Table of Contents

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Namespaces
• 3. Audience
• 4. Scope
• 5. Relationship to other Vocabularies
• 6. Vocabulary Overview
  • 6.1 Citation Model
  • 6.2 Feedback Model
• 7. Vocabulary Specification
  • 7.1 Class: RatingFeedback
  • 7.2 Class: Usage
  • 7.3 Class: UsageTool
  • 7.4 Class: UserFeedback
  • 7.5 Properties
• 8. Examples
• 9. DUV Requirements
• A. Acknowledgements
• B. Change history
• C. References
  • C.1 Informative references

2. Namespaces

The namespace for DUV is http://www.w3.org/ns/duv#. However, it should be noted that DUV makes extensive use of terms from other vocabularies.   DUV itself defines a minimal set of classes and properties of its own. A full set of namespaces and prefixes used in this document is shown in the table below.

3. Audience

The DUV is intended for data producers and publishers interested in tracking, sharing, and persisting consumer dataset usage. It is also intended for collaborators who require an exchange medium to advertise and interactively convey dataset usage.

4. Scope

The scope of the DUV is defined by the Data on the Web Best Practices (DWBP) Use Case document [DWBP-UCR] based on the data usage requirements about datasets. These requirements include: citing data on the Web, tracking the usage of data, sharing feedback and rating data. These requirements were derived from fourteen real world use cases examples provided in the use case document.

5. Relationship to other Vocabularies

The DUV is a “glue” vocabulary reusing and extending existing vocabulary classes and properties to support citation, feedback, and usage. This section provides our rationale and approach for vocabulary selection and reuse.

Core to the dataset usage vocabulary is the “dataset”. The DUV uses the Data Catalog Vocabulary's dcat:Dataset class and all properties associated with the class [VOCAB-DCAT]. From a data usage perspective the DUV can be considered an extension of dcat:Dataset.

The Web Annotation Vocabulary [OA] is used to describe duv:Feedback as a subclass inheriting the behavior of oa:Annotation. A crucial part of the Web Annotation Model are “motivations” that describe the role of particular Annotation. Each duv:Feedback must have at least one oa:motivated_by property with a relationship to an instance of oa:Motivation. A subset of the Motivation instances are important to describe feedback to data publishers, and blogs between dataset consumers. In addition to supporting duv:Feedback, because the Web Annotation vocabulary provides a generic way of annotating any Web resource, it is recommended that Web Annotation vocabulary be used to annotate the duv:Dataset for uses beyond the scope of the DUV.

The Semantic Publishing and Referencing [SPAR] Ontologies provides a suite of vocabularies used to related entities to reference citations, bibliographic records, and describe the publication process along with other related activities. The DUV directly relies upon Citation Typing Ontology [CITO], the FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology [FaBIO], and Dublin Core [DC-TERMS] vocabularies are used to describe citations and references between datasets and cited sources. In addition to ontologies the research community provided basic criteria for citing data on the Web [MSUDataCite] [EmoryUCite]. These resources helped scope the DUV citation model into the minimal requirements for electronic data publication. Finally, data citation principles being adopted [FORCE11-Citation] are also being considered to ensure the DUV is consistent with guidelines developed by other data citation communities.

6. Vocabulary Overview

This section is non-normative.

This section depicts the vocabulary as a conceptual model. Shaded boxes are used to identify each class. Labeled open arrows identify example properties between the classes. Unlabeled shaded arrows are used to show inheritance with the parent class identified by the arrow head.

7. Vocabulary Specification

8. Examples

This section shows some examples to illustrate the application of the Dataset Usage Vocabulary.

Example 1 - Usage: A 2-D charting application developed to create temperature plots that consumes temperature readings from a dataset to produce the plot.

@prefix rdf:  <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdf:  <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix dcat: <http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#> .
@prefix dct:  <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix duv:  <http://www.w3.org/ns/duv#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/nsprov#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.org#> .

