This document summarizes the text composition requirements in the Chinese writing system. One of the goals of the task force is to describe the issues in the Chinese layout requirements, another one is to provide satisfactory equivalent to the current standards (i.e. Unicode), also to promote vendors to implement those relevant features correctly.
Status of This Document
This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.
This document was created by the Chinese Layout Task Force within the W3C Internationalization Interest Group, and in collaboration with the W3C HTML5 Chinese Interest Group. The Internationalization Working Group has been a great help during the writing of this document. The Chinese Layout Task Force will work with Internationalization Working Group to publish Working Drafts of this document, and to widen the exposure and review of the document.
If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please raise them as github issues against the latest dated version in /TR. Only send comments by email if you are unable to raise issues on github (see links below). All comments are welcome.
To make it easier to track comments, please raise separate issues or emails for each comment, and point to the section you are commenting on using a URL for the dated version of the document.
Publication as a First Public Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C
Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other
documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in
progress.
This document was produced by a group operating under the
5 February 2004 W3C Patent
Policy.
The group does not expect this document to become a W3C Recommendation.
W3C maintains a public list of any patent
disclosures
made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes
instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent
which the individual believes contains
Essential
Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with
section
6 of the W3C Patent Policy.
Chinese composition exhibits several differences from other writing systems. The major features include:
中文分為繁體字與簡體字，兩者除文字字形、筆畫多寡等差異外，各項排版規則也有所區別。
There are two written scripts in Chinese, using traditional and simplified characters. Apart from the differences between glyphs and strokes, the composition rules can be different as well.
中文的書寫方向有直排及橫排二種，其中，前者多見於繁體中文出版品。
There are two writing modes: vertical and horizontal. The former is often seen in Traditional Chinese publications.
原則上，中文排版所使用的漢字與標點符號之比例皆為1:1的正方形，將其無縫隙並列排成版面。
In principal, the characters, including Chinese (hanzi) characters and punctuation, used in Chinese composition are squares with the ratio of 1:1, and are seamlessly arranged with one another.
Each cultural community has its own language, script and writing system. The transfer of each writing system into cyberspace is a task with very high importance for information and communication technology.
As one of the basic work items of this task force, this document summarizes the text composition requirements in the Chinese writing system. One of the goals of the task force is to describe the issues in Chinese layout requirements, another is to provide satisfactory equivalents to the current standards (i.e. Unicode), and another is to prompt vendors to implement those relevant features correctly.
This document was developed by people working in both Simplified and Traditional Chinese. We very much appreciate the contributions of the editors and collaborators from different linguistic backgrounds, and their willingness to collaborate across linguistic boundaries. In this early version of the Working Draft, the version of the script used for the Chinese text depends on the person who contributed the text. We expect to create separate translations of the Chinese text in future versions of this document, but at this early stage the original contributions are kept as is to enable rapid development of the text.
您可通过本页面右上方的按钮选择阅读文档的单一语言版本。
You can view the document in a single language using the buttons at the top right of the window.
Note
带有黄色背景的文字，如本文，意味将需要被更新以匹配另一个语言版本的改动。
Text with a yellow background, like this, needs updating to match the latest edits to the document.
1.3.2 设计原则Design Approach
本文基於以上前提，主要將中文排版的特徵以下列方針解說。
This document mainly adopts the following policies to explain the features of Chinese composition:
不列舉中文排版之各項細節，而是主要處理與西文排版有所不同之項目。
It does not fully cover all details of the Chinese composition system, but mainly describes the differences from Western composition systems.
詳細說明繁、簡中文排版規則間的差異與相同之處。
It explains in detail the similarities and differences between traditional and Simplified Chinese composition.
It describes presentational results and considers these results as issues and requirements for Chinese text layout. Meanwhile, it offers principles or methods for for handling these issues, without describing particular technological solutions.
針對目前中文排版上所遇到不明確的問題，試圖提出處理方法，或以列舉的方式提出說明。
It suggests solutions for, or explains, present-day issues that people face in Chinese composition.
我們也盡可能地提供中文排版的實際範例，並且在註解中說明該排版方式會應用於何種狀況。
It provides typical instances of Chinese composition and their actual use cases as much as possible.
考慮到未曾接觸過中文排版的讀者，盡可能地以圖解來呈現。
In consideration of non-Chinese readers of this document, figures are used for explanation wherever possible.
It mainly explains modern Chinese publications. Looking back to the publications in the time of movable type, there may be some differences, but they are still considered part of Chinese composition. The document does not yet fully cover ancient books. Future editions may be revised with such features in mind.
For non-Chinese readers, frequency of use is indicated for each requirement. These frequencies are not the outcome of any accurate research, but arise from the long experience of the authors. Non-Chinese readers should understand that they are intuitive for ordinary Chinese readers. These frequencies provide only rough information to prioritize the importance of issues.
本文以書籍作為主要描述對象，但也包括雜誌、報紙等不同排版方式。
The main target of this document is common books. Other publications, such as magazines or newspapers, are also included.
2. 中文排版基礎Basics of Chinese Composition
2.1 中文排版所使用的文字和基本原则Characters and Principles for Setting them in Chinese Composition
2.1.1 中文排版所使用的文字Characters used for Chinese composition
中文排版主要使用的文字為漢字。
The majority of the text used in Chinese composition consists of Han characters (hanzi).
Chinese characters include Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese alternatives. The former, which is also known as Upright Characters or Traditional Han, is commonly used in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao while the latter is commonly used in Mainland China, Singapore and Malaysia. In this document, the number of strokes and the compositional nature of a character are considered to be the major differences between Simplified Chinese characters and Traditional Chinese characters.
Different typefaces are used different in regions. The presentational aspects of typefaces do not have a relationship to Unicode, but rather depend on the operating system and the character library. The focus of this document is Chinese composition and we will not discuss typeface presentation.
Note
中文排版除了漢字外，也使用標點符號。也會與阿拉伯數字、拉丁文字、希臘文字等外文混排。
In addition to the Chinese (hanzi) characters, various punctuation marks, as well as Western characters such as European numerals, Latin letters and/or Greek letters, may be used in Chinese text.
One Simplified Chinese character may have more than one corresponding Traditional form. For example, the Simplified Chinese character 发 can be matched to either the Traditional Chinese character 發 or 髮, depending on the context.
Chinese characters have square character frames of equal dimensions. Aligned with the vertical and horizontal center of the character frame, there is a smaller box called the letter face, which contains the actual symbol. (There should be some space left between the letter face and the frame). Most of the punctuation marks for Chinese characters share the same size as the other characters, however some of them differ, such as the ellipsis, which is one-character high and two-characters wide.
文字尺寸則為文字外框的尺寸。此外，字幅則是依照文字排列方向的文字外框大小，為文字的寬度。
Character size is measured by the size of the character frame. Character advance is a term used to describe the advance width of the character frame of a character, which should be the same as the width of the character.
2.1.3 漢字的配置原則Principles for Arranging Characters during Chinese Composition
漢字依行排列文字，原則上文字外框彼此緊貼配置，稱作密排。
In principle, when composing a line with Chinese characters, no extra space appears between their character frames. This is called solid setting.
Unlike the letterpress printing era, when several sizes of the original pattern of a letter were required to create matrices, in today's digital era the same original pattern is used for any size simply by enlargement or reduction. Because of this, it might be necessary to adjust the inter-character space when composing lines at large character sizes. When composing lines at small character sizes in outline fonts, hinting data is used to ensure that the width of the strokes that make up a character look correct. When only a small portion of the fonts are smaller, they will be displayed as bitmaps, and there is no need to make extra adjustments.
依照內容的不同，也會採用以下方式排列：
Depending on the context, in addition to solid setting several alternative setting methods can be used, as described below.
2.1.3.1 增加字距Increased inter-character spacing
於各字之間加入固定量的空白來排列文字，稱作疏排。書籍排版上，遇到以下狀況時，會採用此排列方式：
It is common in books to increase the space between each character frame (i.e. loose setting) for the following cases:
為使字數不同的標題間能取得平衡，而加大字距。
To achieve a balance between running heads with different numbers of characters, increased inter-character spacing is used for running heads with few characters.
圖片與表格之說明文字字數少時，為取得平衡，而加大字距。
For captions of illustrations and tables, which only have a few characters, increased inter-character spacing is used to balance with the size of an illustration or table.
應用於字數少的詩詞時，為與版面取得平衡，而加大字距。
In some cases, increased inter-character spacing is used for poetry where one line has only a few characters, so as to maintain the balance of the layout.
針對兒童書籍等，為提升易讀性時，而加大字距。
For publications whose main audience is children, inter-character spacing is increased to make it easier for the children to read.
Text may be set with equal inter-character spacing between all characters on a given line, so that each line is aligned to the same line head and line end. Since the Chinese characters and punctuation marks are all in square shapes with almost the same dimensions, it is natural that each line is aligned to the same line head and line end. Even inter-character spacing is mainly used in the following cases:
To deal with rules that forbid certain characters at the beginning or end of a line. When a punctuation mark which is not supposed to be positioned at the end of a line happens to appear there, even inter-character space setting is used to move the character before the punctuation mark to the next line together with the punctuation mark. When a punctuation mark which is not supposed to be positioned at the beginning of a line happens to appear there it is necessary to move the last character from the previous line to the beginning of the next line, and there will be one or two (or sometimes more) empty spaces left in the previous line. Even inter-character space setting is used to unify the length of each line and justify them.
表格标题、人名名单等求呈現上一致時，會採用平均排列的方式處理。
Even inter-character space setting is used when the number of characters in a table head differs from the table content, such as for person names, so as to justify the table.
2.1.3.3 減少字距Reduced inter-character spacing
減少字與字間的字距，使得文字外框一部份重疊，稱作紧排。這種處理方式，主要應用於：
By reducing the inter-character spacing, a portion of two character frames overlap each other (i.e. solid setting). This method is mainly used in the following cases:
雜誌標題以及廣告文案字數較多，為使其排列於一行，或為求特殊表現時使用。
For characters in headings in magazines or advertisements, reduced inter-character spacing can be used to keep the characters on one line, or it can also be used to achieve a special effect for presentation.
由於漢字皆為正方形，此方式並不適用於活字排版，故不應用於書籍標題與內文的排列上。
Since Chinese characters are all square-shaped, this method does not apply to headings and content in books produced by letterpress printing.
2.2 中文排版常用字體Typefaces for Chinese Characters
2.2.1 中文排版經常使用的四種字體Four Frequently-used Typefaces for Chinese Characters
中文排版時，主要使用的四種字體為：
There are four main typefaces in use for Chinese characters:
宋體（明體、明朝體）Song (Ming)
楷體Kai
黑體Hei
仿宋體Fangsong (Imitation Song)
這四種字體於書籍排版上有其常見之使用方式，下列各節分別敘述其使用情境。
The following sections describe common practice and contexts for use of these four typefaces.
2.2.2 宋體（明體、明朝體）Song/Ming
Fig. 1宋體（明體、明朝體）Song
宋體，又稱為明體或明朝體，是中文排版最常使用之字體。
Song, also known as Songti or Ming, is currently the most common style of type in print for Chinese.
普遍使用於內文文字、標題與注釋。當應用於標題時，通常會特別加強字重，令其與內文有所差異。
Song is commonly used in text, headings and annotations. When used in headings, the characters will appear in a bold face, so as to distinguish the heading from the text.
2.2.3 楷體Kai
Fig. 2楷體Kai
楷體為帶有書法形態、手寫筆觸之字體。
Kai is another of the major typefaces, and shows notable handwriting features.
Kai is mainly used in text that needs to be differentiated from the rest of the content, for example, headlines, references, quotations, and dialogs. It is rarely used for emphasis, because of its similarity with Song.
Note
由於楷體保留了書法筆觸，普遍用於公文書、教科書之內文字。
Since Kai retains some calligraphic features, it is widely used in office documents and textbooks.
2.2.4 黑體Hei
Fig. 3黑體Hei
黑體主要應用於標題、圖說、對話之人名。內文中也會使用字重較粗的黑體作為特定文字的強調、著重。
Hei, is commonly used in headlines, signs, and personal names in dialogs. For certain types of text, characters in Kai style with thicker strokes typically indicate emphasis.
Traditional publications rarely apply the Hei style for content, but with the growing influence of the World Wide Web and the digital publishing industry, some publications are starting to experiment Hei in this context.
2.2.5 仿宋體Fangsong (Imitation Song)
Fig. 4仿宋體Fangsong (Imitation Song)
仿宋體的字體形態介於宋體與楷體之間。常用於引言、摘句等與內文區隔的段落上。
The Fangsong (Imitation Song) style lies between Song and Kai. It is commonly used in isolated paragraphs such as quotations or highlighted sentences.
