W3C

User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0

W3C Working Draft 9-August-1999

This version:
http://www.w3.org/WAI/UA/WAI-USERAGENT-19990809
(plain text, postscript, pdf, gzip tar file of HTML, zip archive of HTML)
Latest version:
http://www.w3.org/WAI/UA/WAI-USERAGENT
Previous version:
http://www.w3.org/WAI/UA/WAI-USERAGENT-19990716
Editors:
Jon Gunderson <jongund@uiuc.edu>
Ian Jacobs <ij@w3.org>

Abstract

This document provides guidelines to user agent manufacturers for making their products more accessible to people with disabilities and for increasing usability for all users. This document emphasizes the accessibility of interoperability between two important classes of user agents - graphical desktop browsers and dependent assistive technologies (screen readers, screen magnifiers, braille displays, and voice input software). However, it is meant to be applicable to user agents in general, including text and voice browsers, multimedia players, and plug-ins.

This document includes an appendix that organizes all of the checkpoints by topic and priority. The checkpoints in the appendix link to their definitions in the current document. The topics identified in the appendix include user interface, keyboard support, images, multimedia, tables, frames, forms, and scripts. This appendix is available both as a tabular summary and as a simple list of checkpoints.

A separate document, entitled "Techniques for User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0" ([UA-TECHNIQUES]), explains how to implement the checkpoints defined in the current document. The Techniques Document discusses each checkpoint in more detail and provides examples using the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL), and the Mathematical Markup Language (MathML). The Techniques Document has been designed to track changes in technology and is expected to be updated more frequently than the current document. Note. Some browsers or multimedia tools may not support some of the features described in the guidelines. In particular, new features of HTML 4.0 or CSS 1 or CSS 2 may not be supported.

"User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0" is part of a series of accessibility guidelines published by the Web Accessibility Initiative. The series also includes Web Content Accessibility Guidelines ([WAI-WEBCONTENT]) and Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines ([WAI-AUTOOLS]).

Status of this document

This is a W3C Working Draft for review by W3C Members and other interested parties. It is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use W3C Working Drafts as reference material or to cite them as other than "work in progress". This is work in progress and does not imply endorsement by, or the consensus of, either W3C or Members of the WAI User Agent (UA) Working Group.

Please send comments about this document to the public mailing list: w3c-wai-ua@w3.org.

This document has been produced as part of the Web Accessibility Initiative, and is intended as a draft of a Proposed Recommendation for how to improve user agent accessibility. The goals of the WAI UA Working Group are discussed in the WAI UA charter. A list of the UA Working Group participants is available.

A list of current W3C Recommendations and other technical documents can be found at http://www.w3.org/TR.

Table of Contents

The appendix list of checkpoints is available as either a tabular summary of checkpoints or as a simple list of checkpoints.


1. Introduction

For those unfamiliar with accessibility issues pertaining to user agent design, consider that many users may be using documents in contexts very different from your own:

The guidelines in this document are designed to help developers understand and thereby reduce accessibility barriers that impede access to the Web. The associated Techniques Document ([UA-TECHNIQUES]) provides practical solutions based on existing and upcoming technologies. Though developers may believe that implementing accessibility features in their products is difficult or of limited use, considering accessibility during the design phase of a product leads to more flexible, manageable, and extensible software.

These guidelines include information relevant to a wide class of user agents: graphical desktop browsers, screen readers, speech synthesizers, multimedia players, text browsers, voice browsers, plug-ins, etc., with a particular focus on two classes of user agents:

  1. Graphical desktop browsers
  2. Dependent user agents, which rely on other user agents for input and/or output. Dependent user agents include:

The guidelines emphasize interoperability between these two classes of user agents.

1.1 Principles of Accessible Design

This document is organized according to several principles that will improve the design of any type of user agent:

Ensure that the user interface is accessible.

The user must have access to the functionality offered by the user agent through its user interface. This includes the functionalities built into the tool (made available through menus, dialogs, toolbars and other user interface components) as well as those offered via the document (made available through links, form controls, applets, and other interactive elements).

The general topic of user interface accessibility for computer software exceeds the scope of this document. The Techniques Document contains some references to software accessibility guidelines for The guidelines do discuss important user interface topics such as device-independence, configurability, and accessible product documentation. Software developers should also remember that user interfaces must be intuitive, simple, and tested. Features that are known to promote accessibility should be made obvious to users and easy to find.

Ensure that the user has access to content.

Through the user interface, users must have access to document content, including alternative content (e.g., "alt" attribute text in HTML). To ensure access to content, users must have final control of the style (colors, fonts, speech rate, speech volume, etc.) and format of a document.

User agents may facilitate access to content by providing a convenient user interface (e.g., scrolled viewport) and navigation mechanisms (e.g., allowing users to tab to active elements of a document).

Help orient the user.

Orientation - the sense of where one is within a document or series of documents - is fundamental to a successful Web experience. Graphical mechanisms provided by the author that promote orientation include:

Graphical mechanisms provided by the user agent that promote orientation include:

Some users cannot use graphical orientation clues and require other mechanisms to remain oriented:

The user agent should also minimize the chances the user will become disoriented by allowing the user to control when windows are spawned, warning the user when events occur, avoiding sudden movements of the viewport, etc.

Follow system standards and conventions.

Following system standards and conventions promotes accessibility in a number of ways:

Communication through standard interfaces is particularly important for graphical desktop browsers, which must make information available to assistive technologies. Even when a user agent implements a feature natively, it should make information available to other software. Scripting tools and automated test engines also benefit from having access to user agent information through standard interfaces.

