W3C WD-rdf-schema-19980814


Resource Description Framework
(RDF) Schema Specification

W3C Working Draft 14 August 1998

Status of this Document
This Version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/WD-rdf-schema-19980814
Newest Version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-schema
Editors:
Dan Brickley, University of Bristol
R.V. Guha, Netscape
Andrew Layman, Microsoft
Document Status
Acknowledgements

Copyright ©1998 W3C (MIT, INRIA, Keio) , All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark, document use and software licensing rules apply.

Status of this document

This document is a revision of the RDF Schema working draft dated 9 April 1998. The major difference between this version and the previous version is that this version adopts a "property centric" approach whereas the previous version was "class-centric". In the previous version, Classes could be defined in a manner similar to an OO programming language like Java. A new class would have a number of "allowedPropertyType" arcs that pointed to property types which would be expected to occur on all instances of the class (modulo optionality constraints). For example, if we defined a class "Book", we might define it to have allowed property types of "author", "title", and "publisher". If all three of those were not defined, then we did not have a legal occurance of a "Book" node. This approach is familiar to many, because of its similarity to programming. It works well if things can be designed in advance. However, our direction is to allow a very free-flowing annotation style, and we believe that may not fit in with heavily pre-designed class hierarchies.

This version of the specification adopts a property-centric approach. Instead of defining a Class in terms of the Properties it has, we define Properties in terms of the Classes they may connect. That is the role of the RDFS:domain and RDFS:range constraints. For example, we could define the "author" property to have a domain of "Book" and a range of "String". The benefits of the property centric approach are that it is very easy for anyone to say anything they want about existing resources, which is one of the axioms of the web. Feedback on this point is particuarly encouraged.

This draft specification is a work in progress representing the current consensus of the W3C RDF Schema Working Group. This is a W3C Working Draft for review by W3C members and other interested parties. Publication as a working draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C membership. We caution that further changes are possible and therefore we recommend that only experimental software or software that can be easily field-upgraded be implemented to this specification at this time. The RDF Schema Working Group will not allow early implementation to constrain their ability to make changes to this specification prior to final release.

The Resource Description Framework is part of the W3C Metadata Activity. The goal of this activity, and of RDF specifically, is to produce a language for the exchange of machine-understandable descriptions of resources on the Web. A separate specification describes the data model and syntax for the interchange of metadata using RDF.

This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use W3C Working Drafts as reference material or to cite them as other than "work in progress".

Note: As working drafts are subject to frequent change, you are advised to reference the above URL for "Latest version" rather than the URLs for working draft versions themselves. The latest version URL will always point to the most current version of this draft.

Note: The HTML source of this document contains embedded RDF and will therefore not validate by the HTML4.0 DTD. A solution for those requiring DTD-style validation services may come from future W3C work.

Comments may be sent to www-rdf-comments@w3.org. The public archive of these comments is available at http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-rdf-comments/


Table of Contents

  1. Motivation and Scope
  2. Classes and Property Types
  3. Constraints
  4. Documentation
  5. Model and Syntax concepts
  6. Acknowledgements
  7. Appendix A: XML Serialization
  8. Appendix B: Further Examples
  9. Appendix C: Open Issues
  10. Appendix D: Dublin Core
  11. Appendix E: References

RDF Schemas

1. Motivation and Scope

The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is targeted at supporting applications such as:

  1. Bibliographic descriptions of web resources for purposes of discovery
  2. Digital signatures, rights management and privacy preferences
  3. Content rating, evaluation and classification

The descriptions used by these applications are, in essence, models of web resources and their interrelationships. Basic RDF, as specified in [RDFMS], has the ability to represent the information needed by those applications. However, it does not provide facilities to make it easy to build those descriptions, nor to know if a particular description meets the needs of a particular application. That is the void this specification seeks to fill.

Each of the applications above needs to say certain things about certain kinds of resources. In other words, each of those applications has a descriptive schema it needs to implement. For bibliographic descriptions a schema would include things like author, title, and subject. A schema should define the kinds of resources we need to talk about (web pages, people, companies), define how the resources can be related (Author, EmployedBy, PublishedBy), and define certain things we want to say about those resources (publicationDate, givenName, fileType).

This document does not specify a vocabulary of descriptive elements such as Author or ResourceSize. Instead, it specifies the mechanisms needed to define such elements, to define the classes of resources they connect, to restrict possible combinations of classes and relationships, and to detect violations of those restrictions. Thus, this document defines a schema specification language. More succinctly, the RDF Schema mechanism provides a basic type system for use in RDF models. It defines nodes and arcs such as Class and subClassOf that are used in specifying descriptive schemas.

