W3C

DeviceOrientation Event Specification

W3C Working Draft 1 December 2011

This Version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-orientation-event-20111201/
Latest Published Version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/orientation-event/
Previous version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-orientation-event-20110628/
Latest Editor's Draft:
http://dev.w3.org/geo/api/spec-source-orientation.html
Editors:
Steve Block, Google, Inc
Andrei Popescu, Google, Inc

Abstract

This specification defines several new DOM events that provide information about the physical orientation and motion of a hosting device.

Status of This Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

This document was published by the Geolocation Working Group as a Last Call Working Draft. When providing feedback, please first refer to the Editor's Draft and confirm that the issue has not been addressed already. If the issue has not been addressed, please send it to the public-geolocation@w3.org (subscribe, archives) mailing list. The Last Call period ends 15 January 2012. For a list of changes, please see the changes since the First Public Working Draft diff document.

All feedback is welcome.

Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.

Table of Contents

1 Conformance requirements

All diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative, as are all sections explicitly marked non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative.

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in the normative parts of this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119. For readability, these words do not appear in all uppercase letters in this specification. [RFC2119]

Requirements phrased in the imperative as part of algorithms (such as "strip any leading space characters" or "return false and abort these steps") are to be interpreted with the meaning of the key word ("must", "should", "may", etc) used in introducing the algorithm.

Conformance requirements phrased as algorithms or specific steps may be implemented in any manner, so long as the end result is equivalent. (In particular, the algorithms defined in this specification are intended to be easy to follow, and not intended to be performant.)

User agents may impose implementation-specific limits on otherwise unconstrained inputs, e.g. to prevent denial of service attacks, to guard against running out of memory, or to work around platform-specific limitations.

Implementations that use ECMAScript to implement the APIs defined in this specification must implement them in a manner consistent with the ECMAScript Bindings defined in the Web IDL specification, as this specification uses that specification's terminology. [WEBIDL]

The events introduced by this specification implement the Event interface defined in the DOM Level 2 Events Specification, [DOMEVENTS]. Implementations must therefore support this specification.

2 Introduction

This section is non-normative.

This specification provides several new DOM events for obtaining information about the physical orientation and movement of the hosting device. The information provided by the events is not raw sensor data, but rather high-level data which is agnostic to the underlying source of information. Common sources of information include gyroscopes, compasses and accelerometers.

The first DOM event provided by the specification, deviceorientation, supplies the physical orientation of the device, expressed as a series of rotations from a local coordinate frame.

The second DOM event provided by this specification, devicemotion, supplies the acceleration of the device, expressed in Cartesian coordinates in a coordinate frame defined in the device. It also supplies the rotation rate of the device about a local coordinate frame. Where practically possible, the event should provide the acceleration of the device's center of mass.

Finally, the specification provides a compassneedscalibration DOM event, which is used to inform Web sites that a compass being used to provide data for one of the above events is in need of calibration.

The following code extracts illustrate basic use of the events.

Registering to receive deviceorientation events:

      window.addEventListener("deviceorientation", function(event) {
          // process event.alpha, event.beta and event.gamma
      }, true);
    

A device lying flat on a horizontal surface with the top of the screen pointing West has the following orientation:

      {alpha: 90,
       beta: 0,
       gamma: 0};
    

To get the compass heading, one would simply subtract alpha from 360 degrees. As the device is turned on the horizontal surface, the compass heading is (360 - alpha).

A user is holding the device in their hand, with the screen in a vertical plane and the top of the screen pointing upwards. The value of beta is 90, irrespective of what alpha and gamma are.

A user facing a compass heading of alpha degrees is holding the device in their hand, with the screen in a vertical plane and the top of the screen pointing to their right. The orientation of the device is:

      {alpha: 270 - alpha,
       beta: 0,
       gamma: 90};
    

Showing custom UI to instruct the user to calibrate the compass:

      window.addEventListener("compassneedscalibration", function(event) {
          alert('Your compass needs calibrating! Wave your device in a figure-eight motion');
          event.preventDefault();
      }, true);
    

Registering to receive devicemotion events:

      window.addEventListener("devicemotion", function(event) {
          // Process event.acceleration, event.accelerationIncludingGravity,
          // event.rotationRate and event.interval
      }, true);
    

A device lying flat on a horizontal surface with the screen upmost has an acceleration of zero and the following value for accelerationIncludingGravity:

      {x: 0,
       y: 0,
       z: 9.81};
    

A device in free-fall, with the screen horizontal and upmost, has an accelerationIncludingGravity of zero and the following value for acceleration:

      {x: 0,
       y: 0,
       z: -9.81};
    

A device is mounted in a vehicle, with the screen in a vertical plane, the top uppermost and facing the rear of the vehicle. The vehicle is travelling at speed v around a right-hand bend of radius r. The device records a positive x component for both acceleration and accelerationIncludingGravity. The device also records a negative value for rotationRate.gamma:

      {acceleration: {x: v^2/r, y: 0, z: 0},
       accelerationIncludingGravity: {x: v^2/r, y: 0, z: 9.81},
       rotationRate: {alpha: 0, beta: 0, gamma: -v/r*180/pi} };
    

3 Scope

This section is non-normative.

