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== CiTO Expressions mapping ==

(according to v. 1.6 of CiTO) - work in progress

'''Namespaces'''
* cito - http://purl.org/net/cito/ 
* swanci - http://purl.org/swan/1.2/citations/
* swanag - http://purl.org/swan/1.2/agents/
* foaf - http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
* sioct - http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#

'''Mappings'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|  Class in CiTO   
|  CiTO Definition
|  SWAN Definition 
|-
|  cito:Book, subclass of cito:Document 
|  A non-serial publication that is complete in one volume or a designated finite number of volumes.   A printed Manifestation of a book is often identified with an ISBN. 
| -
|}

Comment 1 - [[PaoloCiccarese| Paolo Ciccarese]] on 2010-02-20: According to http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr_2008.pdf : ''The entity defined as manifestation encompasses a wide range of materials, including manuscripts, books, periodicals, maps, posters, sound recordings, films, video recordings, CD-ROMs, multimedia kits, etc. As an entity, manifestation represents all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics, in respect to both intellectual content and physical form''. In SWAN the class swanci:Book is referring to the physical object "book". The class Citation is considered equivalent to a Manifestation Record and it is usually the range of the "cites" relationship. Also, on page 22 of the above mentioned document:
* w Harry Lindgren’s Geometric dissections
** e1 original text entitled Geometric dissections
*** m1 the book published in 1964 by Van Nostrand
* e2 revised text entitled Recreational problems in geometric diessections...
** m2 the book published in 1972 by Dover
In SWAN we usually refer to the record of the manifestation (i.e. m1 and m2) as we usually refer to a particular version/edition of the book.

A similar example is on page 24:
* w1 Ronald Hayman’s Playback
** e1 the author’s text edited for publication
*** m1 the book published in 1973 by Davis-Poynter
**** i1 copy autographed by the author   
Again in SWAN we would refer to the record of the manifestation m1.

Comment 2 - [[PaoloCiccarese| Paolo Ciccarese]] on 2010-02-20: I assume, a printed Book is manifesting through a "cito:[[PrintedDocument]]" which is the embodiment of the "cito:Book a cito:Expression" which is the expression of some kind of "cito:Work". '''Is it possible to add triples about a cito:Book example'''?

Response 1 - [http://www.zoo.ox.ac.uk/staff/academics/shotton_dm.htm David Shotton] on 2010-03-04, with triples describing cito:Book examples amended 2010-03-30 to include correct relationship (cito:isRealizationOf) between cito:Expression and cito:Work:

This is an important point to clarify, and is particularly difficult to grasp because we all too readily associate the term "book" with the familiar object by our bedside.  However, as Barbara Tillett of the Library of Congress explains in her paper [http://www.loc.gov/cds/downloads/FRBR.PDF "What is FRBR"], the word has different meanings according to context:  

"For example, when we say “book” to describe a physical object that has paper pages and a binding and can sometimes be
used to prop open a door or hold up a table leg, FRBR calls this an “item.”

"When we say “book” we also may mean a “publication” as when we go to a bookstore to purchase a book. We may know its
ISBN but the particular copy does not matter as long as it’s in good condition and not missing pages. FRBR calls this a “manifestation.”

"When we say “book” as in ‘who translated that book,’ we may have a particular text in mind and a specific language. FRBR calls this an “expression.”

"When we say “book” as in ‘who wrote that book,’ we could mean a higher level of abstraction, the conceptual content that underlies all of the linguistic versions, the story being told in the book, the ideas in a person’s head for the book. FRBR calls this a “work.”

Consider the text book Alberts ''et al''. (2008) '''''The Molecular Biology of the Cell''''', 5th Edition, Garland Science:

This text has undergone such extensive modification and changes in authorship through its five editions that each edition is arguably worthy to be considered a separate Work, despite being recognisably related to previous editions.  Leaving that discussion aside as irrelevant to the point in hand, we can agree that the Fifth Edition went through various versions as the authors revised it, until they and their Garland editor finally agreed on the version that would be published.  These versions were different Expressions of the Fifth Edition, of which the final one became the published 'Version of Record'.  This English version of the 5th Edition was then published by Garland Press in several Manifestations:

* The hardback manifestation, with ISBN 978-0-8153-4105-5; 
* The softback manifestation, with ISBN 978-0-8153-4106-2; 
* The on-line manifestation.