The typing system is specified in terms of the basic RDF data model - as nodes and arcs. Thus, the nodes and arcs of this typing system become part of the graph of any description that uses them. The schema specification language is a declarative representation language influenced by ideas from knowledge representation (e.g. semantic nets, frames, predicate logic) as well as database schema specification languages (e.g. NIAM) and graph data models. The RDF schema specification language is less expressive, but much simpler to implement, than full predicate calculus languages such as CycL[CycL] and KIF [KIF].

RDF and the RDF Schema language were also based on metadata research in the the Digital Library community. In particular, RDF adopts a modular approach to metadata along the lines of the Warwick Framework [WF]. RDF represents an evolution of the Warwick Framework model in that the Warwick Framework allowed each metadata vocabulary to be represented in a different syntax. Within RDF, all vocabularies are expressed within a single well defined model and syntax. This allows for a finer grained mixing of machine-processable vocabularies, and addresses the need [EXTWEB] to create metadata in which statements can draw upon multiple vocabularies that are managed in a decentralised fashion by various communities of expertise.

1.1 The Scope

RDF Schemas aim not at theoretical issues, but at solving a small number of immediate problems. Its creators expect that other problems (listed in appendix B) will share similar characteristics and that they also may be able to use the basic classes described in this paper.

This paper was directly influenced by consideration of the following problems:

1. PICS

The RDF Model and Syntax is adequate to represent most of PICS [PICS], however, it requires augmentation by features such as the ability to specify a default rating for any page with a certain URL prefix. This draft does not yet provide such a mechanism.

2. Simple Web Metadata

One obvious application for RDF is in the description of web pages. This is one of the basic functions of the Dublin Core [DC] initiative. The Dublin Core is a set of 15 elements believed to be broadly applicable to describing web resources to enable their discovery. The Dublin Core has been a major influence on the development of RDF. An important consideration in the development of the Dublin Core was to allow simple descriptions, but also to provide the ability to qualify descriptions in order to provide both domain specific elaboration and descriptive precision.

The RDF Schema mechanism proposed in this paper provides a machine-understandable system for defining 'schemas' for descriptive vocabularies like the Dublin Core. It allows designers to specify classes of Resource types, property types to convey descriptions of those classes, and constraints on the allowed combinations of classes, property types, and values.

An initial schema for the simple Dublin Core is provided in Appendix D. This schema defines the 15 elements as property types, and gives a description of their purpose. Despite the simplicity of the definition, it is believed that this schema serves as the foundation for more elaborate definitions. Future extensions are likely to specify the structure of the values of the properties, which will involve defining classes, the property types that apply to those classes, and some constraints on the property values. In order for browsers and authoring tools to understand and enforce these constraints, this information should be machine understandable. This document provides a machine understandable schema language for expressing such definitions and constraints.

3. Sitemaps and other such Navigation Tools

A sitemap is a hierarchical description of a site. A subject taxonomy is a taxonomy such as that used by Yahoo!, Excite, etc. RDF Schemas aims to provide a mechanism by which sitemaps and taxonomies using the RDF Model can express the classes of nodes, properties, relations etc. they use.

4. P3P

The W3C Platform for Privacy Preferences Project (P3P) requires a grammar for constructing statements about a site's data collection practices, personal preferences as exercised over those practices, as well as a syntax for exchanging structured data. The ability for third party assurances (signed statements) regarding P3P practices is also important. For instance, entities may wish to certify that P3P practice statements were properly generated in accordance with industry guidelines, have been audited, or are compliant with the relevant privacy regulations.

These problems have influenced the design of this first version of the RDF Schema. RDF is tailored for easy extensibility. If RDF succeeds, we expect that future versions of RDF will be more ambitious and include more problems in their design space.

1.2 Specifying the Schema

An RDF Schema can be expressed by the data model described in the RDF Model and Syntax [RDFMS] document. The schema description language is simply a set of resources and property types defined by this paper and implicitly part of every RDF graph using this schema machinery.

This document specifies the RDF Schema mechanism as a set of RDF resources, property types, and constraints on their relationships. We especially solicit comment on the understandability of the names we have chosen for these.

Versioning and URI references

The Resource Description Framework is intended to be flexible and easily extensible; this suggests that a great variety of schemas will be created and that new and improved versions of these schemas will be a common occurence on the Web. Since changing a schema risks breaking other RDF graphs which depend on that schema, this specification requires that a new URI is used whenever an RDF schema is changed. In effect, changing a schema creates a new one; new schemas namespaces should have their own URI to avoid ambiguity. Since an RDF Schema URI unambiguously identifies a single version of a schema, RDF processors (and Web caches) should be able to safely store copies of RDF schema graphs for an indefinite period. The problems of RDF schema evolution share many characteristics with XML DTD version management and the general problem of Web resource versioning. Is is expected that a general approach to these issues will presented in a future version of this document, in co-ordination with other W3C activities. Future versions of this document may also offer RDF specific guidelines: for example, describing how a schema could document its relationship to preceding versions.