Implementing interoperable specifications (such as those produced by W3C) promotes accessibility for several reasons:

2. How the Guidelines are Organized

This document includes fourteen guidelines, or general principles of accessible design. Each guideline includes:

The checkpoint definitions in each guideline explain how the guideline applies in typical content development scenarios. Each checkpoint definition includes:

Each checkpoint is intended to be specific enough so that someone reviewing a user agent may verify that the checkpoint has been satisfied.

2.1 Document conventions

The following editorial conventions are used throughout this document:

3. Priorities

Each checkpoint in this document is assigned a priority that indicates its importance for users.

[Priority 1]
This checkpoint must be implemented by user agents as a native feature or through compatibility with assistive technology, otherwise one or more groups of users with disabilities will find it impossible to access information. Satisfying this checkpoint is a basic requirement for some individuals to be able to use the Web.
[Priority 2]
This checkpoint should be implemented by user agents as a native feature or through compatibility with assistive technology, otherwise one or more groups of users will find it difficult to access information. Satisfying this checkpoint will remove significant barriers to accessing Web documents.
[Priority 3]
This checkpoint may be implemented by user agents as a native feature or through compatibility with assistive technology, to make it easier for one or more groups of users to access information. Satisfying this checkpoint will improve access to the Web for some individuals.

3.1 Conformance

The terms "must", "should", and "may" (and related terms) are used in this document in accordance with RFC 2119 ([RFC2119]).

To promote interoperability between graphical desktop user agents and dependent user agents, conformance to this document is expressed in terms of these two types of software.

Conformance for graphical desktop browsers

In order to conform as a graphical desktop browser, the user agent must satisfy all the checkpoints (for a chosen conformance level) that apply to graphical desktop browsers and do so natively.

Even for those checkpoints that must be satisfied natively, graphical desktop browsers should make information available to other software through standard interfaces (e.g., specialized dependent user agents may provide a better solution to a problem than a graphical desktop browser).

Conformance for dependent user agents

In order to conform as a dependent user agent, the user agent must satisfy all the checkpoints (for a chosen conformance level) that apply to dependent user agents and do so natively.

Conformance claims

This section defines three levels of conformance to this document.

Note. Conformance levels are spelled out in text so they may be understood when rendered to speech.

Claims of conformance to this document must use one of the following two forms.

Form 1: Specify:

Example of Form 1:

This product conforms as a graphical desktop browser to W3C's "User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0", available at http://www.w3.org/WAI/UA/WAI-USERAGENT-19990809, level Double-A.

or:

This screen reader conforms as a dependent user agent to W3C's "User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0", available at http://www.w3.org/WAI/UA/WAI-USERAGENT-19990809, level Double-A.

Form 2: Include, on product packaging or documentation, one of three icons provided by W3C and for Web documentation, link the icon to the appropriate W3C explanation of the claim.

Note. In the event this document becomes a W3C Recommendation, information about the icons and how to use them will be available at the W3C Web site.


4. User Agent Accessibility Guidelines

Guideline 1. Support input and output device-independence

Next guideline: 2 | Previous guideline: 12 | Go to contents

Ensure that the user can interact with the user agent (and the document it renders) using the supported input and output devices of their choice.

Since not all users make use of the same hardware for input or output, software must be designed to work with the widest possible range of devices. For instance, not all users have pointing devices, so software must not rely on them for operation. Users must be able to reach all functionalities offered by the user agent interface with all input devices supported by the underlying system.

The best way to make this possible is to design software that follows system conventions and uses standard APIs for user input and output. When user agents use these standard interfaces, other software can programmatically trigger mouse or keyboard events. For instance, some users who may not be able to enter text easily through a standard keyboard can still use special devices or an on-screen keyboard to operate the user agent.

Standard interfaces make it possible for users to use a variety of input and output devices (and to develop new ones), including pointing devices, keyboards, braille devices, head wands, microphones, touch screens, speech synthesizers, and more.

Please refer also to guideline 12, which discusses the importance to accessibility of following operating system conventions.

1.1 Ensure that all functionalities offered through the user interface may be operated through standard input device APIs supported by the operating system. [Priority 1]
This will allow users to operate the user agent in an input device independent manner.
Techniques for checkpoint 1.1
1.2 Ensure that the user can interact with all active elements of a document in a device independent manner. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 1.2
1.3 Ensure that the user can install the user agent software in a device independent manner. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 1.3
1.4 Ensure that the user can configure the user agent in a device independent manner. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 1.4
1.5 Ensure that the user can access user agent documentation in a device independent manner. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 1.5
1.6 Ensure that all messages to the user (e.g., warnings, errors, etc.) are available through standard output device APIs supported by the operating system. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 1.6

Guideline 2. Ensure keyboard access to user agent functionalities

Next guideline: 3 | Previous guideline: 1 | Go to contents

Ensure that the user has access to user agent functionalities through the keyboard since keyboard access is widely supported.

Although keyboard access may seem to contradict the previous guideline on device-independence, ensuring keyboard access to user agent functionality is important to accessibility since keyboard access is available to many users and is widely supported. Even when a user doesn't use a physical keyboard, it is still possible to simulate keyboard events through software. This guideline is important for ensuring compatibility between graphical desktop browsers and dependent user agents.

Checkpoints in this section do not apply to user agents (e.g., kiosks) that do not natively support keyboard input.

One area where configurability is important involves keyboard access to user agent functionality. Some users require single-key access, others require that keys activated in combination be physically close together, while others require that they be spaced physically far apart.