(Garland have not yet released the 5th Edition on-line, but one can imagine its existence, since the 4th Edition is available on-line at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4).

A Japanese translation of this Fifth Edition would constitute a further Expression, with its own separate Manifestations.

When an English speaker cites the text book Alberts ''et al''. (2008) '''''The Molecular Biology of the Cell''''', 5th Edition, I contend that the person intends to cite the  'Version of Record', i.e. the published Expression, with no concern as to whether it is in its hardback or its paperback Manifestation.  Since citations to print documents are made to the Expressions not Manifestations, CiTO does not bother to categorize extensive differentiation between various forms of manifestation - e.g. hardback or paperback - since these are irrelevant to the process of citation.

Thus in CiTO, `cito:Book` is indeed a `cito:Expression`, which can be manifested as a `cito:[[PrintDocument]]` (hardback or paperback) or as a `cito:[[ElectronicDocument]]` (an on-line version).  

However the range of `cito:cites` is not constrained to Expressions, since one also needs to cite items in the electronic world, e.g. web pages, where the distinction between Expressions and Manifestations becomes blurred.

Two simplified examples of book citations from the [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228.x004 RDF-CiTO-encoded reference list] of our semantically enhanced version of Reis ''et al'' (2008). Impact of Environment and Social Gradient on Leptospira Infection in Urban Slums. ''PLoS Negl Trop Dis'' '''2'''(4): e228. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228.x001 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228.x001] (in N3 format): 


<pre><nowiki>
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228>              

#41 
    cito:cites <http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/3041.html> ;
    cito:usesDataFrom <http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/3041.html> ;

#42 
    cito:cites <http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/2993.html> ;
    cito:usesDataFrom <http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/2993.html> ;
.

#41
<http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/3041.html>
    dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Jackson WB (1982). Norway rat and allies. In: Chapman JA, Feldhamer GA, editors. Wild mammals of North America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1077-1088.";
    dcterms:issued "1982";
    cito:isCitedBy <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228> ;
    cito:isRealizationOf cito:ReferenceWork ; # work
    rdf:type cito:Book; # expression
    cito:isEmbodiedIn cito:PrintObject ; # manifestation
.

#42
<http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/2993.html>
    dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Nowak RM (1991). Walker's mammals of the world. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.";
    dcterms:issued "1991";
    cito:isCitedBy <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228> ;
    cito:isRealizationOf cito:ReferenceWork ; # work
    rdf:type cito:Book; # expression
    cito:isEmbodiedIn cito:PrintObject ; # manifestation  
.

</nowiki></pre>


(Actually, the published CiTO reference list does not contain the statements 
`cito:isEmbodiedIn cito:PrintObject ; # manifestation` 
because of their irrelevance to the citation, but I have added them here for completeness.)

Note that the definition of `cito:Book` has been revised in CiTO v1.6, to acknowledge that it is the ''manifestations'' of books that are given ISBNs, that can vary between hardback and paperback, and between countries, not the expressions themselves.

/end of Response 1

Comment in response to Response 1 - [[PaoloCiccarese| Paolo Ciccarese]] on 2010-03-14:

This snippet:

<pre><nowiki>
#42
<http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/2993.html>
    dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Nowak RM (1991). Walker's mammals of the world. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.";
    dcterms:issued "1991";
    cito:isCitedBy <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228> ;
    rdf:type cito:ReferenceWork ; # work
    rdf:type cito:Book; # expression
    rdf:type cito:PrintDocument; # manifestation
.
</nowiki></pre>


should be according to CiTO 1.5:


<pre><nowiki>
#42
<http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/2993.html>
    dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Nowak RM (1991). Walker's mammals of the world. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.";
    dcterms:issued "1991";
    cito:isCitedBy <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228> ;
    rdf:type cito:ReferenceWork ; # work
    cito:isARealizationOf  cito:Book; # expression
    cito:isEmbodiedIn cito:PrintDocument; # manifestation
.
</nowiki></pre>


David Shotton agrees through personal communication, and subsequently (2010-03-30) changed it in his Response 1 above.