Since each RDF schema has its own unchanging URI, these can be used to construct unique URI references for the resources defined in a schema. This is achieved by combining the local identifier for a resource with the URI associated with that schema namespace. The XML representation of RDF uses the XML namespace mechanism for associating elements and attributes with URI references for each vocabulary item used.

2. Classes and Property Types

The following resources belong to the core RDF Schema. We first define the type system and then introduce property types for expressing various kinds of constraints.

2.1 The Type System

The RDF Schema defined in this paper is a set of RDF resources and property types that can be used to describe classes of RDF nodes, including properties and relations. They are defined in a namespace informally called 'RDFS' here and which will be more formally defined and given a URI in the future.

As described in the RDF Model and Syntax paper, nodes may be RDF:instanceOf one or more classes. However, classes themselves are often used in a hierarchical fashion, for example considering the class 'dog' to be a subclass of 'animal,' which is a subclass of 'organism' etc., meaning that any node which is an RDF:instanceOf 'dog' is ipso facto an RDF:instanceOf 'animal' and so on. This specification describes a property type, RDFS:subClassOf, to denote such relationships.

In addition to the RDFS:subClassOf relation, this paper defines a small number of other resources and properties that express constraints on instances of classes, such things as statements that all instances of a class have certain properties or relations, limitations on the types of values that are valid for a property or relation. This paper gives a mechanism for describing such constraints, but does not say whether or how an application must process the constraint information. For example, while an RDF schema may express that a 'Book' may have an 'author' property, it does not say whether or how an application should act in processing that information. We expect that different applications will use these constraints in different ways. e.g., a validator will look for errors, an editor might suggest legal values.

We anticipate the development of a set of classes corresponding to a set of "datatypes." This paper does not define datatypes, but does note that datatypes may be used as the value of the RDFS:range property.

2.2 Core Classes

The following resources are core classes that are defined as part of the RDF Schema machinery. Every RDF graph (implicitly) includes these.

2.2.1 RDF:Resource

All resources, i.e., all the elements of the set Nodes defined in section 5.1 of the RDF Model and Syntax document, are instances of RDF:Resource. This roughly corresponds to the concept of Object in Java.

2.2.2 RDF:PropertyType

All the property types, i.e., all the elements of the set PropertyTypes defined in section 5.1 of the RDF Model and Syntax document, are instances of RDF:PropertyType. Conversely, every instance of RDF:PropertyType is an element of PropertyTypes.

2.2.3 RDFS:Class

This corresponds to the generic concept of a Type or Category, similar to the notion of a Class in object-oriented programming languages such as Java. When a schema defines a new class, the node representing that class must have an RDF:instanceOf arc to this node. Classes can be defined to represent almost anything, such as web pages, people, cars, rabbits, and animals.

2.3 Core PropertyTypes

Every RDF graph which uses the schema mechanism also (implicitly) includes the following core property types. These are instances of the PropertyType class and provide a mechanism for expressing relationships between classes and their instances or superclasses.

2.3.1 RDF:instanceOf

This indicates that a resource is a member of a class, and thus has all the characteristics that are to be expected of a member of that class. It is a relation between a resource and another resource which must be an instance of Class. A resource may be an instance of more than one class.

2.3.2 RDFS:subClassOf

This indicates the subset/superset relation between classes. RDFS:subClassOf is transitive. If class A is a sub-class of class B, and B is a sub-class of C, then A is also implicitly a sub-class of C. Consequently, resources that are instances of class A will also be instances of C, since A is a sub-set of both B and C. Only instances of Class can have the RDFS:subClassOf property type and the property value is always an instanceOf Class. A Class may be a subClassOf more than one Class.

A class can never be declared to be a sub-class of itself, nor of any of its own sub-classes. Note that this constraint is not expressible using the RDF Schema constraint facilities provided below, and so does not appear in the RDF version of this specification given in Appendix A.

3. Constraints

An RDF schema can declare constraints associated with classes and property types. In particular, the concepts of domain and range are used in RDF schemas to make statements about the contexts in which certain property types "make sense".

Although the RDF data model does not allow for explicit arcs (such as instanceOf) from an atomic value to a resource (e.g. class), we nevertheless consider these entities to members of classes (e.g. "John Smith" is considered to be a member of the class rdfs:string.) We expect future work in RDF and XML data-typing to provide clarifications in this area.

