©2001 Richard Fikes and Deborah L. McGuinness. All Rights Reserved. Distribution policies are governed by the W3C intellectual property terms.
This document provides an axiomatization for the Resource Description Framework (RDF), RDF Schema (RDF-S), and DAML+OIL by specifying a mapping of a set of descriptions in any one of these languages into a logical theory expressed in first-order predicate calculus. The basic claim of this paper is that the logical theory produced by the mapping specified herein of a set of such descriptions is logically equivalent to the intended meaning of that set of descriptions. Providing a means of translating RDF, RDF-S, and DAML+OIL descriptions into a first-order predicate calculus logical theory not only specifies the intended meaning of the descriptions, but also produces a representation of the descriptions from which inferences can automatically be made using traditional automatic theorem provers and problem solvers. For example, the DAML+OIL axioms enable a reasoner to infer from the two statements "Class Male and class Female are disjointWith." and "John is type Male." that the statement "John is type Female." is false.
The mapping into predicate calculus consists of a simple rule for translating RDF statements into first-order relational sentences and a set of first-order logic axioms that restrict the allowable interpretations of the non-logical symbols (i.e., relations, functions, and constants) in each language. Since RDF Schema and DAML+OIL are both vocabularies of non-logical symbols added to RDF, the translation of RDF statements is sufficient for translating RDF Schema and DAML+OIL as well. The axioms are written in ANSI Knowledge Interchange Format ( KIF)), which is a proposed ANSI standard.
The axiomatic semantics are updated as daml+oil evolves and updated versions are available from http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/daml-semantics/abstract-axiomatic-semantics.html. In order to support additional operational usablity of the document, we include two additional files: one containing all of the
in the document.
This document is a submission to the World Wide Web Consortium from Lucent Technologies (see Submission Request, W3C Staff Comment).
Please send comments to Richard Fikes fikes@ksl.stanford.edu and Deborah L. McGuinness dlm@ksl.stanford.edu, or, preferably, to the publicly archived distribution list, www-rdf-logic@w3.org [archive].
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A list of current W3C technical documents can be found at the Technical Reports page.
This document provides an axiomatization for the Resource Description Framework (RDF), RDF Schema (RDF-S), and DAML+OIL by specifying a mapping of a set of descriptions in any one of these languages into a logical theory expressed in first-order predicate calculus. The basic claim of this paper is that the logical theory produced by the mapping specified herein of a set of such descriptions is logically equivalent to the intended meaning of that set of descriptions.
Providing a means of translating RDF, RDF-S, and DAML+OIL descriptions into a first-order predicate calculus logical theory not only specifies the intended meaning of the descriptions, but also produces a representation of the descriptions from which inferences can automatically be made using traditional automatic theorem provers and problem solvers. For example, the DAML+OIL axioms enable a reasoner to infer from the two statements "Class Male and class Female are disjointWith." and "John is type Male." that the statement "John is type Female." is false.
The mapping into predicate calculus consists of a simple rule for translating RDF (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/) statements into first-order relational sentences and a set of first-order logic axioms that restrict the allowable interpretations of the non-logical symbols (i.e., relations, functions, and constants) in each language. Since RDF-S (http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/) and DAML+OIL are both vocabularies of non-logical symbols added to RDF, the translation of RDF statements is sufficient for translating RDF-S and DAML+OIL as well.
The axioms are written in ANSI Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) (http://logic.stanford.edu/kif/kif.html), which is a proposed ANSI standard. The axioms use standard first-order logic constructs plus KIF-specific relations and functions dealing with lists.[1] Lists as objects in the domain of discourse are needed in order to axiomatize RDF containers and the DAML+OIL properties dealing with cardinality.
The mapping of each of these languages into first-order logic is as follows: A logical theory in KIF that is logically equivalent to a set of RDF, RDF-S, or DAML+OIL descriptions can be produced as follows:
1. Translate each RDF statement with predicate P, subject S, and object O into a KIF sentence of the form "(PropertyValue P S O)".
2. Include in the KIF theory the axioms in this document associated with the source language (RDF, RDF-S, or DAML+OIL).
Note that it is not necessary to specify a translation for every construct in RDF since any set of RDF descriptions can be translated into an equivalent set of RDF statements. Thus, the one translation rule above suffices to translate all of RDF and therefore all of the other two languages as well.
