W3C Semantic Web Standards

... and standards to be.

Eric Prud'hommeaux, Sanitation Engineer.
Last modified: $Date: 2010/05/05 20:49:58 $

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, with attribution to W3C.

outline

semweb vision from 10k feet
semweb techs involved (layer cake)
standards work
5 mins on LeeF's tutorial
rows in the consumer reports triple store table

semweb vision from 10k feet

simple declarative sentences
open world model

Extensibility Example: Blood Pressure

@prefix edns: <http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/ExtendedDnS.owl#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix galen: <http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/galen#> .
@prefix snomed: <http://termhost.example/SNOMED/> .

<encounter7> edns:patient <patient3> ;
             edns:screeningBP <s20090714c> .
<patient3>   r:type galen:Patient ;
             foaf:family_name "Levin" ;
             foaf:firstName "Henry" .
<s20090714c> dc:date "2009-07-14T18:23"^^xsd:dateTime ;
             edns:systolic "132"^^edns:mmHg ;
             edns:diastolic "86"^^edns:mmHg .

Extensibility Example: Blood Pressure

@prefix edns: <http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/ExtendedDnS.owl#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix galen: <http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/galen#> .
@prefix snomed: <http://termhost.example/SNOMED/> .

<encounter7> edns:patient <patient3> ;
             edns:screeningBP <s20090714c> .
<patient3>   r:type galen:Patient ;
             foaf:family_name "Levin" ;
             foaf:firstName "Henry" .
<s20090714c> dc:date "2009-07-14T18:23"^^xsd:dateTime ;
             edns:systolic "132"^^edns:mmHg ;
             edns:diastolic "86"^^edns:mmHg ;
             edns:posture snomed:_163035008 . # SNOMED:sitting

semweb vision from 10k feet

simple declarative sentences
open world model (don't screw your users)
re-purposes on deployed architecture
technology and social pressure to re-use terms
allows latent integration
calls for new scale of standards

semweb techs involved (layer cake)

RDF - graph model
RDFS - subClassOf, domain
OWL - sameAs
RIF - if foo then bar
SKOS - friend broaderThan gooodFriend

semweb techs involved (layer cake)

RDF - graph model
RDFS - subClassOf, domain
OWL - sameAs
RIF - if foo then bar
SKOS - friend broaderThan gooodFriend

Modeling Languages

RDFS.
OWL.

Inferring types

type labels classify things in your data.
- :Fido a :dog .
subtype creates hierarchy of these types.
- :dog rdfs:subClassOf :mammal .
- ⇒ :Fido a :mammal .
subProperty does the same for predicates.
- :Bob my:friendsWith :Sue .
- my:freindsWith rdfs:subProperyOf foaf:knows .
- ⇒ :Bob foaf:knows :Sue .

Inferring types

domain/range identify the type of the subject/object of a predicate.
- _:B123 foaf:givenName "Bob" .
- foaf:givenName rdfs:domain foaf:Person .
- ⇒ _:B123 a foaf:Person .
does not "validate" …
- :Logan airport:code "KBOS" .
- :Logan foaf:givenName "Logan International Airport" .
… it "learns"
- ⇒ :Logan a foaf:Person .

OWL - inferring lots of stuff

transitiveProperty: if A p1 B and B p1 C, then A p1 C.
- :Bob :worksFor :Sue .
- :Sue :worksFor :Tom .
- ⇒ :Bob :worksFor :Tom .
Derivations of types.
Derivations of identity.

Introduction to OWL

(skip to new OWL)

Type inference.
- :Bob a :MGHcharlesStOncologist .
Identity inference.
- :Bob owl:sameAs :BobSmith .
Consitency rules.
- An :MGHcharlstStPatient
  - is an :MGHpatient.
  - has a :physician of type (:MGHcharlesStOncologist or :MGHcharlesStOptician or …).
  - has an MGH Charles Street consent form.

OWL consistency rules

An :MGHcharlstStPatient
- is an :MGHpatient.
- has one :physician of type (:MGHcharlesStOncologist or :MGHcharlesStOptician or …).
- has an MGH Charles Street consent form.
Limited "validation" capability.
- _:patientX :physician _:physY
  _:physY a :MGHcharlesStOncologist
- _:patientX :physician _:physZ
  _:physZ a :MGHcharlesStOpticiaMn
- ⇒ :MGHcharlesStOncologist is the same as :MGHcharlesStOptician
use disjointWith to assert that the class of :MGHcharlesStOncologists has different members than the the class :MGHcharlesStOpticians
(use differentFrom to assert that :MGHcharlesStOncologist7 is not the same as :MGHcharlesStOptician3)

OWL type inference

onProperty
- :fluffy :hasChild :scratcher .
- :scratcher a :kitten .
- ⇒ :fluffy a :cat .