2.3 版心The Type Area (or Printing Area)
中文書籍排版依以下順序設計：
The type area, sometimes called the printing area, is designed in the following sequence. There is no actual definition of what the type area is. I suggest we change the foregoing to something like: The type area, sometimes called the printing area, is the rectangle in the middle of the page that contains the main body of the text. It is surrounded by space containing headers, footers, notes, etc.
首先，設計版心。
First, prepare a template of the page format, which determines the basic appearance of document pages.
其次以版心為基準，進行實際頁面的設計。
Then, specify the details of actual page elements based on the template.
書籍多數僅使用一種基礎排版體裁，雜誌則會使用上數種。
Books usually use one basic template for page format, whereas magazines often use several templates.
Although in books, there tends to be one template for the page format, some further design effort based around the basic page format will be needed for pages such as the table of contents and indexes. Furthermore, there are many examples of indexes with a different page format than the basic page format, and vertically set books often have indexes in horizontal writing mode, and sometimes multiple columns. However, while doing actual design for the page, the size of the type area should not exceed the basic page template. (some doubts about the translation of 版面 here).
雜誌則因為內容不同，排版體裁多變，文字大小、欄數依照內容不同會有所變化。
Magazines usually contain various kinds of content, which naturally leads to various designs of templates, different sizes of characters, and varying numbers of columns.
2.3.1 基礎排版體裁的主要元素Basic Elements of Page Format
基礎排版體裁的主要元素如下：
The following are the basic elements of a page format.
完成尺寸與裝訂邊（中文書籍直排為右側裝訂、橫排為左側裝訂）
Trim size and binding side (vertically set Chinese documents are bound on the right-hand side, and horizontally set documents are bound on the left-hand side.)
文字書寫方向（直排或橫排）
Principal text direction (vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode).
版心與完成尺寸的相對位置
Appearance of the type area and its position relative to the trim size.
頁眉與頁數位置
Appearance of running heads and page numbers, and their positions relative to the trim size and type area.
Establishing a type area may be seen as defining not only a rectangular area on a page, but also within that area an underlying, logical grid, to guide the placement of such things as characters, headings, and illustrations. Once the grid is established according to the principles of composition, the setting of the characters must align with the grid. If the content contains Chinese characters only, it is an important principle that the first and last characters on a line should align with the border of the type area. When both Chinese characters and Western text are mixed in the content, or forbidden locations of punctuation marks need to be taken into consideration, the setting of the content may not align with the grid.
2.3.2 版心的設計元素Design of the Type Area
作為書籍基本設計而成的排版體裁稱為版心，版心的設計元素如下：
The type area defines the basic printing style of a book. The following are the basic elements of the type area.
所使用的文字尺寸以及字體種類
Character size and typeface name
文字書寫方向（直排或者橫排）
Text direction (vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode)
分欄時，欄數以及欄距
Number of columns and column gap when using multi-column format
一行的長度（字數）
Length of a line
一頁之行數（分欄時為一欄之行數）
Number of lines per page (number of lines per column when using multi-column format)
行距
Line gap
字距
Letter-spacing
2.3.3 以版心作為實際頁面的排版體裁Type Area and Real Page Format
本部分說明如何以版心作為基本排版體裁來設計各頁面。
This section explains how to create a real page format based on the type area.
Realm and position of headings: The direction and size of the characters of the heading should be based on a number of lines in the type area. The size of the indent is usually specified as a number of characters in the type area.
Size of illustrations: In horizontal writing mode, the width of illustrations should, if at all possible, be the width of the type area; in horizontal writing mode with multiple columns, the width of illustrations should, if at all possible, be the width of one type area column. The illustrations are usually set at the head or the foot of the page. Likewise, in vertical writing mode, the height of illustrations should, if at all possible, be either the height of one type area column or the height of the type area. The illustrations are usually set at the right side or left side of the type area.
Page for Table of Contents, Indexes and References: The size of the type area for the table of contents, indexes and references of books is based on the size of the type area for the main body content. There are many examples of tables of contents in vertical writing mode where the left-to-right size is identical to that of the type area, but the top-to-bottom size is a little bit smaller.
2.3.4 設計版心的順序Procedure for Defining the Type Area
決定版心尺寸
Specifying the dimensions of the type area
無分欄時，需決定文字尺寸、一行的字數（即為行長）、一頁的行數以及行距。
For a document with a single column per page, specify the character size, the line length (the number of characters per line), the number of lines per page, and the line gap.
當分欄時，需決定文字尺寸、一行的字數（即為行長）、一欄的行數、行距、欄數以及欄距。
For a document with multiple columns per page, specify the character size, the line length (the number of characters per line), the number of lines per column, the line-gap, the number of columns and the column gap.
決定相對於印刷版面，版心的配置位置。版心配置位置的設計順序有著以下方式。
Determining the position of the type area relative to the trim size. There are various alternative methods for specifying the position of the type area relative to the trim size:
將版心置於印刷版面的正中央，天地等高、左右等寬。
Set the type area at the horizontal and vertical center of the trim size.
橫排時指定天的留白量、直排時則指定地的留白量，左右等寬。
Position vertically by specifying the size of the space at the head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by centering the type area.
天地等高，指定裝訂邊的留白量。
Position vertically by centering the type area. Position horizontally by specifying the size of the space for the gutter.
指定裝訂邊的留白量，橫排時指定天的留白量、直排時則指定地的留白量。
Position vertically by specifying the space at the head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by specifying the size of the space for the gutter.
In most cases the type area is set at the horizontal and vertical center of the trim size, and then it can be adjusted depending on its dimensions. This design method is mainly inherited from the letter press printing technology. For desktop publishing, the dimensions of the type area are usually calculated based on the space between the type area and the trim size.
2.3.5 設計版心的注意點Considerations when Designing the Type Area
版心於設計時需考量以下事項：
The following are considerations that need to be taken into account when designing the type area:
決定版心尺寸時，得先考量到印刷版面尺寸與留白後進行。一般而言，版心與印刷版面會呈近於相似形的設計。
When deciding the dimensions of the type area, it is necessary to consider both the trim size and the margin. Generally speaking, the shape of the type area could be made similar to that of the trim size.
Character size. For the main target audience of publications, ie. the adult population, most commonly the character size is 10.5pt (≒3.7mm) or 9pt (≒3.2mm). The minimum acceptable size of type is 8pt (≒2.8mm), except for specialized publications.
There are two traditional size systems for Chinese characters, and old one and a new one. The following shows the equivalence in the Western point system. In the Old size system, Size 0 = 42pt, Size 1 = 27.5pt, Size 2 = 21pt, Size 3 = 15.75pt, Size 4 = 13.75pt, Size 5 = 10.5pt, Size 6 = 7.875pt, and Size 7 = 5.25pt; in the new size system, New Size 0 = 36pt, New Size 1 = 24pt, New Size 2 = 18pt, New Size 3 = 16pt, New Size 4 = 12pt, New Size 5 is 9pt.
Size 5 is usually used for text content. Newspapers and magazines use both Size 5 and New Size 5. The acceptable minimal size for the text in content is Size 6 (7.875pt≒2.8mm). If a smaller size is used, it will be difficult to read due to the complex structure of the Chinese characters.
一行的行長應為文字尺寸的整數倍，各行的位置盡可能頭尾對齊。
Line length should be multiples of the character size and each line should be in alignment with each other.
For Chinese composition without intermixed Western scripts, the characters all have a square-shaped frame, so all line lengths except that of the last line of the paragraph should, in principle, be the same.
行與行之間的空白（行距）除特別狀況外，皆需保持一致。
The line gaps between each line should be the same throughout the book, except for special cases. It would probably help, at this point, to define what the line gap is, since it initially sounds like the same thing as line height. What are the reference points for measuring the line gap?
In Traditional Chinese composition, there are cases where pronunciation marks, referred to as 'ruby' in the Japanese Layout Requirements, are inserted between lines. In such cases the line gap is not changed but is kept constant . If these elements are likely to occur in text, the line gap established during the type area design needs to be of an adequate size to accommodate them.
The line gap for the type area is commonly set to a value between 50% and 100% of the height of the character frame used for the type area. A shorter line gap can be chosen in cases where the line length is short or the character size of the type area is relatively small. On the other hand, the line gap usually does not exceed the character size. Increasing the line gap beyond the character size does not improve the reading experience.
There is another method of specifying the type area that uses line height rather than line gaps. Line height is the distance between two adjacent lines measured from their reference points. The reference point differs from implementation to implementation, however, in vertical writing mode the horizontal center of the character frame is usually used, and with horizontal writing mode, the vertical center of the character frame is used. When the character size is the same for every character, the following calculation is used:
行高＝文字尺寸÷2＋行距＋文字尺寸÷2＝文字尺寸＋行距
line height = character size / 2 + line gap + character size / 2 = character size + line gap
Chinese composition has two text directions, vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode. Traditional Chinese can be composed both in vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode, while Simplified Chinese is mostly composed in horizontal writing mode. There are rare cases where Simplified Chinese is composed in vertical writing mode.
Ever since the letter-press printing period, the characters and punctuation marks used for Chinese composition have basically been designed to have a square character frame. Thus the same collection of printing types can be used in either vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode, simply by changing the direction of text. However, some adjustments will be needed for the punctuation marks so as to match the writing direction of the characters and their composition. This is described in more detail in 3.1標點符號與其排版
Line Composition Rules for Punctuation Marks.
Traditionally, Chinese publications were composed mainly in vertical writing mode, and this tradition has been largely preserved in the regions using Traditional Chinese. However, with the increasing amount of translated publications and mixed-text publications, and the default mode of writing modes in the character processing software, horizontal writing mode is becoming more and more popular. In the Taiwan area, government departments, educational materials and books of natural science mainly use horizontal writing mode while literary works such as poetry and novels still use vertical writing mode. Vertical writing mode still stands as an important cultural characteristic of regions where Traditional Chinese is used.
There is usually only one direction for all text throughout a book, but there are cases where horizontal writing mode is used in certain parts of vertically composed books. Tables, captions for illustrations, running heads, and page numbers are usually composed horizontally in a page with a vertical writing mode.
2.4.2 橫排與直排的主要差異點Major Differences Between Horizontal and Vertical Writing Modes
直排與橫排的主要差異點，列舉如下：
The following are major differences between vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode:
文字、行、欄以及頁面配置、裝訂方向
Arrangement of characters, lines, columns and pages; direction of page progression.
直排時
Vertical composition.
文字由上而下，行由右而左排列。
Characters are arranged from top to bottom, lines are arranged from right to left.
欄水平切割，上下分欄。
Columns are arranged horizontally from top to bottom.
頁面由封面開始，由右向左進行配置（由左向右翻頁）。
A book starts with the left (recto) side and progresses from right to left.
橫排時
Horizontal composition.
文字由左而右，行由上而下排列。
Characters are arranged from left to right, and lines are arranged from top to bottom.
Traditional Chinese mainly uses vertical writing mode. When characters need to be composed horizontally, each line will contain one character and lines will be arranged from right to left, and no columns will be applied. As a special case for vertical writing mode, this can be seen in stone inscriptions and headings in newspapers and magazines, but now it has been replaced by horizontal writing mode arranged from left to right.
欄垂直切割，左右分欄。
Columns are arranged vertically from left to right.
頁面由封面開始，由左而右進行配置（由右向左翻頁）。
A book starts with the right (recto) side and progresses from left to right.
文中包含西文、阿拉伯數字時，如下配置：
Orientation of Western Text and Latin alphanumeric characters in a line.
直排時，西文或阿拉伯數字有以下三種配置方式：
In vertical writing mode, there are 3 methods for arranging Western text and Latin alphanumeric characters:
與漢字採相同的書寫方向，依字母字字排列，主要用於單一西文字母或阿拉伯數字、首字母縮寫等。
One by one, with the same normal orientation as that of the other characters. This is usually applied to one-letter alphanumerics or capitalized abbreviations.
Note
西文字母或阿拉伯數字，採用此配置時，需使用與漢字相同尺寸、字幅固定的等寬字體，而非比例字體。
Western text or alphanumeric characters used for this arrangement should have the same fixed size and width as the Chinese characters, rather than using the proportional width.
文字以順時鐘方向旋轉90度。主要用於西文的單字詞、語句等。
Rotated 90 degrees clockwise. This is usually applied to English words or sentences.
保持正常方向，橫排處理（如日文的縱中橫排）。主要應用於二至三位數字。
Set horizontally without changing orientation. This is usually applied to two-digit numbers or numbers with more than two digits.