This axiomatization is designed to place minimal constraints on the interpretation of the non-logical symbols in the resulting logical theory. In particular, the axioms do not require use of a set theory, that classes be considered to be sets or to be unary relations, nor do they require that properties be considered to be mappings or binary relations. Such constraints could be added to the resulting logical theory if desired, but they are not needed to express the intended meaning of the RDF, RDF-S, or DAML+OIL descriptions being translated.
The axioms are designed to reflect the layering of RDF, RDF-S, and DAML+OIL in the sense that the axioms for RDF do not use the properties or classes of RDF-S or DAML+OIL, the axioms for RDF-S use the properties and classes of RDF but do not use the properties or classes of DAML+OIL, and the axioms for DAML+OIL use the properties and classes of both RDF and RDF-S.
We have also included in this document a set of theorems inferable from the axioms. These theorems are intended to facilitate the use of the axioms for automatic reasoning. They are all either (1) RDF statements that can assumed to be included in any knowledge base, (2) Horn clauses with RDF statements or evaluable constraints as atoms, or (3) implications in which a conjunction of atoms (i.e., RDF statements or evaluable constraints) implies FALSE. Each theorem is provable from the axioms that precede it in the document.
Comments are welcomed posted to the www-rdf-logic@w3.org distribution list.[2]
Two separate KIF files are maintained as online appendices to the document. They are automatically generated from this document. They include only the KIF axioms (http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/daml-semantics/kif-axioms-august2001.txt) and the KIF theorems (http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/daml-semantics/kif-theorems-august2001.txt) in this document .
We define the following KIF relations for use in representing RDF, RDF-S, and DAML+OIL descriptions in KIF.
"PropertyValue" is a ternary relation such that each RDF statement with any predicate P, any subject S, and any object O is translated into the KIF relational sentence "(PropertyValue P S O)".
"Type" is a binary relation that provides a shorthand notation for RDF statements whose predicate is the property "type".
%% Relation "Type" holds for objects S and O if and only if relation "PropertyValue" holds for objects "type", S, and O.
(<=> (Type ?s ?o) (PropertyValue type[3] ?s ?o))[4] [Type axiom 1]
The relation "FunctionalProperty" is used in the axiomatization of properties in RDF and RDF-S.
%% An object FP is "FunctionalProperty" if and only if FP is type "Property" and if objects V1 and V2 are both values of FP for some object, then V1 is equal to V2. (I.e., functional properties are those properties that are functional in their values.)
(<=> (FunctionalProperty ?fp)
(and (Type ?fp Property)
(forall (?s ?v1 ?v2)
(=> (and (PropertyValue ?fp ?s ?v1)
(PropertyValue ?fp ?s ?v2))
(= ?v1 ?v2))))) [FunctionalProperty axiom 1]
The relation DisjointAll is used in the axiomatization of the DAML+OIL property "disjointWith".
%% An object L is "DisjointAll" if and only if L is type "List" and when L has a value F for property "first" and a value R for property "rest" then F is disjoint from every C that is a value of "item" for R and R is "DisjointAll". (I.e., a list L is "DisjointAll" if and only each pair of its items is disjoint.)
(<=> (DisjointAll ?l)
(and (Type ?l List)
(or (= ?l nil)
(forall (?f ?r)
(=> (and (PropertyValue first ?l ?f)
(PropertyValue rest ?l ?r))
(and (forall (?c)
(=> (PropertyValue item ?r ?c)
(PropertyValue
disjointWith ?f ?c)))
(DisjointAll
?r))))))) [DisjointAll axiom 1]
The relation NoRepeatsList is used in the axiomatization of DAML+OIL properties "cardinality", "minCardinality", and "maxCardinality".
%% A "NoRepeatsList" is a list for which no item occurs more than once.
(<=> (NoRepeatsList ?l)
(or (= ?l nil)
(exists (?x) (= ?l (listof ?x)))
(and (not (item (rest ?l) (first ?l)))
(NoRepeatsList (rest ?l)))))[5] [NoRepeatsList axiom 1]
As stated in the introduction, each RDF statement with predicate P, subject S, and object O is translated into a KIF sentence of the form "(PropertyValue P S O)".
