Abstract

This document summarizes the text composition requirements in the Chinese writing system. One of the goals of the task force is to describe the issues in the Chinese layout requirements, another one is to provide satisfactory equivalent to the current standards (i.e. Unicode), also to promote vendors to implement those relevant features correctly.

本文整理了中文(汉字)书写系统在排版上的需求。一方面说明需求事项以明确描述中文排版的需求与问题;另一方面也提出了与现有标准(如Unicode)的对应,希望本文能对实际操作起到有效的指导作用。

本文書整理了中文(漢字)書寫系統於排版上的需求。一方面說明需求事項以明確描述中文排版之需求與問題;另一方面也提出與既有標準(如萬國碼)的對應,冀求本文更能有效地促進實作。

Status of This Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at https://www.w3.org/TR/.

This document was created by the Chinese Layout Task Force within the W3C Internationalization Interest Group, and in collaboration with the W3C HTML5 Chinese Interest Group. The Internationalization Working Group has been a great help during the writing of this document. The Chinese Layout Task Force will work with Internationalization Working Group to publish Working Drafts of this document, and to widen the exposure and review of the document.

本文档由W3C国际化兴趣组下设的中文布局任务小组 编写而成,W3C HTML5中文兴趣组为本文档提供了审阅支持,W3C国际化工作组为文档的编写提供了诸多的帮助。中文版式布局任务小组将与W3C国际化工作组联合发布该文档的工作草案,并邀请业界进行审阅。

本文档由W3C国际化兴趣组下设的中文布局任务小组 编写而成,W3C HTML5中文兴趣组为本文档提供了审阅支持,W3C国际化工作组为文档的编写提供了诸多的帮助。中文版式布局任务小组将与W3C国际化工作组联合发布该文档的工作草案,并邀请业界进行审阅。

Note

Sending comments on this document

If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please raise them as github issues. Only send comments by email if you are unable to raise issues on github (see links below). All comments are welcome.

To make it easier to track comments, please raise separate issues or emails for each comment, and point to the section you are commenting on  using a URL for the dated version of the document.

发表对本文档的建议

如果你对/TR下最新版本的文档有任何建议和反馈,请把您的想法整理发布为 github issues。若您觉得在GitHub上提出issues比较困难,也可以邮件形式进行反馈(请参考下面的链接)。您的任何建议对本文档都很可贵。

为便于跟踪您所反馈的问题,请为您所提出的每一个意见点单独成立一个issue或者邮件,并在其中明确指出您所谈到的章节序号和您所阅读的日期版本的URL。

发表对本文档的建议

如果你对/TR下最新版本的文档有任何建议和反馈,请把您的想法整理发布为 github issues。若您觉得在GitHub上提出issues比较困难,也可以邮件形式进行反馈(请参考下面的链接)。您的任何建议对本文档都很可贵。

为便于跟踪您所反馈的问题,请为您所提出的每一个意见点单独成立一个issue或者邮件,并在其中明确指出您所谈到的章节序号和您所阅读的日期版本的URL。

本章节描述了本文档的发布状态。其它更新版本可能会覆盖本文档。W3C的文档列表和最新版本可通过W3C技术报告索引访问。

以编辑草稿方式发布的文档还没有通过W3C会员流程的认可。这是一份文档草稿并且会被不断更新。请暂时不要正式引用本文档。

本文档遵循W3C专利政策(5 February 2004)。W3C为工作组的产出成果维护着一份公开专利披露列表,此页面也同时涵盖了专利披露说明。若个人发现其有包含必须声明的专利信息,必须按照W3C专利政策第六章节披露此信息。

本文档遵循W3C流程文档(1 August 2014)。

本章节描述了本文档的发布状态。其它更新版本可能会覆盖本文档。W3C的文档列表和最新版本可通过W3C技术报告索引访问。

以编辑草稿方式发布的文档还没有通过W3C会员流程的认可。这是一份文档草稿并且会被不断更新。请暂时不要正式引用本文档。

本文档遵循W3C专利政策(5 February 2004)。W3C为工作组的产出成果维护着一份公开专利披露列表,此页面也同时涵盖了专利披露说明。若个人发现其有包含必须声明的专利信息,必须按照W3C专利政策第六章节披露此信息。

本文档遵循W3C流程文档(1 August 2014)。

This document was published by the Internationalization Core Working Group as a Working Draft. If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to public-i18n-cjk@w3.org (subscribe, archives). All comments are welcome.

Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy. The group does not expect this document to become a W3C Recommendation. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.

This document is governed by the 1 September 2015 W3C Process Document.

1. Introduction 绪论 緒論

1.1 Basic Features of Chinese Script 中文排版的主要特色 中文排版的主要特色

Chinese composition exhibits several differences from other writing systems. The major features include:

中文排版有别于其它书写体系,主要特点如下:

中文排版有別於其他書寫體系,主要特色在於以下各點:

  1. There are two written scripts in Chinese, using traditional and simplified characters. Apart from the differences between glyphs and strokes, the composition rules can be different as well.

    中文版本分为繁体字版本和简体字版本,两者除文字字形、笔画多少等差异外,各项排版规则也有所区别。

    中文分為繁體字與簡體字,兩者除文字字形、筆畫多寡等差異外,各項排版規則也有所區別。

  2. There are two writing modes: vertical and horizontal. The former is often seen in Traditional Chinese publications.

    中文的书写方向有直排及横排两种,其中,前者多见于繁体中文出版物。

    中文的書寫方向有直排及橫排二種,其中,前者多見於繁體中文出版品。

  3. In principal, the characters, including Chinese (hanzi) characters and punctuation, used in Chinese composition are squares with the ratio of 1:1, and are seamlessly arranged with one another.

    原则上,中文排版所使用的汉字和标点符号的比例皆为1:1的正方形,将其无缝隙并列排成版面。

    原則上,中文排版所使用的漢字與標點符號之比例皆為1:1的正方形,將其無縫隙並列排成版面。

1.2 Purpose of this document 目的 本文書之目的

Each cultural community has its own language, script and writing system. The transfer of each writing system into cyberspace is a task with very high importance for information and communication technology.

每一个文化群体都拥有独自的语言、文字、书写系统。对文化资产的承继而言,将个别书写系统在虚拟空间再现,是信息传播技术的重要责任。

每一個文化群體都擁有獨自的語言、文字、書寫系統。將個別書寫系統得以在虛擬空間再現,對文化資產的承繼而言,是資訊傳播技術的重要責任。

As one of the basic work items of this task force, this document summarizes the text composition requirements in the Chinese writing system. One of the goals of the task force is to describe the issues in Chinese layout requirements, another is to provide satisfactory equivalents to the current standards (i.e. Unicode), and another is to prompt vendors to implement those relevant features correctly.

作为实现这个责任的基础,本文整理了中文(汉字)书写系统在排版上的需求。一方面说明需求事项以明确描述中文排版的需求与问题;另一方面也提供与现有标准(如Unicode)的对应,希望能本文能对实际操作起到有效地指导作用。

作為實現這個責任的基礎,本文書整理了中文(漢字)書寫系統於排版上的需求。一方面說明需求事項以明確描述中文排版之需求與問題;另一方面也提供與既有標準(如萬國碼)的對應,冀求透過本文書能在實作層級更能有效地促進實現。

1.3 How This Document Was Created 撰写方针 本文件之撰寫方針

1.3.1 Languages Used in this Document 本文档所使用的中文语言 本文档所使用的中文语言

This document was developed by people working in both Simplified and Traditional Chinese. We very much appreciate the contributions of the editors and collaborators from different linguistic backgrounds, and their willingness to collaborate across linguistic boundaries. In this early version of the Working Draft, the version of the script used for the Chinese text depends on the person who contributed the text. We expect to create separate translations of the Chinese text in future versions of this document, but at this early stage the original contributions are kept as is to enable rapid development of the text.

文档的作者包含繁体中文使用者和简体中文使用者。我们感谢来自不同语言文化背景的编辑们和合作者们对本文档的贡献,并对他们跨越文化差异、共同致力完善本文档的美好愿景表示钦佩。在本工作草稿的早期阶段,文中汉语所使用的版本取决于贡献此内容的编写者。未来的版本会逐步改善整理此混合文本,但在本阶段,原始文本将被保留以快速完成和修正本文档。

本文档的作者包含繁体中文使用者和简体中文使用者。我們感謝來自不同語言文化背景的編輯們和合作者們對本文檔的貢獻,並對他們跨越文化差異、共同致力完善本文檔的美好願景表示欽佩。 在本工作草稿的早期阶段,文中汉语所使用的版本取决于贡献此内容的编写者。未来的版本会逐步改善整理此混合文本,但在本阶段,原始文本将被保留以快速完成和修正本文档。

You can view the document in a single language using the buttons at the top right of the window.

您可通过本页面右上方的按钮选择阅读文档的单一语言版本。

您可通过本页面右上方的按钮选择阅读文档的单一语言版本。

Note

Text with a yellow background, like this, needs updating to match the latest edits to the document.

带有黄色背景的文字,如本文,意味将需要被更新以匹配另一个语言版本的改动。

带有黄色背景的文字,如本文,意味将需要被更新以匹配另一个语言版本的改动。

1.3.2 Design Approach 设计原则 设计原则

This document mainly adopts the following policies to explain the features of Chinese composition:

本文基于以上前提,主要将中文排版的特征以下列方针解说。

本文基於以上前提,主要將中文排版的特徵以下列方針解說。

  • It does not fully cover all details of the Chinese composition system, but mainly describes the differences from Western composition systems.

    不列举中文排版的各项细节,而是主要处理与西文排版有所不同的项目。

    不列舉中文排版之各項細節,而是主要處理與西文排版有所不同之項目。

  • It explains in detail the similarities and differences between traditional and Simplified Chinese composition.

    详细说明繁、简中文排版规则间的差异与相同之处。

    詳細說明繁、簡中文排版規則間的差異與相同之處。

  • It describes features of Chinese composition that differ from those mentioned in Requirements for Japanese Text Layout.

    对中文排版中有别于《日文排版需求》之处作出说明。

    對中文排版中有別於《日文排版需求》之處作出說明。

  • It describes presentational results and considers these results as issues and requirements for Chinese text layout. Meanwhile, it offers principles or methods for for handling these issues, without describing particular technological solutions.

    说明中文排版所表现的结果,以及将其结果视为问题,即中文排版的需求。同时提供处理原理或方式,但不提出具体处理技术。

    說明中文排版所表現的結果,以及將其結果視為問題,即是中文排版之需求。同時提供處理原理或方式,但不提出具體處理技術。

  • It suggests solutions for, or explains, present-day issues that people face in Chinese composition.

    针对目前中文排版上所遇到不明确的问题,试图提出处理方法,或以列举的方式提出说明。

    針對目前中文排版上所遇到不明確的問題,試圖提出處理方法,或以列舉的方式提出說明。

  • It provides typical instances of Chinese composition and their actual use cases as much as possible.

    我们也尽可能地提供中文排版的实际范例,并且在批注中说明该排版方式会应用于何种状况。

    我們也盡可能地提供中文排版的實際範例,並且在註解中說明該排版方式會應用於何種狀況。

  • In consideration of non-Chinese readers of this document, figures are used for explanation wherever possible.

    考虑到未曾接触过中文排版的读者,尽可能地以图解来呈现。

    考慮到未曾接觸過中文排版的讀者,盡可能地以圖解來呈現。

  • It mainly explains modern Chinese publications. Looking back to the publications in the time of movable type, there may be some differences, but they are still considered part of Chinese composition. The document does not yet fully cover ancient books. Future editions may be revised with such features in mind.

    本文所提出的中文排版以近代为主,并追溯至金属活字印刷的成熟期,与现今流通的书籍排版也许有所不同,但依然属于中文排版规则。至于古籍排版,非本文件所及,待日后增修再依状况增修。

    本文所提出的中文排版以近代為主,並追溯至金屬活字印刷的成熟期,與現今流通的書籍排版也許有所不同,但依然屬於中文排版規則。至於古籍排版,非本文件所及,待日後增修再依狀況增修。

  • For non-Chinese readers, frequency of use is indicated for each requirement. These frequencies are not the outcome of any accurate research, but arise from the long experience of the authors. Non-Chinese readers should understand that they are intuitive for ordinary Chinese readers. These frequencies provide only rough information to prioritize the importance of issues.

    我们也对日常上不会接触到中文排版的读者简单说明各排版需求的使用频率。但频率并非实际调查的结果,而是作者依照经验所做出的判断。即日常的中文读者可能做出的判断,让非中文读者理解其使用频率。简单而言,表示该排版处理的重要性,而并非信息的准确性。

    我們也對日常上不會接觸到中文排版的讀者簡單說明各排版需求的使用頻率。但頻率並非實際調查之結果,而是作者依照經驗所做出的判斷。即日常的中文讀者可能做出的判斷,讓非中文讀者理解其使用頻率。簡單而言,表示該排版處理的重要性,而並非資訊的準確性。

  • The main target of this document is common books. Other publications, such as magazines or newspapers, are also included.

    本文以书籍作为主要描述对象,但也包括杂志、报纸等不同排版方式。

    本文以書籍作為主要描述對象,但也包括雜誌、報紙等不同排版方式。

2. Basics of Chinese Composition 中文排版基础 中文排版基礎

2.1 Characters and Principles for Setting them in Chinese Composition 中文排版所使用的文字和基本原则 中文排版所使用的文字和基本原则

2.1.1 Characters used for Chinese composition 中文排版所使用的文字 中文排版所使用的文字

The majority of the text used in Chinese composition consists of Han characters (hanzi).

中文排版主要使用的文字為漢字。

中文排版主要使用的文字為漢字。

Chinese characters include Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese alternatives. The former, which is also known as Upright Characters or Traditional Han, is commonly used in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao while the latter is commonly used in Mainland China, Singapore and Malaysia. In this document, the number of strokes and the compositional nature of a character are considered to be the major differences between Simplified Chinese characters and Traditional Chinese characters.

依照各地的通行标准,中文所使用的汉字主要分为繁体字与简体字。前者又称正体字、传统汉字等,主要通行于台湾、香港、澳门等地;后者又称简化字,主要通行于中国大陆、新加坡等地。本文依笔画多寡与部件结构为区别,统称为繁体字与简体字。

依照各地的通行標準,中文所使用的漢字主要又分為繁體字與簡體字。前者又作正體字、傳統漢字等,主要通行於台灣、香港、澳門等地;後者又作簡化字,主要通行於中國大陸、星馬地區。本文依筆畫多寡與部件結構為區別,統稱為繁體字與簡體字。

Different glyphs are used in different regions. One unicode code point does not match just one glyph, but rather depends on the operating system and fonts. The focus of this document is Chinese composition and we will not discuss glyph variations.

不同地区所使用的字形有差异,各种字形与Unicode并不是一一对应关系,需要依赖处理系统和字库来呈现。本文主要探究中文排版,对此不做详述。

不同地区所使用的字形有差异,各种字形与万国码位并不是一一对应关系,需要依赖处理系统和字库来呈现。本文主要探究中文排版,對此不做詳述。

Note

In addition to the Chinese (hanzi) characters, various punctuation marks, as well as Western characters such as European numerals, Latin letters and/or Greek letters, may be used in Chinese text.

中文排版除了汉字外,也使用标点符号,也会与阿拉伯数字、拉丁文字、希腊文字等外文混排。

中文排版除了漢字外,也使用標點符號。也會與阿拉伯數字、拉丁文字、希臘文字等外文混排。

Note

One Simplified Chinese character may have more than one corresponding Traditional form. For example, the Simplified Chinese character 发 can be matched to either the Traditional Chinese character 發 or 髮. By contrast, the circumstances where one Traditional Chinese character corresponds to more than one Simplified Chinese character are rare, but still need attention. For example, the Traditional Chinese character 乾 may be matched to either the Simplified Chinese character 干 or 乾. The relationships between Traditional and Simplified characters depend on their particular context.

一个简体汉字可能对应着多个繁体汉字,如简体字“发”,其相应的繁体字可能为“發”或“髮”;一個繁體漢字對應多個簡體漢字的情況與前者相比數量極少但仍需注意,如繁體字「乾」可能對應簡體字「干」或「乾」。繁簡漢字的對應關係具体应由上下文决定。

一个简体汉字可能对应着多个繁体汉字,如简体字“发”,其相应的繁体字可能为“發”或“髮”;一個繁體漢字對應多個簡體漢字的情況與前者相比數量極少但仍需注意,如繁體字「乾」可能對應簡體字「干」或「乾」。繁簡漢字的對應關係具体应由上下文决定。

2.1.2 Chinese Characters 汉字 漢字

Chinese characters have square character frames of equal dimensions. Aligned with the vertical and horizontal center of the character frame, there is a smaller box called the letter face, which contains the actual symbol. (There should be some space left between the letter face and the frame). Most of the punctuation marks for Chinese characters share the same size as the other characters, however some of them differ, such as the ellipsis, which is one-character high and two-characters wide.

汉字有正方形的文字外框。在文字外框的正中央有比文字外框小的字面(反过来说,字面的上下左右与文字外框之间有稍微比字面大的若干空白)。中文标点符号的尺寸多与汉字一致,宽高相等,部分标点(如删节号等)则占用一个汉字高、两个汉字宽的大小。

漢字有著正方形的文字外框。於文字外框的正中央,有著比文字外框小的字面(反過來說,字面的上下左右與文字外框之間,有稍微比字面大的若干空白)。中文標點符號的尺寸多與漢字一致,寬高相等,部分標點(如刪節號等)則佔用一個漢字高、二個漢字寬的大小。

Character size is measured by the size of the character frame. Character advance is a term used to describe the advance width of the character frame of a character, which should be the same as the width of the character.

文字尺寸则为文字外框的尺寸。此外,字间距则是依照文字排列方向的文字外框大小,为文字的宽度。

文字尺寸則為文字外框的尺寸。此外,字幅則是依照文字排列方向的文字外框大小,為文字的寬度。

2.1.3 Principles for Arranging Characters during Chinese Composition 汉字的配置原则 漢字的配置原則

In principle, when composing a line with Chinese characters, no extra space appears between their character frames. This is called solid setting.

汉字按照行排列文字,原则上文字外框彼此紧贴配置,称作密排。

漢字依行排列文字,原則上文字外框彼此緊貼配置,稱作密排。

Note

Unlike the letterpress printing era, when several sizes of the original pattern of a letter were required to create matrices, in today's digital era the same original pattern is used for any size simply by enlargement or reduction. Because of this, it might be necessary to adjust the inter-character space when composing lines at large character sizes. When composing lines at small character sizes in outline fonts, hinting data is used to ensure that the width of the strokes that make up a character look correct. When only a small portion of the fonts are smaller, they will be displayed as bitmaps, and there is no need to make extra adjustments.

从活字排版时代起,汉字无论直、横文字外框彼此紧贴配置适于阅读。但活字排版依照文字尺寸不同,各号数的字型原模不同,字面也随之不同。目前数字字体仅采取单一原型,当文字尺寸放大时,有时需要调整字距。然而,中文汉字的字面一般比日文字体小,除非在特殊状况下,不需特别处理。另,当文字尺寸缩小时,若为向量字体,则需要补正信息来调整文字线幅;但有部分字体在文字尺寸较小时,会以点阵字体呈现,此时就不需另外调整。

從活字排版時代起,漢字無論直、橫文字外框彼此緊貼配置適於閱讀。但活字排版依照文字尺寸不同,各號數之字型原模不同,字面也隨之不同。目前數位字體僅採取單一原型,當文字尺寸放大時,有時需要調整字距。然而,中文漢字字體面率一般較日文字體小,除非在特殊狀況下,不需特別處理。另當文字尺寸縮小時,若為向量字體,則需要補正資訊來調整文字線幅;但有部分字體在文字尺寸較小時,會以點陣字體呈現,此時就不需另外調整。

Depending on the context, in addition to solid setting several alternative setting methods can be used, as described below.

依照内容的不同,也会采用以下方式排列。

依照內容的不同,也會採用以下方式排列:

2.1.3.1 Increased inter-character spacing 增加字距 增加字距

It is common in books to increase the space between each character frame (i.e. loose setting) for the following cases:

在各字之间加入固定量的空白来排列文字,称作疏排。书籍排版上,遇到以下状况时,会采用这种排列方式。

於各字之間加入固定量的空白來排列文字,稱作疏排。書籍排版上,遇到以下狀況時,會採用此排列方式:

  1. To achieve a balance between running heads with different numbers of characters, increased inter-character spacing is used for running heads with few characters.

    为使字数不同的标题间能取得平衡,需要加大字距。

    為使字數不同的標題間能取得平衡,而加大字距。

  2. For captions of illustrations and tables, which only have a few characters, increased inter-character spacing is used to balance with the size of an illustration or table.

    图片与表格的说明文字字数少时,为取得平衡,需要加大字距。

    圖片與表格之說明文字字數少時,為取得平衡,而加大字距。

  3. In some cases, increased inter-character spacing is used for poetry where one line has only a few characters, so as to maintain the balance of the layout.

    应用在字数少的诗词时,为与版面取得平衡,需要加大字距

    應用於字數少的詩詞時,為與版面取得平衡,而加大字距。

  4. For publications whose main audience is children, inter-character spacing is increased to make it easier for the children to read.

    针对儿童书籍等,为提升易读性时,需要加大字距。

    針對兒童書籍等,為提升易讀性時,而加大字距。

2.1.3.2 Even inter-character spacing 平均排列 平均排列

Text may be set with equal inter-character spacing between all characters on a given line, so that each line is aligned to the same line head and line end. Since the Chinese characters and punctuation marks are all in square shapes with almost the same dimensions, it is natural that each line is aligned to the same line head and line end. Even inter-character spacing is mainly used in the following cases:

平均分配字距,使文字列两端能够对齐行首与行尾。中文排版时,由于使用的汉字与标点符号皆为正方形,自然会使得文字列对齐行首与行尾。这种排列方式主要应用于以下情况:

平均分配字距,使文字列兩端能夠對齊行首與行尾。中文排版時,由於使用的漢字與標點符號皆為正方形,自然會使得文字列對齊行首與行尾。該種排列方式,主要應用於:

  1. To deal with rules that forbid certain characters at the beginning or end of a line. When a punctuation mark which is not supposed to be positioned at the end of a line happens to appear there, even inter-character space setting is used to move the character before the punctuation mark to the next line together with the punctuation mark. When a punctuation mark which is not supposed to be positioned at the beginning of a line happens to appear there it is necessary to move the last character from the previous line to the beginning of the next line, and there will be one or two (or sometimes more) empty spaces left in the previous line. Even inter-character space setting is used to unify the length of each line and justify them.

    行首行尾禁则。当该行行尾遇到不能置于行尾的标点符号,而必须将标点符号与前一汉字移至次行时;或次行行首遇到不能置于行首的标点符号,而必须将移动前一行汉字于次行时,就会在行尾产生一到两字(甚至以上)的空白。由于中文书籍各行首尾对齐是重要的排版规则,此时就会利用平均排列将两字(以及以上)空白均分至该行各字字距。

    行首行尾禁則。當該行行尾遇到不能置於行尾的標點符號,而必須將標點符號與前一漢字移至次行時;或次行行頭遇到不能置於行頭的標點符號,而必須將移動前一行漢字於次行時,就會於行尾產生一到二字(甚至以上)的空白。由於中文書籍各行行頭尾對齊是重要的排版規則,此時就會利用平均排列將二字(以及以上)空白均分至該行各字字距。

  2. Even inter-character space setting is used when the number of characters in a table head differs from the table content, such as for person names, so as to justify the table.

    表格标题、名单等要求呈现上一致时,会采用平均排列的方式处理。

    表格标题、人名名单等求呈現上一致時,會採用平均排列的方式處理。

2.1.3.3 Reduced inter-character spacing 减少字距 減少字距

By reducing the inter-character spacing, a portion of two character frames overlap each other (i.e. solid setting). This method is mainly used in the following cases:

减少字距,使得文字外框一部份重叠,称作紧排。这种处理方式,主要应用于以下情况:

減少字距,使得文字外框一部份重疊,稱作紧排。這種處理方式,主要應用於:

  1. For characters in headings in magazines or advertisements, reduced inter-character spacing can be used to keep the characters on one line, or it can also be used to achieve a special effect for presentation.

    杂志标题以及广告文案字数较多,为使其排列在一行,或为求特殊表现时使用。

    雜誌標題以及廣告文案字數較多,為使其排列於一行,或為求特殊表現時使用。

  2. Since Chinese characters are all square-shaped, this method does not apply to headings and content in books produced by letterpress printing.

    由于汉字皆为正方形,此方式并不适用于活字排版,故不应用于书籍标题与内文的排列上。

    由於漢字皆為正方形,此方式並不適用於活字排版,故不應用於書籍標題與內文的排列上。

2.2 Typefaces for Chinese Characters 中文排版常用字体 中文排版常用字體

2.2.1 Four Frequently-used Typefaces for Chinese Characters 中文排版经常使用的四种字体 中文排版經常使用的四種字體

There are four main typefaces in use for Chinese characters:

中文排版时,主要使用的四种字体为:

中文排版時,主要使用的四種字體為:

  • Song (Ming) 宋体(明体、明朝体) 宋體(明體、明朝體)
  • Kai 楷体 楷體
  • Hei 黑体 黑體
  • Fangsong (Imitation Song) 仿宋体 仿宋體

The following sections describe common practice and contexts for use of these four typefaces.

这四种字体在书籍排版上有其常见的使用方式,下列各节分别介绍其使用情境。

這四種字體於書籍排版上有其常見之使用方式,下列各節分別敘述其使用情境。

2.2.2 Song/Ming 宋体(明体、明朝体) 宋體(明體、明朝體)

Picture of Song Type
Fig. 1 Song 宋体(明体、明朝体) 宋體(明體、明朝體)

Song, also known as Songti or Ming, is currently the most common style of type in print for Chinese.