The more apparent the keyboard commands are to all users, the more likely it is that new users with disabilities will find them and use them. Refer also to checkpoint 9.10.

2.1 By default and without additional customization, ensure that all functionalities offered by the user agent are accessible using the keyboard. [Priority 1]
Note. This checkpoint intends to ensure compatibility with dependent user agents that rely on keyboard input. Functionalities include being able to show, hide, resize and move windows or panes created by the user agent.
Techniques for checkpoint 2.1
2.2 Provide documentation on default keyboard commands and include with user agent documentation and/or user help system. [Priority 1]
Refer also to guideline 3.
Techniques for checkpoint 2.2
2.3 Provide information to the user about the current keyboard configuration. [Priority 1]
Note. For example, users should be able to find information about complex key combinations. Refer also to guideline 3.
Techniques for checkpoint 2.3
2.4 Allow the user to configure the keystrokes used to activate user agent functionalities. Wherever possible, allow single key activation of functions. [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 2.4
2.5 Allow the user to turn on and off author-specified keyboard configurations. [Priority 2]
For example, in HTML, the author may specify tabbing order with the "tabindex" attribute and keyboard bindings with the "accesskey" attribute.
Techniques for checkpoint 2.5
2.6 Use platform conventions to indicate which keys activate which user agent functionalities. [Priority 2]
For example, on some platforms, if a functionality is available from a menu, the letter of the key that will activate that functionality is underlined.
Techniques for checkpoint 2.6
2.7 Avoid default keyboard configurations that interfere with system conventions. [Priority 2]
For example, the default configuration should not include "Alt-F4" or "Control-Alt-Delete" on systems where that combination has special meaning to the operating system. In particular, default configurations should not interfere with the mobility access keyboard modifiers reserved for the operating system. Refer also to guideline 12.
Techniques for checkpoint 2.7
2.8 Provide a default keyboard configuration for frequently performed operations. [Priority 3]
Techniques for checkpoint 2.8

Guideline 3. Provide accessible product documentation and help

Next guideline: 4 | Previous guideline: 2 | Go to contents

Ensure that the user can learn about software features, notably those that relate to accessibility.

Users who may not be able to access print material, including individuals with visual impairments, learning disabilities, or movement impairments, may be able to use accessible electronic documentation or documents in alternative hardcopy formats.

It is important for developers to document user agent features that enhance accessibility to ensure since users with disabilities may not learn about those features from non-disabled users (who are not generally familiar with such features).

Documentation includes all product documentation, notably installation instructions, the help system, and all product manuals. Refer also to guideline 2 and checkpoint 12.6.

3.1 Ensure that all product documentation conforms to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. [Priority 1]
Refer to [WAI-WEBCONTENT].
Techniques for checkpoint 3.1
3.2 Ensure that all user agent functionalities that promote accessibility are documented. [Priority 1]
For example, review the documentation or help system to ensure that it discusses the functionalities addressed by the checkpoints of this document.
Techniques for checkpoint 3.2
3.3 Describe product features known to promote accessibility in a section of the product documentation. [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 3.3

Guideline 4. Allow the user to configure the user agent

Next guideline: 5 | Previous guideline: 3 | Go to contents

Subhead here.

Individuals with disabilities have a wide range of functional capabilities and so they must be able to configure the user agent to meet their particular requirements. Users must be able to configure rendering, mouse, keyboard, user interface control position, etc. to facilitate their daily use of the software.

Refer also to guideline 2. Refer also to checkpoint 9.10.

4.1 Allow the user to configure the user agent in named profiles that may be shared (by other users or software). [Priority 2]
Users must be able to select from among available profiles or no profile (i.e., the user agent default settings).
Techniques for checkpoint 4.1
4.2 Allow the user to configure the graphical arrangement of user interface controls. [Priority 3]
Techniques for checkpoint 4.2

Guideline 5. Allow the user to turn off features that may reduce accessibility

Next guideline: 6 | Previous guideline: 4 | Go to contents

Subhead here.

Some rendering behavior may make the user agent unusable or may obscure information. For instance, people with photosensitive epilepsy must be able to turn off flashing within certain ranges, otherwise the flashing may trigger a seizure. Users who require specific color contrasts or who have low vision need to be able to turn off background images if those images interfere with their ability to read text. Dynamically changing web content or opening windows can be a problem for people using some types of dependent user agents and may be disorienting to users with cognitive disabilities.

User agents are only expected to provide this control for content or user interface controls that it recognizes. Please also refer to guideline 6 and guideline 4.

5.1 Allow the user to turn on and off rendering of images. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 5.1
5.2 Allow the user to turn on and off rendering of background images. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 5.2
5.3 Allow the user to turn on and off rendering of video. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 5.3
5.4 Allow the user to turn on and off rendering of sound. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 5.4
5.5 Allow the user to turn on and off rendering of captions. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 5.5
5.6 Allow the user to turn on and off animated or blinking text. [Priority 1]
Note. This is particularly important for users with screen readers.
Techniques for checkpoint 5.6
5.7 Allow the user to turn on and off animations and blinking images. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 5.7
5.8 Allow the user to turn on and off support for scripts and applets. [Priority 1]
Note. This is particularly important for scripts that cause the screen to flicker, since people with photosensitive epilepsy can have seizures triggered by flickering or flashing in the 4 to 59 flashes per second (Hertz) range.
Techniques for checkpoint 5.8
5.9 Allow the user to turn on and off support for user style sheets. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 5.9
5.10 Allow the user to turn on and off support for author style sheets. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 5.10
5.11 Allow the user to turn on and off support for spawned windows. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 5.11
5.12 Allow the user to turn on and off rendering of frames. [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 5.12
5.13 Allow the user to turn on and off author-specified page forwards that occur after a time delay and without user intervention. [Priority 3]
For example, when turned off, offer a static link to the target resource instead.
Techniques for checkpoint 5.13
5.14 Allow the user to turn on and off automatic page refresh. [Priority 3]
For example, when turned off, allow the user to refresh the page manually instead (through the user interface).
Techniques for checkpoint 5.14

Guideline 6. Ensure user control over document styles

Next guideline: 7 | Previous guideline: 5 | Go to contents

Ensure that the user has control over the colors, fonts and other stylistic aspects of a document and can author styles and user agent default styles.