The default namespace for the classes and properties defined in this section is http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#.
This section axiomatizes the classes that are included in RDF.
All things being described by RDF expressions are called resources.
%% "Resource" is type "rdfs:Class".
(Type Resource rdfs:Class) [Resource axiom 1]
%% The first argument of relation "PropertyValue" is type "Property".
(=> (PropertyValue ?p ?s ?o) (Type ?p Property))[6] [Property axiom 1]
This class is prefixed with "rdfs" to indicate that it is from the namespace http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# and to distinguish it from "Class" as defined in DAML+OIL.
%% No object can be both type "Property" and type "rdfs:Class" (i.e., properties and RDF-S classes are disjoint).
(not (and (Type ?x Property) (Type ?x rdfs:Class))) [rdfs:Class axiom 1]
%% "Literal" is type "rdfs:Class".
(Type Literal rdfs:Class) [Literal axiom 1]
%% If an object ST is type "Statement", then there exists a value of "predicate" for ST, a value of "subject" for ST, and a value of "object" for ST. (I.e., every statement has a predicate, subject, and object.)
(=> (Type ?st Statement)
(exists (?p ?r ?o)
(and (PropertyValue predicate ?st ?p)
(PropertyValue subject ?st ?r)
(PropertyValue object ?st ?o)))) [Statement axiom 1]
%% If an object C is type "Container", then C is a KIF list. (I.e., a container is considered to be a list as defined in KIF.)
(=> (Type ?c Container) (List ?c)) [Container axiom 1]
%% An object C is type "Container" if and only if C is type "Bag" or type "Seq" or type "Alt". (I.e., a container is a bag, a sequence, or an alternative.)
(<=> (Type ?c Container)
(or (Type ?c Bag) (Type ?c Seq) (Type ?c Alt))) [Container axiom 2]
%% If an object C is type "ContainerMembershipProperty", then C is also type "Property". (I.e., a container membership property is a property.)
(=> (Type ?c ContainerMembershipProperty)
(Type ?c Property)) [ContainerMembershipProperty axiom 1]
This section axiomatizes the properties that are included in RDF.
"type" is used to indicate that a resource is a member of a class.
%% "type" is type "Property". (I.e., "type" is a property.)
(Type type Property) [type axiom 1]
%% The first argument of "Type" is a resource and the second argument of "Type" is a class.
(=> (Type ?r ?c)
(and (Type ?r Resource) (Type ?c rdfs:Class)))[7] [type axiom 2]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(=> (Type ?p Property) (Type ?p Resource))[8] [type theorem 1]
(=> (Type ?c rdfs:Class) (Type ?c Resource)) [type theorem 2]
(=> (Type ?s Statement) (Type ?s Resource)) [type theorem 3]
(=> (Type ?c Container) (Type ?c Resource)) [type theorem 4]
(Type Property rdfs:Class) [type theorem 5]
%% "subject" is "FunctionalProperty", and if an object SB is the value of "subject" for an object ST, then ST is type "Statement" and SB is type "Resource". (I.e., every statement has exactly one subject, and that subject is a resource.)
(FunctionalProperty subject) [subject axiom 1]
(=> (PropertyValue subject ?st ?sb)
(and (Type ?st Statement) (Type ?sb Resource))) [subject axiom 2]
%% "predicate" is "FunctionalProperty", and if an object P is the value of "predicate" for an object ST, then P is type "Property" and ST is type "Statement". (I.e., every statement has exactly one predicate, and that predicate is a property.)
(FunctionalProperty predicate) [predicate axiom 1]
(=> (PropertyValue predicate ?st ?p)
(and (Type ?st Statement) (Type ?p Property))) [predicate axiom 2]
%% "object" is "FunctionalProperty", and if an object O is the value of "object" for an object ST, then O is type "Resource" and ST is type "Statement". (I.e., every statement has exactly one object, and that object is a resource.)
(FunctionalProperty object) [object axiom 1]
(=> (PropertyValue object ?st ?o)
(and (Type ?st Statement) (Type ?o Resource))) [object axiom 2]
%% "value" is type "Property", and if an object V is a value of "value" for an object SV, then SV and V are each type "Resource".