宋体,又称为明体或明朝体,是中文排版最常使用的字体。如Fig. 1 Song 宋体(明体、明朝体) 宋體(明體、明朝體)所示。

宋體,又稱為明體或明朝體,是中文排版最常使用之字體。

Song is commonly used in text, headings and annotations. When used in headings, the characters will appear in a bold face, so as to distinguish the heading from the text.

普遍使用于内文文字、标题与注释。当应用于标题时,通常会特别加强字重,使其与内文有所差异。

普遍使用於內文文字、標題與注釋。當應用於標題時,通常會特別加強字重,令其與內文有所差異。

2.2.3 Kai 楷体 楷體

Fig. 2 Kai 楷体 楷體

Kai also known as Kaiti or regular script, is another of the major typefaces, and provides calligraphic styles for Chinese characters. It is also the most easily and widely recognized style and shows notable handwriting features.

楷體又稱正書、真書,為中文排版常用的字體。字體特性為帶有書法形態、手寫筆觸。如Fig. 2 Kai 楷体 楷體所示。

楷体又称正书、真书,为中文排版常用的字体。字体特性为带有书法形态、手写笔触。如Fig. 2 Kai 楷体 楷體所示。

Kai is mainly used in text that needs to be differentiated from the rest of the content, for example, headlines, references, quotations, and dialogs. It is rarely used for emphasis, because of its similarity with Song.

主要使用于标题、引言、摘要、对话、参考文献等,与内文有所不同的段落上。但因为与宋体近似,故少用于强调。

主要使用於標題、引言、摘句、對話、內容出處等,與內文有所不同的段落上。但因為與宋體近似,故少用於強調。

Note

Since Kai retains some calligraphic features, it is widely used in office documents and textbooks.

由于楷体保留了书法笔触,普遍用于公文书、教科书的内文。

由於楷體保留了書法筆觸,普遍用於公文書、教科書之內文字。

2.2.4 Hei 黑体 黑體

Picture of Hei Type
Fig. 3 Hei 黑体 黑體

Hei, also known as Heiti or Gothic, is a type style characterized by strokes of even thickness, reduced curves, and a lack of decoration. It is commonly used in headlines, signs, and personal names in dialogs. In body text, characters in Hei style with thicker strokes typically indicate emphasis.

黑体的字体特性为笔画宽度平均、弧度较小,不加装饰。主要应用于标题、图说、对话之人名。内文中也会使用字重较粗的黑体作为特定文字的强调、着重。如Fig. 3 Hei 黑体 黑體所示。

黑體的字體特性為筆畫寬度平均、弧度較小,不加裝飾。主要應用於標題、圖說、對話之人名。內文中也會使用字重較粗的黑體作為特定文字的強調、著重。如Fig. 3 Hei 黑体 黑體所示。

Traditional publications rarely apply the Hei style for content, but with the growing influence of the World Wide Web and the digital publishing industry, some publications are starting to experiment Hei in this context.

传统印刷品少使用黑体作为内文文字,但受到万维网、数字出版的影响,也有少数书籍开始使用黑体作为内文字体。

傳統印刷品少使用黑體作為內文文字,但受到萬維網、數位出版的影響,也有少數書籍開始使用黑體作為內文字體。

2.2.5 Fangsong (Imitation Song) 仿宋体 仿宋體

Picture of Fangsong Type
Fig. 4 Fangsong (Imitation Song) 仿宋体 仿宋體

The Fangsong (Imitation Song) style lies between Song and Kai. It is commonly used in isolated paragraphs such as quotations or highlighted sentences.

仿宋体的字体形态介于宋体与楷体之间。常用于引言、摘要等与内文间隔的段落上。如 Fig. 4 Fangsong (Imitation Song) 仿宋体 仿宋體所示。

仿宋體的字體形態介於宋體與楷體之間。常用於引言、摘句等與內文區隔的段落上。

2.3 The Type Area (or Printing Area) 版心 版心

The type area, sometimes called the printing area, is designed in the following sequence. There is no actual definition of what the type area is. I suggest we change the foregoing to something like: The type area, sometimes called the printing area, is the rectangle in the middle of the page that contains the main body of the text. It is surrounded by space containing headers, footers, notes, etc.

中文书籍排版按照以下顺序设计:

中文書籍排版依以下順序設計:

Books usually use one basic template for page format, whereas magazines often use several templates.

书籍多数仅使用一种基础版式设计,杂志则会使用上数种。

書籍多數僅使用一種基礎排版體裁,雜誌則會使用上數種。

Although in books, there tends to be one template for the page format, some further design effort based around the basic page format will be needed for pages such as the table of contents and indexes. Furthermore, there are many examples of indexes with a different page format than the basic page format, and vertically set books often have indexes in horizontal writing mode, and sometimes multiple columns. However, while doing actual design for the page, the size of the type area should not exceed the basic page template. (some doubts about the translation of 版面 here).

尽管书籍仅使用一种版式设计,但在实际页面的设计上,如目录、索引等页面,会基于基本版面重新设计。索引等页面采用不同版式设计的案例也相当多,直排书索引也会以横排或者多栏排版方式设计。但在设计上,版面尺寸等依然按照基础版式设计。

但儘管書籍僅使用一種體裁,在實際頁面的設計上,如:目錄、索引等頁面,會基於基本排版體裁重新設計。索引等頁面採用不同排版體裁設計的案例也相當多,直排書索引也會以橫排或者多欄排版方式設計。但在設計上,版面尺寸等依然不出基礎排版體裁。

Magazines usually contain various kinds of content, which naturally leads to various designs of templates, different sizes of characters, and varying numbers of columns.

杂志则因为内容不同,版式设计多变,文字大小、栏数依照内容不同会有所变化。

雜誌則因為內容不同,排版體裁多變,文字大小、欄數依照內容不同會有所變化。

2.3.1 Basic Elements of Page Format 基础版式设计的主要元素 基礎排版體裁的主要元素

The following are the basic elements of a page format.

基础版式设计的主要元素如下:

基礎排版體裁的主要元素如下:

  • Trim size and binding side (vertically set Chinese documents are bound on the right-hand side, and horizontally set documents are bound on the left-hand side.)

    版面与装订线(中文书籍直排为右侧装订、横排为左侧装订)

    完成尺寸與裝訂邊(中文書籍直排為右側裝訂、橫排為左側裝訂)

  • Principal text direction (vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode).

    文字书写方向(直排或横排)

    文字書寫方向(直排或橫排)

  • Appearance of the type area and its position relative to the trim size.

    版心与版面的相对位置

    版心與完成尺寸的相對位置

  • Appearance of running heads and page numbers, and their positions relative to the trim size and type area.

    页眉与页数位置

    頁眉與頁數位置

Note

Establishing a type area may be seen as defining not only a rectangular area on a page, but also within that area an underlying, logical grid, to guide the placement of such things as characters, headings, and illustrations. Once the grid is established according to the principles of composition, the setting of the characters must align with the grid. If the content contains Chinese characters only, it is an important principle that the first and last characters on a line should align with the border of the type area. When both Chinese characters and Western text are mixed in the content, or forbidden locations of punctuation marks need to be taken into consideration, the setting of the content may not align with the grid.

版心设定步骤不仅是在页面中设定一个长方形空间,还需要为内文、标题、图片配置等做出一个基础的格子设定。其格子设定于中文排版原则下,内文必须依照格子进行配置。在文章仅由汉字构成的状况下,行首、行尾对齐版心边界是中文书排版重要的原则。但在与西文混排、或配置标点禁则处理时,为遵从本项原则,内文可不按照格子排列。

版心設定步驟不僅是在頁面中設定一個長方形空間,還需要為內文、標題、圖片配置等做出一個基礎的格子設定。其格子設定於中文排版原則下,內文必須依照格子進行配置。在文章僅由漢字構成的狀況下,行首、行尾對齊版心邊界是中文書排版重要的原則。但在與西文混排、或配置標點禁則處理時,為遵從本項原則,內文可不按照格子排列。

2.3.2 Design of the Type Area 版心的设计元素 版心的設計元素

The type area defines the basic printing style of a book. The following are the basic elements of the type area.

作为书籍基本设计而成的版式设计称为版心,版心的设计元素如下:

作為書籍基本設計而成的排版體裁稱為版心,版心的設計元素如下:

  • Character size and typeface name

    所使用的文字尺寸以及字体种类

    所使用的文字尺寸以及字體種類

  • Text direction (vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode)

    文字书写方向(直排或者横排)

    文字書寫方向(直排或者橫排)

  • Number of columns and column gap when using multi-column format

    分栏时,栏数以及栏距

    分欄時,欄數以及欄距

  • Length of a line

    一行的长度(字数)

    一行的長度(字數)

  • Number of lines per page (number of lines per column when using multi-column format)

    一页的行数(分栏时为一栏的行数)

    一頁之行數(分欄時為一欄之行數)

  • Line gap

    行距

    行距

  • Letter-spacing

    字距

    字距

2.3.3 Type Area and Real Page Format 以版心作为实际页面的排版体裁 以版心作為實際頁面的排版體裁

This section explains how to create a real page format based on the type area.

本部分说明如何以版心作为基本版式来设计各页面。

本部分說明如何以版心作為基本排版體裁來設計各頁面。

  1. Realm and position of headings: The direction and size of the characters of the heading should be based on a number of lines in the type area. The size of the indent is usually specified as a number of characters in the type area.

    配置标题的空间与位置标题所使用空间的文字方向与尺寸,以版心设定的行的位置为基准,采用数行的空间来设计。标题缩排时的处理,以版心所设定的文字尺寸为基准,决定要缩排的量。

    配置標題的空間與位置標題所使用空間之文字方向與尺寸,以版心設定的行的位置為基準,採用數行的空間來設計。標題縮排時的處理,以版心所設定的文字尺寸為基準,決定要縮排的量。

  2. Size of illustrations: In horizontal writing mode, the width of illustrations should, if at all possible, be the width of the type area; in horizontal writing mode with multiple columns, the width of illustrations should, if at all possible, be the width of one type area column. The illustrations are usually set at the head or the foot of the page. Likewise, in vertical writing mode, the height of illustrations should, if at all possible, be either the height of one type area column or the height of the type area. The illustrations are usually set at the right side or left side of the type area.

    图片的尺寸:图片横排时,宽度尽可能地与版心的尺寸一致;若为多栏排版时,则尽可能与版心所设定的一栏宽度一致。排列时多与版心的天或者地对齐配置。直排时,也要依照版心的天地高度、或者多栏排版下所设计单栏或者多栏的天地尺寸为基准配置;排列时亦多与版心的天或者地对齐配置。

    圖片之尺寸:橫排時圖片,寬度盡可能地以版心的尺寸一致;若為多欄排版時,則盡可能與版心所設定的一欄寬度一致。排列時多與版心的天或者地對齊配置。直排時亦同,依照版心的天地高度、或者多欄排版下所設計單欄或者多欄的天地尺寸為基準配置。排列時亦多與版心的天或者地對齊配置。

  3. Page for Table of Contents, Indexes and References: The size of the type area for the table of contents, indexes and references of books is based on the size of the type area for the main body content. There are many examples of tables of contents in vertical writing mode where the left-to-right size is identical to that of the type area, but the top-to-bottom size is a little bit smaller.

    目录、索引、参考文献等页面以版心的尺寸作为基准设计。但有不少案例会在内文采单栏横排时,目录等页采用多栏设计;而目录页有时天地侧会对文字进行缩排。

    目錄、索引、參考書目等頁面以版心之尺寸作為基準設計。但有不少案例會於內文採單欄橫排時,目錄等頁採多欄設計;而目錄頁有時天地側會對文字進行縮排。

2.3.4 Procedure for Defining the Type Area 设计版心的顺序 設計版心的順序

  1. Specifying the dimensions of the type area

    决定版心尺寸

    決定版心尺寸

    1. For a document with a single column per page, specify the character size, the line length (the number of characters per line), the number of lines per page, and the line gap.

      无分栏时,需决定文字尺寸、一行的字数(即为行长)、一页的行数以及行距。

      無分欄時,需決定文字尺寸、一行的字數(即為行長)、一頁的行數以及行距。

    2. For a document with multiple columns per page, specify the character size, the line length (the number of characters per line), the number of lines per column, the line-gap, the number of columns and the column gap.

      当分栏时,需决定文字尺寸、一行的字数(即为行长)、一栏的行数、行距、栏数以及栏距。

      當分欄時,需決定文字尺寸、一行的字數(即為行長)、一欄的行數、行距、欄數以及欄距。

  2. Determining the position of the type area relative to the trim size. There are various alternative methods for specifying the position of the type area relative to the trim size:

    决定相对于印刷版面,版心的配置位置。版心配置位置的设计顺序有着以下方式。

    決定相對於印刷版面,版心的配置位置。版心配置位置的設計順序有著以下方式。

    1. Set the type area at the horizontal and vertical center of the trim size.

      将版心置于印刷版面的正中央,天地等高、左右等宽。

      將版心置於印刷版面的正中央,天地等高、左右等寬。

    2. Position vertically by specifying the size of the space at the head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by centering the type area.

      横排时指定天的留白量、直排时则指定地的留白量,左右等宽。

      橫排時指定天的留白量、直排時則指定地的留白量,左右等寬。

    3. Position vertically by centering the type area. Position horizontally by specifying the size of the space for the gutter.

      天地等高,指定装订线的留白量。

      天地等高,指定裝訂邊的留白量。

    4. Position vertically by specifying the space at the head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by specifying the size of the space for the gutter.

      指定装订线的留白量,横排时指定天的留白量、直排时则指定地的留白量。

      指定裝訂邊的留白量,橫排時指定天的留白量、直排時則指定地的留白量。

Note

In most cases the type area is set at the horizontal and vertical center of the trim size, and then it can be adjusted depending on its dimensions. This design method is mainly inherited from the letter press printing technology. For desktop publishing, the dimensions of the type area are usually calculated based on the space between the type area and the trim size.

一般而言,版心多置于印刷版面的的正中央,然后依照版心尺寸不同,向上下、左右调整。这种设计方式主要承袭自活字印刷,但在桌上排版,则多以印刷版面计算与版心尺寸四方边界的差为之。

一般而言,版心多置放於印刷版面的的正中央,然後依照版心尺寸不同,向上下、左右調整。這種設計方式主要承襲自活字印刷,但於桌上排版,則多以印刷版面計算與版心尺寸四方邊界之差為之。

2.3.5 Considerations when Designing the Type Area 设计版心的注意事项 設計版心的注意點

The following are considerations that need to be taken into account when designing the type area:

在设计版心时需考虑以下事项:

版心於設計時需考量以下事項:

  1. When deciding the dimensions of the type area, it is necessary to consider both the trim size and the margin. Generally speaking, the shape of the type area could be made similar to that of the trim size.

    决定版心尺寸时,要先考虑到印刷版面尺寸与留白后进行。一般而言,版心与印刷版面会呈相似形的设计。

    決定版心尺寸時,得先考量到印刷版面尺寸與留白後進行。一般而言,版心與印刷版面會呈近於相似形的設計。

  2. Character size. For the main target audience of publications, i.e. the adult population, most commonly the character size is 10.5pt (≒3.7mm) or 9pt (≒3.2mm). The minimum acceptable size of type is 8pt (≒2.8mm), except for specialized publications.

    以成人为读者制作书籍时,文字尺寸一般为10.5pt(≒3.7mm)与9pt(≒3.2mm)为多。除了特殊书籍外,最小也要有8pt(≒2.8mm)。

    以成人為讀者製作書籍時,文字尺寸一般為10.5pt(≒3.7mm)與9pt(≒3.2mm)為多。除了特殊書籍外,最小也要有8pt(≒2.8mm)。

    Note

    There are two traditional size systems for Chinese characters, and old one and a new one. The following shows the equivalence in the Western point system. In the Old size system, Size 0 = 42pt, Size 1 = 27.5pt, Size 2 = 21pt, Size 3 = 15.75pt, Size 4 = 13.75pt, Size 5 = 10.5pt, Size 6 = 7.875pt, and Size 7 = 5.25pt; in the new size system, New Size 0 = 36pt, New Size 1 = 24pt, New Size 2 = 18pt, New Size 3 = 16pt, New Size 4 = 12pt, New Size 5 is 9pt.

    中文活字尺寸以“号”为单位,又分新旧两种。可完整对应美制的“点”(point),分别如下:初号=42pt、一号=27.5pt、二号=21pt、三号=15.75pt、四号=13.75pt、五号=10.5pt、六号=7.875pt、七号=5.25pt。新五号四行=36pt、新一号=24pt、新二号=18pt、新三号字=16pt、新四号=12pt、新五号=9pt。

    中文活字尺寸以「號」為單位,又分新舊兩種寸法。可完整對應美制的「點」(point),分別如下:初號=42pt、一號=27.5pt、二號=21pt、三號=15.75pt、四號=13.75pt、五號=10.5pt、六號=7.875pt、七號=5.25pt。新五號四行=36pt、新一號=24pt、新二號=18pt、新三號字=16pt、新四號=12pt、新五號=9pt。

    Note

    Size 5 is usually used for text content. Newspapers and magazines use both Size 5 and New Size 5. The acceptable minimal size for the text in content is Size 6 (7.875pt≒2.8mm). If a smaller size is used, it will be difficult to read due to the complex structure of the Chinese characters.

    一般内文主要使用五号字(10.5pt≒3.7mm),而报纸、杂志则使用新五号字(9pt≒3.2mm),两种皆常用。而一般内文字最小使用到六号字(7.875pt≒2.8mm),若小于此尺寸,由于汉字结构复杂,则难以阅读。

    一般內文主要使用五號字(10.5pt≒3.7mm),而報紙、雜誌則使用新五號字(9pt≒3.2mm),兩種皆常為使用。而一般內文字最小使用到六號字(7.875pt≒2.8mm),若小於此尺寸,由於漢字結構複雜,則難以閱讀。

  3. Line length should be multiples of the character size and each line should be in alignment with each other.

    一行的行长应为文字尺寸的整数倍,各行的位置尽可能头尾对齐。

    一行的行長應為文字尺寸的整數倍,各行的位置盡可能頭尾對齊。

    Note

    For Chinese composition without intermixed Western scripts, the characters all have a square-shaped frame, so all line lengths except that of the last line of the paragraph should, in principle, be the same.

    中文在不与西文混排的状况下,所使用的文字外框皆为正方形,除段落最后一行不对齐外,各行行首、行尾皆需对齐,这是重要的排版原则。

    中文在不與西文混排的狀況下,所使用的文字外框皆為正方形,除段落最後一行不對齊外,各行行首、行尾皆需對齊,這是重要的排版原則。

  4. The line gaps between each line should be the same throughout the book, except for special cases. It would probably help, at this point, to define what the line gap is, since it initially sounds like the same thing as line height. What are the reference points for measuring the line gap?

    行与行之间的空白(行距)除特别状况外,皆需保持一致。

    行與行之間的空白(行距)除特別狀況外,皆需保持一致。

    Note

    In Traditional Chinese composition, there are cases where pronunciation marks, referred to as 'ruby' in the Japanese Layout Requirements, are inserted between lines. In such cases the line gap is not changed but is kept constant . If these elements are likely to occur in text, the line gap established during the type area design needs to be of an adequate size to accommodate them.

    在繁体中文排版中,字间的注音符号可能会超过行距空间,而翻译书籍也可能使用类似日文排版的 ruby 文字,此时行距仍需保持一致。当文中需要配置这些元素时,在设计版心的阶段就须考虑到这些要素来决定行距。

    在繁體中文排版,字間的注音符號可能會超入行距空間,而翻譯書籍亦可能使用類似日文排版的ruby文字,此時行距仍需保持一致。當文書需要配置這些元素時,於設計版心之階段就須考量到這些要素來決定行距。

    Note

    The line gap for the type area is commonly set to a value between 50% and 100% of the height of the character frame used for the type area. A shorter line gap can be chosen in cases where the line length is short or the character size of the type area is relatively small. On the other hand, the line gap usually does not exceed the character size. Increasing the line gap beyond the character size does not improve the reading experience.

    版心的行距多半介于文字尺寸的50%~100%之间,当行长较短或文字尺寸较小时,行距设定也会相对较小。反之,行距一般不会超过文字尺寸,就算超过文字尺寸,也不会因而增加易读性。

    版心之行距多半介於文字尺寸之50%–100%之間,當行長較短、或文字尺寸較小時,行距設定也會相對較小。反之,行距一般不會超過文字尺寸,就算超過文字尺寸,也不會因而增加易讀性。

    Note

    There is another method of specifying the type area that uses line height rather than line gaps. Line height is the distance between two adjacent lines measured from their reference points. The reference point differs from implementation to implementation, however, in vertical writing mode the horizontal center of the character frame is usually used, and with horizontal writing mode, the vertical center of the character frame is used. When the character size is the same for every character, the following calculation is used:

    指定版心的方法中,有着不以行距,而是依行高来设定的方法。行高就是彼此邻接的两行的基准点之间的距离。基准点依照处理方式而会有所不同,直排时为行左右的中央线,横排时为行上下的中央线。当配置的文字全部尺寸相同时,有着以下关系:

    指定版心的方法中,有著不以行距,而是依行高來設定的方法。行高就是彼此鄰接的兩行的基準點到基準點之間的距離。基準點依照處理方式而會有所不同,直排時行左右的中央線,橫排時為行上下的中央線。當配置的文字全部尺寸相同時,有著以下關係:

    • line height = character size / 2 + line gap + character size / 2 = character size + line gap

      行高=文字尺寸÷2+行距+文字尺寸÷2=文字尺寸+行距

      行高=文字尺寸÷2+行距+文字尺寸÷2=文字尺寸+行距

    • line gap = line height - character size

      行距=行高-文字尺寸

      行距=行高-文字尺寸

2.4 Writing Modes 文字书写方向 文字書寫方向

2.4.1 Writing Modes in Chinese 中文的文字书写方向 中文的文字書寫方向

Chinese composition has two text directions, vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode. Traditional Chinese can be composed both in vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode, while Simplified Chinese is mostly composed in horizontal writing mode. There are rare cases where Simplified Chinese is composed in vertical writing mode.

中文的文字书写方向分为直排与横排。其中,繁体中文出版品适用直排与横排;简体中文出版品则多为横排,直排书籍的案例极少。

中文的文字書寫方向分為直排與橫排。其中,繁體中文出版品適用直排與橫排;簡體中文出版品則多為橫排,直排書籍的案例極少。

Note

Ever since the letter-press printing period, the characters and punctuation marks used for Chinese composition have basically been designed to have a square character frame. Thus the same collection of printing types can be used in either vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode, simply by changing the direction of text. However, some adjustments will be needed for the punctuation marks so as to match the writing direction of the characters and their composition. This is described in more detail in 3.1 Line Composition Rules for Punctuation Marks 标点符号与其排版 標點符號與其排版.

中文所使用的汉字与标点符号,原则上都是正方形的文字,自活字排版时代起,无论直、横排,都能使用相同的活字排列。但部分标点符号需配合文字书写方向调整字面分布及方向,见3.1.2 Sizes and positions of Punctuation Marks 标点符号的字形、尺寸与字面分布 標點符號的字形、尺寸與字面分布标点符号与 其排版3.1 Line Composition Rules for Punctuation Marks 标点符号与其排版 標點符號與其排版节的详述。

中文所使用的漢字與標點符號,原則上都是正方形的文字,自活字排版時代起,無論直、橫排,都能使用相同的活字排列。但部分標點符號需配合文字書寫方向調整字面分布及方向,見3.1 Line Composition Rules for Punctuation Marks 标点符号与其排版 標點符號與其排版節之詳述。

Note

Traditionally, Chinese publications were composed mainly in vertical writing mode, and this tradition has been largely preserved in the regions using Traditional Chinese. However, with the increasing amount of translated publications and mixed-text publications, and the default mode of writing modes in the character processing software, horizontal writing mode is becoming more and more popular. In the Taiwan area, government departments, educational materials and books of natural science mainly use horizontal writing mode while literary works such as poetry and novels still use vertical writing mode. Vertical writing mode still stands as an important cultural characteristic of regions where Traditional Chinese is used.

传统上,中文书籍以直排为主,繁体中文通行地区较大程度地保留了这项传统。然而,近年随着翻译或中、西文混排等书籍的数量增加,加上文字处理软件的默认文字书写方向的影响,横排也逐渐成为主流。在台湾,公文、自然科学类书籍等使用横排居多;而文学作品,如诗、小说等,仍以直排为主。直排仍为繁体中文通行地区的重要文化表征之一。

傳統上,中文書籍以直排為主,繁體中文通行地區較大程度地保留了這項傳統。然而,近年隨著翻譯或中、西文混排等書籍的數量增加,加上文書處理軟體的預設文字書寫方向的影響,橫排也逐漸成為主流。在台灣,公文、自然科學類書籍等使用橫排居多;而文學作品,如詩、小說等,仍以直排為主。直排仍為繁體中文通行地區的重要文化表徵之一。

Note

There is usually only one direction for all text throughout a book, but there are cases where horizontal writing mode is used in certain parts of vertically composed books. Tables, captions for illustrations, running heads, and page numbers are usually composed horizontally in a page with a vertical writing mode.

