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W3C

How People with Disabilities Use the Web

W3C Working Draft, 10 November 2000

This Version:
http://www.w3.org/WAI/EO/Drafts/PWD-Use-Web/20001110
Latest Version:
http://www.w3.org/WAI/EO/Drafts/PWD-Use-Web/
Previous Version:
http://www.w3.org/WAI/EO/Drafts/profiles-20001027
Editors:
Judy Brewer (jbrewer@w3.org)
See also Acknowledgements section

Copyright © 2000 W3C (MIT, INRIA, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark, document use and software licensing rules apply.


Abstract

This W3C Working Draft provides an introduction to use of the Web by people with a variety of disabilities, for the purpose of better understanding their user requirements when using Web sites and Web-based applications. This document provides supporting information for guidelines and technical work of the World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C) Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). It is not intended as a comprehensive or in-depth discussion of different types of disabilities, nor of the assistive technologies used by people with disabilities.

Status of this document

This document version, dated 20001110, is a W3C Working Draft intended for eventual publishing as a W3C Note. Other documents may supersede this document; the latest status of this document series is maintained at the W3C. It is issued by the Education and Outreach Working Group (EOWG) for review by EOWG members; comments from the public, and from W3C Members and working groups, are also welcome at w3c-wai-eo@w3.org. It is produced as part of the Web Accessibility Initiative International Program Office Activity. A list of current W3C technical reports and publications, including working drafts and notes, can be found at http://www.w3.org/TR.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Scenarios of People with Disabilities Using the Web
  3. Different Disabilities That Can Affect Web Accessibility
  4. Assistive Technologies and Adaptive Strategies
  5. Further Reading
  6. Scenario References
  7. General References
  8. Acknowledgements

1. Introduction

The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) develops guidelines for accessibility of Web sites, and for browsers and authoring tools, in order to make it easier for people with disabilities to use the Web. Given the Web's increasingly important role in society, access to the Web is vital for people with disabilities. Many of the accessibility solutions described in WAI materials also benefit Web users who do not have disabilities.

This document provides a general introduction to how people with different kinds of disabilities use the Web. It provides background to help understand how people with disabilities benefit from the provisions described in the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0, Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines 1.0, and User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0. Specifically, this document:

2. Scenarios of People with Disabilities Using the Web

The following examples show people with a variety of disabilities using various assistive technologies or adaptive strategies to access the Web. These scenarios do not represent actual individuals. The particular combinations of assistive technologies, and individuals' expertise in using those technologies, should not be presumed for everyone with similar disabilities as those portrayed. In some cases, localized versions of browsers, multimedia players, or assistive technologies with specific features supporting accessibility may not yet be available in an individual's primary language.

Within each scenario, links are provided to additional information on the specific disability or disabilities described in more detail in Section 3; to the assistive technology or adaptive strategy described in Section 4; or to detailed curriculum examples or guideline checkpoints in the Scenarios References in Section 6.

The following examples highlight use of certain accessibility accommodations:

Online shopper with color blindness

Mr. Lee is in the market for some new clothes, appliances, and music. As he frequently does, he is spending a weeknight evening shopping online. He has one of the most common visual disabilities for men: color blindness, which in his case means an inability to distinguish between green and red.

He has difficulty reading the text on many Web sites. When he first starting using the Web, he had thought that a lot of sites used poor color contrast, since to him many sites seemed to use similar shades of brown. He eventually realized that many sites were using color combinations that were indistinguishable to him because of his red/green color blindness.

After additional experimentation, Mr. Lee discovered that on some sites, the colors were controlled by style sheets and that he could override these with his own style sheets in his browser; but that other sites did not use style sheets and sometimes he could not override those. As he continued to experiment with turning style sheets on or off, he realized that on some sites the sale prices were indicated in red text, which only became visible for him when he turned off the sites' style sheets and used his own.

After a half hour of browsing, Mr. Lee makes a number of online purchases. Because of ease-of-use considerations, he buys mainly from Web sites where he can use his own style sheets.