In order to access a document, some users may require that it be rendered in a manner other than what the author intended. Users with visual impairments, including color blindness, may be insensitive to certain colors and may not be able to perceive author-specified or user agent default color combinations. Users with reduced visual acuity, including people who are older, may require larger fonts than user agent defaults or those specified by the author. Users who are blind may require audio or tactile rendering. Users who are deaf may require captions for audio files.

User agents must therefore allow the user to control:

Otherwise, users who are blind, have low vision, color deficiencies, some types of learning disabilities, or any user who cannot or has chosen not to view the primary representation of information will not know content of the information on the page.

The following checkpoints state which styles the user must be able to control. The checkpoints also require user agents to allow users to override author styles and user agent defaults. The checkpoints apply to alternative representations of content as well as primary content.

Refer also to guideline 4.

Checkpoints for fonts and colors:

6.1 Allow the user to control font family. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.1
6.2 Allow the user to control font size. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.2
6.3 Allow the user to control foreground color. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.3
6.4 Allow the user to control background color. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.4
6.5 Allow the user to control selection highlighting (e.g., foreground and background color). [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.5
6.6 Allow the user to control focus highlighting (e.g., foreground and background color). [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.6

Checkpoints for applets and animations:

6.7 Allow the user to control animation rate. [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.7

Checkpoints for video.

6.8 Allow the user to control video frame rates. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.8
6.9 Allow the user to control the position of captions. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.9
6.10 Allow the user to start, stop, pause, and rewind video. [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.10

Checkpoints for audio:

6.11 Allow the user to control audio playback rate. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.11
6.12 Allow the user to control audio volume. [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.12
6.13 Allow the user to start, stop, pause, and rewind audio. [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.13

Checkpoints for speech:

6.14 Allow the user to control speech playback rate. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.14
6.15 Allow the user to control speech volume, pitch, gender and other articulation characteristics. [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.15

Checkpoints for changes to the user interface:

6.16 When new windows or user interface components are spawned, allow the user to control window size and position. [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 6.16

Guideline 7. Ensure user access to document content

Next guideline: 8 | Previous guideline: 6 | Go to contents

Ensure that users have access to primary as well as author-supplied alternative representations of content (descriptions of images, captions for video or audio, etc.)

Otherwise, some users cannot perceive the primary content due to a disability or a technological limitation (e.g., browser configured not to display images).

The primary or alternative content may be rendered to the user though character, graphic, audio, speech, or braille devices. The differing characteristics of these devices mean that user requirements and capabilities will vary.

For example, speech is a temporal medium. Speech output based browsers must convey sub-structures of text content like paragraphs, sentences, words and the spelling of individual words to the user as certain words or phrases may not be properly converted from their original text to their correct speech pronunciation. By conveying sub-structures of text, user agents allow users to replay and even spell words and phrases until the user understands the content and context. Speech-based user agents must use auditory nuances - including pitch, articulation model, volume, and orientation - to convey meaning the way fonts, spacing, and borders do in graphical media. For example, a user agent might speak the word "header" before the text content of a header or "item 1.4" before a list item to convey context. Speech-based user agents must also heed author-specified markup that indicates changes in natural languages, and should render appropriately for supported languages.

General checkpoints:

7.1 Ensure that the user has access to document content, including alternative representations of content. [Priority 1]
Mechanisms for specifying alternative content vary according to markup language. For instance, in HTML or SMIL, the "alt" attribute specifies alternative text for many elements. In HTML, the content of the OBJECT element is used to specify alternative content, the "summary" attribute applies to tables, etc.
Techniques for checkpoint 7.1
7.2 For dependent user agents. Ensure that the user has access to the content of an element selected by the user. [Priority 1]
For instance, allow the user to identify a table cell with the selection and provide the user with cell content and (optionally) associated header information. Refer also to checkpoint 8.1.
Techniques for checkpoint 7.2
7.3 For dependent user agents. Render content according to natural language identification. For unsupported natural languages, notify the user of language changes when configured to do so. [Priority 1]
Natural language may be identified by markup (e.g., the "lang" attribute in HTML or "xml:lang" in XML) or HTTP headers.
Techniques for checkpoint 7.3
7.4 When no alternative text representation has been specified, indicate what type of object is present. [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 7.4
7.5 When alternative text has been specified explicitly as empty (i.e., an empty string), render nothing. [Priority 3]
Techniques for checkpoint 7.5

Checkpoints for captions and description tracks:

7.6 If a technology allows for more than one caption or description track (e.g., caption, auditory description, video of sign language, etc.), allow the user to choose from among the tracks. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 7.6
7.7 Allow the user to specify that description tracks (e.g., caption, auditory description, video of sign language, etc.) be rendered at the same time as audio and video tracks. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 7.7

Checkpoints for audio:

7.8 If a technology allows for more than one audio track, allow the user to choose from among tracks. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 7.8

Checkpoints for links:

7.9 Provide a mechanism (e.g., through style sheets) to distinguish visited links from unvisited links. [Priority 3]
Note. Using color as the only distinguishing factor does not suffice since color may not be perceivable by all users or rendered by all devices.
Techniques for checkpoint 7.9
7.10 Allow the user to specify (e.g., through style sheets) that images used in links must have borders. [Priority 3]
Techniques for checkpoint 7.10

Guideline 8. Provide navigation mechanisms

Next guideline: 9 | Previous guideline: 7 | Go to contents

Provide a variety of navigation mechanisms to allow convenient access to content, notably for serial devices such as speech output or single-line refreshable braille displays.