一份印刷品中,原则上会选用统一的文字书写方向进行排版。但直排印刷品中,页眉、图注、表格等多会混用横排。同时,部分页面,如参考书目、注释等亦可能使用横排呈现。

一份印刷品中,原則上會選用統一的文字書寫方向進行排版。但直排印刷品中,頁眉、圖說、表格等多會混用橫排。同時,部分頁面,如參考書目、註釋等亦可能使用橫排呈現。

2.4.2 Major Differences Between Horizontal and Vertical Writing Modes 横排与直排的主要差异点 橫排與直排的主要差異點

The following are major differences between vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode:

直排与横排的主要差异点,列举如下:

直排與橫排的主要差異點,列舉如下:

  1. Arrangement of characters, lines, columns and pages; direction of page progression.

    文字、行、栏以及页面布局、装订方向

    文字、行、欄以及頁面配置、裝訂方向

    1. Vertical composition.

      直排时

      直排時

      • Characters are arranged from top to bottom, lines are arranged from right to left.

        文字由上向下,行由右向左排列。

        文字由上而下,行由右而左排列。

      • Columns are arranged horizontally from top to bottom.

        水平切割,上下分栏。

        欄水平切割,上下分欄。

      • A book starts with the left (recto) side and progresses from right to left.

        页面由封面开始,由右向左进行配置(由左向右翻页)。

        頁面由封面開始,由右向左進行配置(由左向右翻頁)。

    2. Horizontal composition.

      横排时

      橫排時

      • Characters are arranged from left to right, and lines are arranged from top to bottom.

        文字由左向右,行由上向下排列。

        文字由左而右,行由上而下排列。

        Note

        Traditional Chinese mainly uses vertical writing mode. When characters need to be composed horizontally, each line will contain one character and lines will be arranged from right to left, and no columns will be applied. As a special case for vertical writing mode, this can be seen in stone inscriptions and headings in newspapers and magazines, but now it has been replaced by horizontal writing mode arranged from left to right.

        中文传统上仅使用直排,当文字需要横向排列时,采用每行一字、由右向左的规则,且不分栏,形成视觉上由右向左的横排,此为直排的特例。过去常见于牌匾、报纸、杂志的标题,目前多被由左而右的横排书写方向取代。

        中文傳統上僅使用直排,當文字需要橫向排列時,採用每行一字、由右向左的規則,且不分欄,形成視覺上由右向左的橫排,此為直排的特例。過去常見於匾額、報紙、雜誌的標題,目前多為由左而右的橫排書寫方向取代。

      • Columns are arranged vertically from left to right.

        垂直切割,左右分栏。

        欄垂直切割,左右分欄。

      • A book starts with the right (recto) side and progresses from left to right.

        页面由封面开始,由左而右进行配置(由右向左翻页)。

        頁面由封面開始,由左而右進行配置(由右向左翻頁)。

  2. Orientation of Western Text and Latin alphanumeric characters in a line.

    文中包含西文、阿拉伯数字时的配置方式:

    文中包含西文、阿拉伯數字時,如下配置:

    1. In vertical writing mode, there are 3 methods for arranging Western text and Latin alphanumeric characters:

      直排时,西文或阿拉伯数字有以下三种配置方式:

      直排時,西文或阿拉伯數字有以下三種配置方式:

      • One by one, with the same normal orientation as that of the other characters. This is usually applied to one-letter alphanumerics or capitalized abbreviations.

        与汉字的书写方向相同,按照字母顺序逐个排列,主要用于单一西文字母或阿拉伯数字、首字母缩写等。

        與漢字採相同的書寫方向,依字母字字排列,主要用於單一西文字母或阿拉伯數字、首字母縮寫等。

        Note

        Western text or alphanumeric characters used for this arrangement should have the same fixed size and width as the Chinese characters, rather than using the proportional width.

        西文字母或阿拉伯数字,采用此配置时,需使用与汉字相同尺寸、间距固定的等宽字体,而非比例 字体。

        西文字母或阿拉伯數字,採用此配置時,需使用與漢字相同尺寸、字幅固定的等寬字體,而非比例字體。

      • Rotated 90 degrees clockwise. This is usually applied to English words or sentences.

        文字以顺时针方向旋转90°,主要用于西文的单词、语句等。

        文字以順時鐘方向旋轉90度。主要用於西文的單字詞、語句等。

      • Set horizontally without changing orientation. This is usually applied to two-digit numbers or numbers with more than two digits.

        保持正常方向,横排处理(如日文的纵中横排)。主要应用于两到三位数字。

        保持正常方向,橫排處理(如日文的縱中橫排)。主要應用於二至三位數字。

        Note

        In principle, if numbers are arranged horizontally in a vertical writing mode, the width of the numbers should not exceed one character width. This rule originated in the letterpress printing era due to the fixed width of each line. Therefore, in vertical writing mode, Western text and alphanumeric characters are not limited to two digits, but the width should not exceed one character width. Some commonly seen examples include "3.0", "A+" and "2B".

        数字在直排行内横排,原则上不超过一个汉字的间距。这是从活字印刷时代起,每行宽度固定所致。所以,直排时西文字母与阿拉伯数字横排不限于两位数,但原则上不能超过一个汉字。现代常见的用法还 包括[3.0]、[A+]、[2B]等。

        數字於直排行內橫排,原則上不超過一個漢字的字幅。這是從活字印刷時代起,每行寬度固定所致。故直排時,西文字母與阿拉伯數字橫排不限於二位數,但原則上不能超過一個漢字。現代常見的用法還包括[3.0]、[A+]、[2B]等。

    2. In horizontal writing mode there is only one way of arranging alphanumerics, i.e. the normal orientation.

      横排时,以正常方向配置。

      橫排時,以正常方向配置。

  3. Arrangement of tables and/or illustrations.

    表格、图片等标题栏的位置

    表格、圖片等標題列的位置

    1. In vertical writing mode, align the top of tables/illustrations to the right of the page but list the headers on the right side.

      直排时,表格横列的标题栏为上方,但直行的标题栏位于右侧。

      直排時,表格橫列之標題列為上方,但直行之標題列位於右側。

    2. In horizontal writing mode, align the top of tables/illustrations to the left of the page but list the headers on the left side.

      横排时,表格横列的标题栏为上方,但直行的标题栏位于左侧。

      橫排時,表格橫列之標題列為上方,但直行之標題列位於左側。

  4. Arrangement of an incomplete number of lines on a multi-column format page due to new recto, page break, or other reason.

    换页、换章时最末页采用多栏排列、行在页面结束时,按照以下方式处理:

    換頁、換章時最末頁採多欄排列、行於頁面中結束時,依以下方式處理:

    1. In vertical writing mode, just finish the line where it ends. The number of lines in each column is not uniform.

      直排时,顺延至行文结束,各栏左右行数可以不一致。

      直排時,順其行文結束,各欄左右行數可以不一致。

    2. In horizontal writing mode, re-arrange columns so that each column has the same number of lines. In case the number of lines is not divisible by the number of columns, add the smallest number to make it divisible and re-arrange columns using the quotient as the number of lines so that only the last column shall have the incomplete number of lines.

      横排时,各栏的行数需平均。但因字数不足,行数无法与栏数配合时,不足的行数在最后一栏末尾留空。

      橫排時,各欄的行數需平均。但因字數不足,行數無法與欄數配合時,不足的行數於最後一欄末尾留空。

    Note

    For most publications in Chinese, no columns are arranged either in vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode. This arrangement, referring to the Japanese composition method, is more for books with translated content.

    中文书籍无论直、横排大多不分栏,这项处理多来自翻译书籍或参考日文书籍的排版方式,故承袭日文排版需求。

    中文書籍無論直、橫排大多不分欄,這項處理多來自翻譯書籍或參考日文書籍之排版方式,故承襲日文排版需求。

3. Line composition 行内文字排版处理 行內文字排版處理

3.1 Line Composition Rules for Punctuation Marks 标点符号与其排版 標點符號與其排版

The usage of Chinese punctuation marks differs across different regions in China. One of the major differences is their behavior for composition. Punctuation marks in Traditional Chinese are usually positioned center-aligned with adjacent Han characters, while punctuation marks in Simplified Chinese should be aligned with the character they follow, and this alignment varies according to whether the composition uses vertical or horizontal writing mode. The differences of composition for punctuation in Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese, as well as the correct way to position them, will be introduced in more detail later.

中文标点符号的排版在各地区有不同的处理方式,其中较显著的差异是其字面分布——繁体中文多使用符号居中的字形样式,而简体中文多使用符号尾随受注文字末端的字形样式,并根据直、横排有不同的处理。下文将详述繁、简中文标点的异同及准确的配置方式。

中文標點符號的排版在各地區有不同的處理方式,其中較顯著的差異係其字面分布——繁體中文多使用符號居中的字形樣式,而簡體中文多使用符號尾隨受注文字末端的字形樣式,並依直、橫排有不同的處理。下文將詳述繁、簡中文標點的異同及準確的配置方式。

Major typesetting differences between Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese include the positioning of punctuation and terminological variations. (See more at 3.1.2 Sizes and positions of Punctuation Marks 标点符号的字形、尺寸与字面分布 標點符號的字形、尺寸與字面分布).

在繁、简中文排版中,标点符号于字面上的位置与形状差异为二者主要的分歧点(详见3.1.2 Sizes and positions of Punctuation Marks 标点符号的字形、尺寸与字面分布 標點符號的字形、尺寸與字面分布节)。进行版式配置时,需要多加留意。

在繁、簡中文排版中,標點符號於字面上的位置與形狀差異為二者主要的分歧點(詳見3.1.2 Sizes and positions of Punctuation Marks 标点符号的字形、尺寸与字面分布 標點符號的字形、尺寸與字面分布節)。進行版式配置時,需要多加留意。

Note

There are differences between the punctuation marks used in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam, but Unicode does not distinguish them using different codes. A number of punctuation marks are shared among Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese and Japanese. Usually the font used for the Han characters will determine the style of the punctuation marks, or they will be adjusted by the composition engine automatically.

中日韩越意音文字标点符号有地区上的字形与形态差异,但Unicode并未对其区分码位,标点多有共享。通常,排版时使用相应的字体进行配置,或由排版引擎自动调适。

中日韓越意音文字標點符號有地區上的字形與形態差異,但萬國碼並未對其區分字碼,標點多有共用。通常,排版時使用相應的字體進行配置,或由排版引擎自動調適。

The content of the following section is mainly based on the content of General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834—2011) issued in Mainland China, as well as the Punctuation Guidance (2008 revised edition) issued by The Ministry of Education in Taiwan. The former is a recommended national standard while the latter is not mandatory for general publications but mainly used to regulate education materials like textbooks.

本节主要基于中国大陆的《标点符号用法》(GB/T 15834–2011)及台湾教育部的《重订标点符号手册》(2008年修订版)。前者属推荐标准,后者主要用于规范教科书等教育书籍,对一般出版物不具强制性。

本節主要基於中國大陸的《標點符號用法》(GB/T 15834–2011)及台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》(2008年修訂版)。前者屬推薦標準,後者主要用於規範教科書等教育書籍,對一般出版品不具強制性。

3.1.1 Categories and Usage of Punctuation Marks 标点符号的分类及用法 標點符號的分類及用法

3.1.1.1 Pause or Stop Punctuation Marks 點號 点号

Pause or stop punctuation marks are used to indicate pauses or the end of a sentence. Some of the pause or stop punctuation marks appear within a sentence, such as the slight-pause comma, comma, semicolon, colon, etc., while others appear at the end of a sentence, such as period, question mark and exclamation mark.

点号相对于标号,用于表示语句的停顿或暂停。分为句内点号,如顿号、逗号、分号、冒号等;以及句末点号,如句号、问号、感叹号等。

點號相對於標號,用於表示語句的停頓或暫停。分為句內點號,如頓號、逗號、分號、冒號等;及句末點號,如句號、問號、驚嘆號等。

  1. Ideographic full stops, fullwidth commas and ideographic comma.

    句号、逗号与顿号

    句號、逗號與頓號

    U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。] is the punctuation mark placed at the end of a sentence. U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA [,] is mainly used for separating parts of a sentence such as clauses, and items in lists, particularly when there are three or more items listed. U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA [、] (slight-pause comma) is usually used to separate items in lists, as a way to show sequence.

    句号U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。] 表示语句结束,逗号 U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA [,] 表示语气停顿,顿号 U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA [、] 使用于并列连用、表示次序的字词之间。

    句號U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。]、逗號U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA [,]以及頓號U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA [、]。句號表示語句結束、逗點表示語氣停頓、頓號使用於並列連用、表示次序的字詞之間。

    Note

    In many college books, science and technology literature, and grammar books of Western languages, most of which are in horizontal writing mode, Western language text is heavily used. In this case, U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [.] can be used as period, while U+002C COMMA [,] or U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA [,] can be used as comma and slight-pause comma.

    许多理工书籍、科技文献、西文教科书、语法书籍等内含大量西文词句,并采用横排,为求标点符号体例一致,也有采用 U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [.]为句号、采 U+002C COMMA [,]或 U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA [,]为逗号与顿号的案例。详见3.1.3 Atypical punctuation marks and their composition 非典型的标点符号及其配置 非典型的標點符號及其配置节。

    許多理工書籍、科技文獻、西文教科书语法书籍等內含大量西文詞句,並採用橫排,為求標點符號體例一致,也有採用U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [.]為句號、採U+002C COMMA [,]或U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA [,]為逗號與頓號的案例。詳見3.1.3 Atypical punctuation marks and their composition 非典型的标点符号及其配置 非典型的標點符號及其配置節。

  2. Fullwidth colon and fullwidth semicolon.

    冒号与分号

    冒號與分號

    U+FF1A FULLWIDTH COLON [:] consists of two equally sized dots centered on the same vertical line. It is used to start an enumeration. U+FF1B FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON [;] is a punctuation mark that separates major sentence elements. A semicolon can be used between two closely related independent clauses, provided they are not already joined by a coordinating conjunction.

    冒号 U+FF1A FULLWIDTH COLON [:] 表示引述语句开始,分号 U+FF1B FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON [;]用于语句间,表示意义转折。

    冒號U+FF1A FULLWIDTH COLON [:]、分號U+FF1B FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON [;]。冒號表示引述語句開始;分號用於語句間,表示意義轉折。

  3. Fullwidth Exclamation Mark and Fullwidth Question Mark.

    惊叹号与问号

    驚嘆號與問號

    U+FF01 FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK [!] is a punctuation mark usually used after an interjection or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or high volume (shouting), and often marks the end of a sentence. U+FF1F FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK [?] casually known as the interrogation point, query, or eroteme, is a punctuation mark that indicates an interrogative clause, or phrase in many languages. The question mark is not used for indirect questions.

    惊叹号 U+FF01 FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK [!]与问号 U+FF1F FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK [?],用于句末,前者表示惊讶,后者表示质疑。

    驚嘆號U+FF01 FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK [!]與問號U+FF1F FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK [?]。驚嘆號及問號用於句末,前者表示驚訝,後者表示質疑。

3.1.1.2 Indicator Punctuation Marks 标号 標號

In contrast with pause or stop punctuation marks, indicator punctuation marks usually indicate a specific feature of the phrase or sentence. They include brackets, parentheses, em dashes, horizontal ellipsis, black circles or bullets, tildes, middle dots, angle brackets, low lines, and solidus.

标号相对于点号,有标示词组或语句特定性质的作用。包含引号、括号(夹注号)、破折号、删节号(省略号)、着重号、连接号、间隔号、书名号、专名号、分隔号。

標號相對於點號,有標示詞組或語句之特定性質的作用。包含引号、括号(夾注號)、破折号、刪節號(省略号)、着重号、连接号、间隔号、书名号、专名号、分隔号。

  1. Quotation Marks/Brackets

    引号

    引號

    Quotation marks, usually used in pairs, are commonly used to emphasize certain characters or words, or to indicate the beginning and ending of the dialog or quoted content. If there is a need to use a bracket within a pair of brackets, the shape of the inner quotation marks will differ from the parenting quotation marks. Quotation marks are a kind of bracket.

    引号用于强调字词,或作为引用话语、文献的起讫边界。引号中再次使用引号时,使用内引号。外引号与内引号有字形上的差异以便识别。引号属于括注符号。

    引號用於強調字詞,或作為引用話語、文獻的起訖邊界。引號中再次使用引號時,使用內引號。外引號與內引號有字形上的差異以便識別。引號屬於括注符號。

    When there is a need for quotation marks, Traditional Chinese will apply single quotation marks first and then double quotation marks. Single quotation marks include U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET [「] and U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」]; double quotation marks include U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『] and U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』].

    繁体中文采用先单、后双的引号体例。单引号,包含开始单直角引号U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET [「]与结束单直角引号 U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」];双引号,包含开始双 直角引号 U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『]与结束双直角引号 U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』]。

    繁體中文採用先單、後雙的引號體例。單引號,包含開始單直角引號U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET [「]與結束單直角引號U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」];雙引號,包含開始雙直角引號U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『]與結束雙直角引號U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』]。

    On the other hand, Simplified Chinese will apply double quotation marks first and then single quotation marks. For Simplified Chinese, double quotation marks include U+201C LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK [“], U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『], U+201D RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK [”], U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』]; the single quotation marks include U+2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [‘], U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET [「], U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [’] and U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」].

    简体中文采用先双、后单的引号体例,弯引号用于横排、直角引号用于直排。双引号,包含开始双弯引号 U+201C LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK [“]、开始双直角引号 U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『]、结束双弯引号 U+201D RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK [”]、 结束双直角引号U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』];单引号,包含开始单弯引号 U+2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK[‘]、开始单直角引号 U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET[「]、 结束单弯引号 U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [’]、结束单直角引号 U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」]。

    簡體中文採用先雙、後單的引號體例,彎引號用於橫排、直角引號用於直排。雙引號,包含開始雙彎引號U+201C LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK [“]、開始雙直角引號U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『]、結束雙彎引號U+201D RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK [”]、結束雙直角引號U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』];單引號,包含開始單彎引號U+2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [‘]、開始單直角引號U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET [「]、結束單彎引號U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [’]、結束單直角引號U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」]。

    Note

    There are vertical blacket codepoints such like U+FE41 PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT CORNER BRACKET in Unicode. But they are not suitable for author to use directly. They should be replaced by other mechanism.

    万国码编码中有如U+FE41 PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT CORNER BRACKET等直立的符号,但不适宜作者直接使用该符号,而是透过其他机制替代使用。

    萬國碼編碼中有如U+FE41 PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT CORNER BRACKET等直立的符號,但不適宜作者直接使用該符號,而是透過其他機制替代使用。

    Note

    Some publications in Traditional Chinese might also apply double quotation marks first and then single quotation marks.

    某些繁体中文出版物也会采用先双、后单的引号体例。

    某些繁體中文出版物亦會採用先雙、後單的引號體例。

    Note

    Traditional Chinese might also use quotation marks, but it is hardly ever used in vertical writing mode.

    繁体中文也有使用弯引号者,但很少用于直排。

    繁體中文也有使用彎引號者,但鮮少用於直排。

  2. Parentheses.

    括号

    括號

    Parentheses, also called simply brackets, round brackets, or curved brackets, contain material that serves to clarify, or is aside from the main point.

    括号用于行内注释、说明。

    括號用於行內注釋、說明。

    According to Punctuation Guidance (2008 revised edition) issued by The Ministry of Education in Taiwan, parentheses used in Chinese include U+FF08 FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS [(], U+FF09 FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS [)] and U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺] or U+2014 EM DASH [—]. Either one two-em dash (U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺]) or two consecutive em dashes can be used.

    台湾教育部的《重订标点符号手册》(2008年修订版)称括号为夹注号,分甲式及乙式,甲式为 U+FF08 FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS [( ]与 U+FF09 FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS [)], 乙式则为一对各占两个汉字空间的 U+2014 EM DASH [—](或使用连续两个「——」)。括号 属于括注符号。

    台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》(2008年修訂版)稱括號為夾注號,分甲式及乙式,甲式為U+FF08 FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS [(]與U+FF09 FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS [)],乙式則為一對各佔二個漢字空間的U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺]或U+2014 EM DASH [—]。括號屬於括注符號。

    General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834–2011), the national standard issued by China Central Government, lists em dash as a kind of dash.

    中国大陆《标点符号用法》(GB/T 15834–2011)的括号基本与上述一致,但将乙式括号视为破折号的一种形式。

    中國大陸《標點符號用法》(GB/T 15834–2011)的括號基本與上述一致,但將乙式括號視為破折號的一種形式。

    Note

    There are other brackets and quotation marks which include: U+3010 LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [【], U+3011 RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [】], U+3016 LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〖], U+3017 RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〗], left U+3014 LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〔], U+3015 RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〕], U+FF3B FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET [[], U+FF3D FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET []], U+FF5B FULLWIDTH LEFT CURLY BRACKET [{], U+FF5D FULLWIDTH RIGHT CURLY BRACKET [}]. These brackets and quotation marks are rarely used in Chinese publications.

    其它类括号则有:前方头括号 U+3010 LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [【]、后方头括号 U+3011 RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [】]、前空心方头括号 U+3016 LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〖]、后空心方头括号 U+3017 RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〗]、前六角括号 U+3014 LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〔]、后六角括号 U+3015 RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〕]、前方括号 U+FF3B FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET [[]、后方括号 U+FF3D FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET []]、前花括号 U+FF5B FULLWIDTH LEFT CURLY BRACKET [{]、后花括号 U+FF5D FULLWIDTH RIGHT CURLY BRACKET[}]。

    其餘括號類則有:前方头括号U+3010 LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [【]、后方头括号U+3011 RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [】]、前空心方头括号U+3016 LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〖]、后空心方头括号U+3017 RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〗]、前六角括号U+3014 LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〔]、后六角括号U+3015 RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〕]、前方括号U+FF3B FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET [[]、后方括号U+FF3D FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET []]、前花括号U+FF5B FULLWIDTH LEFT CURLY BRACKET [{]、后花括号U+FF5D FULLWIDTH RIGHT CURLY BRACKET [}]。

  3. Em Dash.

    破折号

    破折號

    U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺] or U+2014 EM DASH [—] sometimes shows a continuation of tone or sound, an abrupt change in thought, or adding new content to the context. This punctuation takes one-character height and two-character width.

    破折号表示语气或声音的延续、语意的转换或行文的补充。是占两个汉字空间的U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺]或U+2014 EM DASH [—]。

    破折號表示語氣或聲音的延續、語意的轉換或行文的補充。為佔二個漢字空間的U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺]或U+2014 EM DASH [—]。

  4. Horizontal ellipsis.

    删节号/省略号

    刪節號/省略号

    In Chinese, the horizontal ellipsis usually consists of 3 dots, U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […], or 6 dots (in two groups of three dots, occupying the same horizontal space as two characters, i.e. "……"). They usually indicate an intentional omission of a word, sentence, or whole section from a text. Depending on their context and placement in a sentence, ellipses can also indicate an unfinished thought, a slight pause, or echoing voice.

    删节号又称省略号,表示节省原文、语句未完或语气的不连续。是占两个汉字空间、包含六个省略点的 U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […](或使用连续两个「……」)。

    刪節號又作省略號,表示節略原文、語句未完或語氣的不連續。為佔二個漢字空間、包含六個省略點的U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […](或使用連續二個「……」)。

  5. Emphasis Dots.

    着重号

    着重號

    Emphasis dots are symbols placed above or beneath characters to emphasize the text, strengthen the tone, or avoid ambiguity. For horizontal writing mode, the emphasis dots are placed under the characters, whereas in vertical writing mode, they are usually placed to the right side of the characters. Both U+25CF BLACK CIRCLE [●] or U+2022 BULLET [•] can work as emphasis dots.

    着重号用于表示相应文本的强调、着重语气或避免歧义。其形态是标注在文字底端或顶端(横排多在下方〔底端〕、直排多在右侧〔顶端〕)的圆形中黑点,可以为 U+25CF BLACK CIRCLE [●]或 U+2022 BULLET [•]。

    着重號用於表示相應文本的強調、着重語氣或避免歧義。其形態為標注於文字底端或頂端(橫排多在下方〔底端〕、直排多在右側〔頂端〕)的圓形中黑點,可以為U+25CF BLACK CIRCLE [●]或U+2022 BULLET [•]。

    Punctuation Guidance (revised edition) issued by The Ministry of Education in Taiwan does not include this mark but it is still seen in some publications.

    台湾教育部的《重订标点符号手册》(2008年修订版)中未收录此符号,但仍可见于部分繁体中文出版品。

    台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》(2008年修訂版)中未收錄此符號,但仍可見於部分繁體中文出版品。

  6. Connector Marks.

    连接号

    連接號

    Connector marks are used to indicate the beginning and end of time or space, to indicate quantity, to express the name of a chemical compound, to label a table or illustration, to connect a house number in an address, for a phone number, to separate digits which indicate the year, month and date, or to connect compound nouns, for the romanization as well as the foreign text in the content.

    连接号用于连结时空的起讫或数量的多寡,还可以用于化合物的名称或表格、插图的标号,门牌号码、电话号码等号码的连接,阿拉伯数字表示日期时年月日的区隔,复合名词中的连接以及罗马拼音、外来语内部的分合等。

    連接號用於連結時空之起訖或數量之多寡,还可以用于化合物的名称或表格、插图的标号,门牌号码、电话号码等号码的连接,阿拉伯数字表示日期時年月日的區隔,复合名词中的连接,以及羅馬拼音、外来语内部的分合等等。

    According to the Punctuation Guidance (revised edition) issued by The Ministry of Education in Taiwan, connector symbols include U+2013 EN DASH [–] and U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [~] or U+007E TILDE [~].

    根据台湾教育部的《重订标点符号手册》,连接号分为甲式及乙式,甲式为U+2013 EN DASH [–]、乙式为 U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [~]或 U+007E TILDE [~]。

    根据台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》,連接號分為甲式及乙式,甲式為U+2013 EN DASH [–]、乙式為U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [~]或U+007E TILDE [~]。

    According to the General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834—2011), there are three types of connector mark, which are the short connector mark [–], the long connector mark [—], and tilde [~].