Reporter with repetitive stress injury

Mr. Jones is a reporter who must submit his articles in HTML for publishing in an on-line journal. Over his twenty-year career, he has developed repetitive stress injury (RSI) in his hands and arms, and it has become painful for him to type. He uses a combination of speech recognition and an alternative keyboard to prepare his articles, but he doesn't use a mouse. It took him several months to become sufficiently accustomed to using speech recognition to be comfortable working for many hours at a time. There are some things he has not worked out yet, such as a sound card conflict which arises whenever he tries to use speech recognition on Web sites that have streaming audio.

He has not been able to use the same Web authoring software as his colleagues, because the application that his office chose for a standard is missing many of the keyboard equivalents that he needs in place of mouse-driven commands. To activate commands that do not have keyboard equivalents, he would have to use a mouse instead of speech recognition or typing, and this would re-damage his hands at this time. He researched some of the newer versions of authoring tools and selected one with full keyboard support. Within a month, he discovered that several of his colleagues have switched to the new product as well, after they found that the full keyboard support was easier on their own hands.

When browsing other Web sites to research some of his articles, Mr. Jones likes the access key feature that is implemented on some Web pages. It enables him to shortcut a whole long list of links that he would ordinarily have to tab through by voice, and instead go straight to the link he wants.

Online student who is deaf

Ms. Martinez is taking several distance learning courses in physics. She is deaf. She had little trouble with the curriculum until the university upgraded their on-line courseware to a multimedia approach, using an extensive collection of audio lectures. For classroom-based lectures the university provided interpreters; however for Web-based instruction they initially did not realize that accessibility was an issue, then said they had no idea how to provide the material in accessible format. She was able to point out that the University was clearly covered by a policy requiring accessibility of online instructional material, and then to point to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 as a resource providing guidance on how to make Web sites, including those with multimedia, accessible.

The University had the lectures transcribed and made this information available through their Web site along with the audio versions of the lectures. For a brief multimedia piece the university used a SMIL-based multimedia format enabling synchronized captioning of audio and description of video. All instructional material at this University was in secure areas of the University's Web site and was therefore only available to students registered for this class. The school's information managers quickly found that it was much easier to comprehensively index the audio resources on the accessible area of the Web site, once these resources were captioned with text.

The professor for the course also set up a chat area on the Web site where students could exchange ideas about their coursework. Although she was the only deaf student in the class and only one other student knew any sign language, she quickly found that the Web-based chat format, and the opportunity to provide Web-based text comments on classmates' work, ensured that she could keep up with class progress.

Accountant with blindness

Ms. Laitinen is an accountant at an insurance company that uses Web-based formats over a corporate intranet. She is blind. She uses a screen reader to interpret what is displayed on the screen and generate a combination of speech output and braille output. She uses the speech output, combined with tabbing through the navigation links on a page, for rapid scanning of a document, and has become accustomed to listening to speech output at a speed that her co-workers cannot understand at all. She uses refreshable braille output to check the exact wording of text, since braille enables her to follow the language on a page more precisely.

Much of the information on the Web documents is in tables, which can sometimes be difficult for non-visual users to read. However since the tables on this company's documents are marked up with brief summaries which her screen reader can access, she easily orients herself to the information in the tables. Since the insurance codes she must frequently reference include a number of abbreviations and acronyms, she finds the expansions of abbreviations and acronyms the first time they appear on a page allows her to better catch the meaning of the short versions of these terms.

As one of the more senior members of the accounting staff, Ms. Laitenen must frequently help newer employees with their questions. She has recently upgraded to a browser that allows better synchronization of the screen display with audio and braille rendering of that information. This enables her to better help her colleagues, since the screen shows her colleagues the same part of the document that she is reading with speech or braille output.

Classroom student with dyslexia

Ms. Olsen attends middle school and particularly likes her science class. She has dyslexia which leads to substantial difficulty reading.

The school she attends has started to use more and more on-line curriculum to supplement the textbooks in class, and she is worried about keeping up with the additional reading load. She tries out screen reading software with speech synthesis and finds that she is able to read along visually with the text much more easily when she can also hear some of it read to her with the speech synthesis. Since the online curriculum has been designed for accessibility, she is able to do this smoothly and to keep up with her class.

Retiree with several aging-related conditions, managing personal finances

Mr. Yunus uses the Web to review his stock portfolio and manage his retirement funds. He has some central-field vision loss, hand tremor, and a little short-term memory loss.