In principle, if numbers are arranged horizontally in a vertical writing mode, the width of the numbers should not exceed one character width. This rule originated in the letterpress printing era due to the fixed width of each line. Therefore, in vertical writing mode, Western text and alphanumeric characters are not limited to two digits, but the width should not exceed one character width. Some commonly seen examples include "3.0", "A+" and "2B".
橫排時，以正常方向配置。
In horizontal writing mode there is only one way of arranging alphanumerics, i.e. the normal orientation.
表格、圖片等標題列的位置
Arrangement of tables and/or illustrations.
直排時，表格橫列之標題列為上方，但直行之標題列位於右側。
In vertical writing mode, align the top of tables/illustrations to the right of the page but list the headers on the right side.
橫排時，表格橫列之標題列為上方，但直行之標題列位於左側。
In horizontal writing mode, align the top of tables/illustrations to the left of the page but list the headers on the left side.
換頁、換章時最末頁採多欄排列、行於頁面中結束時，依以下方式處理：
Arrangement of an incomplete number of lines on a multi-column format page due to new recto, page break, or other reason.
直排時，順其行文結束，各欄左右行數可以不一致。
In vertical writing mode, just finish the line where it ends. The number of lines in each column is not uniform.
橫排時，各欄的行數需平均。但因字數不足，行數無法與欄數配合時，不足的行數於最後一欄末尾留空。
In horizontal writing mode, re-arrange columns so that each column has the same number of lines. In case the number of lines is not divisible by the number of columns, add the smallest number to make it divisible and re-arrange columns using the quotient as the number of lines so that only the last column shall have the incomplete number of lines.
For most publications in Chinese, no columns are arranged either in vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode. This arrangement, referring to the Japanese composition method, is more for books with translated content.
3. 行內文字排版處理Line composition
3.1 標點符號與其排版Line Composition Rules for Punctuation Marks
The usage of Chinese punctuation marks differs across different regions in China. One of the major differences is their behavior for composition. Punctuation marks in Traditional Chinese are usually positioned center-aligned with adjacent Han characters, while punctuation marks in Simplified Chinese should be aligned with the character they follow, and this alignment varies according to whether the composition uses vertical or horizontal writing mode. The differences of composition for punctuation in Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese, as well as the correct way to position them, will be introduced in more detail later.
There are differences between the punctuation marks used in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam, but Unicode does not distinguish them using different codes. A number of punctuation marks are shared among Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese and Japanese. Usually the font used for the Han characters will determine the style of the punctuation marks, or they will be adjusted by the composition engine automatically.
The content of the following section is mainly based on the content of General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834—2011) issued in Mainland China, as well as the Punctuation Guidance (2008 revised edition) issued by The Ministry of Education in Taiwan. The former is a recommended national standard while the latter is not mandatory for general publications but mainly used to regulate education materials like textbooks.
3.1.1 標點符號的分類及用法Categories and Usage of Punctuation Marks
Pause or stop punctuation marks are used to indicate pauses or the end of a sentence. Some of the pause or stop punctuation marks appear within a sentence, such as the slight-pause comma, comma, semicolon, colon, etc., while others appear at the end of a sentence, such as period, question mark and exclamation mark.
句號、逗號與頓號
Ideographic full stops, fullwidth commas and ideographic comma.
U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。] is the punctuation mark placed at the end of a sentence. U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA [，] is mainly used for separating parts of a sentence such as clauses, and items in lists, particularly when there are three or more items listed. U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA [、] (slight-pause comma) is usually used to separate items in lists, as a way to show sequence.
In many college books, science and technology literature, and grammar books of Western languages, most of which are in horizontal writing mode, Western language text is heavily used. In this case, U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．] can be used as period, while U+002C COMMA [,] or U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA [，] can be used as comma and slight-pause comma.
U+FF1A FULLWIDTH COLON [：] consists of two equally sized dots centered on the same vertical line. It is used to start an enumeration. U+FF1B FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON [；] is a punctuation mark that separates major sentence elements. A semicolon can be used between two closely related independent clauses, provided they are not already joined by a coordinating conjunction.
驚嘆號與問號
Fullwidth Exclamation Mark and Fullwidth Question Mark.
驚嘆號U+FF01 FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK [！]與問號U+FF1F FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK [？]。驚嘆號及問號用於句末，前者表示驚訝，後者表示質疑。
U+FF01 FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK [！] is a punctuation mark usually used after an interjection or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or high volume (shouting), and often marks the end of a sentence. U+FF1F FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK [？] casually known as the interrogation point, query, or eroteme, is a punctuation mark that indicates an interrogative clause, or phrase in many languages. The question mark is not used for indirect questions.
In contrast with pause or stop punctuation marks, indicator punctuation marks usually indicate a specific feature of the phrase or sentence. They include brackets, parentheses, em dashes, horizontal ellipsis, black circles or bullets, tildes, middle dots, angle brackets, low lines, and solidus.
Quotation marks, usually used in pairs, are commonly used to emphasize certain characters or words, or to indicate the beginning and ending of the dialog or quoted content. If there is a need to use a bracket within a pair of brackets, the shape of the inner quotation marks will differ from the parenting quotation marks. Quotation marks are a kind of bracket.
繁體中文採用先單、後雙的引號體例。單引號，包含開始單直角引號U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET [「]與結束單直角引號U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」]；雙引號，包含開始雙直角引號U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『]與結束雙直角引號U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』]。
When there is a need for quotation marks, Traditional Chinese will apply single quotation marks first and then double quotation marks. Single quotation marks include U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET [「] and U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」]; double quotation marks include U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『] and U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』].
簡體中文採用先雙、後單的引號體例，彎引號用於橫排、直角引號用於直排。雙引號，包含開始雙彎引號U+201C LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK [“]、開始雙直角引號U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『]、結束雙彎引號U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [”]、結束雙直角引號U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』]；單引號，包含開始單彎引號U+2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [‘]、開始單直角引號U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET [「]、結束單彎引號U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [’]、結束單直角引號U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」]。
On the other hand, Simplified Chinese will apply double quotation marks first and then single quotation marks. For Simplified Chinese, double quotation marks include U+201C LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK [“], U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『], U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [”], U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』]; the single quotation marks include U+2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [‘], U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET [「], U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [’] and U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」].
Note
某些繁體中文出版物亦會採用先雙、後單的引號體例。
Some publications in Traditional Chinese might also apply double quotation marks first and then single quotation marks.
Note
繁體中文也有使用彎引號者，但鮮少用於直排。
Traditional Chinese might also use quotation marks, but it is hardly ever used in vertical writing mode.
括號
Parentheses.
括號用於行內注釋、說明。
Parentheses, also called simply brackets, round brackets, or curved brackets, contain material that serves to clarify, or is aside from the main point.
台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》（2008年修訂版）稱括號為夾注號，分甲式及乙式，甲式為U+FF08 FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS [（]與U+FF09 FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS [）]，乙式則為一對各佔二個漢字空間的U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺]或U+2014 EM DASH [—]。括號屬於括注符號。
According to Punctuation Guidance (2008 revised edition) issued by The Ministry of Education in Taiwan, parentheses used in Chinese include U+FF08 FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS [（], U+FF09 FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS [）] and U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺] or U+2014 EM DASH [—]. Either one two-em dash (U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺]) or two consecutive em dashes can be used.
General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834–2011), the national standard issued by China Central Government, lists em dash as a kind of dash.
Note
其餘括號類則有：前方头括号U+3010 LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [【]、后方头括号U+3011 RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [】]、前空心方头括号U+3016 LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〖]、后空心方头括号U+3017 RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〗]、前六角括号U+3014 LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〔]、后六角括号U+3015 RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〕]、前方括号U+FF3B FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET [［]、后方括号U+FF3D FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET [］]、前花括号U+FF5B FULLWIDTH LEFT CURLY BRACKET [｛]、后花括号U+FF5D FULLWIDTH RIGHT CURLY BRACKET [｝]。
There are other brackets and quotation marks which include: U+3010 LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [【], U+3011 RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [】], U+3016 LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〖], U+3017 RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〗], left U+3014 LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〔], U+3015 RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〕], U+FF3B FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET [［], U+FF3D FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET [］], U+FF5B FULLWIDTH LEFT CURLY BRACKET [｛], U+FF5D FULLWIDTH RIGHT CURLY BRACKET [｝]. These brackets and quotation marks are rarely used in Chinese publications.
破折號
Em Dash.
破折號表示語氣或聲音的延續、語意的轉換或行文的補充。為佔二個漢字空間的U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺]或U+2014 EM DASH [—]。
U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺] or U+2014 EM DASH [—] sometimes shows a continuation of tone or sound, an abrupt change in thought, or adding new content to the context. This punctuation takes one-character height and two-character width.
In Chinese, the horizontal ellipsis usually consists of 3 dots, U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […], or 6 dots (in two groups of three dots, occupying the same horizontal space as two characters, ie. "……"). They usually indicate an intentional omission of a word, sentence, or whole section from a text. Depending on their context and placement in a sentence, ellipses can also indicate an unfinished thought, a slight pause, or echoing voice.
着重號
Emphasis Dots.
着重號用於表示相應文本的強調、着重語氣或避免歧義。其形態為標注於文字底端或頂端（橫排多在下方〔底端〕、直排多在右側〔頂端〕）的圓形中黑點，可以為U+25CF BLACK CIRCLE [●]或U+2022 BULLET [•]。
Emphasis dots are symbols placed above or beneath characters to emphasize the text, strengthen the tone, or avoid ambiguity. For horizontal writing mode, the emphasis dots are placed under the characters, whereas in vertical writing mode, they are usually placed to the right side of the characters. Both U+25CF BLACK CIRCLE [●] or U+2022 BULLET [•] can work as emphasis dots.
台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》（2008年修訂版）中未收錄此符號，但仍可見於部分繁體中文出版品。
Punctuation Guidance (revised edition) issued by The Ministry of Education in Taiwan does not include this mark but it is still seen in some publications.
Connector marks are used to indicate the beginning and end of time or space, to indicate quantity, to express the name of a chemical compound, to label a table or illustration, to connect a house number in an address, for a phone number, to separate digits which indicate the year, month and date, or to connect compound nouns, for the romanization as well as the foreign text in the content.
根据台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》，連接號分為甲式及乙式，甲式為U+2013 EN DASH [–]、乙式為U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [～]或U+007E TILDE [~]。
According to the Punctuation Guidance (revised edition) issued by The Ministry of Education in Taiwan, connector symbols include U+2013 EN DASH [–] and U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [～] or U+007E TILDE [~].
According to the General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834—2011), there are three types of connector mark, which are the short connector mark [–], the long connector mark [—], and tilde [~].
Note
《标点符号用法》 （GB/T 15834—2011）中没有指定这三个符号的码位，但是基本上可以推断一字线是U+2014 EM DASH [—]，浪纹线是U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [～]。但是对于「短横线」，该标准5.1.6節规定「横短线比汉字『一』略短，占半个字位置」，因此可以是U+2013 EN DASH [–]。这些连接号的实际长短根据所用处理系统和使用字體会有区别。
The General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834—2011) does not state the corresponding Unicode code point for the three types of connector marks. However, we can make the deduction that the long connector mark [—] is U+2014 EM DASH [—] and the tilde [~] is U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [～] . Since the short connector mark should take half the width of the long connector mark, it should be U+2013 EN DASH [–]. The actual length of these connector marks may depend on the writing system as well as the typeface.
U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT [·], also known as interpoint, middot or centered dot, is a punctuation mark consisting of a vertically-centered dot, and is used to separate the first name and family name in names translated from a foreign language, or minority groups names. It is also used with double quotation marks to separate chapters, articles and volumes in publications.
Middle dot is applied to Chinese only. When a translated foreign name contains a Latin counter, the full stop should be used rather than the middle dot. For example, 「比尔·盖茨」 but 「B. 盖茨」.
The usage of middle dot differs between Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese. In principle, the middle dot, either in vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode, should have the same dimensions as a character; while in Simplified Chinese, the middle dot sometimes has half the width of a character when it is used to separate the month and the date, e.g. 9·11.
Note
過去因大五碼未有詳細的語意定義，所以時有混用U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．]、U+2027 HYPHENATION POINT [‧]、U+2022 BULLET [•]等字元作為間隔號的例子，建議使用U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT [·]。而U+30FB KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT [・]來自日文JIS編碼，並非中文編碼，不建議使用。
Due to the fact that BIG-5 Code does not give a detailed definition of the middle dot, sometimes U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．], U+2027 HYPHENATION POINT [‧] and U+2022 BULLET [•] are used as replacement for the middle dot. U+30FB KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT [・] is tightly connected to the JIS code system, it is not recommended to use this.