    根据中国大陆的《标点符号用法》(GB/T 15834—2011),连接号的形式有短横线[–]、一字线[—]和浪纹线[~]3 种。

    根据中国大陸的《标点符号用法》 (GB/T 15834—2011),连接号的形式有短横线[–]、一字线[—]和浪纹线[~]三种。

    Note

    The General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834—2011) does not state the corresponding Unicode code point for the three types of connector marks. However, we can make the deduction that the long connector mark [—] is U+2014 EM DASH [—] and the tilde [~] is U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [~] . Since the short connector mark should take half the width of the long connector mark, it should be U+2013 EN DASH [–]. The actual length of these connector marks may depend on the writing system as well as the typeface.

    《标点符号用法》(GB/T 15834—2011)中没有指定这三个符号的码位,但是基本上可以推断一字线是 U+2014 EM DASH [—],浪纹线是 U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [~]。但是对于短横线,该标准5.1.6节规定:短横线比汉字『一』略短,占半个字位置,因此可以是 U+2013 EN DASH [–]。这些连接号的实际长短根据所用处理系统和使用字体会有区别。

    《标点符号用法》 (GB/T 15834—2011)中没有指定这三个符号的码位,但是基本上可以推断一字线是U+2014 EM DASH [—],浪纹线是U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [~]。但是对于「短横线」,该标准5.1.6節规定「横短线比汉字『一』略短,占半个字位置」,因此可以是U+2013 EN DASH [–]。这些连接号的实际长短根据所用处理系统和使用字體会有区别。

  7. Middle Dot.

    间隔号

    間隔號

    U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT [·], also known as interpoint, middot or centered dot, is a punctuation mark consisting of a vertically-centered dot, and is used to separate the first name and family name in names translated from a foreign language, or minority groups names. It is also used with double quotation marks to separate chapters, articles and volumes in publications.

    间隔号为 U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT [·]。用于书名号乙式(双书名号)分隔篇、章、卷,以及外国人名中文译名、少数民族音译名,分隔姓名使用。

    間隔號為U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT [·]。用於書名號乙式(雙書名號)分隔篇、章、卷,以及外國人名中文譯名、少數民族音譯名,分隔姓名使用。

    Middle dot is applied to Chinese only. When a translated foreign name contains a Latin counter, the full stop should be used rather than the middle dot. For example, 「比尔·盖茨」 but 「B. 盖茨」.

    间隔号为中文标点,当外语姓名包含西文首字母缩写作为单节时,原则上西文字母后面应该使用西文句点,如“比尔·盖茨”、“B. 盖茨”。

    间隔号为中文标点,当外语姓名包含西文首字母缩写作为单节时,原则上西文字母后面应该使用西文句点,如「比尔·盖茨」「B. 盖茨」。

    The usage of middle dot differs between Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese. In principle, the middle dot, either in vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode, should have the same dimensions as a character; while in Simplified Chinese, the middle dot sometimes has half the width of a character when it is used to separate the month and the date, e.g. 9·11.

    间隔号在繁、简中文间的用法有所不同,原则上繁体中文无论直排或横排,都占用一个汉字的大小;简体中文用于分隔日期(如 9·11)等情况时,可用半个汉字的大小。

    間隔號在繁、簡中文間的用法有所不同,原則上繁體中文無論直排或橫排,都佔用一個漢字的大小;簡體中文用於分隔日期(如9·11)等情況時,可用半個漢字的大小。

    Note

    Due to the fact that BIG-5 Code does not give a detailed definition of the middle dot, sometimes U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [.], U+2027 HYPHENATION POINT [‧] and U+2022 BULLET [•] are used as replacement for the middle dot. U+30FB KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT [・] is tightly connected to the JIS code system, it is not recommended to use this.

    过去因大五码未有详细的语意定义,所以有时混用 U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [.]、U+2027 HYPHENATION POINT [‧]、U+2022 BULLET [•]等字符作为间隔号的例子,建议使用U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT [·]。而 U+30FB KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT [・]来自日文JIS编码,并非中文编码,不建议使用。

    過去因大五碼未有詳細的語意定義,所以時有混用U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [.]、U+2027 HYPHENATION POINT [‧]、U+2022 BULLET [•]等字元作為間隔號的例子,建議使用U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT [·]。而U+30FB KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT [・]來自日文JIS編碼,並非中文編碼,不建議使用。

  8. Book Title Mark.

    书名号

    書名號

    The book title mark is used to indicate the names of works which usually include books, articles, songs, movies, files, calligraphy and paintings. Generally there are two types of book title marks, wavy low lines or angle brackets. U+FE4F WAVY LOW LINE [﹏] is positioned beneath the corresponding characters. When two works are listed next to each other, the wavy lines for each should be clearly separated. The angle bracket includes U+300A LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [《], U+300B RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [》], U+3008 LEFT ANGLE BRACKET [〈] and U+3009 RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET [〉].The former pair is used for the names of books while the latter pair is used for the names of the articles.

    根据台湾教育部的《重订标点符号手册》(2008 年修订版),书名号分为甲式及乙式,甲式为波浪底线 U+FE4F WAVY LOW LINE [_],标注在相应文本底端,两个作品名称相邻时, 甲式书名号间须在视觉上分离予以辨别。乙式有双书名号 U+300A LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [《]与 U+300B RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [》]、单书名号 U+3008 LEFT ANGLE BRACKET [〈]与 U+3009 RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET [〉],前者用于标示书名号、后者用于标示篇名。

    根据台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》(2008年修訂版),書名號分為甲式及乙式,甲式為波浪底線U+FE4F WAVY LOW LINE [﹏],標注在相應文本底端,二個作品名稱相鄰時,甲式書名號間須在視覺上分離予以辨別。乙式有雙書名號U+300A LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [《]與U+300B RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [》]、單書名號U+3008 LEFT ANGLE BRACKET [〈]與U+3009 RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET [〉],前者用於標示書名號、後者用於標示篇名。

    When two book title marks are positioned next to each other, there should be a clear separation to indicate the difference names.

    书名号用于标示书名、篇名、歌曲名、影剧名、文件名、字画名等各种作品名称。

    書名號用於標示書名、篇名、歌曲名、影劇名、文件名、字畫名等各種作品名稱。

    According to the General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834―2011), the names of books as well as chapters should be quoted using double angle brackets [《》]. When there is a need to indicate the name of another book within the double angle brackets [《》], the ordinary angle brackets [〈〉] should be used.

    根据中国大陆的《标点符号用法》(GB/T 15834—2011),无论书名、篇章名都应该使用双书名号[《》],只有在书名号中还需要书名号时,里面一层用单书名号,外面一层用双书名号。甲式书名号(波浪底线)仅用于古籍。乙式书名号属于括注符号。

    根据中国大陸的《标点符号用法》 (GB/T 15834—2011),无论书名、篇章名都应该使用双书名号[《》],只有在书名号中还需要书名号时,里面一层用单书名号,外面一层用双书名号。而甲式書名號(波浪底線)僅用於古籍。

    Book title marks are a kind of brackets.

    書名號乙式屬於括注符號。

    書名號乙式屬於括注符號。

    Note

    The wavy low line is rarely used in modern publications, but can still be seen in some textbooks and ancient publications.

    甲式书名号已经很少出现于现代的出版品,但仍可见于教科书或古籍的标示。

    甲式書名號已甚少出現於現代的出版品,但仍可見於教科書或古籍的標示。

  9. Fullwidth low line.

    专名号

    專名號

    U+FF3F FULLWIDTH LOW LINE [_] is positioned underneath proper nouns such as a person's name, the name of a place, etc.

    专名号为 U+FF3F FULLWIDTH LOW LINE [_],标示专有名词——如人名、地名等——底端的符号。

    專名號為U+FF3F FULLWIDTH LOW LINE [_],標示於專有名詞——如人名、地名等——底端之符號。

    When two proper nouns are listed together, the FULLWIDTH LOW LINE should provide a visual distinction for them.

    在两个专有名词相邻时,专名号间须在视觉上分离予以辨别。

    在二個專有名詞相鄰時,專名號間須在視覺上分離予以辨別。

    Note

    As with WAVY LOW LINE, the FULLWIDTH LOW LINE is rarely used in modern publications, but it can still be seen in some textbooks and ancient publications.

    同甲式书名号,专名号已甚少出现于现代书籍,但仍可见于教科书或古籍的标示。

    同甲式書名號,專名號已甚少出現於現代書籍,但仍可見於教科書或古籍的標示。

  10. Solidus.

    分隔号

    分隔號

    Both U+002F SOLIDUS [/] and U+FF0F FULLWIDTH SOLIDUS [/] are used to indicate the separation of lines in poetry, syllable beats, and characters which should be separated.

    分隔号为 U+002F SOLIDUS [/]、U+FF0F FULLWIDTH SOLIDUS [/],用于标示诗的分行、音节节拍及相关文字的分隔。

    分隔號為U+002F SOLIDUS [/]、U+FF0F FULLWIDTH SOLIDUS [/],用於標示詩的分行、音節節拍及相關文字的分隔。

    Note

    Punctuation Guidance (revised edition in 2008) issued by The Ministry of Education in Taiwan does not include the SOLIDUS, but it is frequently used in traditional publications, including textbooks.

    台湾教育部的《重订标点符号手册》(2008 年修订版)中未收录此符号,但繁体中文出版品中多有使 用,其中包含教科书。

    台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》(2008年修訂版)中未收錄此符號,但繁體中文出版品中多有使用,其中包含教科書。

3.1.2 Sizes and positions of Punctuation Marks 标点符号的字形、尺寸与字面分布 標點符號的字形、尺寸與字面分布

Please find the shape and usage of punctuation marks at section 3.1.1 Categories and Usage of Punctuation Marks 标点符号的分类及用法 標點符號的分類及用法 and A. Punctuation marks in Chinese 中文标点符号表 中文標點符號表. There are no notable differences between the punctuation used in Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese. The major differences between the two are in the dimension and position of the punctuation marks.

标点符号的字形及用法请见 3.1.1 标点符号的分类及用法节及附录 A。繁、简中文的标点符号在字形上未有显著差异,二者间的区别主要是符号的尺寸与字面分布。

標點符號的字形及用法請見3.1.1 Categories and Usage of Punctuation Marks 标点符号的分类及用法 標點符號的分類及用法節及附錄A。繁、簡中文的標點符號在字形上未有顯著差異,二者間的區別主要係符號的尺寸與字面分布。

Punctuation marks used in Traditional Chinese are usually positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space left for them; while in vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode, some of the punctuation marks are positioned in different directions so as to mark the corresponding characters more accurately. For Simplified Chinese, the punctuation marks are usually positioned following the characters they are supposed to mark; while some punctuation marks might be positioned in different directions due to the vertical or horizontal writing mode. Also, different writing modes might require different punctuation marks to fulfill the same function, e.g. horizontal writing mode requires curved quotation marks while vertical writing mode requires angle brackets.

繁体中文标点多位于字面正中,部分标号在直、横排中使用不同的方向以准确地标注文字;简体中文标点多位于被标注注文字的末端、字面始端,部分标号在直、横排中除了使用不同的方向外,亦有需要因文字书写方向替换符号形式的需求,如引号(横排使用弯引号,直排使用直角引号)。

繁體中文標點多位於字面正中,部分標號在直、橫排中使用不同的方向以準確地標注文字;簡體中文標點多位於受注文字的末端、字面始端,部分標號在直、橫排中除了使用不同的方向外,亦有需要因文字書寫方向替換符號形式的需求,如引號(橫排使用彎引號,直排使用直角引號)。

Pause or stop punctuation marks include the slight-pause comma, comma, semicolon, colon, period, question mark, exclamation mark, etc. In Traditional Chinese, they take the same dimensions as well as the direction as a character does. Traditional Chinese pause or stop punctuation marks are usually positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space left for them. In Simplified Chinese, they are positioned in the top or bottom side in the space left for them following the marked characters. In horizontal writing mode, the pause or stop punctuation marks are placed at the lower left corner in the square space while in vertical writing mode, they are placed in the right upper corner.

点号,包括:顿号、逗号、分号、冒号、句号、问号、惊叹号等,占一个汉字的大小,直、横排方向一致。繁体中文排版位于字面正中;简体中文排版则位于文字末端、字面始端 偏顶端或底端一侧(横排时位字面左下角,直排时位字面右上角)。

點號,包括:頓號、逗號、分號、冒號、句號、問號、驚嘆號等,佔一個漢字的大小,直、橫排方向一致。繁體中文排版位於字面正中;簡體中文排版則位受注文字末端、字面始端偏頂端或底端一側(橫排時位字面左下角,直排時位字面右上角)。

Brackets marks include quotation marks, parentheses, title marks, etc. They should be positioned in pairs at each side of the marked character and have the same dimensions as a character, and the same direction as the characters. Bracket quotation marks have different positioning rules in Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese. In Traditional Chinese, single quotation marks will be used first and then double quotation marks, whereas in Simplified Chinese, double quotation marks will be used first and then single quotation marks. Also, the writing mode should be taken into consideration too. Horizontal writing mode requires curved quotation marks while vertical writing mode requires angle brackets.

括注符号,包括:引号、括号、书名号及篇名号(乙式)等,位于文本的两侧,占一个汉字的大小、依文字书写方向使用相应的标注方向。其中,引号在繁、简中文分别采用不同的形式,繁体中文排版多使用先单、后双(依此类推)的配对形式;简体中文排版则使用先双、后单(依此类推)的配对形式,并按照文字书写方向采用相应的符号(横排使用弯引号,直排使用直角引号)。

括注符號,包括:引號、括號、書名號及篇名號(乙式)等,位受注文本的二側,佔一個漢字的大小、依文字書寫方向使用相應的標注方向。其中,引號在繁、簡中文分別採用不同的形式,繁體中文排版多使用先單、後雙(依此類推)的配對形式; 簡體中文排版則使用先雙、後單(依此類推)的配對形式,並依文字書寫方向採用相應的符號(橫排使用彎引號,直排使用直角引號)。

Ellipsis and long dash, in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space for them, should be one character in height and two-characters in width. They are not supposed to be separated from one line to the next and should be positioned in the same direction as the characters.

省略号、破折号等标号,位于字面正中,占两个汉字的空间,并且不能因为适配分行断开或拆至两行,根据文字书写方向使用相应的标注方向。

包括:刪節號、破折號等標號,位字面正中,佔二個漢字的空間,並不得以適配分行之由斷開或拆至二行,依文字書寫方向使用相應的標注方向。

Dashes, with the same dimensions as one character, should be positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space for it. Among the dash marks, EN DASH should have a short length to make a clear distinction from the Chinese character [一], which means one. And they should be positioned in the same direction as the characters they mark.

连接号位于字面正中,占一个汉字的大小,其中,甲式连接号在横排时,符号的直线长度应稍小于汉字“一”以避免歧义,按照文字书写方向使用相应的标注方向。

連接號位字面正中,佔一個漢字的大小,其中,甲式連接號在橫排時,符號的直線長度應稍小於漢字「一」以避免歧義,依文字書寫方向使用相應的標注方向。

Solidus, with the same dimensions and direction as the character it follows, should be positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space for it. To make a more economical use of the space, or to set the members or characters more solid, sometimes the solidus can have a half character width.

间隔号位于字面正中,占一个汉字的大小,直、横排方向一致。为了节省排版空间、使词组或数字较紧凑地排列,可以使用半个汉字大小的间隔号。

間隔號位於字面正中,佔一個漢字的大小,直、橫排方向一致。為了節省排版空間、使詞組或數字較緊湊地排列,可以使用半個漢字大小的間隔號。

Inline marks like title marks, wavy low lines, and emphasis dots should be positioned underneath the marked characters in horizontal writing mode. In vertical writing mode, emphasis dots should be positioned to the right side of the marked characters so as not to affect the characters above and beneath them.

标注在行间的标号需以不影响上下行文字为原则进行配置。包括:专名号、甲式书名号等两个符号,位于被标注文字底端(横排位于文字下方、直排位文字左侧);着重号横排时位于文字底端(下方)、直排时位于文字顶端(右侧)。

標注於行間的標號需以不影響上下行文字為原則進行配置。包括:專名號、甲式書名號等二個符號,位受注文字底端(橫排位文字下方、直排位文字左側);着重號橫排時位受注文字底端(下方)、直排時位在受注文字頂端(右側)。

Solidus should be positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space for it. In Simplified Chinese, it should take half a character width, whereas in Traditional Chinese, there is no clear rule about its dimension but most publications will give them the same dimensions as one character.

分隔号位于字面正中,简体中文排版时占半个汉字的大小;繁体中文通行地区未有相关的规定,但多数出版品多使用一个汉字的大小。

分隔號位字面正中,簡體中文排版時佔半個漢字的大小;繁體中文通行地區未有相關的規定,但多數出版品多使用一個漢字的大小。

3.1.3 Atypical punctuation marks and their composition 非典型的标点符号及其配置 非典型的標點符號及其配置

3.1.3.1 Science and technology literature 科技文献 科技文獻

Science and technology literature prefers U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [.] to U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。] so as to make a clear distinction from letter [o] or digit [0].

科技文献中的句号多使用U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [.]替代U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。],以避免同拉丁字母“o”或数字“0”混淆。

科技文獻中的「句號」多使用U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [.]替代U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。],以避免同拉丁字母「o」或數字「0」混淆。

3.1.3.2 Special cases in Traditional Chinese publications 繁体中文出版物的特殊情况 繁體中文出版品的特殊情況

In Traditional Chinese publications such as ancient books, science and technology literatures, textbooks, or the books that have quotations in Western languages, some pause or stop punctuation marks, including slight-pause comma, colon and period, are positioned following the marked characters. The same applies for Simplified Chinese as well as Japanese so as to make the same style for the punctuation marks in both Chinese and Western languages.

在繁体中文的古籍、科技文献、科学类教科书或常引西文的书籍中,也可见使用于被标注文字末端、字面始端的点号(顿号、逗号、句号),类似简体中文或日文标点符号,以保持中、西文标点体例一致。

在繁體中文的古籍、科技文獻、科學類教科書或常引西文的書籍中,亦可見使用位受注文字末端、字面始端的點號(頓號、逗號、句號),類似簡體中文或日文標點符號,以保持中、西文標點體例一致。

3.1.4 Prohibition Rules for Line Start and Line End 行首行尾禁则 行首行尾禁則

In order to maintain a smooth reading experience and consistency of the style, there are certain constraints for the positioning of most punctuation marks. In most cases, according to its function, a punctuation mark is prohibited from appearing at the line start or line end. This rule was first implemented during the time of letterpress printing. In Mainland China, the national standard General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834–2011) sets clear rules about the positioning of punctuation marks. In the regions that use Traditional Chinese, there is not yet a standard for the usage and positioning of punctuation marks, but most of the publications apply the rules described in this document.

为了保持阅读顺畅、体例一致,多数标点符号的位置有限制,通常一个标点符号依其性质,禁止出现在行首或行尾。这项规则自活字排版时代开始通行。在中国大陆,《标点符号用法》(GB/T 15834–2011)规定了简体中文标点在行间的位置;繁体中文通行地区虽没有相应的规范,但多数出版品皆按照此处所述规则对标点符号进行配置。

為了保持閱讀順暢、體例一致,多數標點符號的位置有其限制,通常一個標點符號依其性質,禁止出現在一行之首或之末。這項規則自活字排版時代開始通行。在中國大陸,《標點符號用法》(GB/T 15834–2011)規定了簡體中文標點在行間的位置;繁體中文通行地區雖未有相應的規範,但多數出版品皆以此處所述規則對標點符號進行配置。

Note

In Traditional Chinese, there is no strict rule indicating that a punctuation mark must not appear at the line start. In the time of letterpress printing, there were quite a few publications which ignored the prohibition rules for punctuation marks.

在繁体中文里,并未严格禁止标点符号出现在行首,在活字排版时代,完全不处理标点禁则的出版品也相当多见。

在繁體中文裡,並未嚴格禁止標點符號出現於行首,於活字排版時代,完全不處理標點禁則的出版品也相當多見。

Note

In Traditional Chinese publications like newspapers and magazines, columns are often used in the layout, which leads to fewer characters in each line, and prohibition rules of punctuation marks are sometimes ignored under these circumstances.

繁体中文出版品中,报纸、杂志多采用分栏式排版,此时由于一行字数较少,也有完全不使用行首行尾禁则的作法。

繁體中文出版品中,報紙、雜誌多採分欄式排版,此時由於一行字數較少,也有完全不使用行首行尾禁則的作法。

Note

In order to avoid a punctuation mark appearing at the line start, the last character from the previous line can be moved to the beginning of next line and the extra space left for the previous line should be divided and inserted equally between the characters of previous line. However, in the case where several punctuation marks appear together, for example [。』」], moving one character from previous line might cause too much space left between the characters. In this case, the punctuation marks might be allowed to appear at the line start so as to keep a reasonable space between characters in each line.

排版时,若不希望标点符号出现在行首时,仅能从前一行取最后一个字至下一行,前行多出来的空间采平均排列的方式处理。但若遇连续标点符号,如[。』」]等状况,可能取一个字会造成前行字距过大, 这时则采宽松处理,允许标点出现在行首,以避免字距过松造成体例不良。

排版時,若不希望標點符號出現於行頭時,僅能由前行取末字至下一行,前行多出來的空間採平均排列的方式處理。但若遇連續標點符號,如[。』」]等狀況,可能取一字會造成前行字距過大,這時則採寬鬆處理,允許標點出現於行頭,以避免字距過鬆造成體例不良。

Pause or stop punctuation marks including slight-pause comma, comma, semicolon, colon, period, question mark, exclamation mark, as well as right quotation marks, right parentheses, right angle brackets, ellipsis, dash, etc, should not appear at the line start.

点号(顿号、逗号、句号、冒号、分号、惊叹号、问号)、结束引号、结束括号、结束乙式书名号(篇名号)、删节号、连接号、间隔号等符号,不能出现在一行的开头。

包括:點號(頓號、逗號、句號、冒號、分號、驚嘆號、問號)、結束引號、結束括號、結束乙式書名號(篇名號)、刪節號、連接號、間隔號等符號,不得出現於一行之首。

Left parentheses, left quotation marks, left angle brackets and left title marks should not appear at the line end.

开始引号、开始括号、开始单双书名号等符号,不能出现在一行的结尾。

包括:開始引號等、開始括號、開始單雙書名號等符號,不得出現於一行之尾。

Prohibition Rules and Glyphs please see A. Puctuation marks in Chinese

详细标点禁则规则请见附录A中文标点符号表

詳細標點禁則規則請見附錄A中文標點符號表

3.1.5 Prohibition Rules for Unbreakable Marks 符号分离禁则 符號分離禁則

3.1.5.1 Punctuation Marks 标点符号 標點符號

The following punctuation marks should be considered as one unit and take two-character widths. They should not be separated into two lines. In cases where multiples of these punctuation marks appear together, it is allowed to separate them into two lines as described in 3.2.4 Handling Western Text in Chinese Text Using Proportional Western Fonts 西文使用比例字体时的混排处理 西文使用比例字體時的混排處理. If they were forced to remain on one line, it might cause too much space between the characters in the previous line and decrease the aesthetics of the entire composition.

以下标点符号占用两个汉字的空间,在行间应为一体,视作一个字符存在,不能为了适配分行而拆成两行。

以下標點符號佔用二個漢字的空間,在行間應為一體,視作一個字元存在,不得以適配分行之由拆至二行。

Note

In the digital era, these punctuation marks usually take the width of 2 characters but are still considered as one unit.

在数字出版时代,这些标点符号通常占用两个字符的宽度,但是被认做一个整体单元。

在数字出版时代,这些标点符号通常占用两个字符的宽度,但是被认做一个整体单元。

  1. Em dash and long dash.

    乙式括号与破折号

    乙式括號與破折號

    U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺] or U+2014 EM DASH [—] should take one-character height and two-character widths, and long dash [——] can be used created by using two adjacent em dashes.

    乙式括号与破折号是占两个汉字空间的U+2014 EMDASH [—(]或使用连续两个「——」)。

    乙式括號與破折號為佔二個漢字空間的U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺] 或U+2014 EM DASH [—]。

  2. Horizontal ellipsis.

    删节号/省略号

    刪節號/省略号

    U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […] takes one-character height and two-characters in width. Two horizontal ellipses can be used together 「……] .

    删节号/省略号是占两个汉字空间、包含六个省略点的 U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […] (或使用连续二个「……]」)。

    刪節號/省略號為佔二個漢字空間、包含六個省略點的U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […](或使用連續二個「……]」)。

    According to section 5.1.5 of General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834―2011), when two horizontal ellipses are used together, they should be four characters wide and occupy an independent line.

    《标点符号用法》(GB/T 15834–2011)5.1.5节还规定,两个省略号连用时,占四个汉字位置并须单独占一行。

    《標點符號用法》(GB/T 15834–2011)5.1.5節还规定,两个省略号连用时,占四个漢字位置并须单独占一行。

3.1.5.2 Digits and their Prefix and Suffix 数字及其相应的前后缀单位符号 數字及其相應的前後綴單位符號
3.1.5.3 Annotation Marks 注释符号 注釋符號

3.1.6 Compression Rules for Punctuation Marks 标点符号的挤压 標點符號的擠壓

Punctuation marks in Chinese usually have the dimensions of one character (or more). This provides a clear distinction between characters and leaves some room for compositional adjustment. However, if there is no character before or after the punctuation mark(s), the empty space around the punctuation mark(s) will seem a bit abrupt. In this case, proper compression for the punctuation mark(s) will make the composition more tightly-knit and readable.