[@@review/expand detail] He customized his portfolio window to give a streamlined portfolio view, and to automatically check certain stock performance critieria since he has difficulty remembering how to find the information otherwise. He uses his browser settings to enlarge the font on the site so it is easier for him to see. While the icons on the site do not enlarge along with the fonts, they are large enough already that he can not only see them easily, but can select them with the mouse even when his hand is trembling.

Teenager with deaf-blindness, seeking entertainment

Ms. Smith uses the Web to find new restaurants to go to with friends and colleagues. She has low vision and is deaf. She uses a screen magnifier to enlarge the text on Web sites until she can read it, but sometimes that isn't sufficient so she also uses a screen reader to drive a refreshable braille display, which she reads slowly. When she is using the screen magnifier, she also uses her browser settings to turn off background color and patterns because otherwise there is not enough contrast for her.

[@@review/expand detail] The city Ms. Smith lives in has compiled a multi-media virtual tour of entertainment options in the area, and Ms. Smith discovers it has been completely captioned and described. She takes the on-line tour, slowing it down a few times while she uses a combination of braille and screen magnification. Then she sends the URI of the virtual tour to friends, to see if they share her interest in trying a particularly good-looking new restaurant downtown that weekend.

3. Different Disabilities that Can Affect Web Accessibility

This section describes general kinds of disabilities that can affect access to the Web. There are as yet no universally accepted or absolute categorizations of disability, despite efforts by some organizations to move towards that goal. Commonly used disability terminology varies from country to country, and between different disability communities in the same country. There is a trend in some communities away from using medical terminology and/or negative terminology to describe disability. This document does not attempt to comprehensively address these issues of terminology.

Abilities can vary from person to person, or over time, for different people with the same type of disability. People can have combinations of different limitations, such as a visual and hearing disability together; and the combinations can be of varying levels of severity.

The term "disability" is used very generally in this document. Some people with conditions described below would not consider themselves to have disabilities. They may, however, have limitations related to sensory, physical or cognitive functioning which can affect access to the Web. These limitations can include injury-related and aging-related conditions, and can be temporary or chronic. An example of an injury-related limitation that is temporary for some people and chronic for others is repetitive stress injury such as that sometimes caused by extensive typing on a keyboard.

The number and severity of limitations tend to increase as people age, and may include changes in vision, hearing, memory, or motor function, which can be accommodated on the Web as with any other disabilities.

Different disabilities sometimes require similar accommodations. For instance, both someone who is blind ,and someone who cannot use his or her hands, require full keyboard support for commands in browsers and authoring tools, since they both have difficulty using a mouse but can use assistive technologies to activate commands that are supported by a standard keyboard interface.

Many of the accessibility solutions described in this document contribute to "universal design" or "design for all" by benefiting non-disabled users as well as people with disabilities. For example, support for speech output not only benefits blind users, but also Web users whose eyes are busy with other tasks; while captions for audio not only benefit deaf users, but also increase the efficiency of indexing and searching for audio content on Web sites.

Visual disabilities

Blindness:

Blindness involves a substantial, uncorrectable loss of vision in both eyes.

To access the Web, many individuals who are blind rely on screen readers -- software that reads text on the screen (monitor) and outputs this information to a speech synthesizer and/or refreshable braille display (a device that dynamically displays lines of text on the screen in braille). Some people who are blind use text-based browsers such as Lynx instead of the graphical user interface browser plus screen reader. They may use navigation strategies such as tabbing through the headings or links on a Web page, rather than reading every word in linear order.

Examples of barriers that people with blindness may encounter on the Web include:

Partially sighted (low vision):

There are many types of low vision, for instance poor acuity (vision that is not sharp), tunnel vision (seeing only the middle of the visual field), central field loss (seeing only the edges of the visual field), and clouded vision.

To use the Web, some people with low vision use extra-large monitors, and increase the size of system fonts and images. Others use screen magnifiers or screen enhancement software. Some individuals use specific combinations of text and background colors, such as a 24-point bright yellow font on a black background, or choose certain typefaces that are especially legible for their particular vision requirements.