Navigation mechanisms help all users find important information in a document quickly. User agents should provide a variety of mechanisms - from simple scrolling through content to search mechanisms to tabbing navigation - to facilitate access, notably for users of devices that render documents serially (e.g., speech output or single-line refreshable braille displays).

While authors may provide some navigation mechanisms in documents (e.g., image maps or navigation bars), user agents must also provide tools. Each navigation mechanism has its advantages and disadvantages:

User agents should allow users to configure navigation mechanisms (e.g., to allow navigation of links only, or links and headers, or tables and forms, etc.). Refer also to guideline 4..

In addition to navigation mechanisms, user agents must provide contextual information that does not depend on a particular output device. Graphical user agents often use proportional scrollbars to indicate how much of a document has been viewed. User agents must make the same information available to users who cannot make use of the visual clues.

Note. For all search and navigation functions, the user agent should follow system conventions for using selection and focus mechanisms. For instance, the selection should be used to identify the results of a text search, the focus should identify active elements during sequential navigation of active elements, etc.

8.1 Allow the user to navigate views (notably those with frame viewports). [Priority 1]
Note. Navigating into a view makes it the current view.
Techniques for checkpoint 8.1
8.2 Keep track of the user's point of regard in each view and restore it when the user returns to the view. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 8.2
8.3 For dependent user agents. Allow the user to navigate among table cells of a table (notably left and right within a row and up and down within a column). [Priority 1]
Refer also to checkpoint 9.4.
Techniques for checkpoint 8.3
8.4 Allow the user to navigate among all active elements in the document. [Priority 2]
Navigation mechanisms may range from sequential (e.g., tabbing navigation) to direct (e.g., by entering link text) to searching on active elements only (e.g., based on form control text, associated labels, or form control names).
Techniques for checkpoint 8.4
8.5 Allow the user to search for rendered text content, including alternative text content. [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 8.5
8.6 Allow the user to navigate the document structure. [Priority 2]
For example, allow the user to navigate familiar elements of a document: paragraphs, tables, headers, lists, etc.
Techniques for checkpoint 8.6
8.7 Allow the user to configure structured navigation. [Priority 3]
For example, allow the user to navigate only paragraphs, or only headers and paragraphs, etc.
Techniques for checkpoint 8.7

Guideline 9. Help orient the user

Next guideline: 10 | Previous guideline: 8 | Go to contents

Subhead here.

Document information:

Users that are viewing documents through linear channels of perception like speech (since speech is temporal in nature) and tactile displays (current tactile technology is limited in the amount of information that can be displayed) have difficulty maintaining a sense of their relative position in a document. The meaning of "relative position" depends on the situation. It may mean the distance from the beginning of the document to the point of regard (how much of the document has been read), it may mean the cell currently being examined in a table, or the position of the current document in a set of documents, or how one frame is updated when changes take place in a second. Refer also to checkpoint 10.1.

For people with visual impairments, blindness, or certain types of learning disabilities, it is important that the point of regard remain as stable as possible. The user agent should not disturb the user's point of regard by shifting focus to a different frame or window when an event occurs without notifying the user of the change.

View, selection, and focus information:

9.1 Provide a mechanism for highlighting and identifying (through a standard interface where available) the current view, selection, and focus. [Priority 1]
Note. This includes frame identification. Refer also to checkpoint 10.1..
Techniques for checkpoint 9.1
9.2 For dependent user agents. Provide the user with information about the number of viewports. [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 9.2

Document information:

9.3 For dependent user agents. Allow the user to view a document outline constructed from its structural elements (e.g., from header and list elements). [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 9.3
9.4 Make available information about an element's context within a document (e.g., numerical or relative position). [Priority 2]
For example, tenth link of fifty links, header 3.4, list item 4.5 of two lists, third table and has dimensions RxC, row R column C for currently selected cell, etc.
Techniques for checkpoint 9.4

Link information:

9.5 Make available whether following a link will involve a fee. [Priority 2]
Note. This information may be provided through the standard user interface provided the interface is accessible. Thus, any prompt asking the user to confirm payment must be accessible.
Techniques for checkpoint 9.5
9.6 Make available information about a link that will enable the user to decide whether to follow the link. [Priority 3]
Note. Useful information includes: whether the link has already been visited, whether it designates an internal anchor, the type of the target resource, and expected natural language of target resource.
Techniques for checkpoint 9.6

Table information:

9.7 For dependent user agents. Provide access to header information for a selected table cell. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 9.7
9.8 Make available the dimensions of a selected table. [Priority 3]
Techniques for checkpoint 9.8

Form control information:

9.9 Provide the user with access to any label explicitly associated with a form control. [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 9.9

Consistency:

9.10 Maintain consistent user agent behavior and default configurations between software releases. Consistency is less important than accessibility and adoption of system conventions. [Priority 3]
Changes to layout of user interface controls, behavior of existing functionalities, default keyboard configuration, and other user agent features should not be arbitrary.
Techniques for checkpoint 9.10

Guideline 10. Notify the user of document and view changes

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It is important to alert users, in an output device-independent fashion, when important events occur during a browsing session.