書名號
Book Title Mark.
根据台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》（2008年修訂版），書名號分為甲式及乙式，甲式為波浪底線U+FE4F WAVY LOW LINE [﹏]，標注在相應文本底端，二個作品名稱相鄰時，甲式書名號間須在視覺上分離予以辨別。乙式有雙書名號U+300A LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [《]與U+300B RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [》]、單書名號U+3008 LEFT ANGLE BRACKET [〈]與U+3009 RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET [〉]，前者用於標示書名號、後者用於標示篇名。
The book title mark is used to indicate the names of works which usually include books, articles, songs, movies, files, calligraphy and paintings. Generally there are two types of book title marks, wavy low lines or angle brackets. U+FE4F WAVY LOW LINE [﹏] is positioned beneath the corresponding characters. When two works are listed next to each other, the wavy lines for each should be clearly separated. The angle bracket includes U+300A LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [《], U+300B RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [》], U+3008 LEFT ANGLE BRACKET [〈] and U+3009 RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET [〉].The former pair is used for the names of books while the latter pair is used for the names of the articles.
書名號用於標示書名、篇名、歌曲名、影劇名、文件名、字畫名等各種作品名稱。
When two book title marks are positioned next to each other, there should be a clear separation to indicate the difference names.
According to the General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834―2011), the names of books as well as chapters should be quoted using double angle brackets [《》]. When there is a need to indicate the name of another book within the double angle brackets [《》], the ordinary angle brackets [〈〉] should be used.
書名號乙式屬於括注符號。
Book title marks are a kind of brackets.
Note
甲式書名號已甚少出現於現代的出版品，但仍可見於教科書或古籍的標示。
The wavy low line is rarely used in modern publications, but can still be seen in some textbooks and ancient publications.
專名號
Fullwidth low line.
專名號為U+FF3F FULLWIDTH LOW LINE [＿]，標示於專有名詞——如人名、地名等——底端之符號。
U+FF3F FULLWIDTH LOW LINE [＿] is positioned underneath proper nouns such as a person's name, the name of a place, etc.
在二個專有名詞相鄰時，專名號間須在視覺上分離予以辨別。
When two proper nouns are listed together, the FULLWIDTH LOW LINE should provide a visual distinction for them.
Note
同甲式書名號，專名號已甚少出現於現代書籍，但仍可見於教科書或古籍的標示。
As with WAVY LOW LINE, the FULLWIDTH LOW LINE is rarely used in modern publications, but it can still be seen in some textbooks and ancient publications.
Both U+002F SOLIDUS [/] and U+FF0F FULLWIDTH SOLIDUS [／] are used to indicate the separation of lines in poetry, syllable beats, and characters which should be separated.
Punctuation Guidance (revised edition in 2008) issued by The Ministry of Education in Taiwan does not include the SOLIDUS, but it is frequently used in traditional publications, including textbooks.
3.1.2 標點符號的字形、尺寸與字面分布Sizes and positions of Punctuation Marks
Punctuation marks used in Traditional Chinese are usually positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space left for them; while in vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode, some of the punctuation marks are positioned in different directions so as to mark the corresponding characters more accurately. For Simplified Chinese, the punctuation marks are usually positioned following the characters they are supposed to mark; while some punctuation marks might be positioned in different directions due to the vertical or horizontal writing mode. Also, different writing modes might require different punctuation marks to fulfill the same function, e.g. horizontal writing mode requires curved quotation marks while vertical writing mode requires angle brackets.
Pause or stop punctuation marks include the slight-pause comma, comma, semicolon, colon, period, question mark, exclamation mark, etc. In Traditional Chinese, they take the same dimensions as well as the direction as a character does. Traditional Chinese pause or stop punctuation marks are usually positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space left for them. In Simplified Chinese, they are positioned in the top or bottom side in the space left for them following the marked characters. In horizontal writing mode, the pause or stop punctuation marks are placed at the lower left corner in the square space while in vertical writing mode, they are placed in the right upper corner.
Brackets marks include quotation marks, parentheses, title marks, etc. They should be positioned in pairs at each side of the marked character and have the same dimensions as a character, and the same direction as the characters. Bracket quotation marks have different positioning rules in Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese. In Traditional Chinese, single quotation marks will be used first and then double quotation marks, whereas in Simplified Chinese, double quotation marks will be used first and then single quotation marks. Also, the writing mode should be taken into consideration too. Horizontal writing mode requires curved quotation marks while vertical writing mode requires angle brackets.
Ellipsis and long dash, in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space for them, should be one character in height and two-characters in width. They are not supposed to be separated from one line to the next and should be positioned in the same direction as the characters.
Dashes, with the same dimensions as one character, should be positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space for it. Among the dash marks, EN DASH should have a short length to make a clear distinction from the Chinese character [一], which means one. And they should be positioned in the same direction as the characters they mark.
Solidus, with the same dimensions and direction as the character it follows, should be positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space for it. To make a more economical use of the space, or to set the members or characters more solid, sometimes the solidus can have a half character width.
Inline marks like title marks, wavy low lines, and emphasis dots should be positioned underneath the marked characters in horizontal writing mode. In vertical writing mode, emphasis dots should be positioned to the right side of the marked characters so as not to affect the characters above and beneath them.
Solidus should be positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space for it. In Simplified Chinese, it should take half a character width, whereas in Traditional Chinese, there is no clear rule about its dimension but most publications will give them the same dimensions as one character.
3.1.3 非典型的標點符號及其配置Atypical punctuation marks and their composition
3.1.3.1 科技文獻Science and technology literature
科技文獻中的「句號」多使用U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．]替代U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。]，以避免同拉丁字母「o」或數字「0」混淆。
Science and technology literature prefers U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．] to U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。] so as to make a clear distinction from letter [o] or digit [0].
3.1.3.2 繁體中文出版品的特殊情況Special cases in Traditional Chinese publications
In Traditional Chinese publications such as ancient books, science and technology literatures, textbooks, or the books that have quotations in Western languages, some pause or stop punctuation marks, including slight-pause comma, colon and period, are positioned following the marked characters. The same applies for Simplified Chinese as well as Japanese so as to make the same style for the punctuation marks in both Chinese and Western languages.
3.1.4 行首行尾禁則Prohibition Rules for Line Start and Line End
In order to maintain a smooth reading experience and consistency of the style, there are certain constraints for the positioning of most punctuation marks. In most cases, according to its function, a punctuation mark is prohibited from appearing at the line start or line end. This rule was first implemented during the time of letterpress printing. In Mainland China, the national standard General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834–2011) sets clear rules about the positioning of punctuation marks. In the regions that use Traditional Chinese, there is not yet a standard for the usage and positioning of punctuation marks, but most of the publications apply the rules described in this document.
In Traditional Chinese, there is no strict rule indicating that a punctuation mark must not appear at the line start. In the time of letterpress printing, there were quite a few publications which ignored the prohibition rules for punctuation marks.
In Traditional Chinese publications like newspapers and magazines, columns are often used in the layout, which leads to fewer characters in each line, and prohibition rules of punctuation marks are sometimes ignored under these circumstances.
In order to avoid a punctuation mark appearing at the line start, the last character from the previous line can be moved to the beginning of next line and the extra space left for the previous line should be divided and inserted equally between the characters of previous line. However, in the case where several punctuation marks appear together, for example [。』」], moving one character from previous line might cause too much space left between the characters. In this case, the punctuation marks might be allowed to appear at the line start so as to keep a reasonable space between characters in each line.
Pause or stop punctuation marks including slight-pause comma, comma, semicolon, colon, period, question mark, exclamation mark, as well as right quotation marks, right parentheses, right angle brackets, ellipsis, dash, etc, should not appear at the line start.
包括：開始引號等、開始括號、開始單雙書名號等符號，不得出現於一行之尾。
Left parentheses, left quotation marks, left angle brackets and left title marks should not appear at the line end.
3.1.5 符號分離禁則Prohibition Rules for Unbreakable Marks
3.1.5.1 標點符號Punctuation Marks
以下標點符號佔用二個漢字的空間，在行間應為一體，視作一個字元存在，不得以適配分行之由拆至二行。
The following punctuation marks should be considered as one unit and take two-character widths. They should not be separated into two lines. In cases where multiples of these punctuation marks appear together, it is allowed to separate them into two lines as described in . If they were forced to remain on one line, it might cause too much space between the characters in the previous line and decrease the aesthetics of the entire composition.
Note
在数字出版时代，这些标点符号通常占用两个字符的宽度，但是被认做一个整体单元。
In the digital era, these punctuation marks usually take the width of 2 characters but are still considered as one unit.
乙式括號與破折號
Em dash and long dash.
乙式括號與破折號為佔二個漢字空間的U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺] 或U+2014 EM DASH [—]。
U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺] or U+2014 EM DASH [—] should take one-character height and two-character widths, and long dash [——] can be used created by using two adjacent em dashes.
According to section 5.1.5 of General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834―2011), when two horizontal ellipses are used together, they should be four characters wide and occupy an independent line.
3.1.5.2 數字及其相應的前後綴單位符號Digits and their Prefix and Suffix
3.1.5.3 注釋符號Annotation Marks
3.1.6 標點符號的擠壓Compression Rules for Punctuation Marks
Punctuation marks in Chinese usually have the dimensions of one character (or more). This provides a clear distinction between characters and leaves some room for compositional adjustment. However, if there is no character before or after the punctuation mark(s), the empty space around the punctuation mark(s) will seem a bit abrupt. In this case, proper compression for the punctuation mark(s) will make the composition more tightly-knit and readable.
Usually there are two ways to compress punctuation mark(s). First, when multiple punctuation marks appear together, the space between the punctuation marks can be adjusted; second, when multiple punctuation marks appear at the line start or line end, the space at the line start or line end can be adjusted.
3.1.6.1 連續標點符號的擠壓Compression of adjacent punctuation marks
When opening bracket(s), closing bracket(s), slight-pause comma, comma, period or interpunct appear together, the following rules for space adjustment will make the composition more solid and readable.
In Simplified Chinese, when one or more closing brackets appear behind a slight-pause comma, comma or period, a space of half a character width can be reduced. This rule does not apply to Traditional Chinese.
當頓號、逗號、句號出現在結束括注符號之後，縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When a slight-pause comma, comma or period appears after a closing bracket, a space of half a character width can be reduced.
當開始括注符號出現於頓號、逗號、句號之後，縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When an opening bracket appears after a slight-pause comma, comma or period, a space of half a character width can be reduced.
當開始括注符號出現於結束括注符號之後，縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When an opening bracket appears after a closing bracket, a space of half a character width can be reduced.
當二個（或以上）開始括注符號連續排列時，縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When two or more opening brackets appear together, a space of half a character width can be reduced.
當二個（或以上）結束括注符號連續排列時，縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When two or more closing brackets appear together, a space of half a character width can be reduced.
當間隔號出現於結束括注符號之後，縮減其間四分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When a solidus appears after a closing bracket, a space of a quarter of a character width can be reduced.
當間隔號出現於開始括注符號之前，縮減其間四分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When a solidus appears before an opening bracket, a space of a quarter of a character width can be reduced.
3.1.6.2 行首行尾標點擠壓Compression of punctuation marks at line start
標點符號出現在一行之首或之末時，以下的空隙調整規則得以使文字體裁更加緊湊、易讀。
When a punctuation mark appears at line start or line end, the following rules for space adjustment will make the composition more solid and readable.
使用段首縮進格式的排版中，若首行行首出現開始括注符號，可以縮減該符號始側二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
For the case of line head indent, if a bracket is set at the beginning of a line, half a character space can be reduced ahead of the bracket.
當行首出現開始括注符號，可以縮減該符號始側二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When an opening bracket appears at the beginning of a line, half a character space can be reduced ahead of the bracket.
當行尾出現結束括注符號時，可以縮減其末側二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When a closing bracket appears at the end of a line, half a character space can be reduced behind the bracket.
In Simplified Chinese, when a slight-pause comma, comma or period appears at the end of a line, half a character space can be reduced behind the bracket.
Most Chinese publications do not use hanging punctuation at line end. According to the Japanese Layout Requirements document, hanging punctuation at the line end is a kind of extension of the prohibition rules at line start. This rule helps to avoid moving characters or punctuation marks between lines and avoids inconsistency of space between the characters in different lines.
In general, the punctuation marks that can be hung at the line end include slight-pause comma, comma and period. In Simplified Chinese, the rest of the pause or stop punctuation marks can be hung at line end since they are set at at the side of the marked characters or in front of the marked characters.