Barriers that people with low vision may encounter on the Web include:

Color blindness:

Color blindness is a lack of sensitivity to certain colors. Common forms of color blindness include difficulty distinguishing between red and green, or between yellow and blue. Sometimes color blindness results in the inability to perceive any color.

To use the Web, some people with color blindness use their own style sheets to override the font and background color choices of the author.

Barriers that people with color blindness may encounter on the Web include:

Hearing Disabilities

Deafness:

Deafness involves a substantial uncorrectable impairment of hearing in both ears. Some deaf individuals' first language is a sign language, and they may or may not read or speak a language fluently.

To use the Web, many people who are deaf rely on captions for audio content. They may need to toggle the captions on an audio file on or off as they browse a page.

Barriers that people who are deaf may encounter on the Web include:

Hard of hearing:

A person with a mild to moderate hearing impairment may be considered hard of hearing.

To use the Web, people who are hard of hearing may rely on captions for audio content and/or amplification of audio. They may need to toggle the captions on an audio file on or off, or adjust the volume of an audio file.

Barriers encountered on the Web include:

Physical disabilities

Motor disabilities:

Motor disabilities can include weakness, limitations of muscular control (such as involuntary movements, a lack of coordination, or paralysis), limitations of sensation, joint problems, or missing limbs. Some physical disabilities can include pain which impedes movement. These conditions can affect the hands and arms, as well as other parts of the body.

To use the Web, people with disabilities affecting the hands or arms may use a specialized mouse; a keyboard with a layout of keys that matches their range of motion; a head-mouse, head-pointer, or mouth-stick; voice-recognition software; an eye-gaze system, or other assistive technologies to access and interact with the information on Web sites. They may activate commands by typing single keystrokes with a pointer, rather than typing simultaneous keystrokes ("chording") to activate commands. They may need more time when filling out interactive forms on Web sites.

Barriers that people with motor disabilities affecting the hands or arms may encounter include:

Speech disabilities

Speech disabilities:

Speech disabilities can include difficulty producing speech that is recognizable by some voice recognition software, either in terms of loudness or clarity.

To use parts of the Web that rely on voice recognition, someone with a speech disability needs to be able to use an alternate input mode such as text entered via a keyboard.

Barriers that people with speech disabilities encounter on the Web include:

Cognitive and neurological disabilities

Dyslexia, dyscalculia:

Individuals with dyslexia or dyscalculia (sometimes called "learning disabilities" in the U.S.) may have difficulty processing written language or images when read visually, or spoken language when heard, or numbers when read visually or heard.

To use the Web, people with learning disabilities may rely on getting information through several modalities at the same time. For instance, someone who has difficulty reading may use a screen reader plus synthesized speech to facilitate comprehension, while someone with an auditory processing disability may use captions to help understand an audio track.

Barriers that people with learning disabilities may encounter on the Web include:

Attention deficit disorder:

Individuals with attention deficit disorder may have difficulty focusing on information.

To use the Web, an individual with an attention deficit disorder may need to turn off animations on a site in order to be able to focus on the site's content.

Barriers that people with attention deficit disorder may encounter on the Web include:

Impairments of intelligence:

Individuals with impairments of intelligence (sometimes called "learning disabilities" in Europe) may learn more slowly, or have difficulty understanding complex concepts.

To use the Web, people with impairments of intelligence may take more time on a Web site, may rely more on graphics to enhance understanding of a site, and may benefit from the level of language on a site not being unnecessarily complex for the site's intended purpose.

Barriers include:

Memory impairments:

Individuals with memory impairments may have problems with short-term memory, missing long-term memory, or some loss of language.

To use the Web, people with memory impairments may rely on a consistent navigational structure throughout the site.

Barriers include:

Mental health disabilities:

Individuals with mental or emotional disabilities may have difficulty focusing on information on a Web site, or difficulty with blurred vision or hand tremors due to side effects from medications.

To use the Web, people with psychiatric disabilities may need to turn off distracting visual or audio elements, or to use screen magnifiers.

Barriers include:

Seizure disorders:

Some individuals with seizure disorders are triggered by visual flickering or audio signals at a certain frequency.