中文的标点符号多占一个(或以上)汉字的空间,使其在字间易于识别、适合配置及排版。然而,在标点前后没有文字时,标点的空白空间将显突兀。对标点符号的空余空间进行挤压,可使文字体裁更加紧凑、易读。

中文的標點符號多佔一個(或以上)漢字的空間,使其在字間易於識別、適合配置及排版。然而,在標點前後不為文字時,標點的空白空間將顯突兀。對標點符號的空餘空間進行擠壓,可使文字體裁更加緊湊、易讀。

Usually there are two ways to compress punctuation mark(s). First, when multiple punctuation marks appear together, the space between the punctuation marks can be adjusted; second, when multiple punctuation marks appear at the line start or line end, the space at the line start or line end can be adjusted.

标点符号的挤压通常分为两种——其一,标点符号连续出现时,对符号间相邻的空隙进行调整;另一种则是符号出现在行首或行尾时,调整该符号字面位置,缩减行首或行尾的空隙。

標點符號的擠壓通常分為二種——其一,標點符號連續出現時,對符號間相鄰的空隙進行調整;另一種則是符號出現於行首或行尾時,調整該符號字面位置,縮減行首或行尾的空隙。

3.1.6.1 Compression of adjacent punctuation marks 连续标点符号的挤压 連續標點符號的擠壓

When opening bracket(s), closing bracket(s), slight-pause comma, comma, period or interpunct appear together, the following rules for space adjustment will make the composition more solid and readable.

在开始括注符号、结束括注符号、顿号、逗号、句号及间隔号等连续排列时,以下的空隙调整规则得以使文字体裁更加紧凑、易读。

在開始括注符號、結束括注符號、頓號、逗號、句號及間隔號等連續排列時,以下的空隙調整規則得以使文字體裁更加緊湊、易讀。

  1. In Simplified Chinese, when one or more closing brackets appear behind a slight-pause comma, comma or period, a space of half a character width can be reduced. This rule does not apply to Traditional Chinese.

    简体中文排版中,当结束括注符号出现在顿号、逗号、句号之后时,缩减两者间二分之一个汉字大小的空白(繁体中文标点不适用此规则)。

    簡體中文排版中,當結束括注符號出現於頓號、逗號、句號之後,縮減二者間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。(繁體中文標點不適用此規則)

  2. When a slight-pause comma, comma or period appears after a closing bracket, a space of half a character width can be reduced.

    当顿号、逗号、句号出现在结束括注符号之后时,缩减其间二分之一个汉字大小的空白。

    當頓號、逗號、句號出現在結束括注符號之後,縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。

  3. When an opening bracket appears after a slight-pause comma, comma or period, a space of half a character width can be reduced.

    当开始括注符号出现在顿号、逗号、句号之后时,缩减其间二分之一个汉字大小的空白。

    當開始括注符號出現於頓號、逗號、句號之後,縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。

  4. When an opening bracket appears after a closing bracket, a space of half a character width can be reduced.

    当开始括注符号出现在结束括注符号之后时,缩减其间二分之一个汉字大小的空白。

    當開始括注符號出現於結束括注符號之後,縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。

  5. When two or more opening brackets appear together, a space of half a character width can be reduced.

    当两个(或以上)开始括注符号连续排列时,缩减其间二分之一个汉字大小的空白。

    當二個(或以上)開始括注符號連續排列時,縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。

  6. When two or more closing brackets appear together, a space of half a character width can be reduced.

    当两个(或以上)结束括注符号连续排列时,缩减其间二分之一个汉字大小的空白。

    當二個(或以上)結束括注符號連續排列時,縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。

  7. When a solidus appears after a closing bracket, a space of a quarter of a character width can be reduced.

    当间隔号出现于结束括注符号之后时,缩减其间四分之一个汉字大小的空白。

    當間隔號出現於結束括注符號之後,縮減其間四分之一個漢字大小的空白。

  8. When a solidus appears before an opening bracket, a space of a quarter of a character width can be reduced.

    当间隔号出现于开始括注符号之前时,缩减其间四分之一个汉字大小的空白。

    當間隔號出現於開始括注符號之前,縮減其間四分之一個漢字大小的空白。

3.1.6.2 Compression of punctuation marks at line start 行首行尾标点挤压 行首行尾標點擠壓

When a punctuation mark appears at line start or line end, the following rules for space adjustment will make the composition more solid and readable.

标点符号出现在行首或行尾时,以下的空隙调整规则使文字体裁更加紧凑、易读。

標點符號出現在一行之首或之末時,以下的空隙調整規則得以使文字體裁更加緊湊、易讀。

  1. For the case of line head indent, if a bracket is set at the beginning of a line, half a character space can be reduced ahead of the bracket.

    使用段首缩进格式的排版中,若首行行首出现开始括注符号,可以缩减该符号始侧二分之一个汉字大小的空白。

    使用段首縮進格式的排版中,若首行行首出現開始括注符號,可以縮減該符號始側二分之一個漢字大小的空白。

  2. When an opening bracket appears at the beginning of a line, half a character space can be reduced ahead of the bracket.

    当行首出现开始括注符号,可以缩减该符号始侧二分之一个汉字大小的空白。

    當行首出現開始括注符號,可以縮減該符號始側二分之一個漢字大小的空白。

  3. When a closing bracket appears at the end of a line, half a character space can be reduced behind the bracket.

    当行尾出现结束括注符号时,可以缩减其末侧二分之一个汉字大小的空白。

    當行尾出現結束括注符號時,可以縮減其末側二分之一個漢字大小的空白。

  4. In Simplified Chinese, when a slight-pause comma, comma or period appears at the end of a line, half a character space can be reduced behind the bracket.

    简体中文排版中,当行尾出现顿号、逗号、句号时,可以缩减该符号末侧二分之一个汉字大小的空白(繁体中文标点不适用此规则)。

    簡體中文排版中,當行尾出現頓號、逗號、句號時,可以縮減該符號末側二分之一個漢字大小的空白。(繁體中文標點不適用此規則)

3.1.7 Hanging Punctuation at Line End 行尾点号悬挂 行尾點號懸掛

Most Chinese publications do not use hanging punctuation at line end. According to the Japanese Layout Requirements document, hanging punctuation at the line end is a kind of extension of the prohibition rules at line start. This rule helps to avoid moving characters or punctuation marks between lines and avoids inconsistency of space between the characters in different lines.

绝大多数的中文出版物没有悬挂行尾点号的惯例。参考日文排版的做法,点号悬挂是行首标点禁则处理方式的延伸,可以避免文字及点号在前后行的移动,近而导致前行字距不一的问题。

絕多數的中文出版品沒有懸掛行尾點號的慣例。參考日文排版的做法,點號懸掛是行首標點禁則處理方式的延伸,可以避免文字及點號在前後行的移動,甚而導致前行字距不一的問題。

In general, the punctuation marks that can be hung at the line end include slight-pause comma, comma and period. In Simplified Chinese, the rest of the pause or stop punctuation marks can be hung at line end since they are set at at the side of the marked characters or in front of the marked characters.

通常,适合行尾悬挂的点号有顿号、逗号及句号。简体中文排版中,其余点号因其字面分布偏向被标注文字的一侧、字面始端,也可进行行尾悬挂配置。

通常,適合行尾懸掛的點號有頓號、逗號及句號三者。簡體中文排版中,其餘點號因其字面分布偏向受注文字一側、字面始端,亦可進行行尾懸掛配置。

If a punctuation mark (slight-pause comma, comma or period) is expected to be at the start of a line, it should be placed at the end of the line before, to fit in the type area.

若点号(顿号、逗号或句号)将出现于行首,可将其置于前一行的行尾端、突出版心。

若點號(頓號、逗號或句號)將出現於一行之首,可將其置於前一行的行尾端、突出版心。

However, for Traditional Chinese, which sets the punctuation marks at the center of the square space for it, hanging the punctuation marks might make an abrupt affect on the composition. Therefore, Traditional Chinese does not apply hanging punctuation in horizontal writing mode but only in vertical writing mode.

然而,由于繁体中文的点号位于字面正中,若在横排时使用行尾悬挂,体例可能显得突兀、不良。故横排时,繁体中文不做行尾悬挂配置;但可用于直排。

然而,由於繁體中文的點號位於字面正中,若在橫排時使用行尾懸掛,體例可能顯得突兀、不良。故橫排時,繁體中文不做行尾懸掛配置;但可用於直排。

In the case of a succession of punctuation marks, punctuation hanging should not be applied.

连续多个标点符号的情况下,不作行尾点号悬挂的配置。

連續多個標點符號的情況下,不作行尾點號懸掛的配置。

3.2 Composition of Chinese and Western Mixed Texts 中、西文混排处理 中、西文混排處理

3.2.1 Composition of Chinese and Western Mixed Text 中文与西文的混排 中文與西文之混排

There are many examples in Chinese text where Western characters, such as Latin letters, Greek letters, or European numerals, are found alongside Han characters. The following are just a few examples:

中文排版中,汉字与拉丁字母、希腊字母或阿拉伯数字等西文混排的状况经常出现,以下列举部分范例。

中文排版中,漢字與拉丁字母、希臘字母或阿拉伯數字等西文混排的狀況經常出現,以下列舉部分範例。

  1. One Western letter used as a symbol for something, such as 'A' or 'B'.

    使用西文字母作为记号使用,如 A、B。

    使用西文字母作為記號使用,如「A」「B」。

  2. A Western word is used in a Chinese context, such as 'editor'.

    直接使用如“editor”的西文单词。

    直接使用如「editor」的西文單字詞。

  3. Acronyms, such as 'DTP' or 'GDP'.

    使用如DTP、GDP等,与组织名、专有名词等的首字母缩写。

    使用如DTP、GDP等與組織名、專有名詞等首字母縮寫。

  4. Book titles or authors in references to Western books that use the original spelling.

    呈现西文文献等的作者名、书名等采用原本表计的方式呈现。

    呈現西文文獻等之作者名、書名等採原本表計的方式呈現。

  5. European numerals used to express years or other numbers, such as '1999年'.

    使用阿拉伯数字表示纪年、数量值、编号等,如“1999年”。

    使用阿拉伯數字表示紀年、數量詞、編號等,如「1999年」。

Western numeric characters are also used in itemized lists and numbered headings, or as symbols for chemical elements or mathematical formulae. It can be seen from these examples that it is an everyday occurrence to find Western characters mixed with Han characters in Chinese composition.

项目符号与标题编号、单位符号、元素符号、数学符号等也多有西文,由此可知,日常使用上中、西文的混排非常常见。

項目符號與標題編號、單位符號、元素符號、數學符號等也多有西文,由此可知,日常使用上中、西文的混排非常常見。

Note

Western numerals, sometimes called arabic, or arabic-indic numerals, are referred to as European numerals in the context of this document, unless notes indicate otherwise.

若无特别示,本文使用的“阿拉伯数字”皆指西方语言或欧洲形式的印度-阿拉伯数字。

若無特別提示,本文使用之「阿拉伯數字」皆指西方語言或歐洲形式的印度-阿拉伯數字。

Formerly, fullwidth ASCII characters were often used, either to make the presentation look orderly, or simply due to the poorly developed computer technologies available for text layout. Nowadays, typesetting engines allow for proportional or monospace fonts, as required, rather than forcing the user to resort to the old fullwidth blocks of Latin letters and European numerals.

过去,由于计算机排版技术不精良,多使用“全角ASCII字符”以达到整齐等视觉排版效果。现今在文本储存时,应避免使用该区段的拉丁字母及数字字符,交由排版引擎处理比例字体、等宽字体等显示需求。

過去,因計算機排版技術不甚精良,多使用「全形ASCII字元」以達整齊等視覺排版效果。現今在文本儲存時,應避免使用該區段之拉丁字母及數字字元,交由排版引擎處理比例字體、等寬字體等顯示需求。

When Western texts are mixed with Han characters, Chinese style punctuation and its common usage should be used in principle since the main text is Chinese, However, in the case of technical documents, if plenty of formula are contained in the text, the full stop can be unified with the western-style period, U+002E FULL STOP [.]. Also in text books on grammar of Western languages etc., which contain plenty of example sentences mixed with Chinese, western-style periods [.] can be used.

中西混排中,由于正文是中文,原则上应该使用中文标点,遵守中文标点的习惯用法。 但是,科学技术中文图书,如果涉及公式较多,句号可以统一使用西文句号 U+002E FULL STOP [.],省略号使用英文的三点省略号;中文版西文语法教材之类的图书,西文例句较多且多与中文混排时,句号可以统一使用西文句号[.]。

中西混排中,由于正文是中文,原则上应该使用中文标点,遵守中文标点的习惯用法。但是,科学技术中文图书,如果涉及公式较多,句号可以统一使用西文句号U+002E FULL STOP [.],省略号使用英文的三点省略号;中文版西文语法教材之类的图书,西文例句较多且多与中文混排时,句号可以统一使用西文句号[.]。

3.2.2 Mixed Text Composition in Horizontal Writing Mode 横排的中、西文混排配置 橫排的中、西文混排配置

In horizontal writing mode, the basic approach uses proportional fonts to represent Western text and uses proportional or monospace fonts for European numerals. In principle, there is tracking or spacing between an adjacent Han character and Western character of up to one quarter of a Han character width, except at the line head or end.

横排时,西文使用比例字体;阿拉伯数字则常用比例字体或等宽字体。原则上,汉字与西文字母、数字间使用不多于四分之一个汉字宽的字距或空白。但西文出现在行首或行尾时,则无须加入空白。

橫排時,西文使用比例字體;阿拉伯數字則常用比例字體或等寬字體。原則上,漢字與西文字母、數字間使用不多於四分之一個漢字寬的字距或空白。但西文出現在行頭或行尾時,則毋須加入空白。

Note

Another approach is to use a Western word space (U+0020 SPACE), in which case the width depends on the font in use.

或可使用西文词间空格(U+0020 SPACE [ ],其宽度随不同字体有所变化)。

或可使用西文詞間空格(U+0020 SPACE [ ],其寬度隨不同字體有所變化)。

3.2.3 Mixed Text Composition in Vertical Writing Mode 直排的中、西文混排配置 直排的中、西文混排配置

For vertical writing mode, the following list describes methods of setting Western letters and European numerals:

直排时,西文与阿拉伯数字的配置有以下三种方法:

直排時,西文與阿拉伯數字的配置有以下三種方法:

  1. Setting Western letters with Han character-width monospace fonts. Letters or European numerals follow each other, one at a time, in the same direction and rotation as the Han characters. This arrangement is usually adopted where the text contains a single letter or digit, or an acronym (such as GDP).

    采用与汉字等宽的字体或全角文字,使用与汉字相同的书写方向按照字母排列,无须转向。当文中的西文字母与阿拉伯数字为单独一字或为首字母缩写时(如GDP),多使用这种方式配置。

    採用與漢字等寬之字體或全形字元,使用與漢字相同的書寫方向依字母排列,毋須轉向。當文中的西文字母與阿拉伯數字為單獨一字、或為首字母縮寫時(如GDP),多使用這種方式配置。

  2. Setting Western letters with proportional fonts, rotated 90 degrees clockwise. This approach is usually adopted where Latin letters compose a word or sentence. There is tracking or spacing between a Han character and an adjacent Western letter or European numeral, up to a width of one quarter of a Han character, except at the line head or end.

    采用比例字体,将文字顺时针旋转90°配置。当文中的西文为一般单词、语句或四位数以上的阿拉伯数时,采用此方法配置。汉字与西文字母、数字间使用不多于四分之一个汉字宽的字距或空白。但西文出现在行首或行尾时,则无须加入空白。

    採用比例字體,將文字順時針旋轉90度配置。當文中的西字為一般單字詞、語句,或阿拉伯數在四位數以上時,採用此方法配置。漢字與西文字母、數字間使用不多於四分之一個漢字寬的字距或空白。但西文出現在行頭或行尾時,則毋須加入空白。

  3. Setting European numerals with proportional fonts in horizontal-in-vertical orientation. This style is usually adopted when dealing with a two to three digit number whose width is equal to the default line advance or slightly wider (within an acceptable range).

    阿拉伯数字使用比例字体,以纵中横排(保持正常方向,横排)方式配置。主要应用于两至三位数的阿拉伯数字,其宽度与行幅相当,或稍微切出行幅。

    阿拉伯數字使用比例字體,以縱中橫排(保持正常方向,橫排)方式配置。主要應用於二至三位數的阿拉伯數字,其寬度與行幅相當,或稍微切出行幅。

Note

Han numerals are usually used in vertical writing mode, however in recent years it is becoming more common to see fullwidth European numerals and proportional numerals set as horizontal-in-vertical.

直排时多使用汉字数字,然而近年使用西文数字的情况渐有增长,纵中横排亦颇为常见。

直排時多使用漢字數字,然而近年使用西文數字的情況漸有增長,縱中橫排亦頗為常見。

3.2.4 Handling Western Text in Chinese Text Using Proportional Western Fonts 西文使用比例字体时的混排处理 西文使用比例字體時的混排處理

The following provides composition rules for handling Western characters and European numerals in horizontal writing mode or in situations in vertical writing mode where the Western words/phrases or European numerals are rotated 90 degrees clockwise:

横排中混排的西文、阿拉伯数字及直排中将文字采顺时针旋转90°配置的西文、阿拉 伯数字,其配置方式如下。

橫排中混排的西文、阿拉伯數字,及直排中將文字採順時針旋轉90度配置的西文、阿拉伯數字,其配置方式如下:

  1. A sequence of Western characters in a Western word should not break across a line-break, except where hyphenation is allowed.

    西文单字词在可使用连字符处外,不得分隔为两行。

    西文單字詞在可使用連字符處之外,不得分隔為兩行。

  2. Tracking or spacing between a Han character and a Western letter or numeral is up to a quarter of the width of a Han character.

    汉字与西文字母之间,原则上使用不多于四分之一个汉字宽的字距或空白。

    漢字與西文字母之間,原則上使用不多於四分之一個漢字寬的字距或空白。

  3. Justified text alignment is an important feature of Chinese composition. It is harder to align text as expected when a line contains Western characters. Typically, spacing or tracking is applied equally across the line, but such adjustments are only applied between Han characters or between Han and Western letters. The spacing is not equally distributed between characters in Western words and/or European numerals.

    由于中文排版强调行首与行尾对齐,当行内包含西文时,较难对齐,这时多使用均等排列的方式处理。均等排列时,各西文词组间、阿拉伯数字间的空格,以及西文字母与阿拉伯数字之间不使用均等排列,仅调整汉字、汉字与西文间的字距或空白。

    由於中文排版強調行頭與行尾對齊,當行內包含西文時,較難對齊,這時多使用均等排列的方式處理。均等排列時,各西文詞組間、阿拉伯數字間之空格,以及西文字母與阿拉伯數字的之間不使用均等排列,僅調整漢字、漢字與西文間的字距或空白。

Exceptions are made in the following cases:

以下情况例外:

以下情況例外:

  1. Tracking or spacing of Western letters or European numerals before the line head or after the line end are not justified.

    位于行首的西文与阿拉伯数字之前、位于行尾的西文与阿拉伯数字之后不调整字距或加入空白。

    位於行頭的西文與阿拉伯數字之前、位於行尾的西文與阿拉伯數字之後不調整字距或加入空白。

  2. Tracking or spacing of Western letters or European numerals is not adjusted before or after Chinese commas or full stops, nor after Chinese opening and before Chinese closing brackets.

    在中文点号前后、中文开始括注符号之后、结束括注符号之前的西文,不调整字距或加入空白。

    於中文點號前後、中文開始括注符號之後、結束括注符號之前的西文,不調整字距或加入空白。

3.2.5 Handling of Grid Alignment in Chinese and Western Mixed Text Composition 纵横对齐下的中西文混排处理 縱橫對齊下的中西文混排處理

Due to the fact that each Han character is of the same width, not only should characters at the start and end of a line be aligned but it is also a requirement for characters within blocks of Han text to be aligned both vertically and horizontally, whether in vertical or horizontal writing mode. When Western text or European numerals intervene, this principle is harder to achieve. Possible approaches are listed below:

由于汉字各字等宽的性质,无论在直排或横排的情况下,除了行齐首尾对齐外,也要求各行间的各个汉字能够纵横对齐。若遇西文或阿拉伯数字采用比例字体,难以满足这项原则时,处理方式如下:

由於漢字各字等寬的性質,無論在直排或橫排的情況下,除了行齊頭尾對齊外,亦求各行間的各個漢字能夠縱橫對齊。若遇西文或阿拉伯數字採用比例字體,便難以滿足這項原則,處理方式如下:

  1. Instead of a quarter Han-width tracking between Han and Western letters, it is possible to use flexible spacing of up to half a Han character width. This brings the space occupied by Western characters to a multiple of the width of a Han character. In this way, both the Han character before and after the Western language span snaps to the grid lines.

    汉字与西文字母间不使用四分之一汉字宽的字距,而是加入大于零、小于等于二分之一汉字宽的弹性空白,使西文所占的空间为汉字的整数倍,确保西文前后的汉字都能纵横对齐。

    漢字與西文字母間不使用四分之一漢字寬之字距,而是加入大於零、小於等於二分之一漢字寬的彈性空白,使西文所佔之空間為漢字的整數倍,確保西文前後之漢字都能縱橫對齊。

  2. When a Western word appears at the line end and needs to be broken, rather than breaking the word at a syllable boundary per the Western convention, the word may be forced to break at the line end, in order to ensure correct alignment.

    当西文位于行尾必须断行时,不需遵照西文从音节断行的惯例,在行尾强制断行,以确保行尾对齐。

    當西文位於行尾必須斷行時,不遵照西文從音節斷行的慣例,於行尾強制斷行,以確保行尾對齊。

Note

When using grid alignment, it is recommended to deal with line end punctuation marks by hanging the first of them outside the type area as mentioned in section 3.1.7 Hanging Punctuation at Line End 行尾点号悬挂 行尾點號懸掛. In situations that involve consecutive punctuation marks, the second and following punctuation marks are allowed to appear at the line start.

纵横对齐时,可配合 3.1.7 节的行尾点号悬挂方式处理标点禁则,若遇两个以上连续标点时,第二个及其后之标点可令其出现于行首。

縱橫對齊時,可配合3.1.7 Hanging Punctuation at Line End 行尾点号悬挂 行尾點號懸掛節的行尾點號懸掛方式處理標點禁則,若遇兩個以上連續標點時,第二個及其後之標點可令其出現於行首。

Note

Grid alignment is adopted more often in Traditional Chinese typesetting, whereas use in Simplified Chinese is rare.

纵横对齐多使用于繁体中文排版,简体中文较为少见。

縱橫對齊多使用於繁體中文排版,簡體中文較為少見。

3.3 Interlinear annotations 行间注 行间注

3.3.1 Usage of Interlinear Annotations 行间注的用途 行间注的用途

Chinese interlinear annotation, also known as ruby, is small, supplementary text attached to certain characters or words in the main text. Chinese interlinear annotation is usually set in the interlinear space and aligned to the corresponding base text which it annotates. In Chinese typesetting, Chinese interlinear annotation is mainly used to indicate pronunciation or meaning.

行间注是标注在字词旁侧的小字号补充文本。行间注的注文通常位于行间,与其所标注的基文对齐,因这一性质而又名为行间注。行间注在中文排版里的用途主要为标音与释义。

行間注是標注於字詞旁側的小字號補充文本。行間注的注文通常位於行間,與其所標注的基文對齊,因這一性質而又名為行間注。行間注在中文排版里的用途主要為標音與釋義。

3.3.1.1 Indicating the Pronunciation for Chinese characters 为汉字标注读音 为汉字标注读音

In Chinese, interlinear annotation is most commonly used to indicate the pronunciation of Han characters. Presenting the pronunciation alongside the characters is a great help to beginners, especially to children who are native speakers, or to foreigners intending to study Chinese. Therefore, it is rare to annotate isolated Han characters. Instead, phonetic annotations tend to cover the full text. Also, it is not regular practice in Chinese layout to use interlinear annotation for pronunciation outside these educational contexts, even for the pronunciation of rarely used characters, although sometimes pronunciation is provided inline, possibly inside brackets.

行间注最常见的用途是为汉字标注读音。汉字标音针对的是汉语初学者,包括母语为汉语的幼儿以及学习汉语的外国人士,因此对个别字标音的情况较少,多为全文标音。常规排版中没有行间注标音的习惯,对生僻字也几乎从不标音,即便标音也只是用行内括号标注。

行间注最常见的用途係為漢字標注讀音。漢字標音針對的是漢語初學者,包括母語為漢語的幼兒以及學習漢語的外國人士,因此對個別字標音的情況較少,多為全文標音。常規排版中沒有行間注標音的習慣,對生僻字也幾乎從不標音,即便標音也只是用行內括號標注。

There are two major annotation systems for indicating Chinese pronunciation: Zhuyin and Romanization.

中文的标音方案有注音符号与罗马拼音两大类:

中文的标音方案有注音符号与羅馬拼音两大类:

  1. Zhuyin.

    注音符号

    注音符号

    Mandarin Phonetic Symbols (國語注音符號) or Taiwanese Dialect Phonetic Symbols (台灣方音符號), hereinafter referred to as ‘Zhuyin’, are systems for phonetic annotation mainly used in Taiwan, although other areas may also include Zhuyin in certain dictionaries or textbooks. In most cases, Zhuyin appears on the right side of its corresponding base text. Exceptions are very rare.

    国语注音符号及台湾方音符号(以下统称注音或注音符号)标音系统多用于台湾,其他地区仅见于特定的辞典或教科书中。绝大多数的情况下,注音符号标注于相应汉字(基文)的右侧,例外情况非常少见。

    國語注音符號及台灣方音符號(以下統稱注音或注音符號)標音系統多用於台灣,其他地區僅見於特定的辭典或教科書中。絕大多數的情況下,注音符號標注於相應漢字(基文)的右側,例外情況非常少見。

    文字直排下,注音符號行間注排版示例 文字橫排下,注音符號行間注排版示例
    Fig. 5 An example of positioning for Zhuyin in vertical and horizontal writing modes. 注音符號在直、橫排下的行間注排版示例。 注音符號在直、橫排下的行間注排版示例。
  2. Romanization.