(Type value Property) [value axiom 1]
(=> (PropertyValue value ?sv ?v)
(and (Type ?sv Resource) (Type ?v Resource))) [value axiom 2]
%% For each positive integer N, "_N" is "FunctionalProperty", and if an object O is the value of "_N" for an object C, then C is type "Container". (The _N of a container is intended to be the Nth element of that container.)
(FunctionalProperty _1) [_N axiom 1]
(=> (PropertyValue _1 ?c ?o) (Type ?c Container)) [_N axiom 2]
and similarly for _2, _3, etc.
RDF-S is a collection of classes and properties that is added to RDF. Statements in RDF-S are RDF statements.
The default namespace for the classes and properties defined in this section is http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#.
This section axiomatizes the classes that are added to RDF in RDF-S.
%% "Resource" is a value of "subClassOf" for "ConstraintResource". (I.e., a constraint resource is a resource.)
(PropertyValue
subClassOf ConstraintResource Resource) [ConstraintResource axiom 1]
%% An object CP is type "ConstraintProperty" if and only if it is type "ConstraintResource" and type "Property". (I.e., constraint properties are exactly those constraint resources that are also properties.)
(<=> (Type ?cp ConstraintProperty)
(and (Type ?cp ConstraintResource)
(Type ?cp Property))) [ConstraintProperty axiom 1]
%% An object of type "NonNegativeInteger" is an integer.
(=> (Type ?n NonNegativeInteger)
(Integer ?n)) [NonNegativeInteger axiom 1]
This section axiomatizes the properties that are added to RDF in RDF-S.
%% "subClassOf" is type "Property".
(Type subClassOf Property) [subClassOf axiom 1]
%% An object CSUPER is a value of "subClassOf" for an object CSUB if and only if CSUPER is type "rdfs:Class", CSUB is type "rdfs:Class", CSUB is not CSUPER, and if an object X is type CSUB then it is also type CSUPER. (I.e., the arguments of subClassOf are classes, and objects in a subclass are also in the superclass.)
(<=> (PropertyValue subClassOf ?csub ?csuper)
(and (Type ?csub rdfs:Class)
(Type ?csuper rdfs:Class)
(forall (?x) (=> (Type ?x ?csub)
(Type ?x ?csuper))))) [subClassOf axiom 2]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(PropertyValue subClassOf Property Resource) [subClassOf theorem 1]
(PropertyValue subClassOf rdfs:Class Resource) [subClassOf theorem 2]
(PropertyValue subClassOf Statement Resource) [subClassOf theorem 3]
(PropertyValue subClassOf Bag Container) [subClassOf theorem 4]
(PropertyValue subClassOf Seq Container) [subClassOf theorem 5]
(PropertyValue subClassOf Alt Container) [subClassOf theorem 6]
(PropertyValue subClassOf
ContainerMembershipProperty
Property) [subClassOf theorem 7]
(=> (and (PropertyValue subClassOf ?csub ?csuper)
(Type ?x ?csub))
(Type ?x ?csuper)) [subClassOf theorem 8]
%% An object SUPERP is a value of "subPropertyOf" of an object SUBP if and only if SUBP is type "Property", SUPERP is type "Property", and if an object V is a value of SUBP for an object O then V is also a value of SUPERP for O. (I.e., if a subProperty has a value V for an object O, then the superproperty also has value V for O.)
(<=> (PropertyValue subPropertyOf ?subP ?superP)
(and (Type ?subP Property)
(Type ?superP Property)
(forall (?o ?v)
(=> (PropertyValue ?subP ?o ?v)
(PropertyValue
?superP ?o ?v))))) [subPropertyOf axiom 1]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(=> (and (PropertyValue subPropertyOf ?subP ?superP)
(PropertyValue ?subP ?o ?v))
(PropertyValue ?superP ?o ?v)) [subPropertyOf theorem 1]
%% "Resource" is a value of both "domain" and "range" for "seeAlso. (I.e., "seeAlso" is a property whose arguments are resources.)