/end of Comment to Response 1

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|  Class in CiTO   
|  CiTO Definition
|  SWAN Definition 
|-
|  cito:BookSection, sub-class of cito:Document 
|  A defined section of a book, such as a preface, chapter or index, usually with a separate title or number. 
| -
|-
| cito:BookChapter, sub-class of cito:BookSection
| A defined chapter of a book, usually with a separate title or number.   
| swanci:[[BookChapter]], sub-class of swanci:Citation
|-
|  cito:ConferencePaper, sub-class of cito:Document 
|  A Research Paper, Review, Report or other work presented at a conference, seminar, symposium, workshop or similar event.
| - 
|-
|  cito:ConferencePoster, sub-class of cito:Document
|  A poster submitted for acceptance to and/or presented at a conference, seminar, symposium, workshop or similar event. 
| - 
|-
|  cito:ConferenceProceedings, sub-class of cito:Document 
|  A publication containing the programme and collected Conference Papers presented at a conference, seminar, symposium, workshop or similar event, or their Abstracts. 
| - 
|-
|  cito:Database, sub-class of cito:Expression 
|  A structured collection of logically related records or data stored and retrieved using computer-based means. 
| - 
|-
|  cito:Document, sub-class of cito:Expression
|  An Expression of a Work conveying a body of information primarily in textual form.  A Document may contain one or more Figures and Tables in addition to text.
| - 
|}

Comment 3 - [[PaoloCiccarese| Paolo Ciccarese]] on 2010-02-20: the term ''Document'' has been used in several ontologies and I believe the most popular - even if underdefined - version is the foaf one which seems having a wider scope. 

Response 3 - [[DavidShotton| David Shotton]] on 2010-03-30:  Yes, the FOAF definition of 'document': "The Document class represents those things which are, broadly conceived, 'documents'.", as well as being a circular argument, is indeed completely generic.  If I conceive of my dog as a document, it is by this definition a foaf:Document.  I am not sure I consider this lack of definition particularly helpful.  However, clearly cito:Document does not contradict the FOAF definition.  The question is how best to model this relationship.  owl:sameAs is too strong, since it implies logical entailments - e.g. since cito:Document is a cito:Expression, it would force foaf:Document also to be a cito:Expression, which it clearly is not.  One possibility would be to make cito:Document a sub-class of foaf:Document.

Comment 8 - [[PaoloCiccarese| Paolo Ciccarese]] on 2010-02-20: '''Is the difference between a cito:Document and a cito:[[WebDocument]] given by where the document has been originated?'''. I feel 'textual form' can be anything [http://welkin.googlecode.com/svn/branches/welkin-jena/README.txt txt], html a [http://welkin.googlecode.com/svn/branches/welkin-jena/src/edu/mit/simile/welkin/ModelCharter.java java class]...

Response 3 - [[DavidShotton| David Shotton]] on 2010-03-30:  The use of the class name "WebDocument" in a cito:1.5 was confusing, and has been removed in CiTO v1.6.  The parent class has been renamed from cito:WebInformationObject (CiTO v1.5) to cito:WebContent (CiTO v1.6).

Comment 9 - [[PaoloCiccarese| Paolo Ciccarese]] on 2010-02-20: '''Is it possible to give an example of usage of the class cito:Document and cito:[[WebDocument]]?'''

Response 9 - [[DavidShotton| David Shotton]] on 2010-03-30:  See Response 3 above.

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|  Class in CiTO   
|  CiTO Definition
|  SWAN Definition 
|-
| cito:GrantApplicationDocument, sub-class of cito:Document 
| An Expression of a Grant Application. (Usually associated with a Case For Support Document.)
| - 
|-
| cito:Manuscript, sub-class of cito:Document
| A textual Work prepared by hand, such as a typescript or word-processed pre-publication draft of a Research Paper or a Report, or a Work not otherwise reproduced in multiple copies. [cito:Manuscript is not intended to describe a handwritten historical document on paper or parchment, for which the distinction between Expression, Manifestation and Copy becomes blurred.]
| swanci:Manuscript 
|-
| cito:PatentDocument, sub-class of cito:Document
| The physical or electronic Expression of a Patent. 
| - 
|-
| cito:Preprint, sub-class of cito:Document 
| An author's original scholarly work as submitted to and/or accepted by a Journal for publication.  [For the version of the article published by the Journal and forming the 'version of record', use cito:JournalArticle.  See also cito:Manuscript.] 
| - 
|-
| cito:Email, sub-class of cito:Document 
| A Personal Communication transmitted as an item of electronic mail, typically based on the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). 
| - 
|-
| cito;Figure, sub-class of cito:Expression 
| A visual communication object comprising one or more StillImages on a related theme.  If included within a publication, a Figure is typically unaligned with the main body of text, having its own descriptive textual figure legend.
| - 
|}

Comment 10 - [[PaoloCiccarese| Paolo Ciccarese]] on 2010-02-21: '''Is it possible to give a CiTO example related to Figure?'''