To avoid confusion that the effects of scripts may cause, users should be notified when scripts are executed (or be able to disable scripts entirely). This is also important for security reasons; users should be able to decide whether to allow scripts to execute on their machines.

10.1 Provide information about document and view changes (to the user and through programming interfaces). [Priority 1]
For example, inform the users when a script causes a popup menu to appear.
Techniques for checkpoint 10.1
10.2 Ensure that when the selection or focus changes, it is in the viewport after the change. [Priority 2]
Techniques for checkpoint 10.2
10.3 Allow the user to configure the user agent for notification of certain types of document changes only. [Priority 3]
Techniques for checkpoint 10.3
10.4 When loading a document, make available what portion of the document has loaded, whether loading has stalled, and when the user may begin to browse. [Priority 3]
Techniques for checkpoint 10.4
10.5 Make available what portion of the document the user has viewed. [Priority 3]
Note. Depending on how the user has been browsing, the percentage of document viewed may be calculated according to focus position, selection position, or viewport position.
Techniques for checkpoint 10.5
10.6 Allow the user to request to be prompted before a form is submitted. [Priority 3]
Techniques for checkpoint 10.6

Guideline 11. Support applicable W3C technologies and guidelines

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User agents should support applicable W3C technologies and in particular the accessibility features defined for the technology.

The current guidelines recommend support for W3C technologies (e.g., HTML, CSS, MathML, SMIL, etc.) for several reasons:

11.1 Implement the accessibility features defined for supported technologies. [Priority 1]
Note. The Techniques Document ([UA-TECHNIQUES]) discusses accessibility features of W3C technologies.
Techniques for checkpoint 11.1
11.2 Support appropriate W3C Recommendations. [Priority 2]
For instance, for document markup, support HTML and XML; for style sheets, support CSS; for mathematics, support MathML; for multimedia, support SMIL, etc.
Techniques for checkpoint 11.2

Guideline 12. Observe system conventions and standard interfaces

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When a user agent communicates with other software (dependent user agents, the operating system, plug-ins), must do so through applicable interfaces. To promote interoperability, open standards should be used wherever possible.

Some operating systems have operating system-level flags and settings that are pertinent to accessibility, such as high-contrast colors and "show" sounds for people with hearing impairments. User agents should take these global settings into account for their own settings.

12.1 Use and provide accessible interfaces to other technologies. [Priority 1]
To promote interoperability, open standards and W3C specifications should be used wherever possible.
Techniques for checkpoint 12.1
12.2 Provide programmatic read and write access to user agent functionalities and user interface controls (including selection and focus) by using operating system and development language accessibility resources and conventions. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 12.2
12.3 Notify dependent user agents of changes to the document and user interface controls (including selection and focus) by using operating system and development language accessibility resources and conventions. [Priority 1]
Techniques for checkpoint 12.3
12.4 For graphical desktop browsers. Comply with W3C Document Object Model specifications and export interfaces defined by those specifications. [Priority 1]
For example, refer to [DOM, Level 1]. Note. The DOM Level 1 specification states that "DOM applications may provide additional interfaces and objects not found in this specification and still be considered DOM compliant."
Techniques for checkpoint 12.4
12.5 For graphical desktop browsers. Provide programmatic exchange of information in a timely manner. [Priority 2]
This is important for synchronous alternative renderings and simulation of events.
Techniques for checkpoint 12.5
12.6 Follow operating system conventions and accessibility settings. In particular, follow conventions for user interface design, default keyboard configuration, product installation, and documentation. [Priority 2]
Refer also to checkpoint 2.7.
Techniques for checkpoint 12.6