    罗马拼音

    羅馬拼音

    Hanyu Pinyin (汉语拼音), now the official standard in Mainland China, uses the Latin alphabet to transcribe the Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin) pronunciations of Chinese characters. The most common use case in Mainland China is to indicate the pronunciation for all characters of the full text with Hanyu Pinyin. In Taiwan and areas that use Chinese dialects in China, the arrangement of the Taiwanese Romanization System for Minnan (台灣閩南語羅馬字), or romanization systems of other Chinese dialects are similar to those of Hanyu Pinyin.

    使用拉丁字母的汉语拼音是中国大陆推行的现代标准汉语(普通话)标音与拉丁转写方案,汉语拼音的全文标音也是中国大陆现代最常见的行间注用例。在中国大陆与台湾,台湾闽南语罗马字拼音等各种汉语方言的拉丁字母标音方案也有与汉语拼音情况类似的行间注用例。

    使用拉丁字母的漢語拼音是中國大陸推行的現代標準漢語(普通話)標音與拉丁轉寫方案,漢語拼音的全文標音也是中國大陸現代最常見的行間注用例。在台灣與中國大陸漢語方言使用地區,台灣閩南語羅馬字拼音等各種漢語方言的拉丁字母標音方案也有與漢語拼音情況類似的行間注用例。

    Due to the characteristics of the Latin alphabet, such annotations appear in horizontal writing mode only. Texts for children who are native speakers usually provide reading assistance for each individual character, while texts for those who are learning Chinese as a second language mainly indicate pronunciation for whole words, but occasionally, both of them are set almost the same. There is space between the base text when whole words are annotated, and the interlinear annotation characters will have unique requirements such as sentence case, or punctuation marks corresponding to base characters. Early publications using Pinyin are very varied and lack consistency. Both character-based and word-based annotations are quite common. No further description of the early pinyin will be found in this document.

    因拉丁字母的特质,此类标音文本仅横排。针对幼儿母语者的文本以单字作为基文进行标音。针对双语学习者的文本除偶有与前者一致的格式外,大多分词连写,以词作为基文进行标音,基文之间如西文书写一般用空格隔开,并且注文有句首大写、专名首字母大写等格式以及与正文对应的标点符号,自成一体。汉语拼音早期印刷品的格式较为多变,一致性不强。大体上,单字标音与分词连写标音都常见,不作详细述。

    因拉丁字母的特質,此類標音文本僅橫排。針對幼兒母語者的文本以單字作為基文進行標音。針對二語學習者的文本除偶有與前者一致的格式外,大多分詞連寫,以詞作為基文進行標音,基文之間如西文書寫般用空格隔開,並且注文有句首大寫、專名首字母大寫等格式以及與正文對應的標點符號,自成一體。漢語拼音早期印刷品的格式較為多變,一致性不強。大體上,單字標音與分詞連寫標音都常見,不作詳細描述。

    羅馬拼音行間注的排版示例
    Fig. 6 An example of positioning for Romanization. 羅馬拼音行間注的排版示例。 羅馬拼音行間注的排版示例。
3.3.1.2 Indicating Meaning or Other Additional Information 标注释义等非语音信息 标注释义等非语音信息
  1. Bilingual Annotations.

    中外文对照

    中外文對照

    Bilingual annotations aim to provide a Chinese translation of text in foreign languages or acronyms, or to offer the original text for words that have been translated into Chinese. This is mainly used for proper nouns, titles or those terms whose concepts are difficult to convey after translation. It is commonly found in translated works, mainly in light novels.

    为外来语、首字母缩略词标注其中译,或对翻译名词标注其原文,多见于专有名词、作品名及译后概念较难传达的词汇。常见于译作,尤以轻小说为主。

    為外來語、首字母縮略詞標注其中譯,或對翻譯名詞標注其原文,多見於專有名詞、作品名及譯後概念較難傳達的詞彙。常见于译作,尤以轻小说為主。

    中外文對照行間注的排版示例
    Fig. 7 An example of positioning for billingual annotations. 中外文對照行間注的排版示例。 中外文對照行間注的排版示例。
  2. Interlinear Comments.

    行间批语

    行間批語

    Interlinear comments are ways to annotate the meaning of text fragments or a single word, and are so named for their interlinear positioning. They usually lie in the interlinear space and co-exist with the body text. Compared to other annotation methods, i.e. headnotes or footnotes, interlinear comments are more compact and stick better to the body. These kinds of comments are often found in ancient books, such as Rouge Inkstone, an early commentary of the novel Dream of the Red Chamber.

    行间批语是为一段文本片段或单个词汇标注解释的排版方式,因共存于正文文本,显示于其行间而得名。行间批语比眉批、脚注等注释方法更具紧凑、依附性,多见于如《红楼梦》早期抄本的脂砚斋批语等古籍。

    行間批語是為一段文本片段或單個詞彙標注解釋的排版方式,因共存於正文文本,顯示於其行間而得名。行間批語較眉批、腳注等注釋方法更具緊湊、依附性,多見於如《紅樓夢》早期抄本的脂硯齋批語等古籍。

3.3.2 Overview of Interlinear Annotation Positioning 行间注排版概述 行间注排版概述

In vertical writing mode, Zhuyin, Romanization or bilingual annotations are usually placed on the right side of the base text (Han characters), while interlinear comments are often placed on the left side. In horizontal writing mode, Zhuyin can be placed above the base text, but in most cases they are still set to the right side of the base text. On the other hand, Romanization and bilingual annotations can appear both above or below the base text, and the interlinear comments are usually placed at the bottom of the base text.

直排时,注音符号或罗马拼音、中外文对照常位于(汉字)右侧,行间批语则多位于基文片段左侧;横排时,注音符号可置于(汉字)的上方及右侧,但多见于右侧,而罗马拼音及中外文对照上下皆可,行间批语则位于基文片段的后方。

直排時,注音符號或羅馬拼音、中外文對照常位於受注基文(漢字)右側,行間批語則多位於基文片段左側;橫排時,注音符號可置於受注基文(漢字)的上方及右側,但多見於右側,而羅馬拼音及中外文對照上下皆可,行間批語則位於基文片段的後方。

In principle, Zhuyin Phonetic Symbols are of the same size, and the number of Zhuyin symbols for one Han character is never more than three, which is quite easily manageable. Romanization, however, uses Latin letters whose sizes are proportional, their composed lengths are varied and there should be spaces between the words. Thus, these two kinds of phonetic annotations differ greatly in positioning.

注音符号等宽且每个汉字标音的注音符号字数不超过三个,较为可控;而拉丁字母非等宽,拼式长短不一,且相邻拼式相连时应当有词间空格隔开。两类标音行间注的排版差异较大。

注音符号等宽且每个汉字标音的注音符号字数不超过三个,较为可控;而拉丁字母非等宽,拼式长短不一,且相邻拼式相连时应当有词间空格隔开。两类标音行間注的排版差异较大。

Annotating with both Romanization and Zhuyin is a practical way to indicate the reading to readers who know only one of these systems, as well as helping study of or enquiries about the other one. Normally, when Romanization and Zhuyin are both provided, the Zhuyin are placed on the right side of the Han character while Romanization is set at the bottom of the Han character in horizontal writing mode and to the left side in vertical writing mode.

拼注音共同标注是一种可行的作法,能同时为仅熟悉单一标音系统的两种读者提供汉字标音,并作为学习、査询另一种系统拼写的有效方式。一般情况下,「拼注音共同标注」的注音符号位于汉字右侧,横排时罗马拼音位于汉字下方,直排时位于汉字左侧。

拼注音共同標注是一種可行的作法,能同時為僅熟悉單一標音系統的二種讀者提供漢字標音,並作為學習、査詢另一種系統拼寫的有效方式。一般情況下,「拼注音共同標注」的注音符號位漢字右側,橫排時羅馬拼音位漢字下方,直排時位漢字左側。

拼注音共同標注排版示例
Fig. 8 An example of positioning for both Romanization and Zhuyin 拼注音共同標注排版示例。 拼注音共同標注排版示例。

3.3.3 Positioning of Zhuyin Interlinear Annotations 注音符号标音的排版 注音符号標音的排版

3.3.3.1 Positioning of Zhuyin Symbols 注音符号的位置 注音符號的位置

According to the Handbook of Mandarin Phonetic Symbols (國語注音符號手冊) released by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan, there are two standard ways of positioning Zhuyin: above the corresponding Han character (horizontal Zhuyin), or on the right side of the corresponding Han character (vertical Zhuyin). The use cases for putting Zhuyin above the base characters are rarely found in today's textbooks or other publications, and it is rarely used by the public at large. Therefore, it's always better practice to place Zhuyin annotations on the right side of their corresponding Han character, whether in horizontal or vertical writing mode.

根据台湾教育部制订的《国语注音符号手册》,将注音符号标注在汉字上方(横式注音)及右方(直式注音)的两种排版格式都属于官方标准,但在现今的教科书或其他印刷品中,将注音标注在汉字上方的格式非常罕见,一般大众也不易接受,因此,无论在直排或横排中,将注音符号标注在汉字右方都是较佳的作法。

根據台灣教育部制訂的《國語注音符號手冊》,將注音符號標注於漢字上方(橫式注音)及右方(直式注音)的二種排版格式皆屬官方標準,但在現今的教科書或其他印刷品中,將注音標注於漢字上方的格式非常罕見,一般大眾也不易接受,因此,無論在直排或橫排中,將注音符號標注在漢字右方都是較佳的作法。

3.3.3.2 Choice of Size and Ratio for Zhuyin Symbols 注音符号的比例与大小 注音符號的比例與大小
注音符號行間注下,基字與注文的比例
Fig. 9 The ratios of base characters and their Zhuyin annotations. 注音符號行間注下,基字與注文的比例。 注音符號行間注下,基字與注文的比例。
  1. The size of Zhuyin annotation marks, including the phonetic symbols and their tones, should not exceed the size of the corresponding base characters. When Zhuyin annotation marks are placed above or to the right side of the base characters, the width of the zhuyin annotation marks should not exceed the size of the corresponding base characters.

    为汉字标注注音时,注文(注音及其调号)尺寸原则上不大于其受注汉字(基文)。注文位于基字上方时的宽度或位于基字右方时的高度,原则上不应超过基字的宽高。

    為漢字標注注音時,注文(注音及其調號)尺寸原則上不大於其受注漢字(基文)。注文位基字上方時的寬度或位基字右方時的高度,原則上不應超過基字之寬高。

  2. When zhuyin annotations are placed to the right side of base characters, in principle they should take half of the space of the corresponding base characters. The space should include the phonetic symbols as well as the tone marks. Zhuyin annotations without tone marks, such as the level tone in Mandarin, should take the same amount of space as annotations with tone marks.

    当注音标注在基字右侧时,原则上占用文字尺寸一半的空间。该空间包含字音与调号,无调号的注音(如国语阴平调)所占的注文空间与包含调号者一致。

    當注音標注於基字右側時,原則上佔用文字尺寸一半的空間。該空間包含字音與調號,無調號的注音(如國語陰平調)所佔的注文空間與包含調號者一致。

    Note

    In vertical writing mode, when Zhuyin annotations are placed to the right side of the base characters (vertical Zhuyin), the line gap of the paragraph, where the Zhuyin annotations should be placed, needs more than 1.5 times that of the base characters. The type area should be designed to allow the proper space for the line gap. If the line gap is more than 1.5 times that of the height of the base character, the line gap should not be affected, whether there are Zhuyin annotations between the lines or not.

    文字直排、注音置于基字右侧时,段落通常需要基字尺寸1.5倍以上的行距,注文应标注在此行距间,设计版心时须先取适当行距値。段落行距在基字尺寸1.5倍以上时,行距値不应受注音标注与否的影响。

    文字直排、注音置於基字右側時,段落通常需要基字尺寸1.5倍以上的行距,注文應標注於此行距間,設計版心時須先取適當行距値。段落行距在基字尺寸1.5倍以上時,行距値不應受注音標注與否的影響。

    Note

    In horizontal writing mode, when Zhuyin annotations are placed to the right side of the base characters (vertical Zhuyin), the spaces between the base characters, where the Zhuyin annotations are placed, should be at least half of the width of those characters. To achieve grid alignment, the characters without Zhuyin annotations, such as punctuation marks, Western words and indented space should keep the same space as well.

    文字横排、注音置于基字右侧时,段落间的汉字皆须预留基字尺寸一半以上的字距,每字皆然,注文应标注在此字距间。在纵横对齐的原则下,未标注注文的文字(如标点符号、西文词组、首行缩进的 字数等)也会预留相同的空间。

    文字橫排、注音置於基字右側時,段落間的漢字皆須預留基字尺寸一半以上的字距,每字皆然,注文應標注於此字距間。在縱橫對齊的原則下,未標注注文的文字(如標點符號、西文詞組、首行縮進的字數等)也會預留相同的空間。

  3. In principle, the size of Zhuyin annotations, including the phonetic symbols and the tone marks, should be 25% of the size of the base characters. In vertical Zhuyin, Zhuyin annotations should be placed center-aligned vertically to the base character while in horizontal Zhuyin, Zhuyin annotations should be placed center-aligned over the base character beneath.

    原则上,注文中各个符号(注音及调号)的尺寸为基字的25%。直排注音时,注文整体垂直向基字置中对齐;横排注音时,注文整体水平向基字居中对齐。

    原則上,注文中各個符號(注音及調號)的尺寸為基字的25%。直排注音時,注文整體垂直向基字置中對齊;橫排注音時,注文整體水平向基字置中對齊。

    Note

    The percentage rules above assume that all the tone marks (ˊˇˋ˪˫ㆴㆵㆶㆷ) and the neutral tone mark (˙) are set with the same font size as that of the base characters.

    所用字体中,平上去入声(ˊˇˋ˪˫ㆴㆵㆶㆷ)及轻声( ̇)等调号皆应与汉字尺寸一致,方适用以上比例。

    所用字體中,平上去入聲(ˊˇˋ˪˫ㆴㆵㆶㆷ)及輕聲(˙)等調號皆應與漢字尺寸一致,方適用以上比例。

    Note

    In vertical Zhuyin, the width of the space taken by the neutral tone mark does not change but the height should be 10% of the height of the base character. In horizontal Zhuyin, the height of the space taken by the neutral tone mark does not change but the width should be 10% of the height of the base character.

    直排注音时,轻声符宽度不变,高度为基字的10%;横排注音时,轻声符的高度不变,宽度为基字的 10%。

    直排注音時,輕聲符寬度不變,高度為基字的10%;橫排注音時,輕聲符的高度不變,寬度為基字的10%。

  4. When annotating Zhuyin for paragraphs with characters in larger sizes, the size of the Zhuyin annotations can be adjusted accordingly.

    为字号较大的段落(如标题)标注注音时,可视情况调整注音符号的比例与大小。

    為字號較大的段落(如標題)標注注音時,可視情況調整注音符號的比例與大小。

3.3.3.3 Positioning of the Tones in Zhuyin Symbols 注音符号的声调号位置 注音符號的聲調號位置
  1. Mandarin non-neutral tones and dialectal non-checked tones, are placed outside the upper right corner of the last phonetic symbol. In vertical Zhuyin, half the space taken by a tone mark will be above the top of the adjacent phonetic character; in horizontal Zhuyin, half the space taken by a tone mark will appear to the right of the phonetic character.

    平上去等调号标注在字音最后一个符号右上角。直式注音向上回返半个符号空间;横式注音向右突出半个符号空间。如Fig. 10 The positioning for Zhuyin in Mandarin non-neutral tones and dialectal non-checked tones. 各種注音符號組合及其調號(平上去聲)的排版。 各種注音符號組合及其調號(平上去聲)的排版。所示。

    平上去等調號標注於字音最後一個符號外側右上方。直式注音向上回返半個符號空間;橫式注音向右突出半個符號空間。

    一個注音符號及其調號(平上去聲)的排版 二個注音符號及其調號(平上去聲)的排版 三個注音符號及其調號(平上去聲)的排版
    Fig. 10 The positioning for Zhuyin in Mandarin non-neutral tones and dialectal non-checked tones. 各種注音符號組合及其調號(平上去聲)的排版。 各種注音符號組合及其調號(平上去聲)的排版。
  2. The dialectal checked tones are set outside the lower right corner of the phonetic symbols.

    入声调号标注在字音整体外侧右下方,如Fig. 11 The positioning for Zhuyin in dialectal checked tones. 各種注音符號組合及其調號(入聲)的排版。 各種注音符號組合及其調號(入聲)的排版。所示。

    入聲調號標注於字音整體外側右下方。

    一個注音符號及其調號(入聲)的排版 二個注音符號及其調號(入聲)的排版 三個注音符號及其調號(入聲)的排版
    Fig. 11 The positioning for Zhuyin in dialectal checked tones. 各種注音符號組合及其調號(入聲)的排版。 各種注音符號組合及其調號(入聲)的排版。
  3. The Mandarin neutral tone comes before the phonetic symbols. In vertical Zhuyin, the height of the tone mark is 10% of that of its base character, while its width is the same as that of the phonetic characters. In horizontal Zhuyin, the width of the tone mark is 10% of that of its base characters, while its height is the same as that of the phonetic characters.

    轻声调号标在字音前方。直排注音的轻声符宽度不变,高度为基字的10%;横排注音的轻声符的高度不变,宽度为基字的10%。如Fig. 12 The positioning for Zhuyin in Mandarin neutral tones. 各種注音符號組合及其調號(輕聲)的排版。 各種注音符號組合及其調號(輕聲)的排版。所示。

    輕聲調號標於字音前方。直排注音的輕聲符寬度不變,高度為基字的10%;橫排注音的輕聲符的高度不變,寬度為基字的10%。

    一個注音符號及其調號(輕聲)的排版 二個注音符號及其調號(輕聲)的排版 三個注音符號及其調號(輕聲)的排版
    Fig. 12 The positioning for Zhuyin in Mandarin neutral tones. 各種注音符號組合及其調號(輕聲)的排版。 各種注音符號組合及其調號(輕聲)的排版。
    Note

    In Mandarin Chinese there are syllables that, when part of certain words or sentences, are intentionally read in a shorter and less-emphasized way, therefore losing their original tone. When any syllable is read in this way, we say that it has a neutral tone or “toneless”.

    汉语有些词里的音节或句子里的词的音,需要以一种简短且非强调的语气念得又轻又短,因此会失去它们原有的声调。当一个音节需要被这样读出时,其声调即为轻声。

    漢語有些詞里的音節或句子里的詞的音,需要以一種簡短且非強調的語氣念得又輕又短,因此會失去它們原有的聲調。當一個音節需要被這樣讀出時,其聲調即為輕聲。

3.3.3.4 Examples of Zhuyin annotations 注音标音排版用例 注音標音排版用例
  1. 「安」字的國語注音符號拼式 「哦」字的國語注音符號拼式 「壹」字的閩南語注音符號拼式 「啊」字的國語注音符號拼式
    Fig. 13 Examples of annotations with a single Zhuyin phonetic symbol and how they cooperate with different kinds of tones. 单个注音符号构成的拼式及其搭配各种声调的示例。 單個注音符號構成的拼式及其搭配各種聲調的示例。
  2. 「西」字的國語注音符號拼式 「我」字的國語注音符號拼式 「力」字的閩南語注音符號拼式 「了」字的國語注音符號拼式
    Fig. 14 Examples of annotations with two Zhuyin phonetic symbols and how they cooperate with different kinds of tones. 两个注音符号构成的拼式及其搭配各种声调的示例。 兩個注音符號構成的拼式及其搭配各種聲調的示例。
  3. 「心」字的國語注音符號拼式 「嘴」字的國語注音符號拼式 「著」字的閩南語注音符號拼式 「作」字的國語注音符號拼式
    Fig. 15 Examples of annotations with three Zhuyin phonetic symbols and how they cooperate with different kinds of tones. 三个注音符号构成的拼式及其搭配各种声调的示例。 三個注音符號構成的拼式及其搭配各種聲調的示例。
3.3.3.5 Line Prohibition Rules for Zhuyin 注音标音分离禁则 注音標音分離禁則

Like the line prohibition rules for punctuation, vertical Zhuyin annotations should stick to their base characters in horizontal writing mode. They must not appear in the line head, and must be placed on the right side of their corresponding Han character.

如同标点禁则,直式注音在横排文本中应注意其紧随汉字的原则,注音标音不得单独出现在行首,而需永远紧随其标注的汉字右侧。

如同標點禁則,直式注音在橫排文本中應注意其緊隨漢字的原則,注音標音不得單獨出現在行首,而需永遠緊隨其標注的漢字右側。

3.3.4 Positioning of Romanized Interlinear Annotations 罗马拼音标音的排版 羅馬拼音標音的排版

3.3.4.1 Basic Requirements 基本规则 基本规则
  1. Romanization is only available in horizontal writing mode. These phonetic annotations are usually placed on top of the base text. In general, phonetic annotations and their base text stick to each other regardless of space, and both of them are centered-aligned.

    仅横排。注文通常置于基文上方。两者不论宽窄关系如何皆密排,居中对齐。

    仅横排。注文通常置于基文上方。二者不论宽窄关系如何皆密排,居中对齐。

  2. In special cases where Romanization is needed in vertical writing mode, the annotations are usually set to the right side of their corresponding base text, but it is difficult to read anyway.

    被迫用于直排文本标音时,注文通常置于标音文本右侧,但难以阅读。

    被迫於直排文本標音时,注文通常置于标音文本右侧,但难以阅读。

  3. If a Romanized annotation is longer than its base text and is at the line head or end, both the annotation and the base text can be aligned to the beginning of the line head or end.

    若注文长于基文且位于行端,两者可向行端对齐。

    若注文长于基文且位于行端,二者可向行端对齐。

  4. The space between two adjacent annotations should not be smaller than the size of a normal Western-language space, which is about 1/4 em. Due to the limitation of the typesetting technologies, there is usually no space between the rather long phonetic annotations in many printed publications. Luckily, this is not likely to lead to ambiguity because each Han character contains one syllable and most Pinyin fragments are easy to tell apart. However, these annotations can be misleading sometimes. For example, character-based phonetic annotations may result in the false impression that they are word-based. Also, the accidentally concatenated annotations may disrupt word boundaries, which alters the semantic meanings of the words.

    相邻注文的间距不应小于西文词间空格的宽度(约 1/4em)。但受排版技术限制,许多出版物中过长的相邻注文都会紧密相连。因汉字为单音节文字且多数汉语拼音音节都容易辨认界限,并不容易出现标音的歧义,但由于每个汉字的标音都已隔开,意外的相连易造成分词连写的假象,且相连的标音时常横跨词界,打乱语义。

    相鄰注文的間距不應小於西文詞間空格的寬度(約1/4em)。但受排版技術限制,許多出版物中過長的相鄰注文都會緊密相連。因漢字為單音節文字且多數漢語拼音音節都容易辨認界限,並不容易出現標音的歧義,但由於每個漢字的標音都已隔開,意外的相連易造成分詞連寫的假象,且相連的標音時常橫跨詞界,打亂語義。

  5. Annotations are allowed to extend to the top of adjacent base text as long as the minimum spacing is ensured.

    只要不侵犯最小间距,可允许注文伸展到相邻基字上方。

    只要不侵犯最小間距,可允許注文伸展到相鄰基字上方。

  6. As most target readers are beginners to Chinese, the body text is usually in larger sizes and in the Kai typeface.

    因针对汉语初学者,正文通常用较大字号的楷体。

    因針對漢語初學者,正文通常用較大字號的楷體。

  7. Due to the fact that Latin letters are proportional (width unknown) and that the advance widths in different typefaces deviate greatly from one another, the relationship between the sizes of annotations and their base text is somewhat undetermined. Under the influence of the typesetting of Japanese furigana, however, annotations are usually of half size of the base text.

    因拉丁字母为变宽文字,同等字号下使用不同字体时的视觉大小也差异较大,注文与基文的字号关系并无定数。但受振假名的排版习惯影响,注文常使用基文1/2的字号。

    因拉丁字母為變寬文字,同等字號下使用不同字體時的視覺大小也差異較大,注文與基文的字號關係並無定數。但受振假名的排版習慣影響,注文常使用基文1/2的字號。

  8. Annotations usually use a sans-serif typeface which is rather thin and plump. It is generally the opinion in publishing and in education that Hanyu Pinyin must use those typefaces in which ‘a’ and ‘g’ are single story and the second tone mark is thick on the lower part and thin on the upper, as in the handwritten style of the stroke. Actually there have never been any national standards specifying the typefaces and the glyphs for Hanyu Pinyin.

    注文常用较细、较饱满的无衬线体。出版与教育界普遍认为汉语拼音排版必须使用a与g为单层设计的、二声调号下粗上细的字体。但其实没有任何国家标准对汉语拼音的 字体及字母形态做出过具体规定。

    注文常用較細、較飽滿的無襯線體。出版與教育界普遍認為漢語拼音排版必須使用a與g為單層設計的、二聲調號下粗上細的字體。但其實未有任何國家標準對漢語拼音的字體及字母形態作出過具體規定。

  9. The General Association of Chinese Culture in Taiwan once wrote to the Ministry of Education in Mainland China about the rules for the glyphs of Hanyu Pinyin, and received the response that the glyphs of the letter ‘a’ and ‘g’ correspond to those of Latin. There is no requirement demanding the handwritten glyphs.

    台湾中华文化总会曾去信大陆教育部询问汉语拼音字形相关事宜,大陆教育部响应表示,汉语拼音字母a、g 对应相应的拉丁字母,呈现方式不需拘泥于手写字形。

    台灣「中華文化總會」曾去信大陸教育部詢問漢語拼音字形相關事宜,部門回應表示,漢語拼音字母a、g對應相應的拉丁字母,呈現方式不需拘泥於手寫字形。

What follows is a detailed description of the difference between two typical use cases.

