forms, and can also be located on any side of the corresponding page.
5.2.1 Page Number Position
Page numbers can be at 10 different positions as follows. The appearance of numbers can also be different in many ways, sometimes used with a dash ('-') on each side.
Fig. 49Positions for page numbers
5.3 Position and Size of Elements beside Paragraphs (tables, figures, etc.)
Elements beside paragraphs (objects) are processed the same as characters, or as objects.
5.3.1 Processing as a Character
The object is positioned in a certain location between characters, and the size affects the line spacing.
Fig. 50Processing as a character.Fig. 51Processing as an object.
5.3.2 Processing as an Object
Objects have 4 processing modes, as below.
Text Wrap mode
Fig. 52Text wrap mode.
Top and Bottom mode
Fig. 53Top and bottom mode.
Behind text mode
The object is placed like a background.
Fig. 54Behind text mode.
Front of text mode
The object is placed on top of the text, covering it.
Fig. 55Front of text mode.
5.3.3 Basis for Vertical/Horizontal Position
The object's placement in text and vertical/horizontal position is changed, depending on where the base is.
Paragraph base position
The vertical and horizontal position is calculated from the paragraph base.
Column base position
The horizontal position is calculated from the column base.
Page base position
The vertical and horizontal position is calculated from the page base.
Sheet base position
The vertical and horizontal position is calculated from the sheet base.
Fig. 56Base for positioning elements beside paragraph.
5.3.4 Overlap Setting
When objects are set to 'text wrap' or 'top and bottom' modes, objects do not overlap as a default. However such objects can be overlap by using an 'overlap' setting.
Fig. 57Objects overlapping.
5.3.5 Outer Margin
The outer margin of elements beside a paragraph means the space between the object and the paragraph elements around it. If an outer margin is set for an object, the caption for the object starts from the original object area, not the outer margin area.
Left: A space between the text and the left side of the object.
Right: A space between the text and the right side of the object.
Top: A space between the text and the upper side of the object.
Bottom: A space between the text and the lower side of the object.
Fig. 58Example of setting the outer margin to 5mm.
5.3.6 Captions
Numbers, titles, or simple descriptions can be added to the elements beside paragraphs, if needed. Such titles added to objects are called captions.
5.3.6.1 Caption Position
Captions are positioned outside of an object's outline, as below.
Fig. 59Caption positioning modes.
5.3.6.2 Caption Size and Spacing
The space between caption and object can be adjusted. If the caption is on the right/left side of the object, the size for the title area is specified.
Fig. 60Examples of specifying caption spacing.
5.3.6.3 Caption Presentation Mode
Captions are entered in a line, or expanded to the margin of the corresponding object.
Fig. 61Caption presentation mode.
5.3.7 Borders
Objects can have borders with various types of line.
Fig. 62Example of assigning line type.
5.4 Table
Tables are composed of cells, and each cell can be configured into various forms as shown below.
Fig. 63Examples of table composition.
5.4.1 Cell
Cells can be selected individually and have various settings.
Font and paragraph format of the cell
Border and background style
Merging and dividing cells
Size and margin adjusting
Space between cells
Fig. 64Example of spacing between cells.
5.4.2 Inner Padding of a Table/Cell
If inner padding space is applied to both table and cell, the value is applied to the cell prior to that of the table. The size of table does not change even if the value of inner padding is high.
Fig. 65Diagonal lines in a cell of a table.Fig. 66Diagonal lines in through multiple cells.
5.4.3 Background of Table
The background of table and cell can be color, gradation, or background images.
Fig. 67Example of background in tables.
6. Page Layout
6.1 Designing the Hangul Text Layout System
The Hangul text layout system is approached from two perspectives: overall page layout design and page body design.
6.2 Elements of Designing Page Format
Page size (size of selected page or screen), page direction.
Text direction (horizontal/vertical writing).
Page body (the area excluding top/bottom/left/right margin from the page size).
Running head and page numbers.
Fig. 68Running head and page numbers (left to right).Fig. 69Running head and page numbers (right to left).
6.3 Designing the Page Body
6.3.1 Basic Elements of Designing Page Body
In the case of pages in books, the elements are as below:
Size and name of fonts.
Writing direction (vertical/horizontal).
Number and spacing of columns.
Width of line (text box width=page body width).
Number of lines per page (per columns in multi-column format).
Line height value.
Fig. 70Example of page body.
6.3.2 Positioning the Page Body
Note that the position of the page body is linked to the margin values. The following are examples of positioning and setting size of page body.
Vertical position, center of page; Horizontal position, center of page.
Vertical position, upper or lower margin specified; Horizontal position, center of page.
Vertical position, center of page; Horizontal position, inner margin specified.
Running heads and page numbers are placed outside of the page body, and typical positions are as shown below.
Fig. 72Running head positions.Fig. 73Page number positions.
A. Hangul Code Ranges in Unicode
The following punctuation marks are used in Hangul environment.
Basic Latin (U+0020~U+007F): Latin alphabet and numerals
General Punctuation (U+2010~)
Superscripts and Subscripts (U+2070~)
Currency Symbols (U+20A0~)
Letterlike Symbols (U+2100~)
Number Forms (U+2050~)
Arrows (U+2190~)
Mathematical Operators (U+2200~)
Enclosed Alphanumerics (U+2460~)
Box Drawing (U+2500~)
Block Elements (U+2580~)
Geometric Shapes (U+25A0~)
Miscellaneous Symbols (U+2600~)
Dingbats (U+2700~)
CJK Symbols and Punctuation (U+3000~)
Hangul Compatibility Jamo (U+3130~)
Enclosed CJK Letters and Months (U+3200~)
Hangul Jamo Extended-A (U+A960~)
Hangul Syllables (U+AC00~U+D7A3)
Hangul Jamo Extended-B (U+D7B0~)
CJK Compatibility Ideographs (U+F900~)
CJK Compatibility Forms (U+FE30~FE48)
B. References
ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993. Information technology -- Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) -- Part 1: Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane
W3C Working Group Note. 2009. "Requirements for Japanese Text Layout" 1st ed., http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/NOTE-jlreq-20090604/
Korea Font Development Center. 2000. Korean Font Dictionary, King Sejong Memorial Foundation.
S. J. Song. 2008. Book design textbook. Ahn Graphics. (translated from Andrew Haslam. 2006. Book design. Laurence King Publishing.)
Adobe Systems. 2010. User Guide. Using Adobe® InDesign® CS5 for Windows® and Mac OS. Adobe Systems.
C. Revision Log
Various editorial bug fixes.
Section 4.3.2, Principles for Space Adjustment around Parentheses, was removed, since there could be many alternative typesetting preferences.
Added references to the CJK ideographs block.
D. Acknowledgements
This document has been developed with contributions from participants of Korean standardization committee members and Korean Society of Typography. The project to develop this document was supported by Korea's Standard Infrastructure Enhancement Program from KATS (Korean Agency for Technology and Standards).