Appendix A. -- Glossary

Applicable checkpoint
A checkpoint applies to a user agent unless:
Assistive Technology
Software or hardware that has been specifically designed to assist people with disabilities in carrying out daily activities. Assistive technology includes wheelchairs, reading machines, devices for grasping, etc. In the area of Web Accessibility, common software-based assistive technologies include screen readers, screen magnifiers, speech synthesizers, onscreen keyboards, and voice input software that operate in conjunction with graphical desktop browsers (among other user agents). Hardware assistive technologies include alternative keyboards and pointing devices.
Description Track
A description track is any continuous equivalent that is synchronized with presentation's video and audio tracks. Description tracks convey information about spoken words and non-spoken sounds such as sound effects. A text description track is called a caption. Captions are generally rendered visually by being superimposed over a video track, which benefits people who are deaf and hard-of-hearing, and anyone who cannot hear the audio (e.g., when in a crowded room). A collated text transcript combines (collates) captions with text descriptions of video information (descriptions of the actions, body language, graphics, and scene changes of the video track). These text equivalents make presentations accessible to people who are deaf-blind and to people who cannot play movies, animations, etc.
One example of a non-text equivalent is an auditory description of the key visual elements of a presentation. The description is either a prerecorded human voice or a synthesized voice (recorded or generated on the fly). The auditory description is synchronized with the audio track of the presentation, usually during natural pauses in the audio track. Auditory descriptions include information about actions, body language, graphics, and scene changes.
A description track might be a video track as well, for example showing sign language.
Device Independence
The ability to make use of software via any input or output device supported by the operating system. User agents should follow system conventions and use standard APIs for device input and output.
Documents, Elements, and Attributes
A document may be seen as a hierarchy of elements. Elements are defined by a language specification (e.g., HTML 4.0 or an XML application). Each element may have content, which generally contributes to the document's content. Elements may also have attributes that take values. An element's rendered content is that which a user agent renders for the element. This may be what lies between the element's start and end tags, the value of an attribute (c.f. the "alt", "title", and "longdesc" attributes in HTML), or external data (e.g., the IMG element in HTML). Rendering is not limited to graphical displays alone, but also includes audio (speech and sound) and tactile displays (braille and haptic displays).
Since rendered content is not always accessible, authors must specify alternative representations of content that user agents must make available to users or software that require it (in place of and/or in addition to the "primary" content). Alternative representations may take a variety of forms including alternative text, text captions, and auditory descriptions. The Techniques Document ([UA-TECHNIQUES]) describes the different mechanisms authors use to supply alternative representations of content. Please also consult the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines ([WAI-WEBCONTENT]).
Equivalent
A text transcript is a text equivalent of audio information that includes spoken words and non-spoken sounds such as sound effects. A caption is a text transcript for the audio track of a video presentation that is synchronized with the video and audio tracks.
One example of a non-text equivalent is an auditory description of the key visual elements of a presentation. The description is either a prerecorded human voice or a synthesized voice (recorded or generated on the fly). The auditory description is synchronized with the audio track of the presentation, usually during natural pauses in the audio track. Auditory descriptions include information about actions, body language, graphics, and scene changes.
Events and scripting
When certain events occur (document loading or unloading events, mouse press or hover events, keyboard events, etc.), user agents often perform some task (e.g., execute a script). For instance, in most user agents, when a mouse button is released over a link, the link is activated and the linked resource retrieved. User agents may also execute author-defined scripts when certain events occur. The script bound to a particular event is called an event handler. Note. The interaction of HTML, style sheets, the Document Object Model [DOM1] and scripting is commonly referred to as "Dynamic HTML" or DHTML. However, as there is no W3C specification that formally defines DHTML, this document will only refer to event handlers and scripts.
Focus
The user focus designates an active element in a document. Which elements are active depends on the document language and whether the features are supported by the user agent. In HTML documents, for example, active elements include links, form controls, elements with a value for the "longdesc" attribute, and elements with associated scripts (event handlers). An element with the focus may be activated through any number of mechanisms, including the mouse, keyboard, an API, etc.
The effect of activation depends on the element. For instance, when a link is activated, the user agent generally retrieves the linked resource, which may be another Web page, program, etc. When a form control is activated, it may change state (e.g., check boxes) or may take user input (e.g., a text field). Activating an element with a script assigned for that particular activation mechanism (e.g., mouse down event, key press event, etc.) causes the script to be executed.
A view has at most one focus. When several views co-exist, each may have a focus, but only one is active, called the current focus. The current focus is generally presented (e.g., highlighted) in a way that makes it stand out.
Insertion point
The insertion point is the location where document editing takes place. The insertion point may be set by the user (e.g., by a pointing device or the keyboard editing keys) or through an application programming interface (API). A view has at most one insertion point. When several views co-exist, each may have an insertion point, but only one is active, called the current insertion point
The insertion point is generally rendered specially (e.g., on the screen, by a vertical bar or similar cursor).
Native support
A user agent supports a feature natively if it does not require another piece of software (e.g., plug-in or external program) for support. Native support does not preclude more extensive support for accessibility by dependent user agents, so user agents must still make information available through programming interfaces.
Properties, Values, and Defaults
A user agent renders a document by applying formatting algorithms and style information to the document's elements. Formatting depends on a number of factors, including where the document is rendered: on screen, paper, through speakers, a braille device, a mobile device, etc. Style information (e.g., fonts, colors, voice inflection, etc.) may come from the elements themselves (e.g., certain style attributes in HTML), from style sheets, or from user agent settings. For the purposes of these guidelines, each formatting or style option is governed by a property and each property may take one value from a set of legal values. (The term "property" in this document has the meaning ascribed in the CSS2 Recommendation.) A reference to "styles" in this document means a set of style-related properties.
The value given to a property by a user agent when it is started up is called the property's default value. User agents may allow users to change default values through a variety of mechanisms (e.g., the user interface, style sheets, initialization files, etc.).
Once the user agent is running, the value of a property for a given document or part of a document may be changed from the default value. The value of the property at a given moment is called its current value. Note that changes in the current value of a property do not change its default value.
Current values may come from documents, style sheets, scripts, or the user interface. Values that come from documents, their associated style sheets, or via a server are called author styles. Values that come from user interface settings, user style sheets, or other user interactions are called user styles.
Recognize
A user agent is said to recognize markup, content types, or rendering effects when it can identify (through built-in mechanisms, DTDs, style sheets, headers, etc) the information. For instance, HTML 3.2 user agents may not recognize the new elements or attributes of HTML 4.0. Similarly, a user agent may recognize blinking content specified by elements or attributes, but may not recognize that an applet is blinking. The Techniques Document ([UA-TECHNIQUES]) discusses some content that affects accessibility and should be recognized as such.
Selection
The user selection generally specifies a range of content (text, images, etc.) in a document. The range may be restricted to the content of a single element or may span several elements. The selection may be used for a variety of purposes: for cut and paste operations, to designate a specific element in a document, to identify what a screen reader should read, etc.
The user selection may be set by the user (e.g., by a pointing device or the keyboard) or through an application programming interface (API). A view has at most one user selection. When several views co-exist, each may have a user selection, but only one is active, called the current user selection.
The user selection is usually presented in a way the stands out (e.g., highlighted). On the screen, the selection may be highlighted using colors, fonts, graphics, or other mechanisms. Highlighted text is often used by dependent user agents to indicate through speech or braille output what the user wants to read. Most screen readers are sensitive to highlight colors. Dependent user agents may provide alternative presentation of the selection through speech, enlargement, or refreshable braille display.
Both the current focus and the current user selection must be in the same view, called the current view. The current view is generally highlighted when several views co-exist.
Views, Viewports, and Point of Regard
User agents may handle different types of source information: documents, sound objects, video objects, etc. The user perceives the information through a viewport, which may be a window, frame, a piece of paper, a speaker, a virtual magnifying glass, etc. A viewport may contain another viewport (e.g., nested frames, plug-ins, etc.).
User agents may render the same source information in a variety of ways; each rendering is called a view. For instance, a user agent may allow users to view a document in one window and a generated list of headers for the document in another.
The view is how source information is rendered and the viewport is where it is rendered.
Generally, viewports give users access to all rendered information, though not always at once. For example, a video player shows a certain number of frames per second, but allows the user to rewind and fast forward. A graphical browser viewport generally features scrollbars or some other paging mechanism that allows the user to bring the rendered content into the viewport.
The content currently available in the viewport is called the user's point of regard. The point of regard may be a two dimensional area (e.g., for graphical rendering) or a single point (e.g., for aural rendering or voice browsing). User agents should not change the point of regard unexpectedly as this can disorient users.