若點號（頓號、逗號或句號）將出現於一行之首，可將其置於前一行的行尾端、突出版心。
If a punctuation mark (slight-pause comma, comma or period) is expected to be at the start of a line, it should be placed at the end of the line before, to fit in the type area.
However, for Traditional Chinese, which sets the punctuation marks at the center of the square space for it, hanging the punctuation marks might make an abrupt affect on the composition. Therefore, Traditional Chinese does not apply hanging punctuation in horizontal writing mode but only in vertical writing mode.
連續多個標點符號的情況下，不作行尾點號懸掛的配置。
In the case of a succession of punctuation marks, punctuation hanging should not be applied.
3.2 中、西文混排處理Composition of Chinese and Western Mixed Texts
3.2.1 中文與西文之混排Composition of Chinese and Western Mixed Text
中文排版中，漢字與拉丁字母、希臘字母或阿拉伯數字等西文混排的狀況經常出現，以下列舉部分範例。
There are many examples in Chinese text where Western characters, such as Latin letters, Greek letters, or European numerals, are found alongside Han characters. The following are just a few examples:
使用西文字母作為記號使用，如「A」「B」。
One Western letter used as a symbol for something, such as 'A' or 'B'.
直接使用如「editor」的西文單字詞。
A Western word is used in a Chinese context, such as 'editor'.
使用如DTP、GDP等與組織名、專有名詞等首字母縮寫。
Acronyms, such as 'DTP' or 'GDP'.
呈現西文文獻等之作者名、書名等採原本表計的方式呈現。
Book titles or authors in references to Western books that use the original spelling.
使用阿拉伯數字表示紀年、數量詞、編號等，如「1999年」。
European numerals used to express years or other numbers, such as '1999年'.
Western numeric characters are also used in itemized lists and numbered headings, or as symbols for chemical elements or mathematical formulae. It can be seen from these examples that it is an everyday occurrence to find Western characters mixed with Han characters in Chinese composition.
Note
若無特別提示，本文使用之「阿拉伯數字」皆指西方語言或歐洲形式的印度－阿拉伯數字。
Western numerals, sometimes called arabic, or arabic-indic numerals, are referred to as European numerals in the context of this document, unless notes indicate otherwise.
Formerly, fullwidth ASCII characters were often used, either to make the presentation look orderly, or simply due to the poorly developed computer technologies available for text layout. Nowadays, typesetting engines allow for proportional or monospace fonts, as required, rather than forcing the user to resort to the old fullwidth blocks of Latin letters and European numerals.
中西混排中，由于正文是中文，原则上应该使用中文标点，遵守中文标点的习惯用法。但是，科学技术中文图书，如果涉及公式较多，句号可以统一使用西文句号U+002E FULL STOP [.]，省略号使用英文的三点省略号；中文版西文语法教材之类的图书，西文例句较多且多与中文混排时，句号可以统一使用西文句号[.]。
When Western texts are mixed with Han characters, Chinese style punctuation and its common usage should be used in principle since the main text is Chinese, However, in the case of technical documents, if plenty of formula are contained in the text, the full stop can be unified with the western-style period, U+002E FULL STOP [.]. Also in text books on grammar of Western languages etc., which contain plenty of example sentences mixed with Chinese, western-style periods [.] can be used.
3.2.2 橫排的中、西文混排配置Mixed Text Composition in Horizontal Writing Mode
In horizontal writing mode, the basic approach uses proportional fonts to represent Western text and uses proportional or monospace fonts for European numerals. In principle, there is tracking or spacing between an adjacent Han character and Western character of up to one quarter of a Han character width, except at the line head or end.
Note
或可使用西文詞間空格（U+0020 SPACE [ ]，其寬度隨不同字體有所變化）。
Another approach is to use a Western word space (U+0020 SPACE), in which case the width depends on the font in use.
3.2.3 直排的中、西文混排配置Mixed Text Composition in Vertical Writing Mode
直排時，西文與阿拉伯數字的配置有以下三種方法：
For vertical writing mode, the following list describes methods of setting Western letters and European numerals:
Setting Western letters with Han character-width monospace fonts. Letters or European numerals follow each other, one at a time, in the same direction and rotation as the Han characters. This arrangement is usually adopted where the text contains a single letter or digit, or an acronym (such as GDP).
Setting Western letters with proportional fonts, rotated 90 degrees clockwise. This approach is usually adopted where Latin letters compose a word or sentence. There is tracking or spacing between a Han character and an adjacent Western letter or European numeral, up to a width of one quarter of a Han character, except at the line head or end.
Setting European numerals with proportional fonts in horizontal-in-vertical orientation. This style is usually adopted when dealing with a two to three digit number whose width is equal to the default line advance or slightly wider (within an acceptable range).
Note
直排時多使用漢字數字，然而近年使用西文數字的情況漸有增長，縱中橫排亦頗為常見。
Han numerals are usually used in vertical writing mode, however in recent years it is becoming more common to see fullwidth European numerals and proportional numerals set as horizontal-in-vertical.
3.2.4 西文使用比例字體時的混排處理Handling Western Text in Chinese Text Using Proportional Western Fonts
The following provides composition rules for handling Western characters and European numerals in horizontal writing mode or in situations in vertical writing mode where the Western words/phrases or European numerals are rotated 90 degrees clockwise:
西文單字詞在可使用連字符處之外，不得分隔為兩行。
A sequence of Western characters in a Western word should not break across a line-break, except where hyphenation is allowed.
漢字與西文字母之間，原則上使用四分之一個漢字寬的字距或空白。
Tracking or spacing between a Han character and a Western letter or numeral is up to a quarter of the width of a Han character.
Justified text alignment is an important feature of Chinese composition. It is harder to align text as expected when a line contains Western characters. Typically, spacing or tracking is applied equally across the line, but such adjustments are only applied between Han characters or between Han and Western letters. The spacing is not equally distributed between characters in Western words and/or European numerals.
以下情況例外：
Exceptions are made in the following cases:
位於行頭的西文與阿拉伯數字之前、位於行尾的西文與阿拉伯數字之後不調整字距或加入空白。
Tracking or spacing of Western letters or European numerals before the line head or after the line end are not justified.
於中文點號前後、中文開始括注符號之後、結束括注符號之前的西文，不調整字距或加入空白。
Tracking or spacing of Western letters or European numerals is not adjusted before or after Chinese commas or full stops, nor after Chinese opening and before Chinese closing brackets.
3.2.5 縱橫對齊下的中西文混排處理Handling of Grid Alignment in Chinese and Western Mixed Text Composition
Due to the fact that each Han character is of the same width, not only should characters at the start and end of a line be aligned but it is also a requirement for characters within blocks of Han text to be aligned both vertically and horizontally, whether in vertical or horizontal writing mode. When Western text or European numerals intervene, this principle is harder to achieve. Possible approaches are listed below:
Instead of a quarter Han-width tracking between Han and Western letters, it is possible to use flexible spacing of up to half a Han character width. This brings the space occupied by Western characters to a multiple of the width of a Han character. In this way, both the Han character before and after the Western language span snaps to the grid lines.
當西文位於行尾必須斷行時，不遵照西文從音節斷行的慣例，於行尾強制斷行，以確保行尾對齊。
When a Western word appears at the line end and needs to be broken, rather than breaking the word at a syllable boundary per the Western convention, the word may be forced to break at the line end, in order to ensure correct alignment.
When using grid alignment, it is recommended to deal with line end punctuation marks by hanging the first of them outside the type area as mentioned in section 3.1.7行尾點號懸掛
Hanging Punctuation at Line End. In situations that involve consecutive punctuation marks, the second and following punctuation marks are allowed to appear at the line start.
Note
縱橫對齊多使用於繁體中文排版，簡體中文較為少見。
Grid alignment is adopted more often in Traditional Chinese typesetting, whereas use in Simplified Chinese is rare.
Chinese interlinear annotation, also known as ruby, is small, supplementary text attached to certain characters or words in the main text. Chinese interlinear annotation is usually set in the interlinear space and aligned to the corresponding base text which it annotates. In Chinese typesetting, Chinese interlinear annotation is mainly used to indicate pronunciation or meaning.
3.3.1.1 为汉字标注读音Indicating the Pronunciation for Chinese characters
In Chinese, interlinear annotation is most commonly used to indicate the pronunciation of Han characters. Presenting the pronunciation alongside the characters is a great help to beginners, especially to children who are native speakers, or to foreigners intending to study Chinese. Therefore, it is rare to annotate isolated Han characters. Instead, phonetic annotations tend to cover the full text. Also, it is not regular practice in Chinese layout to use interlinear annotation for pronunciation outside these educational contexts, even for the pronunciation of rarely used characters, although sometimes pronunciation is provided inline, possibly inside brackets.
中文的标音方案有注音符号与羅馬拼音两大类：
There are two major annotation systems for indicating Chinese pronunciation: Zhuyin and Romanization.
Mandarin Phonetic Symbols (國語注音符號) or Taiwanese Dialect Phonetic Symbols (台灣方言音符號), hereinafter referred to as ‘Zhuyin’, are systems for phonetic annotation mainly used in Taiwan, although other areas may also include Zhuyin in certain dictionaries or textbooks. In most cases, Zhuyin appears on the right side of its corresponding base text. Exceptions are very rare.
Hanyu Pinyin (汉语拼音), now the official standard in Mainland China, uses the Latin alphabet to transcribe the Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin) pronunciations of Chinese characters. The most common use case in Mainland China is to indicate the pronunciation for all characters of the full text with Hanyu Pinyin. In Taiwan and areas that use Chinese dialects in China, the arrangement of the Taiwanese Romanization System for Minnan (台灣閩南語羅馬字), or romanization systems of other Chinese dialects are similar to those of Hanyu Pinyin.
Due to the characteristics of the Latin alphabet, such annotations appear in horizontal writing mode only. Texts for children who are native speakers usually provide reading assistance for each individual character, while texts for those who are learning Chinese as a second language mainly indicate pronunciation for whole words, but occasionally, both of them are set almost the same. There is space between the base text when whole words are annotated, and the interlinear annotation characters will have unique requirements such as sentence case, or punctuation marks corresponding to base characters. Early publications using Pinyin are very varied and lack consistency. Both character-based and word-based annotations are quite common. No further description of the early pinyin will be found in this document.
3.3.1.2 标注释义等非语音信息Indicating Meaning or Other Additional Information
Bilingual annotations aim to provide a Chinese translation of text in foreign languages or acronyms, or to offer the original text for words that have been translated into Chinese. This is mainly used for proper nouns, titles or those terms whose concepts are difficult to convey after translation. It is commonly found in translated works, mainly in light novels.
Interlinear comments are ways to annotate the meaning of text fragments or a single word, and are so named for their interlinear positioning. They usually lie in the interlinear space and co-exist with the body text. Compared to other annotation methods, i.e. headnotes or footnotes, interlinear comments are more compact and stick better to the body. These kinds of comments are often found in ancient books, such as Rouge Inkstone, an early commentary of the novel Dream of the Red Chamber.
3.3.2 行间注排版概述Overview of Interlinear Annotation Positioning
In vertical writing mode, Zhuyin, Romanization or bilingual annotations are usually placed on the right side of the base text (Han characters), while interlinear comments are often placed on the left side. In horizontal writing mode, Zhuyin can be placed above the base text, but in most cases they are still set to the right side of the base text. On the other hand, Romanization and bilingual annotations can appear both above or below the base text, and the interlinear comments are usually placed at the bottom of the base text.
In principle, Zhuyin Phonetic Symbols are of the same size, and the number of Zhuyin symbols for one Han character is never more than three, which is quite easily manageable. Romanization, however, uses Latin letters whose sizes are proportional, their composed lengths are varied and there should be spaces between the words. Thus, these two kinds of phonetic annotations differ greatly in positioning.
Annotating with both Romanization and Zhuyin is a practical way to indicate the reading to readers who know only one of these systems, as well as helping study of or enquiries about the other one. Normally, when Romanization and Zhuyin are both provided, the Zhuyin are placed on the right side of the Han character while Romanization is set at the bottom of the Han character in horizontal writing mode and to the left side in vertical writing mode.
3.3.3 注音符号標音的排版Positioning of Zhuyin Interlinear Annotations
According to the Manual of Mandarin Phonetic Symbols (國語注音符號手冊) released by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan, there are two standard ways of positioning Zhuyin: above the corresponding Han character (horizontal Zhuyin), or on the right side of the corresponding Han character (vertical Zhuyin). The use cases for putting Zhuyin above the base characters are rarely found in today's textbooks or other publications, and it is rarely used by the public at large. Therefore, it's always better practice to place Zhuyin annotations on the right side of their corresponding Han character, whether in horizontal or vertical writing mode.