A model that violates a constraint is an inconsistent model. Different applications may exhibit different behaviours in the face of an inconsistent model. Some examples of constraints include:

RDF schemas can express constraints that relate vocabulary items from multiple independently developed schemas. Since URI references are used to identify classes and property types, it is possible to create new property types whose domain or range is constrained to be a class defined in another namespace.

3.1 Core Constraints

3.1.1 RDFS:ConstraintPropertyType

This resource defines a subclass of the PropertyTypes, all of whose instances are property types used to specify constraints. The rest of the property types defined in section 3 are instances of this class.

3.1.2 RDFS:range

An instance of ConstraintPropertyType that is used to constrain property values. The value of a range property is always a Class. The property value of a property type whose range is A is constrained to be an instanceOf A. A property type can have at most one range property. It is possible for it to have no range, in which case, the property value could be anything.

3.1.3 RDFS:domain

An instance of ConstraintPropertyType that is used to specify a class on which a property type may be used. A property type may have zero, one or more than one class as its domain. If there is no domain property, it may be used with any resource. If there is exactly one domain property, it may only be used on instances of that class (which is the value of the domain property). If there is more than one domain property, the constrained property type can be used with instances of any of the classes (that are values of those domain properties).

4. Documentation

The following property types are provided to support simple documentation and user-interface related annotations within RDF schemas. Multilingual documentation of schemas is supported by the use of the xml:lang language tagging facility. Since RDF schemas are expressed within the RDF data model, other namespaces may be used to provider richer documentation.

4.1 RDFS:comment

This is used to provide a human readable natural language description of a resource.

4.2 RDFS:label

This is used to provide a human readable version of a resource name.

5. Model and Syntax concepts

The RDF Model and Syntax specification introduces certain concepts. These are defined formally in another namespace identified with the URI http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#. Here we describe resources corresponding to a number of these concepts.

5.1 Collections

The RDF Schema namespace includes a resource known as RDF:Collection. This is a class representing the set of collections. Collection is the super-class of the collection types Bag, Seq and Alt as defined in the RDF Model and Syntax specification.

The following will be described and added to the figures and Appendix A in a future draft.

5.2. RDFS:String

This corresponds to production 15 in section 2.2.1 of the Model and Syntax document [RDFMS].

6. Figures

Figure 1 illustrates the concepts of Class, sub-Class, and Resource. A Class is depicted by a rounded rectangle, a Resource is depicted by a large dot. In the figure below, arrows are drawn from a Resource to the Class it defines. A subClass is shown by having a rounded rectangle (the subclass) completely enclosed by another (the superclass). If a Resource is inside a Class, then there exists either an explicit or implicit "RDF:instanceOf" arc from the Resource to the Resource that defines the Class. (Those arcs are shown in figure 2).

Figure 1: Classes and Resources as Sets and Elements
Figure 1: Classes and Resources as Sets and Elements

Figure 2 shows the same information about the class hierarchy as in figure 1, but does so in terms of the RDF data model. If a class is a subset of another, then there is a RDFS:subClassOf arc from the node representing the first class to the node representing the second. Similarly, if a Resource was an instance of a Class, then there is an RDF:instanceOf arc from the resource to the node representing the class. (Not all such arcs are shown. We only show the arc to the most tightly encompassing class, and rely on the transitivity of the 'subClassOf' relation to provide the rest).

Figure 2: Class Hierarchy for the RDF Schema
Figure 2: Class Hierarchy for the RDF Schema

The RDF Schema uses the constraint property types to constrain how its own PropertyTypes can be used. These constraints are shown below in figure 3. Nodes with bold outlines are instances of RDFS:Class.

Figure 3:  Constraints in the RDF Schema
Figure 3: Constraints in the RDF Schema


7. Acknowledgements

Note: This document was prepared and approved for publication by the W3C RDF Schema Working Group (WG). WG approval of this document does not necessarily imply that all WG members voted for its approval.

David Singer of IBM is the chair of the group; we thank David for his efforts and thank IBM for supporting him and us in this endeavor.

Ron Daniel produced all the graphics for this document.

The working group membership has included:

Nick Arnett (Verity), Dan Brickley (ILRT/University of Bristol), Walter Chang (Adobe), Sailesh Chutani (Oracle), Ron Daniel (DATAFUSION), Joe Lapp (webMethods Inc.), Patrick Gannon (CommerceNet), RV Guha (Netscape), Tom Hill (Apple Computer), Renato Iannella (DSTC), Sandeep Jain (Oracle), Kevin Jones, (InterMind), Emiko Kezuka (Digital Vision Laboratories), Ora Lassila (Nokia Research Center), Andrew Layman (Microsoft), John McCarthy (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Michael Mealling (Network Solutions), Norbert Mikula (DataChannel), Eric Miller (OCLC), Frank Olken (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Sri Raghavan (Digital), Lisa Rein (webMethods Inc.), Tsuyoshi Sakata (Digital Vision Laboratories), Leon Shklar (Pencom Web Works), David Singer (IBM), Wei (William) Song (SISU), Neel Sundaresan (IBM), Ralph Swick (W3C), Naohiko Uramoto (IBM), Charles Wicksteed (Reuters Ltd.), Misha Wolf (Reuters Ltd.)

