Tagged PDF documents
This technique relates to:
See PDF Technology Notes for information on user agent and assistive technology support.
The intent of this technique is to ensure that users can navigate through content in a logical order that is consistent with the meaning of the content. Correct tab and reading order is typically accomplished using a tool for authoring PDF.
For sighted users, the logical order of PDF content is also the visual order on the screen. For keyboard and assistive technology users, the tab order through content, including interactive elements (form fields and links), determines the order in which these users can navigate the content. The tab order must reflect the logical order of the document.
Logical structure is created when a document is saved as tagged PDF. The reading order of a PDF document is the tag order of document elements, including interactive elements.
If the reading order is not correct, keyboard and assistive technology users may not be able to understand the content. For example, some documents use multiple columns, and the reading order is clear visually to sighted users as flowing from the top to the bottom of the first column, then to the top of the next column. But if the document is not properly tagged, a screen reader may read the document from top to bottom, across both columns, interpreting them as one column.
The simplest way to ensure correct reading order is to structure the document correctly in the authoring tool used to create the document, before conversion to tagged PDF. Note, however, that pages with complex layouts with graphics, tables, footnotes, side-bars, form fields, and other elements may not convert to tagged PDF in the correct reading order. These inconsistencies must then be corrected with repair tools such as Acrobat Pro.
When a PDF document containing form fields has a correct reading order, all form fields are contained in the tab order in the appropriate order, and in the correct order relative to other content in the PDF. Common tab-order errors include:
Form fields missing from the tagged content.
Form fields in the wrong location in the PDF content; e.g., at the end of non-interactive content.
This example is shown with Microsoft Word. There are other software tools that perform similar functions. See the list of other software tools in PDF Authoring Tools that Provide Accessibility Support.
Multi-column documents created using Word's Page Layout > Columns... tool typically are in the correct reading order when converted to tagged PDF. The image below shows Word's Columns tool.
This example is shown in operation in the working example of 2-column document using Word 2007 (Word file) and working example of 2-column document using Word 2007 (PDF file).
This example is shown with OpenOffice.org Writer. There are other software tools that perform similar functions. See the list of other software tools in PDF Authoring Tools that Provide Accessibility Support.
Multi-column documents created using OpenOffice.org Writer's Format > Columns... tool typically are in the correct reading order when converted to tagged PDF. The image below shows Writer's Columns tool.
This example is shown in operation in the working example of 2-column document using OpenOffice Writer (OpenOffice file) and working example of 2-column document using OpenOffice Writer (PDF file).
This example is shown with Adobe Acrobat Pro. There are other software tools that perform similar functions. See the list of other software tools in PDF Authoring Tools that Provide Accessibility Support.
In a tagged PDF document:
Open the Pages panel by either:
Clicking the Pages icon 
Or selecting View > Navigation Panels > Pages
Select one or more page thumbnails.
Access the context menu for the selected thumbnail(s) and select Page Properties...
Select the Tab Order tab in the Page Properties dialog.
If needed, select a tab order option:
| Option | Description |
|---|---|
| Use Row Order | Tabs from the upper left field, moving first left to right and then down, one table row at a time. |
| Use Column Order | Tabs from the upper left field, moving first from top to bottom and then across from left to right, one table column at a time. |
| Use Document Structure | For tagged documents, moves in the tag order specified by
the authoring application.
Note: This is usually the correct reading order and will be selected by default for tagged documents. |
| Unspecified | If the document was created using an earlier version of Acrobat Pro, the tab order is Unspecified by default. With this setting, form fields are tabbed through first, followed by links and then comments ordered by row. This may not be correct reading order. |
This example is shown in operation in the working example of setting the tab order (Word file) and working example of setting the tab order (PDF file).
This example is shown with Adobe Acrobat Pro. There are other software tools that perform similar functions. See the list of other software tools in PDF Authoring Tools that Provide Accessibility Support.
To quickly check the reading order of your PDF document, use the Reflow view in Adobe Acrobat Pro as follows:
View > Zoom > Reflow
If the tagged PDF does not reflow in the correct reading order, you can use the authoring tool to repair reading order problems and re-convert the document to tagged PDF. If you do not have access to the original document and authoring tool, you can use the Order panel in the TouchUp Reading Order tool to resolve reading order problems (see Examples 3 and 4).
The following image shows a 2-column document converted to tagged PDF.
The following image shows the same 2-column document in reflow view.
This example is shown with Adobe Acrobat Pro. There are other software tools that perform similar functions. See the list of other software tools in PDF Authoring Tools that Provide Accessibility Support.
To display the reading order of a document:
Advanced > Accessibility > Touch Up Reading Order...
Select the Show Order Panel button
In the TouchUp Reading Order tool, make sure the Show Page Content Order check box is checked. Each section of contiguous page content appears as a separate highlighted region and is numbered according to its placement in the reading order.
Note in the following image, the required-field text precedes the header in the reading order: it should follow the header. These are items 6 and 7 in the content order. Example 6 shows how to repair the order.
This example is shown with Adobe Acrobat Pro. There are other software tools that perform similar functions. See the list of other software tools in PDF Authoring Tools that Provide Accessibility Support.
To correct the reading order in Example 5, use the Order panel:
Either:
Drag-and-drop the header to precede the required-field text, or
Cut-and-paste the text to follow the header.
In the following image, the reading order is correct for the text and header. That is, the content elements numbered 6 and 7 have been switched into the correct reading order.
After this correction all content is in the correct reading order: the text preceding the form, the form fields, and the text following the form. Users can navigate from the text into and out of the form fields, in the correct order.
Note: Reordering content with the Order panel is most appropriate for simple text content within a PDF since modifications made with the order panel can affect not only the reading order but the underlying structure of content contained within the PDF. This may impact the z-order for content on a page, including making some content become hidden behind other content. Authors should save their work before using the order panel and verify that the changes do not have adverse effects on the document.
This example is shown with Adobe Acrobat Pro. There are other software tools that perform similar functions. See the list of other software tools in PDF Authoring Tools that Provide Accessibility Support (http://trace.wisc.edu/wcag_wiki/index.php?title=PDF_Technology_Notes).
To correct the reading order in Example 5, use the Tags panel, and either
Drag-and-drop the H1 tag to precede the required-field text
(tagged H2), or
Cut-and-paste the H2 tag to follow the H1 tag.
In the following image, the reading order is correct for the text and
header. That is, the content elements H1 and H2 have been switched
into the correct reading order.
Resources are for information purposes only, no endorsement implied.
Section 14.8 (Tagged PDF) in PDF 1.7 (ISO 32000-1)
Verify that the content is in the correct reading order by one of the following:
Read the PDF document with a screen reader or a tool that reads aloud, listening to hear that each element is read in the correct order.
Reflow the pages and visually inspect the reading order.
Use a tool that exposes the document through the accessibility API, and verify that the reading order is correct.
Verify that the tab order is correct for focusable content by one of the following:
Use the tab key to traverse the focus order in the document.
Use a tool that is capable of showing the page object entry that specifies the tab order setting to open the PDF document and view the setting.
#1 and Check #2 are true.
If this is a sufficient technique for a success criterion, failing this test procedure does not necessarily mean that the success criterion has not been satisfied in some other way, only that this technique has not been successfully implemented and can not be used to claim conformance.
Techniques are informative—that means they are not required. The basis for determining conformance to WCAG 2.0 is the success criteria from the