(PropertyValue domain seeAlso Resource) [seeAlso axiom 1]
(PropertyValue range seeAlso Resource) [seeAlso axiom 2]
%% "seeAlso" is a value of "subPropertyOf" for "isDefinedBy". (I.e., "isDefinedBy" is a subproperty of "seeAlso".)
(PropertyValue subPropertyOf isDefinedBy seeAlso) [isDefinedBy axiom 1]
%% "Literal" is the value of "range" for "comment". (I.e., "comment" is a property whose value is a literal.)
(PropertyValue range comment Literal) [comment axiom 1]
%% "Literal" is the value of "range" for "label". (I.e., "label" is a property whose value is a literal.)
(PropertyValue range label Literal) [label axiom 1]
%% "Property" is a value of "subClassOf" for "ConstraintProperty". (I.e., a constraint property is a property.)
(PropertyValue
subClassOf ConstraintProperty Property) [ConstraintProperty axiom 1]
%% "range" is type "ConstraintProperty" and "FunctionalProperty".
(Type range ConstraintProperty) [range axiom 1]
(FunctionalProperty range) [range axiom 2]
%% An object R is the value of "range" for an object P if and only if P is type "Property", R is type "rdfs:Class", and if an object Y is a value of P then Y is type R. (I.e., R is the range of P when P is a property, R is a class, and every value of P is an R.)
(<=> (PropertyValue range ?p ?r)
(and (Type ?p Property)
(Type ?r rdfs:Class)
(forall (?x ?y) (=> (PropertyValue ?p ?x ?y)
(Type ?y ?r))))) [range axiom 3]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(PropertyValue range subClassOf rdfs:Class) [range theorem 1]
(PropertyValue range range rdfs:Class) [range theorem 2]
(PropertyValue range type rdfs:Class) [range theorem 3]
(PropertyValue range subject Resource) [range theorem 4]
(PropertyValue range predicate Property) [range theorem 5]
(PropertyValue range object Resource) [range theorem 6]
(PropertyValue range subPropertyOf Property) [range theorem 7]
(=> (and (PropertyValue range ?p ?r)
(PropertyValue ?p ?x ?y))
(Type ?y ?r)) [range theorem 8]
%% "domain" is type "ConstraintProperty".
(Type domain ConstraintProperty) [domain axiom 1]
%% If an object D is a value of "domain" for an object P, then P is type "Property", D is type "rdfs:Class", and if P has a value for an object X then X is type D. (I.e., if D is a domain of P, then P is a property, D is a class, and every object that has a value of P is a D.)
(<=> (PropertyValue domain ?p ?d)
(and (Type ?p Property)
(Type ?d rdfs:Class)
(forall (?x ?y) (=> (PropertyValue ?p ?x ?y)
(Type ?x ?d))))) [domain axiom 2]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(PropertyValue domain domain Property) [domain theorem 1]
(PropertyValue range domain rdfs:Class) [domain theorem 2]
(PropertyValue domain type Resource) [domain theorem 3]
(PropertyValue domain subject Statement) [domain theorem 4]
(PropertyValue domain predicate Statement) [domain theorem 5]
(PropertyValue domain object Statement) [domain theorem 6]
(PropertyValue domain subClassOf rdfs:Class) [domain theorem 7]
(PropertyValue domain range Property) [domain theorem 8]
(PropertyValue domain subPropertyOf Property) [domain theorem 9]
(=> (and (PropertyValue domain ?p ?d)
(PropertyValue ?p ?x ?y))
(Type ?x ?d)) [domain theorem 10]
(PropertyValue domain value Resource) [domain theorem 11]
%% For each positive integer i:
(PropertyValue domain _i Container) [domain theorem 11+i]
DAML+OIL is a collection of classes, properties, and objects that is added to RDF and RDF-S. Statements in DAML+OIL are RDF statements.
The default namespace for the classes and properties defined in this section is http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/daml+oil/datatypes/daml+oil+dt#.
This section axiomatizes the classes that are added to RDF and RDF-S.
%% "Class" is a subclass of "rdfs:Class".
(PropertyValue subClassOf Class rdfs:Class) [class axiom 1]
%% "Datatype" is a subclass of "rdfs:Class".