To use the Web, people with seizure disorders may need to turn off animations, blinking text, or certain frequencies of audio. Avoidance of these visual or audio frequencies in Web sites prevents inadvertent triggering of seizures.

Barriers include:

Other functional issues:

Changes in people's functional ability due to aging can include subtle and/or gradual changes in a combination of abilities, including vision, hearing, dexterity and memory. Any of these can affect an individual's ability to access Web content; however, together these changes can become more complex to accommodate. For example, someone with low vision may need screen magnification, however the user loses surrounding contextual information when using screen magnification, which may further hinder an individual who also has limited short-term memory. Barriers can include any of the issues already mentioned above.

Other combinations of disabilities may reduce the user's flexibility in selecting accommodations. For instance, while someone who is blind can benefit from an audio description of the content of a Web-based video, someone who is both deaf and blind would need access to a text transcipt of the description of the video content, which they would could then access via a refreshable braille display. Similarly, someone who is deaf and who also has low vision can benefit from captions on audio files, but would need to be able to enlarge the caption display.

4. Assistive Technologies and Adaptive Strategies

Assistive technologies are products used by people with disabilities to help accomplish tasks that they cannot accomplish otherwise or could not do easily otherwise. When used with computers, assistive technologies are also refered to as adaptive software. Some assistive technologies rely on output of other user agents, such as graphical desktop browsers, text browsers, voice browsers, multimedia players, plug-ins. Adaptive strategies may be techniques that people with disabilities use, with or without assistive technologies, to assist in navigating Web pages. This is not a comprehensive list.

Alternate keyboards or switches

Alternate keyboards or switches are hardware or software devices used by people with physical disabilities, that provide an alternate way of creating keystrokes that appear to come from the standard keyboard. Examples include keyboard with extra-small or extra-large key spacing, keyguards that only allow pressing one key at a time, on-screen keyboards, eyegaze keyboards, and sip-and-puff switches. Web-based applications that can be operated entirely from the keyboard, with no mouse required, support a wide range of alternative modes of input.

Braille and refreshable braille

Braille is a system using six to eight raised dots in various patterns to represent letters and numbers that can be read by the fingertips. Braille systems vary greatly around the world. Some "grades" of braille include additional codes beyond standard alpha-numeric characters to represent common letter groupings (e.g., "th," "ble" in Grade II American English braille) in order to make braille more compact. An 8-dot version of braille has been developed to allow all ASCII characters to be represented. Dynamic or refreshable braille involves the use of a mechanical display where dots (pins) can be raised and lowered dynamically to allow any braille characters to be displayed.

Screen magnifiers

Screen magnification is software used primarily by individuals with low vision that magnifies a portion of the screen for easier viewing. At the same time screen magnifiers make presentations larger, they also reduce the area of the document that may be viewed, removing surrounding context . Some screen magnifiers offer two views of the screen: one magnified and one default size for navigation.

Sound notification

Sound notification is an alternative feature of some Web-based applications that allows deaf or hard of hearing users to receive visual notification that a warning or error sound has been emitted by the computer.

Screen readers

Software used by individuals who are blind or who have dyslexia that interprets what is displayed on a screen and directs it either to speech synthesis for audio output, or to refreshable braille for tactile output. Some screen readers use the document tree (i.e., the parsed document code) as their input. Older screen readers make use of the rendered version of a document, so that document order or structure may be lost (e.g., when tables are used for layout) and their output may be confusing.

Speech recognition

Speech (or voice) recognition is used by people with some physical disabilities or temporary injuries to hands and forearms as an input method in some voice browsers. Applications that have full keyboard support can be used with speech recognition.

Scanning software

Scanning software is adaptive software used by individuals with some physical or cognitive disabilities that highlights or announces selection choices (e.g., menu items, links, phrases) one at a time. A user selects a desired item by hitting a switch when the desired item is highlighted or announced.

Speech synthesis (speech output)

Speech synthesis or speech output can be generated by screen readers or voice browsers, and involves production of digitized speech from text. People who are used to using speech output sometimes listen to it at very rapid speeds.