5. Acknowledgments

Many thanks to the following people who have contributed through review and comment: Paul Adelson, James Allan, Denis Anson, Kitch Barnicle, Harvey Bingham, Olivier Borius, Judy Brewer, Bryan Campbell, Kevin Carey, Wendy Chisholm, David Clark, Chetz Colwell, Wilson Craig, Nir Dagan, Daniel Dardailler, B. K. Delong, Neal Ewers, Geoff Freed, John Gardner, Al Gilman, Larry Goldberg, John Grotting, Markku Hakkinen, Earle Harrison, Chris Hasser, Kathy Hewitt, Philipp Hoschka, Masayasu Ishikawa, Phill Jenkins, Jan Kärrman (for help with html2ps), Leonard Kasday, George Kerscher, Marja-Riitta Koivunen, Josh Krieger, Catherine Laws, Greg Lowney, Scott Luebking, William Loughborough, Napoleon Maou, Charles McCathieNevile, Masafumi Nakane, Mark Novak, Charles Oppermann, Mike Paciello, David Pawson, Michael Pederson, Helen Petrie, David Poehlman, Michael Pieper, Jan Richards, Hans Riesebos, Joe Roeder, Lakespur L. Roca, Gregory Rosmaita, Lloyd Rutledge, Liam Quinn, T.V. Raman, Robert Savellis, Rich Schwerdtfeger, Constantine Stephanidis, Jim Thatcher, Jutta Treviranus, Claus Thogersen, Steve Tyler, Gregg Vanderheiden, Jaap van Lelieveld, Jon S. von Tetzchner, Willie Walker, Ben Weiss, Evan Wies, Chris Wilson, Henk Wittingen, and Tom Wlodkowski,

6. References

[CSS1]
"CSS, level 1 Recommendation", B. Bos, H. Wium Lie, eds. The CSS1 Recommendation is: http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-CSS1-19990111.
[CSS2]
"CSS, level 2 Recommendation", B. Bos, H. Wium Lie, C. Lilley, and I. Jacobs, eds. The CSS2 Recommendation is: http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512.
[CSS-ACCESS]
"Accessibility Features of CSS", I. Jacobs, J. Brewer, eds. The latest version of this W3C Note is available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS-access.
[DOM1]
"Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification", V. Apparao, S. Byrne, M. Champion, S. Isaacs, I. Jacobs, A. Le Hors, G. Nicol, J. Robie, R. Sutor, C. Wilson, and L. Wood, eds. The DOM Level 1 Recommendation is: http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-DOM-Level-1-19981001.
[HTML40]
"HTML 4.0 Recommendation", D. Raggett, A. Le Hors, and I. Jacobs, eds. The HTML 4.0 Recommendation is: http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-html40-19980424.
[HTML32]
"HTML 3.2 Recommendation", D. Raggett, ed. The HTML 3.2 Recommendation is: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32.
[MATHML]
"Mathematical Markup Language", P. Ion and R. Miner, eds. The MathML 1.0 Recommendation is: http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-MathML-19980407.
[RFC2119]
"Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", S. Bradner, March 1997. Available at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt
[SMIL]
"Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) 1.0 Specification", P. Hoschka, editor. The SMIL 1.0 Recommendation is: http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-smil-19980615
[UA-TECHNIQUES]
"Techniques for User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0", J. Gunderson, I. Jacobs, eds. This document explains how to implement the checkpoints defined in "User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0". The latest draft of the techniques is available at: http://www.w3.org/WAI/UA/WAI-USERAGENT-TECHS/
[WAI-AUTOOLS]
"Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines", J. Treviranus, J. Richards, I. Jacobs, C. McCathieNevile, eds. The latest Working Draft of these guidelines for designing accessible authoring tools is available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-WAI-AUTOOLS/
[WAI-WEBCONTENT]
"Web Content Accessibility Guidelines", W. Chisholm, G. Vanderheiden, and I. Jacobs, eds., 5 May 1999. This W3C Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WAI-WEBCONTENT-19990505.
[XML]
"Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0.", T. Bray, J. Paoli, C.M. Sperberg-McQueen, eds. The XML 1.0 Recommendation is: http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210