下文述两类典型用例之间的差异。

下文描述两类典型用例之间的差异。

3.3.4.2 Characters as the Basic Units for Annotating Pronunciation 单字标音 单字标音
  1. The base text is a single Han character. Only Han characters are annotated: European numerals or punctuation marks are excluded.

    基文为单个汉字。仅标注汉字,不标注阿拉伯数字、标点等字符。

    基文为单个汉字。仅标注汉字,不标注阿拉伯数字、标点等字符。

  2. The phonetic annotations are always on the top.

    注文总是在上方。

    注文总是在上方。

  3. As the phonetic annotations are often wider than their base text, the tracking of the body text should be larger, to allow annotations to expand and to avoid irregular adjustments within the base text.

    因注文宽度经常超过基文,通常为正文设定较大的字距以供给注文足够的横向伸展空间,避免基文间距频繁被过宽的注文撑大。

    因注文宽度经常超过基文,通常为正文设定较大的字距以供给注文足够的横向伸展空间,避免基文间距频繁被过宽的注文撑大。

  4. The phonetic annotations are all in lowercase. Sentence case is rare.

    注文全小写,有时专名首字母大写。

    注文全小写,鲜见专名首字母大写。

3.3.4.3 Words as the Basic Units for Annotating Pronunciation 分词连写标音 分词连写标音
  1. The base text contains one or more Han character. Rules for separating terms can be found in GB/T 16159—2012 Basic Rules of Hanyu Pinyin Orthography.

    基文为一个或多个汉字构成的词语。分词连写规则可依据《汉语拼音正词法基本规则》(GB/T 16159—2012)。

    基文为一个或多个汉字构成的词语。分词连写规则可依据《汉语拼音正词法基本规则》(GB/T 16159—2012)。

  2. Annotations sometimes appear below the Han characters.

    注文有时在下方。

    注文有时在下方。

  3. Both the phonetic annotations and the base text are separated at word boundaries. The adjacent annotations are separated by a space approximately 1/2 em wide, while the tracking inside the base text is usually normal.

    正文与标音双方皆分词连写。相邻基文之间有约1/2em的空格隔开,基文内部字距通常正常。

    正文与标音双方皆分词连写。相邻基文之间有约1/2em的空格隔开,基文内部字距通常正常。

  4. Many word-based annotations indicate the logic of the whole sentence, rather than merely the pronunciation: these phonetic annotations have sentence case, as well as punctuation marks which follow the previous annotations.

    许多分词连写标音用例体现出对整个句子标音的逻辑,而非简单对词语标音:注文有句首大写、专名首字母大写。有标点,标点跟随左侧(前方)注文。

    许多分词连写标音用例体现出对整个句子标音的逻辑,而非简单对词语标音:注文有句首大写、专名首字母大写。有标点,标点跟随左侧(前方)注文。

3.3.5 Atypical Cases for Han character Phonetic Annotations 汉字标音的非典型情况 漢字標音的非典型情況

3.3.5.1 Erhuayin 儿化音 兒化音

Erhuayin, also known as rhotacization of syllable finals, is a special phonetic phenomenon in Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin). Due to the limitations of annotating single Han character, the Zhuyin annotations fail to indicate the continuity of Erhuayin and the change of the final sound, while Romanization shows the features of Erhuayin effectively.

对现代标准汉语的特殊语音现象——儿化,注音符号受制于其标注单个汉字的局限,难以准确表达儿化音节的连续性及韵母变音,需要在正文或附注中额外说明;罗马拼音则可有效标注此现象。

對現代標準漢語的特殊語音現象——兒化,注音符號受制於其標注單個漢字的局限,難以準確表達兒化音節的連續性及韻母變音,需要在正文或附注中額外說明;羅馬拼音則可有效標注此現象。

兒化音的排版示例
Fig. 16 An example of positioning for Zhuyin in Mandarin rhotacization of syllable finals. 兒化音的排版示例。 兒化音的排版示例。
3.3.5.2 Ligatures 合文 合文

Ligatures are special for their multisyllabic nature, thus its interlinear annotation may be typeset incorrectly. The pronunciation of ligatures should be bracketed inline or given in notes instead. Ligatures are rare in the modern Chinese writing system.

由于合文多音节的特殊性,使用行间注的方式标音可能导致文本排版效果不佳,应改在附注、括号内或在正文中说明其读音。目前,合文已少见于现代中文书写系统。

由於合文「多音節」的特殊性,使用行間注的方式標音可能導致文本排版效果不佳,應改在附注、括號內或於正文中說明其讀音。目前合文已少見於現代中文書寫系統。

注音符號位行間時的排版示例(直排) 注音符號位行間時的排版示例(橫排)
Fig. 17 An example of positioning Zhuyin inline, suitable for circumstances such as ligatures. 注音符號位行間時的排版示例,適用於合文等情況。 注音符號位行間時的排版示例,適用於合文等情況。

3.3.6 Positioning of Bilingual Annotations 中外文对照的排版 中外文對照的排版

Typesetting of bilingual annotations is actually quite similar to that of Romanization. Annotations are usually placed to the right of the base text in vertical writing mode, or above the base text in horizontal writing mode.

中外文对照的排版方式与罗马拼音标音类似,多位于受注文本片段顶端——直排时在基文右侧,横排时在基文上方。

中外文對照的排版方式與羅馬拼音標音類似,多位於受注文本片段頂端——直排時位基文右側,橫排時位基文上方。

3.3.6.1 Word Alignment 词的对齐 詞的對齊

In order to maintain the integrity of annotations, when the lengths of annotations and their base text are different it is necessary to adjust the alignment between them to avoid misunderstandings.

为了保证词汇的整体性,在注文总长与其基文的长度不一时,需要调整相互间的对齐关系,以求体例清晰并避免误会。

為了保證詞彙的整體性,在注文總長與其基文的長度不一時,需要調整相互間的對齊關係,以求體例清晰並避免誤會。

  1. When the length of an annotation is shorter than that of its base text, the annotation can be center-aligned (in the case of Western script) or use larger tracking (in the case of Han characters). There are two methods to satisfy the latter, one is to equally distribute the spacing while the other is to align justified.

    当注文总长小于其基文的长度时,将注文设置居中(适用西文)或加大注文字距(适用汉字),后者更有间隔平均分配及始末端对齐两种方式。

    當注文總長小於其基文的長度時,將注文設置居中(適用西文)或加大注文字距(適用漢字),後者更有「間隔平均分配」及「始末端對齊」二種方式。

  2. When the length of an annotation is longer than that of its base text, the base text can be center-aligned (in the case of Western script) or use a larger tracking (in the case of Han characters).

    当注文总长大于其基文的长度时,将基文设置居中(适用西文)或加大基文字距(适用汉字)。

    當注文總長大於其基文的長度時,將基文設置居中(適用西文)或加大基文字距(適用漢字)。

3.3.7 Positioning of Interlinear Comments 行间批语的排版 行間批語的排版

Interlinear comments can have very varied layouts and lengths. They are usually placed at the foot side of the annotated text — to the left side of the base text in vertical writing mode or below the base text in horizontal writing mode. Sometimes the interlinear comments are in other colors to help the reader tell the difference from the body text.

行间批语的格式多变且内容长度不一,通常位于受注的文本片段底端——直排时位基文左侧,横排时位基文下方。为与正文区隔,有时以不同于正文文字的颜色来显示。

行間批語的格式多變且內容長度不一,通常位於受注的文本片段底端——直排時位基文左側,橫排時位基文下方。為與正文區隔,有時以不同於正文文字的顏色來顯示。

Interlinear comments are also used to explain the context and details of a longer text fragment. In such cases, due to the ambiguity of the base text, the annotation can find a suitable place as an anchor and flow down. There's no strict requirement for its length, and sometimes it can be longer than one line.

行间批语可用于解释一段长文本的整体语境。这种情况下,由于没有明确的基文,其注文常从一个合适的锚点位置展开并向后延伸,长度不拘,有时可超过一行。

行間批語可用於解釋一段長文本的整體語境。這種情況下,由於沒有明確的基文,其注文常自一個合適的錨點位置展開並向後延伸,長度不拘,時可超過一行。

3.4 Paragraph Adjustment Rules 段落调整 段落調整

3.4.1 Line Head Indent at the Beginning of Paragraphs 段首缩排 段首縮排

A paragraph, a section of a document which consists of one or more sentences to indicate a distinct idea, usually begins on a new line. For the related line head indent at the beginning of paragraphs, the following methods are available.

为使不同的文本形成意义上的区隔、构成段落,呈现上,会使用断行以标示一个段落的起始,同时也会在段落首行加上空白进行缩排,原则上以文本的汉字大小作为缩排单位,主要呈现方法如下。

為使不同的文本形成意義上的區隔、構成段落,呈現上,會使用斷行以標示一個段落的起始,同時也會在段落首行加上空白進行縮排,原則上以文本的漢字大小作為縮排單位,主要呈現方法如下。

Note

For Chinese publications, line head indent at the beginning of a paragraph usually uses two character-width spaces. Publications like magazines, with multi-column content and less text in each column, might apply a single character-width line head indent at the beginning of paragraph as well.

中文出版品上,段首缩排以两个汉字的空间为标准。若遇到杂志等多栏排版的情况,每栏字数较少时,视觉上缩排两字将显突兀,时有改用缩排一字的做法。

中文出版品上,段首縮排以兩個漢字的空間為標準。若遇到雜誌等多欄排版的情況,每欄字數較少時,視覺上縮排兩字將顯突兀,時有改用縮排一字的做法。

  1. Line head indent at the beginning of a paragraph is applied to all paragraphs. Nearly all books and magazines make use of this method.

    所有段落首行皆缩排。几乎所有的书籍与杂志皆使用此方法。

    所有段落首行皆縮排。幾乎所有的書籍與雜誌皆使用此方法。

  2. Line head indent does not apply to the first paragraph but to the rest of the paragraphs. This method is mostly seen in Western publications.

    篇章最初段落的首行不缩排,其余段落首行缩排。此方法多见于西文书籍。

    篇章最初段落的首行不縮排,其余段落首行縮排。此方法多見於西文書籍。

  3. Line head indent at the beginning of a paragraph is not applied for any paragraph at all. A certain amount of space is inserted between the paragraphs so as to indicate the distinction of different paragraphs. In some books and magazines this method is applied.

    所有段落首行皆不缩排,在段落与段落间加入一定程度的间距,作为间隔。部分书籍与杂志使用这种方式。

    所有段落首行皆不予縮排,在段落與段落間加入一定程度的間距,以為區隔。部分書籍與雜誌使用這種方式。

  4. In principle, some unfinished paragraphs should be broken rather than apply the line head indent for the following paragraph. Dialogs, quotations or subtitles that the editor inserted might appear before the unfinished paragraph.

    原则上,部分语气未完的段落予以断行、而不缩排。语气未完的段落前可能出现对话、引言以及为与正文有所区隔,由编辑所下的标题等。

    原則上,部分語氣未完的段落予以斷行、而不縮排。語氣未完的段落前可能出現對話、引言,及為與正文有所區隔,由編輯所下的標題等。

In principle, there is no extra space between the paragraphs in Chinese books. The space between the last line of the previous paragraph and the first line of the next paragraph stays the same as the space between the rest of the lines in the paragraph. If a blank line is inserted after a paragraph, usually it indicates the end of the session or chapter. If there is no indent but extra space is added among the lines as an indication of separation, no blank line should be inserted so as to avoid unnecessary amounts of space between the lines.

原则上,在中文书籍排版中各段落间不使用间距,前段落末行、后段落首行与段落内行距一致。若段落间加入空白行,则表示一节的结束。但段落首行不缩排时所加入的段落间距则与传统排版有所差异,不适合加入空行做节的区分,避免过多的留空造成体例不良。

原則上,在中文書籍排版中各段落間不使用間距,前段落末行、後段落首行與段落內行距一致。若段落間加入空白行,則表示一節的結束。但段落首行不縮排時所加入的段落間距則與傳統排版有所差異,不適合加入空行做節的區分,避免過多的留空造成體裁不良。

Alongside the case of applying indents to the beginning of all lines, there is also the method that indents the second and following lines of the paragraph, called aopai [凸排] or itemization, used in cases such as dramatic script lines and lines starting with the name of a person. Numbered list of items, questions and answers (Q&A), and legal provision apply this method as well. Though called aopai [凸排] or itemization, the beginning of the line should not go beyond the type area.

除缩排外,也有首行不缩排、次行起至末行缩排的状况,称为凸排。例如剧本中的对白,首行以人名开头不缩排,第二行起缩排。编号列表、问答、法律条文等也使用此种方式处理。虽称为凸排,但首行开始处不超过版心所设定的范围。

除縮排外,也有首行不縮排、次行起至末行縮排的狀況,稱為凸排。例如劇本中的對白,首行以人名開頭不縮排,第二行起縮排。編號列表、問答、法律條文等也使用此種方式處理。雖稱為凸排,但首行開始處不超過版心所設定的範圍。

When the aopai [凸排] or itemization method is used, the indent of the second line and the the rest usually takes a fixed amount of space such as three characters plus one colon which takes four-character space. When the name of a person is less than three characters, a certain amount of space should be inserted between the characters so as to keep the same width as four.

凸排时,次行起缩排通常为固定量的空白,例如人名三个字加冒号共四字,凡遇对话时次行皆缩排四个全角空白。当人名少于三个字时,则在姓与名间加入空白,以保持体例一致。

凸排時,次行起縮排通常為固定量的空白,例如人名三字加冒號共四字,凡遇對話時次行皆縮排四個全型空白。遇人名少於三字時,則於姓與名間加入空白,以保持體例一致。

3.4.2 Paragraph Indent 段落缩排 段落縮排

The paragraph indent is the indentation of the line head by a fixed amount, starting from the line head side of the type area (in the case of one column) or of the column area (in the case of several columns).This method is usually applied for quotations, poetry or subtitles in a paragraph or between the paragraphs.

段落缩排是指将版心(单栏排版时)以及栏的范围(多栏排版时)由行头侧以指定的量,将文字开始位置向后移动的处理。此种缩排方式多应用于段落内或段落间引用文章、诗词及标题等。

段落縮排係指將版心(單欄排版時)以及欄的範圍(多欄排版時)由行頭側以指定的量,將文字開始位置向后移動的處理。此種縮排方式多應用於段落內或段落間引用文章、詩詞及標題等。

Note

Generally speaking, the characters in the paragraphs which apply paragraph indent should be the same as the characters in the body content. Sometimes, due to the different typefaces, the size of characters in the paragraphs which apply paragraph indent differ from the characters in the body content. In this case, a certain amount of space might be added before and after the indent paragraph so as to make a clear distinction from other paragraphs. The space added is usually an integer times the height of paragraphs in the body content

一般而言以缩排处理的段落,文字尺寸与内文相同。有时会调整字体,与内文做出差异。或在前后段落间加入段落间距,使该段落与内文段落差异更为明显。加入间距所占空间应为内文行的整数倍。

一般而言以縮排處理的段落,文字尺寸與內文相同。有時會調整字體,與內文做出差異。或/及於前後段落間加入段落間距,使該段落與內文段落差異更為明顯。加入間距所佔空間應為內文行的整數倍。

3.4.3 Line Alignment Processing 对齐处理 對齊處理

Line alignment method is a process for setting the alignment of each line of text so that the actual position of the text can be matched with their preset position. The following methods are available.

对齐系指使段落间各行文字实际配置位置能够与默认的文字配置位置符合。有着以下作法:

對齊係指使段落間各行文字實際配置位置能夠與預設的文字配置位置符合。有著以下作法:

  1. Centering

    居中对齐

    置中對齊

    The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. If there is not solid setting but a fixed space between characters, this is used; the amount of space at the line head and line end is made equal, and the center of the character sequence is unified with the center of the line.

    行内文字原则上紧贴配置,文字列的中央与行的中央对齐排列,未满一行时,该行文字列对行首与行尾的空白量均等。

    行內文字原則上緊貼配置,文字列的中央與行的中央對齊排列,未滿一行時,該行文字列對行頭與行尾的空白量均等。

  2. Line head alignment

    行首对齐

    行首對齊

    The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. If there is not solid setting but a fixed space between characters, this is used; the start of the character sequence is unified with the line head, and if the line is not full, the line end is kept empty.

    行内文字原则上紧贴配置,文字列开头与行首位置对齐,未满一行时,该行末字至行尾使用空白。

    行內文字原則上緊貼配置,文字列開頭與行首位置對齊,未滿一行時,該行末字至行尾使用空白。

  3. Line end alignment

    行尾对齐

    行尾對齊

    The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. If there is not solid setting but a fixed space between characters, this is used; the end of the character sequence is unified with the line end, and if the line is not full, the line head is kept empty.

    行内文字原则上紧贴配置,文字列末尾与行尾位置对齐,未满一行时,该行首字至行首使用空白。

    行內文字原則上緊貼配置,文字列末尾與行尾位置對齊,未滿一行時,該行首字至行首使用空白。

  4. Even inter-character spacing

    均等排列

    均等排列

    The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. In addition, using the space made available during line adjustment processing, equal character spacing is applied where possible. The start of the character sequence is aligned to the position of the line head, and the end of the character sequence to the position of the line end.

    行内文字原则上紧贴配置,文字列开头与行首位置对齐、文字列末尾与行尾位置对齐,未满一行时,空白平均置于该行各字间。

    行內文字原則上緊貼配置,文字列開頭與行頭位置對齊、文字列末尾與行尾位置對齊,未滿一行時,空白平均置於該行各字間。

    Two use cases for even inter-character spacing:

    均等排列多见于以下两种状况:

    均等排列多見於以下兩種狀況:

    1. A frequently seen case of even inter-character spacing is that, after applying the punctuation prohibition rules to each line, some lines will have more than one character space left, so in order to align the beginning and ending with the rest of the lines, this line should apply even inter-character spacing.

      此种情况较常见。各行套用标点禁则处理后,部分行行内将剩余一个字以上的空白,为符合中文排版段落头尾对齐的规则,该行以均等排列处理;段落末行或段落仅有一行 时则不使用均等排列。

      此種情況較常見。各行套用標點禁則處理後,部分行行內將剩餘一字以上的空白,為符合中文排版段落頭尾對齊的規則,該行以均等排列處理;於段落末行或段落僅有一行時則不使用均等排列。

    2. Even inter-character spacing is often used for listing names of people or objects. The last line of a paragraph or a paragraph with only one line can have even inter-character spacing applied as well.

      在列表中,如列举人名、物品名时,采均等排列以求体例一致,当段落末行或段落仅有一行时,亦使用均等排列。

      於列表,如列舉人名、物品名時,採均等排列以求體例一致,於段落末行或段落僅有一行時,亦使用均等排列。

3.4.4 Handling of Widows and Orphans 孤行与孤字处理 孤行與孤字處理

In the tradition of Chinese composition, an orphan does not make a line, nor does a widow make a page. The principles are as described below.

中文排版传统上有着“孤字不成行、孤行不成页”的规则。实际原则如下:

中文排版傳統上有著「孤字不成行、孤行不成頁」的規則。實際原則如下:

  1. If there is only one character or one character with a punctuation mark left in the last line of a paragraph, this character is called an orphan. An orphan can be processed using the following methods, so that more than two characters can be positioned in the last line of a paragraph.

    若段落末行仅有一个汉字,或一个汉字加上标点符号,即为孤字。孤字可以以下方法处理,使段落末行能有两个汉字以上。

    若段落末行僅有一個漢字,或一個漢字加上標點符號,即為孤字。孤字可以以下方法處理,使段落末行能有兩個漢字以上:

    1. Similar to the handling for the prohibition rule that a punctuation marks should not appear at the line start, the last character of the previous line can be moved the next line, and the previous line should apply even inter-character spacing.

      按照避头点的处理方式,由前一行取一字至末行,前一行采均等排列。

      比照避頭點的處理方式,由前一行取一字至末行,前一行採均等排列。

    2. Delete some character(s) of the previous paragraph so that there will be enough space to move the orphan to the previous line.

      删减该段落文字,使孤字缩进段落前一行。

      刪減該段落文字,使孤字縮進段落前一行。

    3. Adding more characters to the last line.

      在该段落增加文字。

      於該段落增加文字。

    Note

    The definition of orphan in Chinese typesetting has some similarity with the definition of orphan in Latin typesetting. See more content in section 5.2 of Requirements for Latin Text Layout and Pagination.

    孤字的定义近似于拉丁文字排版中orphan的概念,可参考《拉丁文字排版与分页需求》5.2 节,其定 义也随排版者有所不同。

    孤字之定義近似於拉丁文字排版中orphan的概念,可參考《拉丁文字排版與分頁需求》5.2節,其定義也隨排版者有所不同。

  2. If the first line of a paragraph in a page is the last line of a paragraph from the previous page, it is called a widow. A widow can be handled via the following methods.

    若页面中第一行为前一页最后一个段落的末行,即为孤行。孤行可以以下方法处理。

    若頁面中第一行為前一頁最後一個段落的末行,即為孤行。孤行可以以下方法處理:

    1. Move the widow line to the previous page and it can go beyond the tape area.

      将孤行移至前一页,使其突出版心。

      將孤行移至前一頁,使其突出版心。

    2. Move the last line of the previous page to join the widow.

      前一页最后段落取一行置于该页。

      前一頁最後段落取一行置於該頁。

    3. Delete some characters of the paragraph so that there will be enough space for the widow to be moved to the previous page.

      删除该段落文字,使该行能纳入前一页的段落。

      刪除該段落文字,使該行能納入前一頁之段落。

    4. Add more characters to the widow so that there will be more than two lines on the page.

      在该段落增加文字,让该行文字能够超过一行以上。

      於該段落增加文字,讓該行文字能夠超過一行以上。

    Note

    The definition of widow in Chinese typesetting has some similarity with the definition of widow in Latin typesetting. See more content at session 5.1 of Requirements for Latin Text Layout and Pagination.

    孤行之定义近似于拉丁文字排版中widow的概念,可参考《拉丁文字排版与分页需求》5.1 节

    孤行之定義近似於拉丁文字排版中widow的概念,可參考《拉丁文字排版與分頁需求》5.1節

Orphans and widows might differ in the cases below:

孤字孤行有着程度差异,如:

孤字孤行有著程度差異,如:

  1. There is only one line in a page and the line consists of one character and a punctuation mark, which makes the text an orphan and widow at the same time.

    一页仅有一行,该行仅有一个字与标点。即孤字孤行同时出现。

    一頁僅有一行,該行僅有一字與標點。即孤字孤行同時出現。

  2. There are multiple paragraphs in a page but the first line is a widow and the first line consists of one character and a punctuation mark, which makes the orphan and widow appear together.

    一页有复数段落,第一行为孤行,且该行仅有一字与标点。即孤字孤行同时出现。

    一頁有複數段落,第一行為孤行,且該行僅有一字與標點。即孤字孤行同時出現。

  3. There is only one line in a page, which makes the line a widow.

    一页仅有一行,该行为孤行。

    一頁僅有一行,該行為孤行。

  4. There are multiple paragraphs in a page but the first line is a widow.

    一页有复数段落,第一行为孤行。

    一頁有複數段落,第一行為孤行。

  5. There are multiple paragraphs in a page but one of the lines consists of one character only, which make the only character an orphan.

    一页有复数段落,其中某一段落末行仅有一字,该字为孤字。

    一頁有複數段落,其中某一段落末行僅有一字,該字為孤字。

There are different viewpoints about how the orphans and widows should be handled in the cases above due to differences between publishers. Case (a) and case (b) have a bigger affect on the typesetting while case (c) affects it less. Cases (d) and (e) are seem more rarely.

以上状况是否需进行处理,各排版者有不同的标准。其中(a)与(b)对体裁的影响较 为严重,(c)次之,(d)与(e)的处理则较少见。

以上狀況是否需進行處理,各排版者有不同的標準。其中a.與b. 對體裁的影響較為嚴重,c.次之,d.與e.之處理則較少見。

4. Positioning of Headings, Notes, Illustrations, Tables and Expressions 标题、注释与图片、表格的排版处理 標題、注釋與圖片、表格的排版處理

4.1 Headings & Page Breaks 标题处理(包含换页处理) 標題處理(包含換頁處理)

4.1.1 Types of Headings 标题的种类 標題的種類

In terms of text composition, there are three types of headings.

标题依照排版处理方式,可分为三种:

標題依照排版處理方式,可分為以下三種:

  • Whole-page headings

    全页标题

    全頁標題

  • Block headings

    内文标题

    內文標題

  • Run-in headings

    同行标题

    同行標題

Note

Due to the composition requirements, magazines usually handle headings in a variety of ways, while most books have their headings set up in a simpler way. Methods for handling of headings for magazines will not be described in this document.

杂志因为排版需求,标题会使用相当多种多样的方式处理,但书籍排版较为单纯,故不将杂志使用的标题配置方式列于本文件之中。

雜誌因為排版需求,標題會使用相當多種多樣的方式處理,但書籍排版較為單純,故不將雜誌使用的標題配置方式列於本文件之中。

Whole page headings are used when there is a need to separate sections in a book, usually on a separate page with the following page left blank. Sometimes subheadings, selected sentences, names of the authors or selected paragraphs will also appear with the heading. The back side of the whole page heading page is not necessarily always blank, for example, consider the Han-tobira in Japanese books, whose following even page is not blank, and is used for the main text.