5. Further Reading

About disabilities

The World Wide Web is full of information about disabilities. The key can be locating information that is relevant to the issue of accessibility to the Web, accurate, and up-to-date. It can be important to note the perspective from which the information is written. For example, there is much information about different diseases on the Web, but medical details can be less relevant to understanding how people with disabilities use the Web than the perspectives of people with disabilities themselves, as well as that of organizations that focus on accessibility strategies for using information technologies and telecommunications.

About the Web Accessibility Initiative

W3C's Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) addresses accessibility of the Web through five complementary activities that:

WAI's International Program Office enables partnering of industry, disability organizations, accessibility research organizations, and governments interested in creating an accessible Web. WAI sponsors include the US National Science Foundation and Department of Education's National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research; the European Commission's DG XIII Telematics Applications Programme for Disabled and Elderly; Government of Canada, Industry Canada; IBM, Lotus Development Corporation, Microsoft, and Verizon. Additional information on WAI is available at http://www.w3.org/WAI.

About the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

The W3C was created to lead the Web to its full potential by developing common protocols that promote its evolution and ensure its interoperability. It is an international industry consortium jointly run by the Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the USA, the National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control (INRIA) in France and Keio University in Japan. Services provided by the Consortium include: a repository of information about the World Wide Web for developers and users; reference code implementations to embody and promote standards; and various prototype and sample applications to demonstrate use of new technology. As of October 2000, over 450 organizations are Members of the Consortium. For more information about the World Wide Web Consortium, see http://www.w3.org/.

6. Scenario References

This section includes a variety of illustrative links for specific accessibility provisions highlighted in the scenarios section above. Some links lead to checkpoints in the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0, Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines 1.0, or User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0. Other links lead to examples in the Curriculum for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. It is not a comprehensive listing of accessibility provisions in the three WAI guidelines.

Controlling color with style sheets (from "online shopper")

User override of author style sheets (from "online shopper")

Providing full keyboard support (from "reporter")

Using access keys for shortcuts (from "reporter")

Making multimedia accessible (from "online student")

7. General References

[@@ review, expand]

[ATAG10]
"Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines 1.0", J. Treviranus, C. McCathieNevile, I. Jacobs, and J. Richards, eds., 3 February 2000. This W3C Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-ATAG10-20000203.
[CSS-access]
"Accessibility Features of CSS", I Jacobs and J. Brewer, eds. This W3C Note is http://www.w3.org/1999/08/NOTE-CSS-access-19990804.
[Curric-WCAG]
"Curriculum for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines,"...
[SMIL]
"Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language",
[SMIL-access]
"Accessibility features of SMIL", M. Koivunen and I. Jacobs, eds., 21 September 1999. This W3C Note is http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/NOTE-SMIL-access-19990921.
[UAAG10]
"User Agent Accessibility Guidelines", J. Gunderson and I. Jacobs, eds., 28 July 2000. This W3C Working Draft is http://www.w3.org/WAI/UA/WD-UAAG10-20000728.
[WCAG10]
"Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0", G. Vanderheiden, W. Chisholm, and I. Jacobs, eds., 5 May 1999. This W3C Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WAI-WEBCONTENT-19990505.
[WAIHome]
"WAI Home Page", 1997-2000. http://www.w3.org/WAI/.

8. Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the following people who have contributed substantially to this document:

Ian Jacobs, Gregg Vanderheiden, Kate Vanderheiden, and Members of the Education and Outreach Working Group, including Kathleen Anderson (State of Connecticut, Office of the State Comptroller), Harvey Bingham, Helle Bjarnø (Videncenter for Synshandicap / Visual Impairment Information Centre), Alan Cantor (Cantor + Associates, Workplace Accommodation Consultants), Dave Clark, Libby Cohen (University of Southern Maine), Julie Howell (Royal National Institute for the Blind), Marja-Riitta Koivunen (W3C and Elisa Communications), Chuck Letourneau (Starling Access Services), William Loughborough (Smith-Kettlewell Institute), Charles McCathieNevile (W3C), Sheela Sethuraman (Center for Applied Special Technology), Henk Snetselaar (Bartimeus Educational Institute for the Blind and Partially Sighted), Jeff Turner (John Hancock Insurance Company), Carlos Velasco (German National Research Center for Information Technology), Eric Velleman (Bartimeus Educational Institute for the Blind and Partially Sighted).