Not all of the people listed above have been members throughout the entire duration of the working group, but all have contributed to the evolution of this document.


Appendix A: XML serialization of the core RDF Schema graph

The RDF specification of the above is given below in the serialization syntax. Please note that the namespace URIs listed are examples only; formal identifiers have not yet been assigned for these schemas.

Note that there are some constraints (such as those given in 2.3.2 above) on certain RDF Schema constructs which are themselves not fully expressible in the RDF Schema specification language. For example, the RDF below does not tell us that subClassOf arcs should not form loops in any RDF graph.


<rdf:RDF
   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#"
   xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-schema#">

<rdf:Description ID="Resource">
 <rdf:instanceOf resource="#Class"/">
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Resource</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="fr">Ressource</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:comment>The most general class</RDFS:comment> 
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="instanceOf">
  <rdf:instanceOf resource="#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">instanceOf</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="fr">instanceDe</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:comment>Indicates membership of a class</rdfs:comment>
  <rdfs:range resource="#Class"/>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="comment">
  <rdf:instanceOf resource="#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">comment</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="fr">commentaire</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:domain resource="#Resource"/>
  <rdfs:comment>Use this for descriptions</rdfs:comment>
  <rdfs:range resource="#String"/>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="label">
 <rdf:instanceOf resource="#PropertyType"/>
 <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">label</rdfs:label>
 <rdfs:label xml:lang="fr">label</rdfs:label>
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Resource"/>
 <rdfs:comment>Provides a human-readable version of a resource name.</rdfs:comment>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#String"/>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Class">
  <rdf:instanceOf resource="#Class"/>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Class</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="fr">Classe</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:comment>The concept of Class</rdfs:comment>
  <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Resource"/>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="subClassOf">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">subClassOf</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="fr">sous-classeDe</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:comment>Indicates membership of a class</rdfs:comment>
  <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Class"/>
  <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Class"/>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="ConstraintPropertyType">
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">ConstraintPropertyType</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="fr">TypeDePropriétéContrainte</rdfs:label>
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="#Class"/>
  <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#PropertyType"/>
</rdf:Description>

 <rdf:Description ID="domain">
  <rdf:instanceOf resource="#ConstraintPropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">domain</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="fr">domaine</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:comment>This is how we associate a class with 
  properties that its instances can have</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="range">
  <rdf:instanceOf resource="#ConstraintPropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">range</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="fr">étendue</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:comment>Property types that can be used in a 
  schema to provide constraints</rdfs:comment>
  <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Class"/>
  <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#PropertyType"/>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="PropertyType">
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">PropertyType</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="fr">TypeDePropriété</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:comment>The concept of a property type.</rdfs:comment>
  <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Resource"/>
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="#Class"/>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="String">
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">String</rdfs:label>
  <rdfs:label xml:lang="fr">Chaîne</rdfs:label>
  <rdf:instanceOf resource="#Class"/>
  <rdfs:comment>This represents the set of atomic values that are
   strings.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

</rdf:RDF>

Appendix B: Further Examples

This section gives some brief examples of using the RDF Schema machinery to define classes and property types for some likely purposes.

Example 1

In this example, Person is a class with a corresponding description of "Class for representing people. Instances correspond to a single person." A Person is a subclass of Animal. A Person may have an age. The value of age is an integer. A Person may also have an ssn ("Social Security Number"). The value of ssn is an integer. A Person's marital status is one of {Married, Divorced, Single, Widowed}. This is achieved through use of the range constraint: we define both a property type maritalStatus and a class MaritalStatus (adopting the convention of using lower case letters to begin the names of property types, and capitals for classes). We then use RDFS:range to state that a maritalStatus property only 'makes sense' when it has a value which is an instance of the class MaritalStatus. The schema then defines a number of instances of this class. Whether resources declared to be instanceOf MaritalStatus in another graph are trusted is an application level decision; such decisions will be aided by the provisions in RDF for digital signatures.