(PropertyValue subClassOf Datatype rdfs:Class) [Datatype axiom 1]
%% "Thing" is type "Class".
(Type Thing Class) [Thing axiom 1]
%% All objects X are type "Thing". (I.e., "Thing" is the class of all objects.)
(Type ?x Thing) [Thing axiom 2]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(=> (Type Class ?c)
(PropertyValue subClassOf ?c Thing)) [Thing theorem 1]
%% "Nothing" is the value of "complementOf" for "Thing". (I.e., "Nothing" is the complement of "Thing".)
(PropertyValue complementOf Thing Nothing) [Nothing axiom 1]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(=> (Type ?x Nothing) FALSE) [Nothing theorem 1]
%% "Restriction" is a subclass of "Class".
(PropertyValue subClassOf Restriction Class) [Restriction axiom 1]
%% "Restriction" is a subclass of "Class".
(PropertyValue
subClassOf AbstractProperty Property) [AbstractProperty axiom 1]
%% "Restriction" is a subclass of "Class".
(PropertyValue
subClassOf DatatypeProperty Class) [DatatypeProperty axiom 1]
%% An object P is type "TransitiveProperty" if and only if P is type "AbstractProperty" and if an object Y is a value of P for an object X and an object Z is a value of P for Y then Z is a value of P for X.
(<=> (Type ?p TransitiveProperty)
(and (Type ?p AbstractProperty)
(forall (?x ?y ?z)
(=> (and (PropertyValue ?p ?x ?y)
(PropertyValue ?p ?y ?z))
(PropertyValue
?p ?x ?z))))) [TransitiveProperty axiom 1]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(PropertyValue subClassOf
TransitiveProperty
AbstractProperty) [TransitiveProperty theorem 1]
(Type subClassOf TransitiveProperty) [TransitiveProperty theorem 2]
(Type subPropertyOf TransitiveProperty) [TransitiveProperty theorem 3]
(=> (and (Type ?p TransitiveProperty)
(PropertyValue ?p ?x ?y)
(PropertyValue ?p ?y ?z))
(PropertyValue ?p ?x ?z)) [TransitiveProperty theorem 4]
%% An object P is type "UniqueProperty" if and only if P is type "Property" and if an object Y is a value of P for an object X and an object Z is a value of P for X then Y is equal to Z (i.e., then Y and Z are the same object).
(<=> (Type ?p UniqueProperty)
(and (Type ?p Property)
(forall (?x ?y ?z) (=> (and (PropertyValue ?p ?x ?y)
(PropertyValue ?p ?x ?z))
(= ?y ?z))))) [UniqueProperty axiom 1]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(PropertyValue
subClassOf UniqueProperty Property) [UniqueProperty theorem 1]
(Type predicate UniqueProperty) [UniqueProperty theorem 1]
(Type subject UniqueProperty) [UniqueProperty theorem 2]
(Type object UniqueProperty) [UniqueProperty theorem 3]
(Type range UniqueProperty) [UniqueProperty theorem 4]
%% For each positive integer i:
(Type _i UniqueProperty) [UniqueProperty theorem 6]
%% An object P is type "UnambiguousProperty" if and only if P is type "AbstractProperty" and if an object V is a value of P for an object X and V is a value of P for an object Y then X is equal to Y (i.e., then X and Y are the same object).
(<=> (Type ?p UnambiguousProperty)
(and (Type ?p AbstractProperty)
(forall (?x ?y ?v)
(=> (and (PropertyValue ?p ?x ?v)
(PropertyValue ?p ?y ?v))
(= ?x ?y))))) [UnambiguousProperty axiom 1]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(PropertyValue subClassOf
UnambiguousProperty
AbstractProperty) [UnambiguousProperty theorem 1]
%% "Seq" is a value of "subClassOf" for "List". (I.e., lists are sequences.)
(PropertyValue subClassOf List Seq) [List axiom 1]
%% An ontology is type "Class".
(Type Ontology Class) [Ontology axiom 1]
This section axiomatizes the properties that are added to RDF and RDF-S.
%% An object Y is a value of "equivalentTo" for an object X if and only if X is equal to Y. (I.e., saying that objects X and Y are "equivalentTo" is logically equivalent to saying that X and Y denote the same object.)