OWL identity inference

inverseFunctionalPropery
- :Bob foaf:mbox <mailto:bobS@foo.example> .
- :BobSmith foaf:mbox <mailto:bobS@foo.example> .
- foaf:mbox a owl:inverseFunctionalProperty .
- ⇒ :Bob is the same as :BobSmith
cardinality constraints
- :patientEncounter5 :patient :Bob .
- :patientEncounter5 :patient :BobSmith .
- :patient owl:maxCardinality 1 .
- ⇒ :Bob is the same as :BobSmith

OWL expression

An :MGHcharlstStPatient is an :MGHpatient who has one :physician of type (:MGHcharlesStOncologist or :MGHcharlesStOptician or …)

Abstract syntax

Class(a:MGHcharlstStPatient partial a:MGHpatient)
Class(a:MGHcharlstStPatient complete 
    restriction(a:physician
        allValuesFrom(unionOf(a:MGHcharlesStOncologist a:MGHcharlesStOptician))))

RDF syntax:

_:MCSO rdfs:subClassOf :MGHpatient .
_:MCSO rdfs:subClassOf _:physType .
_:physType owl:onProperty :physician .
_:physType owl:allValuesFrom _:list1 .
_:list1 rdf:first :MGHcharlesStOncologist .
_:list1 rdf:rest _:list2 .
_:list2 rdf:first :MGHcharlesStOptician .
_:list2 rdf:rest rdf:nil .
_:MCSO owl:equivalentClass :MGHcharlstStPatient .

OWL restrictions

_:physType a owl:Restriction .
_:physType owl:onProperty :physician .
_:physType owl:allValuesFrom :HasScalpel .

OWL restrictions

_:physType a owl:Restriction .
_:physType owl:onProperty :physician .
_:physType owl:allValuesFrom _:anotherRestriction .

OWL restrictions

_:physType a owl:Restriction .
_:physType owl:onProperty :physician .
_:physType owl:allValuesFrom _:anotherRestriction .
_:anotherRestriction a owl:Restriction .
_:anotherRestriction owl:onProperty :has .
_:anotherRestriction owl:allValuesFrom _:KnownScalpels .

OWL 1.1 Language Profiles

	subset	expressivity
EL	popular restrictive subset	SNOMED-CT, NCI Thesaurus
QL	SQL	Entity-relationship, UML
RL	@@production@@ rules

POWDER

Classes of URIs identified by substring patterns.
OWL Semantics (compatibility with OWL Class definitions).
XML Syntax

<dr>
  <iriset>
    <includehosts>drugsЯus.com</includehosts>
    <includepathstartswith>/antidiabetic/metformin</includepathstartswith>
  </iriset>

  <descriptorset>
    <ex:code>6809</ex:code>
 </descriptorset>
</dr>

standards work

SPARQL 1.1
- update
- subselects
- aggregation
- property paths
- RDFS/OWL semantics
- service description
RDB2RDF
RDF next steps

Mashups become queries.

SERVICE <http://uu3.org:8888/7tm_receptors>
  {
    ?iuphar  iface:family      ?family .
    ?iuphar  iface:code	       ?code .
    ?iuphar  iface:iupharName  ?iupharNm .
    ?human   iface:iuphar      ?iuphar .
    ?human   iface:geneName    "GABBR1" .
    ?human   iface:entrezGene  ?humanEntrez .
  }
SERVICE <http://dbpedia.org/sparql?default-graph-uri=http%3A%2F%2Fdbpedia.org&should-sponge=&>

  {
     _:gene  dbp:entrezgene    ?humanEntrez ;
             rdfs:label        ?label ;
    FILTER (lang(?label) = "en")
  }
GRAPH <http://hcls.deri.org/atag/data/gabab_example.html>
  {
     ?topic  rdfs:label        ?label .
     ?post   sioc:topic        ?topic
  }

Blood Pressure Data

@prefix edns: <http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/ExtendedDnS.owl#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix galen: <http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/galen#> .
@prefix snomed: <http://termhost.example/SNOMED/> .

