From HTTP to Text
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Raw octets on the wire (e.g. TCP/IP)
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Transfer-Encoding (e.g. gzip, compress; general purpose)
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Multibyte character encoding (e.g. raw text files)
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Character encoding/switching schemes (e.g. ISO 2022)
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Characters as code positions in coded character sets
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Code tables, standards
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Characters as logical text components
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UCS (Unicode/ISO 10646)