(<=> (PropertyValue equivalentTo ?x ?y)
(= ?x ?y)) [equivalentTo axiom 1]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(PropertyValue
inverseOf equivalentTo equivalentTo) [equivalentTo theorem 1]
(Type TransitiveProperty equivalentTo) [equivalentTo theorem 2]
(=> (Type ?x Thing)
(PropertyValue equivalentTo ?x ?x)) [equivalentTo theorem 3]
(=> (and (PropertyValue equivalentTo ?x ?y) (Type ?x ?c))
(Type ?y ?c)) [equivalentTo theorem 4]
(=> (and (Type ?p UniqueProperty)
(PropertyValue ?p ?x ?y)
(PropertyValue ?p ?x ?z))
(PropertyValue equivalentTo ?y ?z)) [equivalentTo theorem 5]
(=> (and (Type ?p UnambiguousProperty)
(PropertyValue ?p ?x ?v)
(PropertyValue ?p ?y ?v))
(PropertyValue equivalentTo ?x ?y)) [equivalentTo theorem 6]
%% "equivalentTo" is a value of "subPropertyOf" for "sameClassAs". (I.e., "sameClassAs" is "equivalentTo" for classes.)
(PropertyValue
subPropertyOf sameClassAs equivalentTo) [sameClassAs axiom 1]
%% C2 is a value of "sameClassAs" for C1 if and only if C2 is a value of "subClassOf" for C1 and C1 is a value of "subClassOf" for C2.
(<=> (PropertyValue sameClassAs ?c1 ?c2)
(and (subClassOf ?c1 ?c2)
(subClassOf ?c2 ?c1))) [sameClassAs axiom 2]
%% If C1 is type "Class" and C2 is a value of "equivalentTo" for C1, then C2 is a value of "sameClassAs" for C1 (i.e., if C1 is a class and C1 is equivalent to C2, then C1 is sameClassAs C2).
(=> (and (Type ?c1 Class)
(PropertyValue equivalentTo ?c1 ?c2))
(PropertyValue sameClassAs ?c1 ?c2)) [sameClassAs axiom 3]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(PropertyValue
subPropertyOf sameClassAs subClassOf) [sameClassAs theorem 1]
(=> (and (PropertyValue subClassOf ?c1 ?c2)
(PropertyValue subClassOf ?c2 ?c1))
(PropertyValue sameClassAs ?c1 ?c2)) [sameClassAs theorem 2]
(=> (and (PropertyValue equivalentTo ?c1 ?c2)
(Type ?c1 Class))
(PropertyValue sameClassAs ?c1 ?c2)) [sameClassAs theorem 3]
%% "equivalentTo" is a value of "subPropertyOf" for "samePropertyAs". (I.e., "samePropertyAs" is "equivalentTo" for properties.)
(PropertyValue
subPropertyOf samePropertyAs equivalentTo) [samePropertyAs axiom 1]
%% P2 is a value of "samePropertyAs" for P1 if and only if P2 is a value of "subPropertyOf" for P1 and P1 is a value of "subPropertyOf" for P2.
(<=> (PropertyValue samePropertyAs ?P1 ?P2)
(and (subPropertyOf ?P1 ?P2)
(subPropertyOf ?P2 ?P1))) [samePropertyAs axiom 2]
%% If P1 is type "Property" and P2 is a value of "equivalentTo" for P1, then P2 is a value of "samePropertyAs" for P1 (i.e., if P1 is a property and P1 is equivalent to P2, then P1 is samePropertyAs P2).
(=> (and (Type ?P1 Property)
(PropertyValue equivalentTo ?P1 ?P2))
(PropertyValue samePropertyAs ?P1 ?P2)) [samePropertyAs axiom 3]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the axioms regarding "samePropertyAs" and "subPropertyOf":
(PropertyValue subPropertyOf
samePropertyAs
subPropertyOf) [samePropertyAs theorem 1]
(PropertyValue
inverseOf samePropertyAs samePropertyAs) [samePropertyAs theorem 2]
(=> (and (PropertyValue subPropertyOf ?p1 ?p2)
(PropertyValue subPropertyOf ?p2 ?p1))
(PropertyValue samePropertyAs ?p1 ?p2)) [samePropertyAs theorem 3]
(=> (and (PropertyValue equivalentTo ?p1 ?p2)
(Type ?p1 Property))
(PropertyValue samePropertyAs ?p1 ?p2)) [samePropertyAs theorem 4]
%% "disjointWith" is type "Property".