Response 10 - [[DavidShotton| David Shotton]] on 2010-03-30:  I might wish to cite [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228.g003 the original Fig. 3] of Reis et al. (2008) in order to compare it with our [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228.g003.x001 interactive version of Fig.3]. 

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|  Class in CiTO   
|  CiTO Definition
|  SWAN Definition 
|-
| cito:Presentation, sub-class of cito:Expression
| A set of images of text and/or pictures used when communicating ideas or research results to an audience at a meeting, conference, symposium, seminar, lecture, workshop or other gatherings.
| - 
|-
| cito:Letter, sub-class of cito:Document
| A Personal Communication of a personal or professional nature between individuals and/or representatives of corporate bodies, typically in written or printed form and usually transmitted by the postal service or published in a Periodical.  In the latter case, the letter is typically addressed to the editor and comments on or discussed an item previously published by that periodical, or of interest to its readership.
| -
|-
| cito:Periodical, sub-class of cito:Expression 
| A publication issued on a regular and ongoing basis, each issue comprising separate Editorials, Articles, News Items and/or other writings.
| -
|-
| cito:Journal, sub-class of cito:Periodical
| A scholarly Periodical primarily devoted to the publication of original Research Papers. 
| swanci:Journal a swanci:PublicationEnvironment|
|-
| cito:Newspaper, sub-class of cito:Periodical
| A non-peer reviewed Periodical, usually published daily or weekly, consisting primarily of Editorials and News Items concerning current or recent events and matters of public interest. 
| swanci:Newspaper, sub-class of swanci:PublicationEnvironment
|-
| cito:Magazine, sub-class of cito:Periodical
| A periodical, usually devoted to a particular topic or domain of interest, and usually published weekly or monthly, consisting primarily of  non-peer reviewed Editorials, journalistic NewsItems and more substantive Articles, Reviews, BookReviews and Discussions concerning current or recent events and publications, and matters of interest to the domain served by the Magazine.  [Some scientific Journals, notably "Science" and "Nature", also secondarily serve as science magazines by containing substantive editorials and news reports on vital or controversial issues]. 
| swanci:Magazine, sub-class of swanci:PublicationEnvironment
|-
| cito:PeriodicalIssue, sub-class of cito:Document 
| A particular issue of a Periodical, identified and distinguished from other issues of the same publication by date and/or issue number and/or volume number, and comprising separate Editorials, Articles, NewsItems and/or other writings. 
| -
|-
| cito:JournalIssue, sub-class of cito:PeriodicalIssue
| A particular published  issue of a Journal, one or more of which will constitute a volume of the Journal. 
| -
|-
| cito:NewspaperIssue, sub-class of cito:PeriodicalIssue
| A particular published  issue of a Newspaper, identified by date, and sometimes also by place or time (e.g. "Late London Edition"). 
| - 
|-
| cito:MagazineIssue, sub-class of cito:PeriodicalIssue 
| A particular published  issue of a Magazine, identified by date, and sometimes also by place (e.g. "European edition") or language (e.g. "Spanish edition").
| - 
|-
| cito:PeriodicalItem, sub-class of cito:Document
| A piece of writing published in a Periodical, typically accompanied by other items by different authors.
| -
|-
| cito:Editorial, sub-class of cito:PeriodicalItem
| The Opinions of an editor expressed in a published Periodical Issue. 
| - 
|-
| cito:JournalItem, sub-class of cito:PeriodicalItem 
| An item in scholarly Journal, for example an Editorial, News Item,  Research Paper or Review. 
| swanci:JournalNews, sub-class of swanci:Citation; swanci:JournalComment, sub-class of swanci:Citation
|-
| cito:JournalArticle, sub-class of cito:JournalItem
| A Research Paper, Opinion, Proposition or Review published in a scholarly Journal.
| swanci:JournalArticle, sub-class of swanci:Citation
|-
| cito:NewspaperArticle, sub-class of cito:PeriodicalItem
| An article written by a journalist and published in a Newspaper.
| swanci:NewspaperArticle, sub-class of swanci:Citation 
|-
| cito:MagazineArticle, sub-class of cito:PeriodicalItem
| An article published in a Magazine, that is typically not peer-reviewed. 
| swanci:MagazineArticle, sub-class of swanci:Citation
|}

Comment 4 - [[PaoloCiccarese| Paolo Ciccarese]] on 2010-02-20: In the SWAN ontology we have swanci:[[NewspaperNews]] and swanci:[[NewspaperComment]] that would probably fit in something like cito:[[NewspaperItem]] - similar to cito:[[JournalItem]]. '''Given the absence of this element how would be possible to model the two SWAN classes in CiTO?'''