3.3.3.2 注音符號的比例與大小Choice of Size and Ratio for Zhuyin Symbols
The size of Zhuyin annotation marks, including the phonetic symbols and their tones, should not exceed the size of the corresponding base characters. When Zhuyin annotation marks are placed above or to the right side of the base characters, the width of the zhuyin annotation marks should not exceed the size of the corresponding base characters.
When zhuyin annotations are placed to the right side of base characters, in principle they should take half of the space of the corresponding base characters. The space should include the phonetic symbols as well as the tone marks. Zhuyin annotations without tone marks, such as the level tone in Mandarin, should take the same amount of space as annotations with tone marks.
In vertical writing mode, when Zhuyin annotations are placed to the right side of the base characters (vertical Zhuyin), the line gap of the paragraph, where the Zhuyin annotations should be placed, needs more than 1.5 times that of the base characters. The type area should be designed to allow the proper space for the line gap. If the line gap is more than 1.5 times that of the height of the base character, the line gap should not be affected, whether there are Zhuyin annotations between the lines or not.
In horizontal writing mode, when Zhuyin annotations are placed to the right side of the base characters (vertical Zhuyin), the spaces between the base characters, where the Zhuyin annotations are placed, should be at least half of the width of those characters. To achieve grid alignment, the characters without Zhuyin annotations, such as punctuation marks, Western words and indented space should keep the same space as well.
In principle, the size of Zhuyin annotations, including the phonetic symbols and the tone marks, should be 25% of the size of the base characters. In vertical Zhuyin, Zhuyin annotations should be placed center-aligned vertically to the base character while in horizontal Zhuyin, Zhuyin annotations should be placed center-aligned over the base character beneath.
Note
所用字體中，平上去入聲（ˊˇˋ˪˫ㆴㆵㆶㆷ）及輕聲（˙）等調號皆應與漢字尺寸一致，方適用以上比例。
The percentage rules above assume that all the tone marks (ˊˇˋ˪˫ㆴㆵㆶㆷ) and the neutral tone mark (˙) are set with the same font size as that of the base characters.
Note
直排注音時，輕聲符寬度不變，高度為基字的10%；橫排注音時，輕聲符的高度不變，寬度為基字的10%。
In vertical Zhuyin, the width of the space taken by the neutral tone mark does not change but the height should be 10% of the height of the base character. In horizontal Zhuyin, the height of the space taken by the neutral tone mark does not change but the width should be 10% of the height of the base character.
為字號較大的段落（如標題）標注注音時，可視情況調整注音符號的比例與大小。
When annotating Zhuyin for paragraphs with characters in larger sizes, the size of the Zhuyin annotations can be adjusted accordingly.
3.3.3.3 注音符號的聲調號位置Positioning of the Tones in Zhuyin Symbols
Mandarin non-neutral tones and dialectal non-checked tones, are placed outside the upper right corner of the last phonetic symbol. In vertical Zhuyin, half the space taken by a tone mark will be above the top of the adjacent phonetic character; in horizontal Zhuyin, half the space taken by a tone mark will appear to the right of the phonetic character.
Fig. 5注音符號及其調號（平上去聲）的排版示例。An example of positioning for Mandarin non-neutral tones and dialectal non-checked tones.
入聲調號標注於字音整體外側右下方。
The dialectal checked tones are set outside the lower right corner of the phonetic symbols.
Fig. 6注音符號標注入聲調號的排版示例（圖例以漢字「力」之閩南語發音標注）。An example of positioning dialectal checked tones. (The example here is the Han character 力 annotated with its pronunciation in Minnan).
The Mandarin neutral tone comes before the phonetic symbols. In vertical Zhuyin, the height of the space taken by the tone mark is 10% of that of its base character, while its width is the same as that of the phonetic characters. In horizontal Zhuyin, the width of the space taken by the tone mark is 10% of that of its base character, while its height is the same as that of the phonetic characters.
Fig. 7注音符號標注輕聲的排版示例。An example of positioning Mandarin neutral tone.
In Mandarin Chinese there are syllables that, when part of certain words or sentences, are intentionally read in a shorter and less-emphasized way, therefore losing their original tone. When any syllable is read in this way, we say that it has a neutral tone or “toneless”.
Like the line prohibition rules for punctuation, vertical Zhuyin annotations should stick to their base characters in horizontal writing mode. They must not appear in the line head, and must be placed on the right side of their corresponding Han character.
3.3.4 羅馬拼音標音的排版Positioning of Romanized Interlinear Annotations
3.3.4.1 基本规则Basic Requirements
仅横排。注文通常置于基文上方。二者不论宽窄关系如何皆密排，居中对齐。
Romanization is only available in horizontal writing mode. These phonetic annotations are usually placed on top of the base text. In general, phonetic annotations and their base text stick to each other regardless of space, and both of them are centered-aligned.
被迫於直排文本標音时，注文通常置于标音文本右侧，但难以阅读。
In special cases where Romanization is needed in vertical writing mode, the annotations are usually set to the right side of their corresponding base text, but it is difficult to read anyway.
若注文长于基文且位于行端，二者可向行端对齐。
If a Romanized annotation is longer than its base text and is at the line head or end, both the annotation and the base text can be aligned to the beginning of the line head or end.
The space between two adjacent annotations should not be smaller than the size of a normal Western-language space, which is about 1/4 em. Due to the limitation of the typesetting technologies, there is usually no space between the rather long phonetic annotations in many printed publications. Luckily, this is not likely to lead to ambiguity because each Han character contains one syllable and most Pinyin fragments are easy to tell apart. However, these annotations can be misleading sometimes. For example, character-based phonetic annotations may result in the false impression that they are word-based. Also, the accidentally concatenated annotations may disrupt word boundaries, which alters the semantic meanings of the words.
只要不侵犯最小间距，可允许注文伸展到相邻基字上方。
Annotations are allowed to extend to the top of adjacent base text as long as the minimum spacing is ensured.
因针对汉语初学者，正文通常用较大字号的楷体。
As most target readers are beginners to Chinese, the body text is usually in larger sizes and in the Kai typeface.
Due to the fact that Latin letters are proportional (width unknown) and that the advance widths in different typefaces deviate greatly from one another, the relationship between the sizes of annotations and their base text is somewhat undetermined. Under the influence of the typesetting of Japanese furigana, however, annotations are usually of half size of the base text.
Annotations usually use a sans-serif typeface which is rather thin and plump. It is generally the opinion in publishing and in education that Hanyu Pinyin must use those typefaces in which ‘a’ and ‘g’ are single story and the second tone mark is thick on the lower part and thin on the upper, as in the handwritten style of the stroke. Actually there have never been any national standards specifying the typefaces and the glyphs for Hanyu Pinyin.
The General Association of Chinese Culture in Taiwan once wrote to the Ministry of Education in Mainland China about the rules for the glyphs of Hanyu Pinyin, and received the response that the glyphs of the letter ‘a’ and ‘g’ correspond to those of Latin. There is no requirement demanding the handwritten glyphs.
下文描述两类典型用例之间的差异。
What follows is a detailed description of the difference between two typical use cases.
3.3.4.2 单字标音Characters as the Basic Units for Annotating Pronunciation
基文为单个汉字。仅标注汉字，不标注阿拉伯数字、标点等字符。
The base text is a single Han character. Only Han characters are annotated: European numerals or punctuation marks are excluded.
As the phonetic annotations are often wider than their base text, the tracking of the body text should be larger, to allow annotations to expand and to avoid irregular adjustments within the base text.
注文全小写，鲜见专名首字母大写。
The phonetic annotations are all in lowercase. Sentence case is rare.
3.3.4.3 分词连写标音Words as the Basic Units for Annotating Pronunciation
The base text contains one or more Han character. Rules for separating terms can be found in GB/T 16159—2012 Basic Rules of Hanyu Pinyin Orthography.
注文有时在下方。
Annotations sometimes appear below the Han characters.
正文与标音双方皆分词连写。相邻基文之间有约1/2em的空格隔开，基文内部字距通常正常。
Both the phonetic annotations and the base text are separated at word boundaries. The adjacent annotations are separated by a space approximately 1/2 em wide, while the tracking inside the base text is usually normal.
Many word-based annotations indicate the logic of the whole sentence, rather than merely the pronunciation: these phonetic annotations have sentence case, as well as punctuation marks which follow the previous annotations.
3.3.5 漢字標音的非典型情況Atypical Cases for Han character Phonetic Annotations
Erhuayin, also known as rhotacization of syllable finals, is a special phonetic phenomenon in Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin). Due to the limitations of annotating single Han character, the Zhuyin annotations fail to indicate the continuity of Erhuayin and the change of the final sound, while Romanization shows the features of Erhuayin effectively.
Ligatures are special for their multisyllabic nature, thus its interlinear annotation may be typeset incorrectly. The pronunciation of ligatures should be bracketed inline or given in notes instead. Ligatures are rare in the modern Chinese writing system.
3.3.6 中外文對照的排版Positioning of Bilingual Annotations
Typesetting of bilingual annotations is actually quite similar to that of Romanization. Annotations are usually placed to the right of the base text in vertical writing mode, or above the base text in horizontal writing mode.
In order to maintain the integrity of annotations, when the lengths of annotations and their base text are different it is necessary to adjust the alignment between them to avoid misunderstandings.
When the length of an annotation is shorter than that of its base text, the annotation can be center-aligned (in the case of Western script) or use larger tracking (in the case of Han characters). There are two methods to satisfy the latter, one is to equally distribute the spacing while the other is to align justified.
當注文總長大於其基文的長度時，將基文設置居中（適用西文）或加大基文字距（適用漢字）。
When the length of an annotation is longer than that of its base text, the base text can be center-aligned (in the case of Western script) or use a larger tracking (in the case of Han characters).
Interlinear comments can have very varied layouts and lengths. They are usually placed at the foot side of the annotated text — to the left side of the base text in vertical writing mode or below the base text in horizontal writing mode. Sometimes the interlinear comments are in other colors to help the reader tell the difference from the body text.
Interlinear comments are also used to explain the context and details of a longer text fragment. In such cases, due to the ambiguity of the base text, the annotation can find a suitable place as an anchor and flow down. There's no strict requirement for its length, and sometimes it can be longer than one line.
3.4 段落調整Paragraph Adjustment Rules
3.4.1 段首縮排Line Head Indent at the Beginning of Paragraphs
A paragraph, a section of a document which consists of one or more sentences to indicate a distinct idea, usually begins on a new line. For the related line head indent at the beginning of paragraphs, the following methods are available.
For Chinese publications, line head indent at the beginning of a paragraph usually uses two character-width spaces. Publications like magazines, with multi-column content and less text in each column, might apply a single character-width line head indent at the beginning of paragraph as well.
所有段落首行皆縮排。幾乎所有的書籍與雜誌皆使用此方法。
Line head indent at the beginning of a paragraph is applied to all paragraphs. Nearly all books and magazines make use of this method.
篇章最初段落的首行不縮排，其余段落首行縮排。此方法多見於西文書籍。
Line head indent does not apply to the first paragraph but to the rest of the paragraphs. This method is mostly seen in Western publications.
所有段落首行皆不予縮排，在段落與段落間加入一定程度的間距，以為區隔。部分書籍與雜誌使用這種方式。
Line head indent at the beginning of a paragraph is not applied for any paragraph at all. A certain amount of space is inserted between the paragraphs so as to indicate the distinction of different paragraphs. In some books and magazines this method is applied.
In principle, some unfinished paragraphs should be broken rather than apply the line head indent for the following paragraph. Dialogs, quotations or subtitles that the editor inserted might appear before the unfinished paragraph.
In principle, there is no extra space between the paragraphs in Chinese books. The space between the last line of the previous paragraph and the first line of the next paragraph stays the same as the space between the rest of the lines in the paragraph. If a blank line is inserted after a paragraph, usually it indicates the end of the session or chapter. If there is no indent but extra space is added among the lines as an indication of separation, no blank line should be inserted so as to avoid unnecessary amounts of space between the lines.
Alongside the case of applying indents to the beginning of all lines, there is also the method that indents the second and following lines of the paragraph, called aopai [凸排] or itemization, used in cases such as dramatic script lines and lines starting with the name of a person. Numbered list of items, questions and answers (Q&A), and legal provision apply this method as well. Though called aopai [凸排] or itemization, the beginning of the line should not go beyond the type area.
When the aopai [凸排] or itemization method is used, the indent of the second line and the the rest usually takes a fixed amount of space such as three characters plus one colon which takes four-character space. When the name of a person is less than three characters, a certain amount of space should be inserted between the characters so as to keep the same width as four.