This specification is limited to providing DOM events for retrieving information describing the physical orientation and motion of the hosting device. The intended purpose of this API is to enable simple use cases such as those in Section 5.1. The scope of this specification does not include providing utilities to manipulate this data, such as transformation libraries. Nor does it include providing access to low sensor data, or direct control of these sensors.

4 Description

4.1 deviceorientation Event

User agents implementing this specification must provide a new DOM event, named deviceorientation. The corresponding event must be of type DeviceOrientationEvent and must fire on the window object. Registration for, and firing of the deviceorientation event must follow the usual behavior of DOM Level 2 Events, [DOMEVENTS].

User agents must also provide an event handler IDL attribute [HTML5] named ondeviceorientation on the window object. The type of this event handler must be DeviceOrientationEvent.

    interface DeviceOrientationEvent : Event {
    readonly attribute double? alpha;
    readonly attribute double? beta;
    readonly attribute double? gamma;
    readonly attribute boolean absolute;
    void initDeviceOrientationEvent(in DOMString type,
                                    in boolean bubbles,
                                    in boolean cancelable,
                                    in double? alpha,
                                    in double? beta,
                                    in double? gamma,
                                    in boolean absolute);
    }
  

The event should fire whenever a significant change in orientation occurs. The definition of a significant change in this context is left to the implementation. In addition, when a new listener registers for the event, implementations should fire the event as soon as sufficiently fresh data is available.

The alpha, beta and gamma properties of the event must specify the orientation of the device in terms of the transformation from a coordinate frame fixed on the Earth to a coordinate frame fixed in the device. The coordinate frames must be oriented as described below.

The Earth coordinate frame is a 'East, North, Up' frame at the user's location. It has the following 3 axes, where the ground plane is tangent to the spheriod of the World Geodetic System 1984 [WGS84], at the user's location.

For a mobile device such as a phone or tablet, the device coordinate frame is defined relative to the screen in its standard orientation, typically portrait. This means that slide-out elements such as keyboards are not deployed, and swiveling elements such as displays are folded to their default position. If the orientation of the screen changes when the device is rotated or a slide-out keyboard is deployed, this does not affect the orientation of the coordinate frame relative to the device. Users wishing to detect these changes in screen orientation may be able to do so with the existing orientationchange event. For a laptop computer, the device coordinate frame is defined relative to the integrated keyboard.

The transformation from the Earth coordinate frame to the device coordinate frame must use the following system of rotations.

Rotations must use the right-hand convention, such that positive rotation around an axis is clockwise when viewed along the positive direction of the axis. Starting with the two frames aligned, the rotations are applied in the following order:

  1. Rotate the device frame around its z axis by alpha degrees, with alpha in [0, 360).

    start orientation
    Device in the initial position, with Earth (XYZ) and body (xyz) frames aligned.
    rotation about z axis
    Device rotated through angle alpha about z axis, with previous locations of x and y axes shown as x0 and y0.
  2. Rotate the device frame around its x axis by beta degrees, with beta in [-180, 180).

    rotation about x axis
    Device rotated through angle beta about new x axis, with previous locations of y and z axes shown as y0 and z0.
  3. Rotate the device frame around its y axis by gamma degrees, with gamma in [-90, 90).

    rotation about y axis
    Device rotated through angle gamma about new y axis, with previous locations of x and z axes shown as x0 and z0.

Thus the angles alpha, beta and gamma form a set of intrinsic Tait-Bryan angles of type Z-X'-Y''. [EULERANGLES] Note that this choice of angles follows mathematical convention, but means that alpha is in the opposite sense to a compass heading. It also means that the angles do not match the roll-pitch-yaw convention used in vehicle dynamics.

Implementations that are unable to provide absolute values for the three angles may instead provide values relative to some arbitrary orientation, as this may still be of utility. In this case, the absolute property must be set to false. Otherwise, the absolute property must be set to true.

Implementations that are unable to provide all three angles must set the values of the unknown angles to null. If any angles are provided, the absolute property must be set appropriately. If an implementation can never provide orientation information, the event should be fired with all properties set to null.

4.2 compassneedscalibration Event

User agents implementing this specification must provide a new DOM event, named compassneedscalibration that uses the Event interface defined in the DOM Level 2 Events specification [DOMEVENTS]. This event must fire on the window object. Registration for, and firing of the compassneedscalibration event must follow the usual behavior of DOM Level 2 Events [DOMEVENTS].

User agents must also provide an event handler IDL attribute [HTML5] named oncompassneedscalibration on the window object. The type of this event handler must be Event.

This event must be fired when the user agent determines that a compass used to obtain orientation data is in need of calibration. Furthermore, user agents should only fire the event if calibrating the compass will increase the accuracy of the data provided by the deviceorientation event.

The default action of this event should be for the user agent to present the user with details of how to calibrate the compass. The event must be cancelable, so that web sites can provide their own alternative calibration UI.