Response 4 -  [[DavidShotton| David Shotton]] on 2010-03-30:  
swanci:NewspaperNews rdfs:subClassOf cito:NewspaperItem and 
swanci:NewspaperComment rdfs:subClassOf cito:NewspaperItem
might work, but what are your swanci classes sub-classes of in SWAN.  Is your swanci:NewspaperComment different from cito:Editorial?

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|  Class in CiTO   
|  CiTO Definition
|  SWAN Definition 
|-
|  cito:Software, sub-class of cito:Expression; 
|  A computer program in source or compiled form, employing one or more Algorithms to execute a particular task. 
| -
|}

Comment 5 - [[PaoloCiccarese| Paolo Ciccarese]] on 2010-02-20: even if they share the same class name, the foaf:Software class is referring to a software Agent that can perform some kind of task, while the cito:Software is more the software as expression of a work. In SWAN we currently use the first one to declare, for instance, that a text mining task has been performed by a specific software. It is possible we are going to need the second one in a near future. 

Response 5 -  [[DavidShotton| David Shotton]] on 2010-03-30: The foaf:Agent class includes software as a possible agent, but there is no foaf:Software class.  cito:Software is a general term to mean an Expression of one or more algorithms that do things, and could be used for a text mining task.

Comment to response 5 - [[PaoloCiccarese| Paolo Ciccarese]] on 2010-04-29: In the module SWAN Agents we extended the FOAF ontology with several things including '''swanagents:Software''' as subclass of '''foaf:Agent'''. Some properties have been defined for it.

Comment 6 - [[PaoloCiccarese| Paolo Ciccarese]] on 2010-02-20: Is it possible to better explain the relationship between cito:Software and cito:File? I assume a software is ultimately composed by one or more files. 

Response 6 -  [[DavidShotton| David Shotton]] on 2010-03-30: The cito:File class has been deleted.  cito:Software can be manifested as a cito:ComputerFile.

Comment to response 6 - [[PaoloCiccarese| Paolo Ciccarese]] on 2010-04-29: Even with cito:ComputerFile the problem persists. A Software can be composed by several files.

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|  Class in CiTO   
|  CiTO Definition
|  SWAN Definition 
|-
|  cito:Spreadsheet, sub-class of cito:Expression 
|  An electronic form of data storage that displays a grid of rows and columns, in which each cell can contain alphanumeric text, a numeric value, or a formula that defines how the content of that cell is to be calculated from the content of any other cell or cells.
| - 
|}

Comment 7 - [[PaoloCiccarese| Paolo Ciccarese]] on 2010-02-20: '''Is it possible to better explain the relationship between cito:Spreadsheet and cito:File?''' In the definition is saying it is a file but it is not categorized as such in the ontology.

Response 7 -  [[DavidShotton| David Shotton]] on 2010-03-30: The cito:File class has been deleted.  


{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|  Class in CiTO   
|  CiTO Definition
|  SWAN Definition 
|-
| cito:Table, sub-class of cito:Expression 
| A graphical means of presenting data in a grid of rows and columns, within which the cells usually contain alphanumeric text or numeric values.  If included within a publication, a table typically appearing unaligned with the main body of text, with its own descriptive title.
| -
|-
|  cito:WebContent, sub-class of cito:Expression; 
|  Information prepared specifically and primarily for manifestation in a WebPage, comprising Text, Images, Tables and/or other Works.
| -
|- 
| cito:WikiEntry, sub-class of cito:WebContent
| Information manifested in a Wiki, a type of WebPage that enables easy editing, usually maintained collaboratively by a project team, group or community to accumulate related information for shared use by the group, and for publication.
| sioct:WikiArticle
|-
| cito:BlogEntry, sub-class of cito:WebContent
| Information manifested in a Blog, a type of WebPage comprising  periodic sequential entries containing commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as images or videos, usually displayed in reverse-chronological order and usually maintained by an individual.
| sioct:BlogPost 
|}