The paragraph indent is the indentation of the line head by a fixed amount, starting from the line head side of the type area (in the case of one column) or of the column area (in the case of several columns).This method is usually applied for quotations, poetry or subtitles in a paragraph or between the paragraphs.
Generally speaking, the characters in the paragraphs which apply paragraph indent should be the same as the characters in the body content. Sometimes, due to the different typefaces, the size of characters in the paragraphs which apply paragraph indent differ from the characters in the body content. In this case, a certain amount of space might be added before and after the indent paragraph so as to make a clear distinction from other paragraphs. The space added is usually an integer times the height of paragraphs in the body content
3.4.3 對齊處理Line Alignment Processing
對齊係指使段落間各行文字實際配置位置能夠與預設的文字配置位置符合。有著以下作法。
Line alignment method is a process for setting the alignment of each line of text so that the actual position of the text can be matched with their preset position. The following methods are available.
The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. If there is not solid setting but a fixed space between characters, this is used; the amount of space at the line head and line end is made equal, and the center of the character sequence is unified with the center of the line.
行首對齊
Line head alignment
行內文字原則上緊貼配置，文字列開頭與行首位置對齊，未滿一行時，該行末字至行尾使用空白。
The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. If there is not solid setting but a fixed space between characters, this is used; the start of the character sequence is unified with the line head, and if the line is not full, the line end is kept empty.
行尾對齊
Line end alignment
行內文字原則上緊貼配置，文字列末尾與行尾位置對齊，未滿一行時，該行首字至行首使用空白。
The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. If there is not solid setting but a fixed space between characters, this is used; the end of the character sequence is unified with the line end, and if the line is not full, the line head is kept empty.
The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. In addition, using the space made available during line adjustment processing, equal character spacing is applied where possible. The start of the character sequence is aligned to the position of the line head, and the end of the character sequence to the position of the line end.
A frequently seen case of even inter-character spacing is that, after applying the punctuation prohibition rules to each line, some lines will have more than one character space left, so in order to align the beginning and ending with the rest of the lines, this line should apply even inter-character spacing.
於列表，如列舉人名、物品名時，採均等排列以求體例一致，於段落末行或段落僅有一行時，亦使用均等排列。
Even inter-character spacing is often used for listing names of people or objects. The last line of a paragraph or a paragraph with only one line can have even inter-character spacing applied as well.
3.4.4 孤行與孤字處理Handling of Widows and Orphans
中文排版傳統上有著「孤字不成行、孤行不成頁」的規則。實際原則如下：
In the tradition of Chinese composition, an orphan does not make a line, nor does a widow make a page. The principles are as described below.
If there is only one character or one character with a punctuation mark left in the last line of a paragraph, this character is called an orphan. An orphan can be processed using the following methods, so that more than two characters can be positioned in the last line of a paragraph.
比照避頭點的處理方式，由前一行取一字至末行，前一行採均等排列。
Similar to the handling for the prohibition rule that a punctuation marks should not appear at the line start, the last character of the previous line can be moved the next line, and the previous line should apply even inter-character spacing.
刪減該段落文字，使孤字縮進段落前一行。
Delete some character(s) of the previous paragraph so that there will be enough space to move the orphan to the previous line.
The definition of orphan in Chinese typesetting has some similarity with the definition of orphan in Latin typesetting. See more content in section 5.2 of Requirements for Latin Text Layout and Pagination.
若頁面中第一行為前一頁最後一個段落的末行，即為孤行。孤行可以以下方法處理：
If the first line of a paragraph in a page is the last line of a paragraph from the previous page, it is called a widow. A widow can be handled via the following methods.
將孤行移至前一頁，使其突出版心。
Move the widow line to the previous page and it can go beyond the tape area.
前一頁最後段落取一行置於該頁。
Move the last line of the previous page to join the widow.
刪除該段落文字，使該行能納入前一頁之段落。
Delete some characters of the paragraph so that there will be enough space for the widow to be moved to the previous page.
於該段落增加文字，讓該行文字能夠超過一行以上。
Add more characters to the widow so that there will be more than two lines on the page.
Orphans and widows might differ in the cases below:
一頁僅有一行，該行僅有一字與標點。即孤字孤行同時出現。
There is only one line in a page and the line consists of one character and a punctuation mark, which makes the text an orphan and widow at the same time.
一頁有複數段落，第一行為孤行，且該行僅有一字與標點。即孤字孤行同時出現。
There are multiple paragraphs in a page but the first line is a widow and the first line consists of one character and a punctuation mark, which makes the orphan and widow appear together.
一頁僅有一行，該行為孤行。
There is only one line in a page, which makes the line a widow.
一頁有複數段落，第一行為孤行。
There are multiple paragraphs in a page but the first line is a widow.
一頁有複數段落，其中某一段落末行僅有一字，該字為孤字。
There are multiple paragraphs in a page but one of the lines consists of one character only, which make the only character an orphan.
There are different viewpoints about how the orphans and widows should be handled in the cases above due to differences between publishers. Case (a) and case (b) have a bigger affect on the typesetting while case (c) affects it less. Cases (d) and (e) are seem more rarely.
4. 標題、注釋與圖片、表格的排版處理Positioning of Headings, Notes, Illustrations, Tables and Expressions
4.1 標題處理（包含換頁處理）Headings & Page Breaks
4.1.1 標題的種類Types of Headings
標題依照排版處理方式，可分為以下三種：
In terms of text composition, there are three types of headings.
Due to the composition requirements, magazines usually handle headings in a variety of ways, while most books have their headings set up in a simpler way. Methods for handling of headings for magazines will not be described in this document.
Whole page headings are used when there is a need to separate sections in a book, usually on a separate page with the following page left blank. Sometimes subheadings, selected sentences, names of the authors or selected paragraphs will also appear with the heading. The back side of the whole page heading page is not necessarily always blank, for example,consider the Han-tobira in Japanese books, whose following even page is not blank, and is used for the main text.
內文標題是以獨立一行呈現標題的作法。於標題後換行，直接接續本文。大標與中標等使用這種形式配置。
A block heading is the heading occupying a whole, independent line. The main text is set from the very next line. Top level headings and medium level headings are of this type.
Note
標題是為了區分內容而添加，依照階層構造，由上而下分別為扉頁、大標、中標、小標。
Headings are subtitles, which separate and indicate sub-parts with one coherent set of content. Headings are usually classified into several levels such as top level heading, medium level heading and low level heading.
Note
扉頁通常指一本書的蝴蝶頁，如果依照放標題順序，依序是：書名頁、章名頁、大標、中標、小標。
The sequence of the headings on a page should be the name of the book, section heading, top level heading, medium level heading and then low level heading.
Note
標題構造結構為何，依照書籍內容而定。有人認為標題層級不應該過多。
The structure of a heading depends on the detailed context of the book. It is suggested not to set too many levels for the headings.
Note
多欄排列時，有著將換行標題置於複數欄的配置方法。稱為「跨欄標題」。
In multi-column format, block headings sometimes span multiple columns. These are called cross-column headings.
A run-in heading is a heading immediately followed by main text without a line break, and is usually used as a low level heading. Note that a low level heading can also appear as a block heading.
4.1.2 使標題得以突顯的方式Font Selection and Heading Font Size
標題主要是為了呈現階層結構，所以需要以特別的表現體裁來顯示其階層。標題的表現體裁包含以下幾種方式：
Since they aim to indicate the structural level, most of the time headings have some special way to indicate their level. Here are some rules for the headings:
Character size for the heading: The character size of headings should be selected as appropriate in accordance with the level of headings. For example, when the character size of main text is 9 point, the small-headings are usually set with 10 points, medium-headings are usually set with 12 points and large-headings are usually set with 14 points.
Note
也有採用將本文文字尺寸依照比例放大的方式，使用這方式時，以10%–20%上下，依階層放大為佳。
The character size of headings is usually larger than that of the main text. When this rule is applied, the characters in the heading should be 10% to 20% larger. And the character size of higher level headings is larger than the size of smaller size headings.
使用的字體使用黑體，或者採用宋體但加粗。此外，也有使用圓體、楷體的案例。
Type faces for headings: Both Hei or bold Song are usually used. Other type face designs like Yuan and Kai are sometimes used as well.
In letterpress printing, when Song is used as the type face of the heading, it is always designed with a larger size; while in digital printing, due to its special typography, simply increasing the font size is not enough, the characters usually use bold style to produce emphasis.
Note
使用黑體作為小標時，也都會加重字重，令標題凸顯。
When Hei is used for the type face of low level headings, font-weight should be increased to emphasis the heading.
對齊橫排的大標與中標使用置中對齊的案例相當多，但直排時，則多使用對齊行頭或下字。
Alignment of headings (inline direction): In the case of horizontal writing mode, large-headings and medium-headings are in most cases centre-aligned. In the case of vertical writing mode, headings are usually aligned to the line head with some indent.
The number of characters of line head indent for a heading depends on the heading level. If the heading level is higher, the indent character number is less, if the heading level is lower, the number of indent characters is more. The character size is based on the main text of the type area. The differences of character numbers are usually around two characters.
其他加上框線、圖片、記號等。
Whether to decorate with solid lines, images, or give a symbol on the top of the heading.
4.1.3 單頁起、換頁處理How to Handle Headings with New Recto and Page Break
標題為了作出明確區分，而會使用於新頁面開始的方法，此時以以下原則處理：
A large heading sometimes starts with a new page following a page break, to clarify the separation between sections, in which case the process below should be followed:
Books usually begin with page 1. Accordingly, vertical writing mode and books bound on the right-hand side begin with a left page, horizontal writing mode and books bound on the left-hand side begin with a right page after a new recto.
不分奇數頁還偶數頁，從新頁面開始稱為換頁。主要用於大標。
Always begin with new pages, regardless of even pages or odd pages, i.e. page breaking. Used for large-heading.
When medium-headings or small-headings appear at the last line of a page and there is no space left for the following paragraphs, the medium-headings or small-headings should be moved to the next page so as to make a proper composition.
4.1.4 單頁起、換頁處理時，前一頁的處理Handling of Spaces just before the New Recto, Page Breaks and New Edges
單頁起、換頁處理時，前一頁的排版處理會是問題（最終頁的處理亦同），以以下原則處理：
Spaces just before new rectos, page breaks and new columns are treated as follows (the last pages are treated as the same):
不分欄排版遇到單頁起與換頁時，前一頁末尾後面留空即可。
In the case of single column typesetting, the spaces just before the new rectos and page breaks are left as they are.
換欄時，前一欄末尾後面留空即可。
In the case of multiple columns, the remaining space of preceding columns is left as it is.
直排多欄排版時，由上欄往下欄，各行依序排列，行數可不齊。
In the case of vertical writing mode, columns are filled with text lines from upper right to lower left. There
is no need to align line numbers of the upper column and lower column, and remaining spaces are left as they are.
橫排多欄排版時，各欄行數原則上需對齊。若無法對齊時，不足的行數於最右欄末留空。
In horizontal writing mode and multi-column format, the number of lines for each column is set to be the same, but where the result of the total number of lines divided by the column number chosen for the type area results in an odd number, the last column may have a smaller number of lines and may be followed by blank space.
Run-in headings are usually used for low level headings. The following are some examples of run-in headings. Inter-character space between the run-in heading and following main text is usually a one character space of the base character size decided for the type area. Note that the run-in heading may be set at the last line of the page, or of the column in multi column style.
與內文採相同文字尺寸，字體改為黑體或者楷體。
The run-in heading is set with the same character size as the main text and with Hei or Song.
不比內文文字尺寸較小，字體改為黑體或者楷體。
Set the run-in heading with one level smaller character size than the main text and use Hei or Song.
The space that the run-in headings take is not an integer times larger than the characters in the body content, and the space between the run-in headings and body content can be adjusted so as to align the body content as well as the line start and line end.
與內文採用相同文字尺寸與字體，但於前面添加漢字數字或阿拉伯數字。
Set the run-in heading with the same character size and type-face as the main text. Note that heading numbers or Western characters are added in front of the heading.