4.3 devicemotion Event

User agents implementing this specification must provide a new DOM event, named devicemotion. The corresponding event must be of type DeviceMotionEvent and must fire on the window object. Registration for, and firing of the devicemotion event must follow the usual behavior of DOM Level 2 Events, [DOMEVENTS].

User agents must also provide an event handler IDL attribute [HTML5] named ondevicemotion on the window object. The type of this event handler must be DeviceMotionEvent.

    [Callback, NoInterfaceObject]
    interface DeviceAcceleration {
    readonly attribute double? x;
    readonly attribute double? y;
    readonly attribute double? z;
    }

    [Callback, NoInterfaceObject]
    interface DeviceRotationRate {
    readonly attribute double? alpha;
    readonly attribute double? beta;
    readonly attribute double? gamma;
    }

    interface DeviceMotionEvent : Event {
    readonly attribute DeviceAcceleration? acceleration;
    readonly attribute DeviceAcceleration? accelerationIncludingGravity;
    readonly attribute DeviceRotationRate? rotationRate;
    readonly attribute double? interval;
    void initAccelerometerEvent(in DOMString type,
                                in boolean bubbles,
                                in boolean cancelable,
                                in DeviceAcceleration? acceleration,
                                in DeviceAcceleration? accelerationIncludingGravity,
                                in DeviceRotationRate? rotationRate,
                                in double? interval);
    }
  

The acceleration property must provide the acceleration of the hosting device relative to the Earth frame, expressed in the body frame, as defined in section 4.1. The acceleration must be expressed in m/s^2.

Implementations that are unable to provide acceleration data without the effect of gravity (due, for example, to the lack of a gyroscope) may instead supply the acceleration including the effect of gravity. This is less useful in many applications but is provided as a means of providing best-effort support. In this case, the accelerationIncludingGravity property must provide the acceleration of the hosting device, plus an acceleration equal and opposite to the acceleration due to gravity. Again, the acceleration must be given in the body frame defined in section 4.1 and must be expressed in m/s^2.

The rotationRate property must provide the rate of rotation of the hosting device in space. It must be expressed as the rate of change of the angles of the defined in section 4.1 and must be expressed in deg/s.

The interval property must provide the interval at which data is obtained from the underlying hardware and must be expressed in milliseconds. It must be a constant, to simplify filtering of the data by the Web application.

Implementations that are unable to provide all properties must set the values of the unknown properties to null. If an implementation can never provide motion information, the event should be fired with all properties set to null.

5 Use-Cases and Requirements

5.1 Use-Cases

5.1.1 Controlling a game

A gaming Web application monitors the device's orientation and interprets tilting in a certain direction as a means to control an on-screen sprite.

5.1.2 Gesture recognition

A Web application monitors the device's acceleration and applies signal processing in order to recognize certain specific gestures. For example, using a shaking gesture to clear a web form.

5.1.3 Mapping

A mapping Web application uses the device's orientation to correctly align the map with reality.

5.2 Requirements

5.2.1 The specification must provide data that describes the physical orientation in space of the device.

5.2.2 The specification must provide data that describes the motion in space of the device.

5.2.3 The specification must allow Web applications to register for changes in the device's orientation.

5.2.4 The specification must be agnostic to the underlying sources of orientation and motion data.

5.2.5 The specification must use the existing DOM event framework.

Worked Example

This section is non-normative.

The following worked example is intended as an aid to users of the DeviceOrientation event.

Section 2 provided an example of using the DeviceOrientation event to obtain a compass heading when the device is held with the screen horizontal. This example shows how to determine the compass heading that the user is 'facing' when holding the device with the screen approximately vertical in front of them. An application of this is an augmented-reality system.

More precisely, we wish to determine the compass heading of the horizontal component of a vector which is orthogonal to the device's screen and pointing out of the back of the screen.

If r represents this vector in the rotated device body frame xyz, then r is as follows.

The transformation of r due to the rotation about the z axis can be represented by the following rotation matrix.

The transformation of r due to the rotation about the x axis can be represented by the following rotation matrix.

The transformation of r due to the rotation about the y axis can be represented by the following rotation matrix.

If R resresents the vector r in the earth frame XYZ, then since the inital body frame is aligned with the earth, R is as follows.

The compass heading θ is given by

provided that β and γ are not both zero.

As a consistency check, if we set γ = 0, then

as expected.

Alternatively, if we set β = 90, then

as expected.

Acknowledgments

Lars Erik Bolstad, Dean Jackson, Claes Nilsson, George Percivall, Doug Turner, Matt Womer

References

[DOMEVENTS]
DOM Level 2 Events, See http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Events/
[EULERANGLES]
(Non-normative) Euler Angles, See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_angles
[HTML5]
HTML5, See http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/Overview.html
[RFC2119]
Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels, Scott Bradner. Internet Engineering Task Force, March 1997. See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt
[WEBIDL]
Web IDL, Cameron McCormack, Editor. World Wide Web Consortium, 19 December 2008. See http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL
[WGS84]
National Imagery and Mapping Agency Technical Report 8350.2, Third Edition. National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 3 January 2000. See http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/publications/tr8350.2/wgs84fin.pdf