(Type disjointWith Property) [disjointWith axiom 1]
%% An object C2 is a value of "disjointWith" for an object C1 if and only if C1 is type "Class", C2 is type "Class", and no object X is both type C1 and type C2.
(<=> (PropertyValue disjointWith ?c1 ?c2)
(and (Type ?c1 Class)
(Type ?c2 Class)
(not (exists (?x)
(and (Type ?x ?c1)
(Type ?x ?c2)))))) [disjointWith axiom 2]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(PropertyValue domain disjointWith Class) [disjointWith theorem 1]
(PropertyValue
inverseOf disjointWith disjointWith) [disjointWith theorem 2]
(PropertyValue disjointWith Property rdfs:Class) [disjointWith theorem 3]
(=> (and (PropertyValue disjointWith ?c1 ?c2)
(Type ?x ?c1)
(Type ?x ?c2))
FALSE) [disjointWith theorem 4]
(=> (and (PropertyValue disjointWith ?c1 ?c2)
(PropertyValue subClassOf ?c ?c1))
(PropertyValue disjointWith ?c ?c2)) [disjointWith theorem 5]
(=> (and (PropertyValue disjointWith ?c1 ?c2)
(PropertyValue subClassOf ?c ?c1)
(PropertyValue subClassOf ?c ?c2))
(PropertyValue sameClassAs ?c Nothing)) [disjointWith theorem 6]
%% If an object L is a value of "unionOf" for an object C1, then C1 is type "Class", L is type "List", every item in list L is type "Class", and the objects of type C1 are exactly the objects that are of type one or more of the classes in the list L.
(=> (PropertyValue unionOf ?c1 ?l)
(and (Type ?c1 Class)
(Type ?l List)
(forall (?x) (=> (PropertyValue item ?x ?l) (Type ?x Class)))
(forall (?x)
(<=> (Type ?x ?c1)
(exists (?c2)
(and (PropertyValue item ?c2 ?l)
(Type ?x ?c2))))))) [unionOf axiom 1]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(PropertyValue domain unionOf Class) [unionOf theorem 1]
(PropertyValue range unionOf List) [unionOf theorem 2]
(=> (and (PropertyValue unionOf ?c1 ?l)
(PropertyValue unionOf ?c2 ?l))
(PropertyValue sameClassAs ?c1 ?c2)) [unionOf theorem 3]
%% An object L is a value of "disjointUnionOf" for an object C if and only if L is a value of "unionOf" for C and L is "DisjointAll". (I.e., an object C is a disjoint union of an object L if and only if L is a list of pairwise disjoint classes and C is the union of the list L of classes.)
(<=> (PropertyValue disjointUnionOf ?c ?l)
(and (PropertyValue unionOf ?c ?l)
(DisjointAll ?l))) [disjointUnionOf axiom 1]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(PropertyValue
subPropertyOf disjointUnionOf unionOf) [disjointUnionOf theorem 1]
%% An object L is a value of "intersectionOf" for an object C1 if and only if C1 is type "Class", L is type "List", all of the items in list L are type "Class", and the objects that are type C1 are exactly those objects that are type all of the classes in list L.
(<=> (PropertyValue intersectionOf ?c1 ?l)
(and (Type ?c1 Class)
(Type ?l List)
(forall (?c) (=> (PropertyValue item ?l ?c) (Type ?c Class)))
(forall (?x)
(<=> (Type ?x ?c1)
(forall
(?c2)
(=> (PropertyValue item ?l ?c2)
(Type
?x ?c2))))))) [intersectionOf axiom 1]
%% Note that the following can be inferred from the preceding axioms:
(PropertyValue domain intersectionOf Class) [intersectionOf theorem 1]
(PropertyValue range intersectionOf List) [intersectionOf theorem 2]
%% An object C2 is a value of "complementOf" for an object C1 if and only if C1