<rdf:RDF
   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#"
   xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-schema#">

<rdfs:Class ID="Person">
  <rdfs:comment>Class for representing people. Instances 
  correspond to a single person.</rdfs:comment>
  <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.classtypes.org/useful_classes#Animal"/> 
</rdfs:Class>

<rdf:PropertyType ID="maritalStatus">
  <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#MaritalStatus"/>
  <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Person"/>
</rdf:PropertyType>

<rdf:PropertyType ID="ssn">
  <rdfs:comment>Social Security Number</rdfs:comment>
  <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.datatypes.org/useful_types#Integer"/>
  <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Person"/>
</rdf:PropertyType>

<rdf:PropertyType ID="age">
  <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.datatypes.org/useful_types#Integer"/>
  <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Person"/>
</rdf:PropertyType>

<rdfs:Class ID="MaritalStatus"/>

<MaritalStatus  ID="Married"/>
<MaritalStatus  ID="Divorced"/>
<MaritalStatus  ID="Single"/>
<MaritalStatus  ID="Widowed"/>

</rdf:RDF>

Example 2

In this example we sketch an outline of an RDF vocabulary for use with searchable Internet services. SearchQuery is a declared to be a class. Every SearchQuery must have both a queryString whose value is a String and a queryService whose value is a SearchService. A SearchService is a subclass of InternetService (which is defined elsewhere). A SearchQuery has some number of results (whose value is SearchResult). Each SearchResult has a title (value is a string), a rating (value is between 0 and 1) and of course, the page itself.

The modularity of RDF allows other vocabularies to be combined with simple schemas such as this to characterise more fully the properties of networked resources. For example, Dublin Core or a library-based classification vocabulary might be used to describe the subject coverage or collections-level properties for each SearchService, while an independently managed "search protocols" vocabulary could be used to describe connection details for (say) LDAP, WHOIS++ or Z39.50 search interfaces offered by the service. By allowing the creation of statements which draw upon specialised schemas from various domains, RDF makes it possible for communities of expertise to contribute to a decentralised web of machine-readable vocabularies.



<rdf:RDF
   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#"
   xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-schema#">

<rdfs:Class ID="SearchQuery">
  <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#Resource"/>
</rdfs:Class>

<rdfs:Class ID="SearchResult">
  <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#Resource"/>
</rdfs:Class>

<rdfs:Class ID="SearchService">
  <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.classtypes.org/useful_classes#Service"/>
</rdfs:Class>

<rdf:PropertyType ID="queryString"> 
  <rdf:domain rdf:resource="#SearchQuery"/>
  <rdf:range rdf:Resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#String"/>
</rdf:PropertyType>

<rdf:PropertyType ID="queryService">
  <rdf:domain rdf:resource="#SearchQuery"/>
  <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#SearchService">
</rdf:PropertyType>

<rdf:PropertyType ID="result">
  <rdf:domain rdf:resource="#SearchQuery"/>
  <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#SearchResult">
</rdf:PropertyType>

<rdf:PropertyType ID="queryResultPage">
  <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.datatypes.org/useful_types#WebPage"/>
</rdf:PropertyType>

<rdf:PropertyType ID="queryResultTitle">
  <rdf:domain rdf:resource="#SearchResult"/>
  <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#String"/>
</rdf:PropertyType>

<rdf:PropertyType ID="queryResultRating">
  <rdf:domain rdf:resource="#SearchResult"/>
  <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.datatypes.org/useful_types#FloatZeroToOne"/>
</rdf:PropertyType>
 
</rdf:RDF>


Appendix C: Open Issues

The following issues are currently under consideration by the RDF Schema working group, and will be covered in more detail in a future version of this document.

C.3. Alternatives for expressing cardinality

The number of distinct properties of a particular type that a resource has is defined by "Cardinality". There are a number of possible alternative mechanisms for expressing cardinality (e.g. a fixed, minimum, or maximum number, etc). While it is agreed that the expression of cardinality is necessary, the specifics of this expression are still being discussed. Currently, the RDF schema group is reviewing cardinality constraints that are expressed in both the Unified Modelling Language [UML] and the XML-Data note [XML-Data].

C.9. Thesauri and large schemas

Thesauri are a well known example of hierarchical systems for representing the relationships between concepts. The RDF Schema specification provides sufficient resources for creating machine readable representations of thesauri (and other faceted classification systems). Some practical issue for deploying these large schemas are yet to be resolved.

In particular: should it be possible to avoid requiring RDF aware user-agents to download the entire large schema across the network when dereferencing a schema URI? In particular: how, if it all, might a schema namespace URI be modified to obtain alternate forms or fragments of the schema? (one possible scenario being the use of the XML-Link [XML-Link] '|' fragment identifier).


C.11. What does a schema look like on the Web?