:plot-graphic
   a duv:Usage;
   rdfs:label "plots a 2d graphic";
   duv:performedBy  :xyplotter;
   duv:hasUsageType :application;
   duv:hasUsageTool :tool1;
   duv:refersTo :dataset-03312004;
.

:xyplotter
   a foaf:Agent;
   rdfs:label "2dplotter";
   duv:classification :chart-software;
.

:tool1    
   a duv:UsageTool;
   rdfs:label "";
.

:usageType
   a skos:ConceptScheme;
   skos:prefLabel "A set of concepts to classify the usage of datasets or distributions";
.

:application
   a skos:Concept;
   skos:inScheme :usageType ;
   skos:prefLabel "Application";
.

:usageAgent
   a skos:ConceptScheme;
   skos:prefLabel "A set of concepts to classify the possible roles of usage agents";
.

:chart-software
       a skos:Concept;
       skos:inScheme :usageAgent ;
       skos:prefLabel "Chart Software";
.

:dataset-03312004
  a dcat:Dataset;
  dct:title "Quarterly Temperature Plot"; 
  dcat:distribution :dataset-Jan-Mar-2004-csv;
  duv:hasUsage: :plot-graphic;
.

  

{
  "@graph" : [ {
    "@id" : "_:b0",
    "@type" : "prov:Association",
    "agent" : "http://example.org#xyplotter",
    "hadRole" : "http://example.org#chart-software"
  }, {
    "@id" : "http://example.org#chart-software",
    "@type" : "prov:Role",
    "rdfs:label" : "software that creates charts"
  }, {
    "@id" : "http://example.org#dataset-03312004",
    "@type" : "dcat:Dataset",
    "dct:title" : "Quarterly Temperature Plot",
    "distribution" : "http://example.org#dataset-Jan-Mar-2004-csv"
  }, {
    "@id" : "http://example.org#dataset-Jan-Mar-2004-csv",
    "@type" : "dcat:Distribution"
  }, {
    "@id" : "http://example.org#plot-csv-data",
    "@type" : "duv:Usage",
    "entity" : "http://example.org#dataset-03312004",
    "qualifiedUsage" : "http://example.org#plot-graphic"
  }, {
    "@id" : "http://example.org#plot-graphic",
    "@type" : "prov:Activity",
    "rdfs:label" : "plots a 2d graphic",
    "qualifiedAssociation" : "_:b0"
  }, {
    "@id" : "http://example.org#xyplotter",
    "@type" : [ "foaf:Agent", "prov:SoftwareAgent" ],
    "rdfs:label" : "2dplotter"
  } ],
  "@context" : {
    "agent" : {
      "@id" : "http://www.w3.org/nsprov#agent",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "hadRole" : {
      "@id" : "http://www.w3.org/nsprov#hadRole",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "qualifiedUsage" : {
      "@id" : "http://www.w3.org/nsprov#qualifiedUsage",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "entity" : {
      "@id" : "http://www.w3.org/nsprov#entity",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "label" : {
      "@id" : "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label",
      "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
    },
    "title" : {
      "@id" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title",
      "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
    },
    "distribution" : {
      "@id" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#distribution",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "qualifiedAssociation" : {
      "@id" : "http://www.w3.org/nsprov#qualifiedAssociation",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "dct" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms/",
    "duv" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/duv#",
    "rdf" : "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs" : "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "dcat" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#",
    "prov" : "http://www.w3.org/nsprov#"
  }
}

  

Example 2 - Feedback: Laufer provides feedback about the temperature readings dataset.

@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .

@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix dcat: <http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#> .
@prefix dct:  <http://purl.org/dc/terms#> .
@prefix oa:   <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#>  .
@prefix duv:  <http://www.w3.org/ns/duv#> .
@prefix cnt:  <http://www.w3.org/2011/content/> .
@prefix :     <http://example.org#> .

:dataset-03312004
   a dcat:Dataset ;
   dct:title "Quarterly Temperature Plot" ; 
   duv:hasDatasetFeedback :comment1;
   duv:hasDatasetFeedback :comment2;
.