A. 中文標點符號表Punctuation marks in Chinese
名稱
字符
萬國碼
萬國碼
名稱
直排時
順時針旋轉90度
禁止出現
於行首
禁止出現
於行尾
不可
分離
說明
句號
。
3002
IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
否
是
否
．
FF0E
FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
是
否
逗號
，
FF0C
FULLWIDTH COMMA
否
是
否
頓號
、
3001
IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
否
是
否
冒號
：
FF1A
FULLWIDTH COLON
否
是
否
分號
；
FF1B
FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
否
是
否
驚嘆號
！
FF01
FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
否
是*1
否
三驚嘆號疊用時應佔二個漢字大小
‼
203C
否
是
否
佔一個漢字大小
問號
？
FF1F
FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
否
是*1
否
三問號疊用時應佔二個漢字大小
⁇
2047
DOUBLE QUESTION MARK
否
是*1
否
佔一個漢字大小
引號
「
300C
LEFT CORNER BRACKET
是
否
是
主要用於繁體
」
300D
RIGHT CORNER BRACKET
是
是
否
『
300E
LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET
是
否
是
』
300F
RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET
是
是
否
“
201C
LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
是*2
否
是
佔一個漢字大小，主要用於簡體
”
201D
RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
是*2
是
否
‘
2018
LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
是*2
否
是
’
2019
RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
是*2
是
否
括號
（
FF08
FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS
是
否
是
）
FF09
FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS
是
是
否
破折號
⸺或——
2E3A或2014
TWO-EM DASH或EM DASH
是
否
否
是*3
佔二個漢字大小，呈一直線、中間不斷開
書名號
《
300B
LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET
是
否
是
》
300B
RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET
是
是
否
〈
3009
LEFT ANGLE BRACKET
是
否
是
〉
3009
RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET
是
是
否
刪節號／省略號
……
2026
HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS
是
否
否
是*3
佔二個漢字大小，應將省略點置於字面中央
連接號
～
FF5E
FULLWIDTH TILDE
是
是*1
否
-
002D
HYPHEN-MINUS
是
是*1
否
–
2013
EN DASH
是
是*1
否
—
2014
EM DASH
是
是*1
否
間隔號
·
00B7
MIDDLE DOT
否
是*1
否
佔一個漢字大小，可視情況改用半個漢字大小
‧
2027
HYPHENATION POINT*4
否
是*1
否
分隔號
/
002F
SOLIDUS
是
是
主要用於簡體
／
FF0F
FULLWIDTH SOLIDUS
否
是
否
主要用於繁體
括號類
【
3010
LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET
是
否
是
】
3011
RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET
是
是
否
〖
3016
LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET
是
否
是
〗
3017
RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET
是
是
否
〔
3014
LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET
是
否
是
〕
3015
RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET
是
是
否
［
FF3B
FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET
是
否
是
］
FF3D
FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET
是
是
否
｛
FF5B
FULLWIDTH LEFT CURLY BRACKET
是
否
是
｝
FF5D
FULLWIDTH RIGHT CURLY BRACKET
是
是
否
Name in Chinese
Character
Unicode
Name
Rotated 90° clockwise in vertical writing mode
Prohibited at line start
Prohibited at line end
Unbreakable
Notes
句號
。
3002
IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
N
Y
N
．
FF0E
FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
Y
N
逗號
，
FF0C
FULLWIDTH COMMA
N
Y
N
頓號
、
3001
IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
N
Y
N
冒號
：
FF1A
FULLWIDTH COLON
N
Y
N
分號
；
FF1B
FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
N
Y
N
驚嘆號
！
FF01
FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
N
Y*1
N
Three exclamation marks used sequentially should take a two-character width.
‼
203C
N
Y
N
Takes one character width.
問號
？
FF1F
FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
N
Y*1
N
Three question marks used sequentially should take a two-character width.
⁇
2047
DOUBLE QUESTION MARK
N
Y*1
N
Takes one character width.
引號
「
300C
LEFT CORNER BRACKET
Y
N
Y
Mainly used in Traditional Chinese.
」
300D
RIGHT CORNER BRACKET
Y
Y
N
『
300E
LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET
Y
N
Y
』
300F
RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET
Y
Y
N
“
201C
LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
Y*2
N
Y
Takes one character width, and usually used with Traditional Chinese.
”
201D
RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
Y*2
Y
N
‘
2018
LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
Y*2
N
Y
’
2019
RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
Y*2
Y
N
括號
（
FF08
FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS
Y
N
Y
）
FF09
FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS
Y
Y
N
破折號
⸺ or ——
2E3A or 2014
TWO-EM DASH or EM DASH
Y
N
N
Y*3
Takes a two-character width, in the shape of a single line without a break.
書名號
《
300B
LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET
Y
N
Y
》
300B
RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET
Y
Y
N
〈
3009
LEFT ANGLE BRACKET
Y
N
Y
〉
3009
RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET
Y
Y
N
刪節號／省略號
……
2026
HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS
Y
N
N
Y*3
Two-character width, center-aligned both vertically and horizontally.
連接號
～
FF5E
FULLWIDTH TILDE
Y
Y*1
N
-
002D
HYPHEN-MINUS
Y
Y*1
N
–
2013
EN DASH
Y
Y*1
N
—
2014
EM DASH
Y
Y*1
N
間隔號
·
00B7
MIDDLE DOT
N
Y*1
N
Takes one character width, and can be adjusted to half a character width in some cases.
‧
2027
HYPHENATION POINT*4
N
Y*1
N
分隔號
/
002F
SOLIDUS
Y
Y
Mainly used in Traditional Chinese.
／
FF0F
FULLWIDTH SOLIDUS
N
Y
N
Mainly used in Traditional Chinese.
括號類
【
3010
LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET
Y
N
Y
】
3011
RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET
Y
Y
N
〖
3016
LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET
Y
N
Y
〗
3017
RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET
Y
Y
N
〔
3014
LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET
Y
N
Y
〕
3015
RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET
Y
Y
N
［
FF3B
FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET
Y
N
Y
］
FF3D
FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET
Y
Y
N
｛
FF5B
FULLWIDTH LEFT CURLY BRACKET
Y
N
Y
｝
FF5D
FULLWIDTH RIGHT CURLY BRACKET
Y
Y
N
依照出現的狀況不同，也有允許出現於行首的案例，以繁體中文出版品為主。
In some special circumstances, in Traditional Chinese the punctuation marks might sometimes appear at the beginning of a line.
文字直排時通常改用角引號[『』「」]。
Corner brackets (『』「」) are usually used in vertical writing mode.
符號不可斷開、分行，唯無法避免時，可視狀況拆至二行。
Punctuation marks should not be broken or separated onto two lines. Only if there is no way to avoid the breaking or separation, can they can be placed across two lines.
來自大五碼。
The content above is from Big-5 code.
B. 詞彙表Glossary
詞彙Term
漢語拼音Pinyin
英語English
阿拉伯數字
Ālābó shùzì
European numerals
版心
bǎnxīn
type area
半形/半角
bànxíng/bànjiǎo
half-width
標點符號
biāodiǎn fúhào
punctuation marks
標點符號擠壓
biāodiǎn fúhào jǐyā
compression rules for consecutive punctuation marks
標號
biāohào
indicator punctuation marks
標音
biāoyīn
phonetic annotation
比例字體
bǐlì zìti
proportional fonts
出血
chūxiě
bleed
大五碼
Dàwǔmǎ
Big 5
地／地腳
dì/dìjiǎo
foot/bottom margin
點
diǎn
point (pt)
點號
diǎnhào
pause or stop punctuation marks
底端
dǐduān
foot side
頂端
dǐngduān
head side
逗號
dòuhào
comma
段落
duànlùo
paragraph
對齊方式
duìqí fāngshì
alignment
頓號
dùnhào
slight-pause comma
兒化音
érhuàyīn
rhotacization of syllable finals
仿宋體
fǎngsòngtǐ
Imitation Song (Fangsong)
繁體中文
fántǐ Zhōngwén
Traditional Chinese
分詞連寫
fēncí liánxiě
words as the base units
分隔號
fēngéhào
solidus
分號
fēnhào
semicolon
分字連寫
fēnzì liánxiě
characters as the base units
符號分離禁則
fúhào fēnlí jìnzé
prohibition rules for unbreakable characters
括號
guāhào
parenthesis
括注符號
guāzhù fúhào
brackets
孤行
gūháng
widows
國標碼
guóbiāomǎ
GB 18030-2005
行
háng
line
行高
hánggāo
line-height
行間批語
hángjiān pīyǔ
interlinear comments
行間注
hángjiānzhù
interlinear annotations
行首行尾禁則
hángshǒu hángwěi jìnzé
prohibition rules for line start/end
行尾點號懸掛
hángwěi diǎnhào xuánguà
hanging punctuation marks for line end
漢語拼音
Hànyǔ pīnyīn
Hanyu Pinyin
漢字
Hànzì
Chinese characters (Han characters/Hanzi)
黑體
hēitǐ
Heiti
橫排
héngpái
horizontal writing mode
合文
héwén
ligature
活字排版
huózì páibǎn
letterpress printing
間隔號
jiàngéhào
interpunct
簡體中文
jiǎntǐ Zhōngwén
Simplified Chiense
結束括注符號
jiéshù guāzhù fúhào
closing bracket(s)
介音
jièyīn
medial
驚嘆號
jīngtànhào
exclamation marks
基文
jīwén
base text
句號
jùhào
period
句末點號
jùmò diǎnhào
post-sentence pause punctuation marks
句中點號
jùzhōng diǎnhào
inter-sentence pause punctuation marks
開始括注符號
kāishǐ guāzhù fúhào
opening bracket(s)
楷體
kǎitǐ
Kai
拉丁字母
lādīng zìmǔ
Latin letters
欄
lán
column
欄間距
lán jiānjù
column gap
連接號
liánjiēhào
connector mark
羅馬拼音
luómā pīnyīn
Romanization
冒號
màohào
colon
密排
mìpái
seamless arrangement
末端
mòduān
end point
破折號
pòzhéhào
long dash
輕聲
qīngshēng
neutral tone
齊頭尾對齊
qítóuwěi duìqí
justified alignment
全形/全角
quánxíng/quánjiao
full-width
入聲
rùshēng
checked tone
刪節號／省略號
shānjiéhào/shěnglüèhào
ellipsis
聲調
shēngdiào
tone
聲母
shēngmǔ
initial
始端
shǐduān
starting point
書名號
shūmínghào
title mark
疏排
shūpái
distributed arrangement
宋體（明體／明朝體）
Sòngtǐ (Míngtǐ/Míngcháotǐ)
Song
天／天頭
tiān/tiāntóu
head/top margin
跳格
tiàogé
tab
彎引號
wān-yǐnhào
curve quotation mark
萬國碼
wànguómǎ
Unicode
文本
wénběn
text
問號
wènhào
question mark
文字設計／字體排印
wénzìshèjì/zìtǐpáiyìn
typography
現代標準漢語（普通話、國語、華語）
xiàndài biāozhǔn Hànyǔ
Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin)
希臘字母
xīlà zìmǔ
Greek letters
西文
xīwén
Western languages
西文字母
xīwén zìmǔ
Western alphabet
以連字符斷行
yǐ liánzìfú duànháng
hyphenation
引號
yǐnhào
quotation
意音文字
yìyīn wénzì
ideographs
韻母
yùnmŭ
final
直角引號
zhíjiǎo yǐnhào
corner quotation mark
直排（豎排）
zhípái (shùpái)
vertical writing mode
中外文對照
Zhōng-wàiwén duìzhào
bilingual annotations
中、西文混排處理
Zhōng-xīwén hùnpái chùlǐ
Chinese and Western mixed text composition
中日韓越意音文字
Zhōng-Rì-Hán-Yuè yìyīn wénzì
CJKV Ideographs
中文
Zhōngwén
Chinese
專名號
zhuānmínghào
proper name mark
著重號
zhuózhònghào
emphasis dot
注文
zhùwén
annotation text
注音符號
zhùyīn fúhào
Zhuyin (Bopomofo)
字幅
zìfú
character advance
字距
zìjù
tracking
字面
zìmiàn
character face
字體
zìtǐ
typeface
字型
zìxíng
font
字形
zìxíng
glyph
縱橫對齊
zònghéng duìqí
grid alignment
縱中橫排
zòngzhōnghéngpái
horizonal-in-vertical setting
C. 參考文獻References
《重訂標點符號手冊》（2008年修訂版）— The Revised Handbook of Punctuation (2008 edition)
《标点符号用法》（GB/T 15834―2011）— General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834―2011)
《出版物上数字用法》（GB/T 15835—2011）
《國語注音符號手冊》— The Handbook of Mandarin Phonetic Symbols
《汉语拼音正词法基本规则》（GB/T 16159—2012）— Basic Rules for Hanyu Pinyin Orthography
D. 致谢Acknowledgements
感谢以下參與者对本文档的建议與补充（依字母及拼音順序排列）：
Special thanks to the following people who contributed to this document (Contributors' names listed in in alphabetic order).