The RDF Schema group is currently discussing the actual representation of a schema. XML namespace mechanisms provide the ability to point to RDF Schemas. What exactly will they be pointing at? Is a RDF Schema a single document with both HTML, for human readability, and an embedded instance of RDF for machine processability? Are there multiple documents? Are there both human-readable and machine-processable portions of RDF that are handled through content negotiation?

C.12. Class Sealing

We would like to define a mechanism for 'sealing' an RDF Class, so that it becomes illegal to make certain RDF statements involving it. This is loosely analogous to the notion of 'final' classes in Java / OO programming. We might, for example, want to stop people creating subclasses of the class, or creating property types which have that class as their domain. The degree of sophistication required of the class sealing mechanism is as yet unclear: we might (for example) wish to consider the feasibility of using digital signatures in this context.

C.19. Property Value Inheritance

In order to represent the PICS generic concept, RDF Schemas need to be able to specify inheritance of property values.

C.21. Interactions with External Type Systems

The RDF Schema mechanism defines a basic type system. It was not developed to provide every imaginable capability. Instead, in the interests of simplicity and performance, it will be only as expressive as needed to meet the requirements of PICS. (Support for PICS generic capability, which we expect to be in the next public release of this document, will provide enough sophistication for most applications).

The RDF Schema mechanism will need to interact with many externally developed typing systems. There are two broad categories of such systems. The first are externally defined "primitive data types", such as IEEE floating point numbers, Integers, Boolean values, Dates and Times, etc. The second category are external "type systems", which provide features such as inheritance, type inferencing, etc.

At this time we have not even begun to consider the second category. Several factors make it difficult to decide on the appropriate interactions with the first category. RDF models are exchanged as XML document instances. The XML Working group has expressed an interest in working on the problem of data typing, to provide the ability to specify that element content should be interpreted as an integer, a date, a float, left as a string, etc. The interactions between data typing efforts in XML and RDF is currently being discussed by the W3 staff, so this document does not provide a specification for those interactions that is as firm as the specification for elements such as RDFS:Class, RDFS:subClassOf, etc.

However, it is the rough consensus of the RDF Schema WG that it would be useful to show that the current schema system can actually accommodate externally defined primitive data types. Therefore, figure 1, and the relevant portion of the text of the specification, was modified to give a provisional indication of how external types might be handled. The reader is advised that those portions of the specification are highly subject to change, even more so than the rest of this specification. All of those sections have been explicitly marked to refer to this open issue.


C.23. Context-specific constraints

In the current draft, constraints on property types (range and necessity) apply across all uses of the property type. Some user communities have expressed an interest in the ability to further constrain a property type in the context a particular class. For example, instances of Animal may have the property biologicalParent. The range of biologicalParent is Animal, i.e., the values of biologicalParent properties are instances of Animal. If we could further constrain the range of a property type in the context of a particular Class, we could express a further constraint that the range of biologicalParent in the context of Person is Person, i.e., the value of biologicalParent properties for Person has to be a Person. Feedback on this issue is solicited.

C.24. Interactions between subclassing and constraints

We believe that there are important interactions between subclassing and at least some constraints, but we do not specify these interactions.

Appendix D: Dublin Core

The following represents an initial schema for the simple Dublin Core Element Set [DC]. The following schema is for illustration purposes only; the authoritative Dublin Core Schema will be made available by the Dublin Core Initiative.

This schema is provided as the foundation for the Dublin Core semantics. It is believed to be all that is needed to serve as the foundation for future, more elaborate definitions. Future extensions are likely to specify the structure of the values of the properties, which will involve defining classes, the property types that apply to those classes, and some constraints on the property values.



<rdf:RDF
   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#"
   xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-schema#">