全页为书籍中需要大幅区分时使用,为了标题而使用一整页,背面为空白。有时还会有副标、摘句、作者名以及图片、部分段落等元素配置其上。有时也有背面不为空白的使用方式。通常在书籍内文开始处,会以扉页标注书名。

全頁為書籍中需要大幅區分時使用,為了標題而使用一整頁,背面為空白。有時還會有副標、摘句、作者名以及圖片、部分段落等元素配置其上。有時也有背面不為空白的使用方式。通常在書籍內文開始處,會以扉頁標注書名。

A block heading is the heading occupying a whole, independent line. The main text is set from the very next line. Top level headings and medium level headings are of this type.

内文标题是以独立一行呈现标题的作法。在标题后换行,直接接续本文。大标与中标等使用这种形式配置。

內文標題是以獨立一行呈現標題的作法。於標題後換行,直接接續本文。大標與中標等使用這種形式配置。

Note

Headings are subtitles, which separate and indicate sub-parts with one coherent set of content. Headings are usually classified into several levels such as top level heading, medium level heading and low level heading.

标题是为了区分内容而添加,依照阶层构造,由上而下分别为扉页、大标、中标、小标。

標題是為了區分內容而添加,依照階層構造,由上而下分別為扉頁、大標、中標、小標。

Note

The sequence of the headings on a page should be the name of the book, section heading, top level heading, medium level heading and then low level heading.

扉页通常指一本书的蝴蝶页,如果依照放标题顺序,依序是:书名页、章名页、大标、中标、小标。

扉頁通常指一本書的蝴蝶頁,如果依照放標題順序,依序是:書名頁、章名頁、大標、中標、小標。

Note

The structure of a heading depends on the detailed context of the book. It is suggested not to set too many levels for the headings.

标题构造结构为何,依照书籍内容而定。有人认为标题层级不应该过多。

標題構造結構為何,依照書籍內容而定。有人認為標題層級不應該過多。

Note

In multi-column format, block headings sometimes span multiple columns. These are called cross-column headings.

多栏排列时,有着将换行标题置于复数栏的配置方法。称为跨栏标题。

多欄排列時,有著將換行標題置於複數欄的配置方法。稱為「跨欄標題」。

A run-in heading is a heading immediately followed by main text without a line break, and is usually used as a low level heading. Note that a low level heading can also appear as a block heading.

同行标题为标题后接的文章不予换行,而以接续在标题后面继续排列的形式呈现。同行标题主要用于小标。此外,小标也会使用换行标题。

同行標題為標題後接的文章不予換行,而以接續在標題後面繼續排列的形式呈現。同行標題主要利用於小標。此外,小標也會使用換行標題。

4.1.2 Font Selection and Heading Font Size 使标题得以突显的方式 使標題得以突顯的方式

Since they aim to indicate the structural level, most of the time headings have some special way to indicate their level. Here are some rules for the headings:

标题主要是为了呈现阶层结构,所以需要以特别的表现体裁来显示其阶层。标题的表现体裁包含以下几种方式:

標題主要是為了呈現階層結構,所以需要以特別的表現體裁來顯示其階層。標題的表現體裁包含以下幾種方式:

  1. Character size for the heading: The character size of headings should be selected as appropriate in accordance with the level of headings. For example, when the character size of main text is 9 point, the small-headings are usually set with 10 points, medium-headings are usually set with 12 points and large-headings are usually set with 14 points.

    使用不同的文字尺寸呈现标题的阶层,例如,有着大标、中标、小标时,小标比本文文字尺寸(例如:9pt)大一阶段(例如:10pt),中标则比小标大一阶段(例如:12pt),大标则比中标大一阶段(例如:14pt)。

    使用不同的文字尺寸呈現標題的階層,例如,有著大標、中標、小標時,小標比本文文字尺寸(例如:9pt)大一階段(例如:10pt),中標則比小標大一階段(例如:12pt),大標則比中標大一階段(例如:14pt)。

    Note

    The character size of headings is usually larger than that of the main text. When this rule is applied, the characters in the heading should be 10% to 20% larger. And the character size of higher level headings is larger than the size of smaller size headings.

    也有采用将本文文字尺寸依照比例放大的方式,使用这方式时,以10%–20%上下,依阶层放大为佳。

    也有採用將本文文字尺寸依照比例放大的方式,使用這方式時,以10%–20%上下,依階層放大為佳。

  2. Type faces for headings: Both Hei or bold Song are usually used. Other type face designs like Yuan and Kai are sometimes used as well.

    字体使用黑体,或者采用宋体加粗。此外,也有使用圆体、楷体的案例。

    使用的字體使用黑體,或者採用宋體但加粗。此外,也有使用圓體、楷體的案例。

    Note

    In letterpress printing, when Song is used as the type face of the heading, it is always designed with a larger size; while in digital printing, due to its special typography, simply increasing the font size is not enough, the characters usually use bold style to produce emphasis.

    活版印刷使用作为标题的宋体字,其活字设计时都会因为供标题使用而字重偏重。但使用数字字体时由于是采内文字设计,放大字级后显得过轻,几乎都会加重字重为粗体。

    活版印刷使用作為標題的宋體字,其活字設計時都會因為供標題使用而字重偏重。但使用數位字體時由於是採內文字設計,放大字級後顯得過輕,幾乎都會加重字重為粗體。

    Note

    When Hei is used for the type face of low level headings, font-weight should be increased to emphasis the heading.

    使用黑体作为小标时,也都会加重字重,令标题突显。

    使用黑體作為小標時,也都會加重字重,令標題凸顯。

  3. Alignment of headings (inline direction): In the case of horizontal writing mode, large-headings and medium-headings are in most cases centre-aligned. In the case of vertical writing mode, headings are usually aligned to the line head with some indent.

    对齐横排的大标与中标使用置中对齐的案例相当多,但直排时,则多使用对齐行首或下字。

    對齊橫排的大標與中標使用置中對齊的案例相當多,但直排時,則多使用對齊行頭或下字。

    Note

    The number of characters of line head indent for a heading depends on the heading level. If the heading level is higher, the indent character number is less, if the heading level is lower, the number of indent characters is more. The character size is based on the main text of the type area. The differences of character numbers are usually around two characters.

    下字时,下字的量一般使用版心设定文字尺寸的两倍汉字的长宽。大标、中标、小标下字量,由各排版者决定,无一定规则。

    下字時,下字的量一般使用版心設定文字尺寸的二倍漢字之長寬。大標、中標、小標下字量,由各排版者決定,無一定規則。

  4. Whether to decorate with solid lines, images, or give a symbol on the top of the heading.

    其它加上框线、图片、记号等。

    其他加上框線、圖片、記號等。

4.1.3 How to Handle Headings with New Recto and Page Break 单页起、换页处理 單頁起、換頁處理

A large heading sometimes starts with a new page following a page break, to clarify the separation between sections, in which case the process below should be followed:

标题为了做出明确区分,而会使用在新页面开始的方法,此时按照以下原则处理。

標題為了作出明確區分,而會使用於新頁面開始的方法,此時以以下原則處理:

  1. Always begin with odd pages, i.e. new recto.

    一定要出现于奇数页称为单页起,主要应用于扉页、大标等。

    一定要出現於奇數頁稱為單頁起,主要應用於扉頁、大標等。

    Note

    Books usually begin with page 1. Accordingly, vertical writing mode and books bound on the right-hand side begin with a left page, horizontal writing mode and books bound on the left-hand side begin with a right page after a new recto.

    书籍由封面作为第一页开始,所以直排右翻书,由左页开始(称为左页起),横排左翻书,由右 页开始(称为右页起)。

    書籍由封面作為第一頁開始,所以直排右翻書,由左頁開始(稱為左頁起),橫排左翻書,由右頁開始(稱為右頁起)。

  2. Always begin with new pages, regardless of even pages or odd pages, i.e. page breaking. Used for large-heading.

    不分奇数页还偶数页,从新页面开始称为换页。主要用于大标。

    不分奇數頁還偶數頁,從新頁面開始稱為換頁。主要用於大標。

  3. When medium-headings or small-headings appear at the last line of a page and there is no space left for the following paragraphs, the medium-headings or small-headings should be moved to the next page so as to make a proper composition.

    当中标、小标出现在某一页的最末尾,其后没有空间以至于无法接续内文段落时,由于这样的呈现会使得体裁不良,也会让中标、小标换页,在下一页开头呈现。

    當中標、小標出現於某一頁的最末尾,其後沒有空間以至於無法接續內文段落時,由於這樣的呈現會使得體裁不良,也會讓中標、小標換頁,於下一頁開頭呈現。

4.1.4 Handling of Spaces just before the New Recto, Page Breaks and New Edges 单页起、换页处理时,前一页的处理 單頁起、換頁處理時,前一頁的處理

Spaces just before new rectos, page breaks and new columns are treated as follows (the last pages are treated as the same):

单页起、换页处理时,前一页的排版处理会是问题(最终页的处理亦同),按照以下原则处理:

單頁起、換頁處理時,前一頁的排版處理會是問題(最終頁的處理亦同),以以下原則處理:

  1. In the case of single column typesetting, the spaces just before the new rectos and page breaks are left as they are.

    不分栏排版遇到单页起与换页时,前一页末尾后面留空即可。

    不分欄排版遇到單頁起與換頁時,前一頁末尾後面留空即可。

  2. In the case of multiple columns, the remaining space of preceding columns is left as it is.

    换栏时,前一栏末尾后面留空即可。

    換欄時,前一欄末尾後面留空即可。

  3. In the case of vertical writing mode, columns are filled with text lines from upper right to lower left. There is no need to align line numbers of the upper column and lower column, and remaining spaces are left as they are.

    直排多栏排版时,由上栏往下栏,各行依序排列,行数可不齐。

    直排多欄排版時,由上欄往下欄,各行依序排列,行數可不齊。

  4. In horizontal writing mode and multi-column format, the number of lines for each column is set to be the same, but where the result of the total number of lines divided by the column number chosen for the type area results in an odd number, the last column may have a smaller number of lines and may be followed by blank space.

    横排多栏排版时,各栏行数原则上需对齐。若无法对齐时,不足的行数在最右栏末尾留空。

    橫排多欄排版時,各欄行數原則上需對齊。若無法對齊時,不足的行數於最右欄末留空。

4.1.5 Processing of Run-in Headings 同行标题的处理方式 同行標題的處理方式

Run-in headings are usually used for low level headings. The following are some examples of run-in headings. Inter-character space between the run-in heading and following main text is usually a one character space of the base character size decided for the type area. Note that the run-in heading may be set at the last line of the page, or of the column in multi column style.

同行标题主要用于小标,以下介绍几个同行标题的配置范例。同行标题与之后接续内文的空白量,一般为版心设定文字尺寸的全角空白。此外,同行标题可以配置于页末。

同行標題主要用於小標,以下介紹幾個同行標題的配置範例。同行標題與之後接續內文的空白量,一般為版心設定文字尺寸的全形空白。此外,同行標題可以配置於頁末。

  1. The run-in heading is set with the same character size as the main text and with Hei or Song.

    与内文采相同文字尺寸,字体改为黑体或者楷体。

    與內文採相同文字尺寸,字體改為黑體或者楷體。

  2. Set the run-in heading with one level smaller character size than the main text and use Hei or Song.

    不比内文文字尺寸较小,字体改为黑体或者楷体。

    不比內文文字尺寸較小,字體改為黑體或者楷體。

    Note

    The space that the run-in headings take is not an integer times larger than the characters in the body content, and the space between the run-in headings and body content can be adjusted so as to align the body content as well as the line start and line end.

    此时同行标题所占空间并非内文文字尺寸的整数倍,所以可调整与内文间的空白量,以避免内文文字无法纵横对齐,或者无法齐行首、行尾。

    此時同行標題所占空間並非內文文字尺寸的整數倍,所以可調整與內文間的空白量,以避免內文文字無法縱橫對齊,或者無法齊行首、行尾。

  3. Set the run-in heading with the same character size and type-face as the main text. Note that heading numbers or Western characters are added in front of the heading.

    与内文采用相同文字尺寸与字体,但在前面添加汉字数字或阿拉伯数字。

    與內文採用相同文字尺寸與字體,但於前面添加漢字數字或阿拉伯數字。

A. Punctuation marks in Chinese 中文标点符号表 中文標點符號表

Name in Chinese Character Unicode Name Rotated 90° clockwise in vertical writing mode Prohibited at line start Prohibited at line end Unbreakable Notes
句號 3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP N Y N
FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP Y N
逗號 FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA N Y N
頓號 3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA N Y N
冒號 FF1A FULLWIDTH COLON N Y N
分號 FF1B FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON N Y N
驚嘆號 FF01 FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK N Y*1 N

Three exclamation marks used sequentially should take a two-character width.

203C N Y N

Takes one character width.

問號 FF1F FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK N Y*1 N

Three question marks used sequentially should take a two-character width.

2047 DOUBLE QUESTION MARK N Y*1 N

Takes one character width.

引號 300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET Y N Y

Mainly used in Traditional Chinese.

300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET Y Y N
300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET Y N Y
300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET Y Y N
201C LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK Y*2 N Y

Takes one character width, and usually used with Traditional Chinese.

201D RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK Y*2 Y N
2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK Y*2 N Y
2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK Y*2 Y N
括號 FF08 FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS Y N Y
FF09 FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS Y Y N
破折號 ⸺ or —— 2E3A or 2014 TWO-EM DASH or EM DASH Y N N Y*3

Takes a two-character width, in the shape of a single line without a break.

書名號 300A LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET Y N Y
300B RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET Y Y N
3008 LEFT ANGLE BRACKET Y N Y
3009 RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET Y Y N
刪節號/省略號 …… 2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS Y N N Y*3

Two-character width, center-aligned both vertically and horizontally.

連接號 FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE Y Y*1 N
- 002D HYPHEN-MINUS Y Y*1 N
2013 EN DASH Y Y*1 N
2014 EM DASH Y Y*1 N
間隔號 · 00B7 MIDDLE DOT N Y*1 N

Takes one character width, and can be adjusted to half a character width in some cases.

2027 HYPHENATION POINT*4 N Y*1 N
分隔號 / 002F SOLIDUS Y Y

Mainly used in Traditional Chinese.

FF0F FULLWIDTH SOLIDUS N Y N

Mainly used in Traditional Chinese.

括號類 3010 LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET Y N Y
3011 RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET Y Y N
3016 LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET Y N Y
3017 RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET Y Y N
3014 LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET Y N Y
3015 RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET Y Y N
FF3B FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET Y N Y
FF3D FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET Y Y N
FF5B FULLWIDTH LEFT CURLY BRACKET Y N Y
FF5D FULLWIDTH RIGHT CURLY BRACKET Y Y N
名称 字符 万国码 万国码 名称 直排时 顺时针旋转90度 禁止出现 在行首 禁止出现 在行尾 不可 分离 说明
句号 3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
逗号 FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA
顿号 3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
冒号 FF1A FULLWIDTH COLON
分号 FF1B FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
惊叹号 FF01 FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK 是*1 3 个惊叹号迭用 时应占 2 个汉字 大小
203C 占一个汉字大小
问号 FF1F FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK 是*1 3 个问号迭用时 应占 2 个汉字大 小
2047 DOUBLE QUESTION MARK 是*1 占一个汉字大小
引号 300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET 主要用于繁体
300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET
300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET
300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET
201C LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK 是*2 占一个汉字大 小,主要用于简 体
201D RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK 是*2
2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK 是*2
2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK 是*2
括号 FF08 FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS
FF09 FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS
破折号 ⸺或—— 2E3A或2014 TWO-EM DASH或EM DASH 是*3 占二个汉字大 小,呈一直线、 中间不断开
书名号 300B LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET
300B RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET
3009 LEFT ANGLE BRACKET
3009 RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET
删节号/省略号 …… 2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS 是*3 占二个汉字大 小,应将省略点 置于字面中央
连接号 FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE 是*1
- 002D HYPHEN-MINUS 是*1
2013 EN DASH 是*1
2014 EM DASH 是*1
间隔号 · 00B7 MIDDLE DOT 是*1 占一个汉字大 小,可视情况改 用半个汉字大小
2027 HYPHENATION POINT*4 是*1
分隔号 / 002F SOLIDUS 主要用于简体
FF0F FULLWIDTH SOLIDUS 主要用于繁体
括号类 3010 LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET
3011 RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET
3016 LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET
3017 RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET
3014 LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET
3015 RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET
FF3B FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET
FF3D FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET
FF5B FULLWIDTH LEFT CURLY BRACKET
FF5D FULLWIDTH RIGHT CURLY BRACKET
名稱 字符 萬國碼 萬國碼 名稱 直排時 順時針旋轉90度 禁止出現 於行首 禁止出現 於行尾 不可 分離 說明
句號 3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
逗號 FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA
頓號 3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
冒號 FF1A FULLWIDTH COLON
分號 FF1B FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
驚嘆號 FF01 FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK 是*1 三驚嘆號疊用時應佔二個漢字大小
203C 佔一個漢字大小
問號 FF1F FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK 是*1 三問號疊用時應佔二個漢字大小
2047 DOUBLE QUESTION MARK 是*1 佔一個漢字大小
引號 300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET 主要用於繁體
300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET
300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET
300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET
201C LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK 是*2 佔一個漢字大小,主要用於簡體
201D RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK 是*2
2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK 是*2
2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK 是*2
括號 FF08 FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS
FF09 FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS
破折號 ⸺或—— 2E3A或2014 TWO-EM DASH或EM DASH 是*3 佔二個漢字大小,呈一直線、中間不斷開
書名號 300B LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET
300B RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET
3009 LEFT ANGLE BRACKET
3009 RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET
刪節號/省略號 …… 2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS 是*3 佔二個漢字大小,應將省略點置於字面中央
連接號 FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE 是*1
- 002D HYPHEN-MINUS 是*1
2013 EN DASH 是*1
2014 EM DASH 是*1
間隔號 · 00B7 MIDDLE DOT 是*1 佔一個漢字大小,可視情況改用半個漢字大小
2027 HYPHENATION POINT*4 是*1
分隔號 / 002F SOLIDUS 主要用於簡體
FF0F FULLWIDTH SOLIDUS 主要用於繁體
括號類 3010 LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET
3011 RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET
3016 LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET
3017 RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET
3014 LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET
3015 RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET
FF3B FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET
FF3D FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET
FF5B FULLWIDTH LEFT CURLY BRACKET
FF5D FULLWIDTH RIGHT CURLY BRACKET
  1. In some special circumstances, in Traditional Chinese the punctuation marks might sometimes appear at the beginning of a line.

    依照出现的状况不同,也有允许出现在行首的案例,以繁体中文出版品为主。

    依照出現的狀況不同,也有允許出現於行首的案例,以繁體中文出版品為主。

  2. Corner brackets (『』「」) are usually used in vertical writing mode.

    文字直排时通常改用角引号[『』「」]。

    文字直排時通常改用角引號[『』「」]。

  3. Punctuation marks should not be broken or separated onto two lines. Only if there is no way to avoid the breaking or separation, can they can be placed across two lines.

    符号不可断开、分行,只有无法避免时,可视状况拆至两行。

    符號不可斷開、分行,唯無法避免時,可視狀況拆至二行。

  4. The content above is from Big-5 code.

    来自大五码。

    來自大五碼。

B. Glossary 詞彙表 詞彙表

Term 詞彙 詞彙 Pinyin 漢語拼音 漢語拼音 English 英語 英語
阿拉伯數字 Ālābó shùzì European numerals
版心 bǎnxīn type area
半形/半角 bànxíng/bànjiǎo half-width
標點符號 biāodiǎn fúhào punctuation marks
標點符號擠壓 biāodiǎn fúhào jǐyā compression rules for consecutive punctuation marks
標號 biāohào indicator punctuation marks
標音 biāoyīn phonetic annotation
比例字體 bǐlì zìti proportional fonts
出血 chūxiě bleed
大五碼 Dàwǔmǎ Big 5
地/地腳 dì/dìjiǎo foot/bottom margin
diǎn point (pt)
點號 diǎnhào pause or stop punctuation marks
底端 dǐduān foot side
頂端 dǐngduān head side
逗號 dòuhào comma
段落 duànlùo paragraph
對齊方式 duìqí fāngshì alignment
頓號 dùnhào slight-pause comma
兒化音 érhuàyīn rhotacization of syllable finals
仿宋體 fǎngsòngtǐ Imitation Song (Fangsong)
繁體中文 fántǐ Zhōngwén Traditional Chinese
分詞連寫 fēncí liánxiě words as the base units
分隔號 fēngéhào solidus
分號 fēnhào semicolon
分字連寫 fēnzì liánxiě characters as the base units
符號分離禁則 fúhào fēnlí jìnzé prohibition rules for unbreakable characters
括號 guāhào parenthesis
括注符號 guāzhù fúhào brackets
孤行 gūháng widows
國標碼 guóbiāomǎ GB 18030-2005
háng line
行高 hánggāo line-height
行間批語 hángjiān pīyǔ interlinear comments
行間注 hángjiānzhù interlinear annotations
行首行尾禁則 hángshǒu hángwěi jìnzé prohibition rules for line start/end
行尾點號懸掛 hángwěi diǎnhào xuánguà hanging punctuation marks for line end
漢語拼音 Hànyǔ Pīnyīn Hanyu Pinyin
漢字 Hànzì Chinese characters (Han characters/Hanzi)
黑體 hēitǐ Heiti
橫排 héngpái horizontal writing mode
合文 héwén ligature
活字排版 huózì páibǎn letterpress printing
間隔號 jiàngéhào interpunct
簡體中文 jiǎntǐ Zhōngwén Simplified Chiense
結束括注符號 jiéshù guāzhù fúhào closing bracket(s)
介音 jièyīn medial
驚嘆號 jīngtànhào exclamation marks
基文 jīwén base text
句號 jùhào period
句末點號 jùmò diǎnhào post-sentence pause punctuation marks
句中點號 jùzhōng diǎnhào inter-sentence pause punctuation marks
開始括注符號 kāishǐ guāzhù fúhào opening bracket(s)
楷體 kǎitǐ Kai
拉丁字母 lādīng zìmǔ Latin letters
lán column
欄間距 lán jiānjù column gap
連接號 liánjiēhào connector mark
羅馬拼音 luómā pīnyīn Romanization
冒號 màohào colon
密排 mìpái seamless arrangement
末端 mòduān end point
破折號 pòzhéhào long dash
輕聲 qīngshēng neutral tone
齊頭尾對齊 qítóuwěi duìqí justified alignment
全形/全角 quánxíng/quánjiao full-width
入聲 rùshēng checked tone
刪節號/省略號 shānjiéhào/shěnglüèhào ellipsis
聲調 shēngdiào tone
聲母 shēngmǔ initial
始端 shǐduān starting point
書名號 shūmínghào title mark
疏排 shūpái distributed arrangement
宋體(明體/明朝體) Sòngtǐ (Míngtǐ/Míngcháotǐ) Song
天/天頭 tiān/tiāntóu head/top margin
跳格 tiàogé tab
彎引號 wān-yǐnhào curve quotation mark
萬國碼/Unicode wànguómǎ Unicode
文本 wénběn text
問號 wènhào question mark
文字設計/字體排印 wénzìshèjì/zìtǐpáiyìn typography
現代標準漢語(普通話、國語、華語) xiàndài biāozhǔn Hànyǔ Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin)
希臘字母 xīlà zìmǔ Greek letters
西文 xīwén Western languages
西文字母 xīwén zìmǔ Western alphabet
以連字符斷行 yǐ liánzìfú duànháng hyphenation
引號 yǐnhào quotation
意音文字 yìyīn wénzì ideographs
韻母 yùnmŭ final
直角引號 zhíjiǎo yǐnhào corner quotation mark
直排(豎排) zhípái (shùpái) vertical writing mode
中外文對照 Zhōng-wàiwén duìzhào bilingual annotations
中、西文混排處理 Zhōng-xīwén hùnpái chùlǐ Chinese and Western mixed text composition
中日韓越意音文字 Zhōng-Rì-Hán-Yuè yìyīn wénzì CJKV Ideographs
中文 Zhōngwén Chinese
專名號 zhuānmínghào proper name mark
著重號 zhuózhònghào emphasis dot
注文 zhùwén annotation text
注音符號 zhùyīn fúhào Zhuyin (Bopomofo)
字幅 zìfú character advance
字距 zìjù tracking
字面 zìmiàn character face
字體 zìtǐ typeface
字型 zìxíng font
字形 zìxíng glyph
縱橫對齊 zònghéng duìqí grid alignment
縱中橫排 zòngzhōnghéngpái horizonal-in-vertical setting

C. References 参考文献 參考文獻

D. Revision Log Revision Log Revision Log

The following changes were made since the previous publication.

对上一次发布进行了如下变更:

對上一次發佈進行了如下變更:

A detailed list of changes, including diffs, can be found in the github commit log.

变更的具体内容列表,包括差异比较可以查询 github commit log

變更的具體內容列表,包括差異比較可以查詢 github commit log

E. Acknowledgements 致谢 致谢

Special thanks to the following people who contributed to this document (Contributors' names listed in in alphabetic order).

感谢以下参与者对本文档的建议与补充(依字母及拼音顺序排列):

感谢以下參與者对本文档的建议與补充(依字母及拼音順序排列):

Addison Phillips, Buernia, 陳穎青, Hao Chen, Hawkeyes Wind, 贺师俊 John Hax (百姓网), 侯迈 MieMie (豆瓣), Jiang Jiang (Opera), 吕康豪 Kang-hao Lu (BGI), 权循真 Xidorn Quan (Mozilla), SyaoranHinata, technommy, Virgil Ming, Zhengyu Qian

Please find the latest info of the contributors at the GitHub contributors list.

欲了解最新的参与者信息,请参看GitHub贡献者列表

欲了解最新的參與者信息,请参看GitHub贡献者列表