:comment1Content a cnt:ContentAsText ;
cnt:chars "Written in MS-DOS text format." .

:comment1
   a duv:UserFeedback ;
   oa:hasBody comment1Content ;
   oa:hasTarget :dataset-03312004 ;
   dct:creator :laufer .

:comment2
   a duv:UserRatingFeedback;
   duv:hasRating :three_stars;
   oa:hasTarget :dataset-03312004;
   dct:creator :laufer ;
.

:laufer
   a foaf:Person  ;
   foaf:Name "Laufer"  ;
.

:feedbackRating
   a skos:ConceptScheme;
   skos:prefLabel "A set of concepts to rate datasets or distributions";
.

:three_stars
   a skos:Concept;
   skos:inScheme :feedbackRating ;
   skos:prefLabel "Good dataset or distribution" ;
.

  

{
  "@graph" : [ {
    "@id" : "http://example.org#comment1",
    "@type" : "duv:Feedback",
    "annotatedBy" : "http://example.org#laufer",
    "oa:hasBody" : "Written in MS-DOS text format.",
    "hasTarget" : "http://example.org#dataset-03312004"
  }, {
    "@id" : "http://example.org#comment2",
    "@type" : "duv:Feedback",
    "duv:hasRating" : "3 Star",
    "oa:hasBody" : "Linked Data Rating",
    "hasTarget" : "http://example.org#dataset-03312004"
  }, {
    "@id" : "http://example.org#dataset-03312004",
    "@type" : "dcat:Dataset",
    "dct:title" : "Mars Quarterly Temperature Plot"
  }, {
    "@id" : "http://example.org#laufer",
    "@type" : "duv:Person",
    "foaf:givenName" : "Laufer",
    "mbox" : "mailto:laufer@example.org"
  } ],
  "@context" : {
    "title" : {
      "@id" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms#title",
      "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
    },
    "hasRating" : {
      "@id" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/duv#hasRating",
      "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
    },
    "hasBody" : {
      "@id" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasBody",
      "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
    },
    "hasTarget" : {
      "@id" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasTarget",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "annotatedBy" : {
      "@id" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#annotatedBy",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "givenName" : {
      "@id" : "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName",
      "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
    },
    "mbox" : {
      "@id" : "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/mbox",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "oa" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#",
    "dct" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms#",
    "duv" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/duv#",
    "rdf" : "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs" : "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "dcat" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#",
    "foaf" : "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
  }
}

Example 3 - Citation: A technical report :paperA identified by a DOI cites the dataset. The :dataset-03312013 is also identified by a digital object identifier (DOI).

@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix dcat: <http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#> .
@prefix dct:  <http://purl.org/dc/terms#> .
@prefix oa:   <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#>  .
@prefix cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito#> .
@prefix fabio: <http://purl.org/spar/fabio#>.
@prefix prism: <http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/>.
@prefix duv: <http://www.w3.org/ns/duv#> .
@prefix : <http://example.org#> .

:dataset-03312013
    a dcat:Dataset;
    dct:identifier "doi:10.1038/ex2158";
    dct:title "Quarterly Temperature Plot"@en ;
    dct:alternative "Qtrly Temp Plot"@en;
    dct:description "This plot features average surface temperatures measured by the Mars Land Rover. "@en ;
    dct:created "2013-03-31T15:18:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime ;
    dct:creator "Laufer" ;
    dct:license <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/> ;
    dcat:keyword "Mars";
    dct:language <http://www.lexvo.org/page/iso639-3/eng> ;
    cito:isCitedBy :citation1 ; 
.

:thisCitation 
    a cito:CitationAct;
    cito: :dataset-03312004;
    cito:hasCitedEntity :citation1;
.

:citation1
   a duv:DataCitation;
   duv: :paperA;
   dct:title "Quarterly Temperature Plot";
   dct:hasVersion "1.0";
   dct:created "2013-03-31T15:18:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime;
   dct:identifier "doi:10.1038/ex2158";
   dct:creator :laufer";
.