<rdf:Description ID="Title">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Title</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment>The name given to the resource, usually by the Creator
  or Publisher.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Creator">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Author/Creator</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment>The person or organization primarily responsible for
  creating the intellectual content of the resource. For example,
  authors in the case of written documents, artists, photographers, or
  illustrators in the case of visual resources.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Subject">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Subject</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment>The topic of the resource. Typically, subject will be
  expressed as keywords or phrases that describe the subject or
  content of the resource. The use of controlled vocabularies and
  formal classification schemes is encouraged.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Description">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Description</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment> A textual description of the content of the resource,
  including abstracts in the case of document-like objects or content
  descriptions in the case of visual resources.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Publisher">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Publisher</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment>The entity responsible for making the resource
  available in its present form, such as a publishing house, a
  university department, or a corporate entity.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Contributor">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Other Contributors</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment>A person or organization not specified in a Creator
  element who has made significant intellectual contributions to the
  resource but whose contribution is secondary to any person or
  organization specified in a Creator element (for example, editor,
  transcriber, and illustrator).</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Date">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Date</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment>A date associated with the creation or availability of
  the resource. Such a date is not to be confused with one belonging
  in the Coverage element, which would be associated with the resource
  only insofar as the intellectual content is somehow about that
  date. Recommended best practice is defined in a profile of ISO 8601
  [Date and Time Formats (based on ISO8601), W3C Technical Note,
  http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime] that includes (among others)
  dates of the forms YYYY and YYYY-MM-DD. In this scheme, for example,
  the date 1994-11-05 corresponds to November 5, 1994.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Type">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Type</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment>The category of the resource, such as home page,
  novel, poem, working paper, technical report, essay, dictionary. For
  the sake of interoperability, Type should be selected from an
  enumerated list that is currently under development in the workshop
  series.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Format">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Format</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment>The data format of the resource, used to identify the
  software and possibly hardware that might be needed to display or
  operate the resource. For the sake of interoperability, Format
  should be selected from an enumerated list that is currently under
  development in the workshop series.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Identifier">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Identifier</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment>A string or number used to uniquely identify the
  resource. Examples for networked resources include URLs and URNs
  (when implemented). Other globally-unique identifiers, such as
  International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN) or other formal names are
  also candidates for this element.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Source">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Source</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment>Information about a second resource from which the
  present resource is derived. While it is generally recommended that
  elements contain information about the present resource only, this
  element may contain a date, creator, format, identifier, or other
  metadata for the second resource when it is considered important for
  discovery of the present resource; recommended best practice is to
  use the Relation element instead.  For example, it is possible to
  use a Source date of 1603 in a description of a 1996 film adaptation
  of a Shakespearean play, but it is preferred instead to use Relation
  "IsBasedOn" with a reference to a separate resource whose
  description contains a Date of 1603. Source is not applicable if the
  present resource is in its original form.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Language">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Language</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment>The language of the intellectual content of the
  resource. Where practical, the content of this field should coincide
  with RFC 1766 [Tags for the Identification of Languages,
  http://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1766.txt ]; examples include en, de,
  es, fi, fr, ja, th, and zh.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Relation">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Relation</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment>An identifier of a second resource and its
  relationship to the present resource. This element permits links
  between related resources and resource descriptions to be
  indicated. Examples include an edition of a work (IsVersionOf), a
  translation of a work (IsBasedOn), a chapter of a book (IsPartOf),
  and a mechanical transformation of a dataset into an image
  (IsFormatOf). For the sake of interoperability, relationships should
  be selected from an enumerated list that is currently under
  development in the workshop series.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Coverage">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Coverage</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment>The spatial or temporal characteristics of the
  intellectual content of the resource. Spatial coverage refers to a
  physical region (e.g., celestial sector); use coordinates (e.g.,
  longitude and latitude) or place names that are from a controlled
  list or are fully spelled out. Temporal coverage refers to what the
  resource is about rather than when it was created or made available
  (the latter belonging in the Date element); use the same date/time
  format (often a range) [Date and Time Formats (based on ISO8601),
  W3C Technical Note, http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime] as
  recommended for the Date element or time periods that are from a
  controlled list or are fully spelled out.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description ID="Rights">
  <rdf:instanceOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax#PropertyType"/>
  <rdfs:label>Rights</rdfs:label>	
  <rdfs:comment>A rights management statement, an identifier that
  links to a rights management statement, or an identifier that links
  to a service providing information about rights management for the
  resource.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:Description>

</rdf:RDF>


Appendix E: References

[RDFMS]
Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax; http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax/
[NIAM]
G. M. Nijssen and Terry Halpin, Conceptual Schema and Relational Database Design, (Prentice Hall, Sydney:1989)
[CycL]
CycL: The CYC Representation Language; http://www.cyc.com/tech.html#cycl
[KIF]
Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF); http://logic.stanford.edu/kif/kif.html
[WF]
The Warwick Framework: A Container Architecture for Aggregating Sets of Metadata; Carl Lagoze, Clifford A. Lynch and Ron Daniel Jr.; http://cs-tr.cs.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/2.0/Describe/ncstrl.cornell/TR96-1593
[EXTWEB]
Web Architecture: Extensible Languages ; Tim Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly; http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-webarch-extlang
[PICS]
Platform for Internet Content Selection; http://www.w3.org/PICS/
[DC]
The Dublin Core initiative; http://purl.oclc.org/metadata/dublin_core
[UML]
Unified Modelling Language (UML); http://www.rational.com/uml/resources.html
[XML-Data]
XML Data; http://www.w3.org/Submission/1998/01/
[XML-Link]
XML Linking Language (XLink) http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xml-link