:paperA
   a fabio:Work;
   prism:doi "doi:20.1055/ex7758";
   dct:title "Mars Weather Technical Report"@en;
.

{
  "@graph" : [ {
    "@id" : "http://example.org#dataset-03312013",
    "@type" : "dcat:Dataset",
    "dct:alternative" : {
      "@language" : "en",
      "@value" : "Qtrly Temp Plot"
    },
    "created" : "2013-03-31T15:18:00Z",
    "dct:creator" : "Laufer",
    "dct:description" : {
      "@language" : "en",
      "@value" : "This plot features average surface temperatures measured by the Mars Land Rover. "
    },
    "dct:identifier" : "doi:10.1038/ex2158",
    "language" : "http://www.lexvo.org/page/iso639-3/eng",
    "license" : "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
    "dct:title" : {
      "@language" : "en",
      "@value" : "Mars Quarterly Temperature Plot"
    },
    "isCitedAsDataSourceBy" : "http://example.org#paperA",
    "dcat:keyword" : "Mars"
  }, {
    "@id" : "http://example.org#paperA",
    "@type" : "foaf:document",
    "dct:identifier" : "doi:20.1055/ex7758",
    "dct:title" : {
      "@language" : "en",
      "@value" : "Mars Weather Technical Report"
    },
    "cites" : "http://example.org#dataset-03312004"
  }, {
    "@id" : "http://example.org#thisCitation",
    "@type" : "duv:DataCitation",
    "hasCitedEntity" : "http://example.org#paperA",
    "" : "http://example.org#dataset-03312004"
  } ],
  "@context" : {
    "identifier" : {
      "@id" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms#identifier",
      "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
    },
    "title" : {
      "@id" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms#title",
      "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#langString"
    },
    "cites" : {
      "@id" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/duv#cites",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "creator" : {
      "@id" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms#creator",
      "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
    },
    "keyword" : {
      "@id" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#keyword",
      "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
    },
    "isCitedAsDataSourceBy" : {
      "@id" : "http://purl.org/spar/cito#isCitedAsDataSourceBy",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "alternative" : {
      "@id" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms#alternative",
      "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#langString"
    },
    "created" : {
      "@id" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms#created",
      "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime"
    },
    "language" : {
      "@id" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms#language",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "license" : {
      "@id" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms#license",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "description" : {
      "@id" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms#description",
      "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#langString"
    },
    "" : {
      "@id" : "http://purl.org/spar/cito#",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "hasCitedEntity" : {
      "@id" : "http://purl.org/spar/cito#hasCitedEntity",
      "@type" : "@id"
    },
    "oa" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#",
    "dct" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms#",
    "duv" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/duv#",
    "rdf" : "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "xsd" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
    "rdfs" : "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "dcat" : "http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#",
    "foaf" : "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
    "cito" : "http://purl.org/spar/cito#"
  }
}

9. DUV Requirements

This section shows some of the requirements that motivated the development of the Dataset Usage Vocabulary. These requirements were derived from the use cases described in Data on the Web Best Practices Use Cases & Requirements document.

R-TrackDataUsage

It should be possible to track the usage of data.

Capability of tracking data usage can help enhancing reputation of the datasets. Records of data usage shows all the successful outcome of the data usage and all the entities associated with it such as the person, organisation, application, research projects that has used these datasets. It increases trust in the data. It also provides provence about how data versions over the time.

R-UsageFeedback

Data consumers should have a way of sharing feedback and rating data.

User feedback is important to address data quality concerns about published dataset. Different users may have different experience with the same dataset so it is important to capture the context in which data was used and the profile of the user who uses it. R-UsageFeedback should also provide a way to communicate suggested corrections and update to the datasets by the users back to data publisher. Data publishers should  have a review mechanism to incorporate submitted corrections.

R-Citable

It should be possible to cite data on the Web.