<encounter7> edns:patient <patient3> ;
             edns:screeningBP <s20090714c> .
<patient3>   r:type galen:Patient ;
             foaf:family_name "Levin" ;
             foaf:firstName "Henry" .
<s20090714c> dc:date "2009-07-14T18:23"^^xsd:dateTime ;
             edns:systolic "132"^^edns:mmHg ;
             edns:diastolic "86"^^edns:mmHg ;
             edns:posture snomed:_163035008 . # SNOMED:sitting

Emergency Room Blood Pressure Query

PREFIX edns: <http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/ExtendedDnS.owl#>
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
PREFIX galen: <http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/galen#>
PREFIX snomed: <http://termhost.example/SNOMED/>

SELECT ?date ?systolic ?diastolic WHERE {

?encounter edns:patient     ?patient ;
           edns:screeningBP ?screenBP .
?patient   foaf:family_name "Levin" ;
           foaf:firstName   "Henry" .
?screenBP  dc:date          ?date ;
           edns:systolic    ?systolic ;
           edns:diastolic   ?diastolic ;
} ORDER DESC BY ?date

Clinical Study Blood Pressure Query

PREFIX edns: <http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/ExtendedDnS.owl#>
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
PREFIX galen: <http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/galen#>
PREFIX snomed: <http://termhost.example/SNOMED/>

SELECT ?date ?systolic ?diastolic WHERE {

?encounter edns:patient     ?patient ;
           edns:screeningBP ?screenBP .
?patient   foaf:family_name "Levin" ;
           foaf:firstName   "Henry" .
?screenBP  dc:date          ?date ;
           edns:systolic    ?systolic ;
           edns:diastolic   ?diastolic ;
           edns:posture ?posture . 
FILTER (?posture = snomed:_163035008 || ?posture = snomed:_163035009)
} ORDER DESC BY ?date

Clinical Study Blood Pressure Query

PREFIX edns: <http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/ExtendedDnS.owl#>
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
PREFIX galen: <http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/galen#>
PREFIX snomed: <http://termhost.example/SNOMED/>

SELECT ?date ?systolic ?diastolic ?posture WHERE {

?encounter edns:patient     ?patient ;
           edns:screeningBP ?screenBP .
?patient   foaf:family_name "Levin" ;
           foaf:firstName   "Henry" .
?screenBP  dc:date          ?date ;
           edns:systolic    ?systolic ;
           edns:diastolic   ?diastolic .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?screenBP  edns:posture ?posture .
  }
} ORDER DESC BY ?date

LeeF's tutorial

LeeF's SPARQL tutorial on Semantic Universe

comprehensive tutorial
working examples
useful resources

Query #2: Multiple triple patterns: property retrieval

Find me all the people in Tim Berners-Lee's FOAF file that have names and email addresses. Return each person's URI, name, and email address.

PREFIX foaf:  <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
SELECT *
WHERE {
    ?person foaf:name ?name .
    ?person foaf:mbox ?email .
}

We can use multiple triple patterns to retrieve multiple properties about a particular resource
Shortcut: SELECT * selects all variables mentioned in the query
Dataset: http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card

Try it with HP's ARQ, OpenLink's Virtuoso, or Redland's Rasqal. (Expected results.)

SPARQL Graph Patterns

SELECT ?patient ?dob
WHERE {
              ?patient     sdtm:sex     ?sex;      sdtm:dob     ?dob;   …
              ?substAdmin  sdtm:subject ?patient;  sdtm:medName ?takes  …
 NOT EXISTS { ?contraAdmin sdtm:subject ?patient;  sdtm:medName ?contra … }
}

SPARQL Aggregates

SELECT ?patient ?dob SUM(?substAdmin) AS ?total
WHERE {
              ?patient     sdtm:sex     ?sex;      sdtm:dob     ?dob;   …
              ?substAdmin  sdtm:subject ?patient;  sdtm:medName "Illudium Phosdex"  …
} GROUP BY ?patient

SPARQL Subqueries

SELECT ?patient ?dob
WHERE {
              ?patient     sdtm:sex     ?sex;      sdtm:dob     ?dob;   …
              ?substAdmin  sdtm:subject ?patient;  sdtm:medName ?takes  …
  SELECT ?patient
  WHERE {
              ?contraAdmin sdtm:subject ?patient;  sdtm:medName ?contra …
  } ORDER BY ?contra LIMIT 1
}

SPARQL Project Expressions

SELECT ?patient ?dob ?contraURL
WHERE {
              ?patient     sdtm:sex     ?sex;      sdtm:dob     ?dob;   …
              ?substAdmin  sdtm:subject ?patient;  sdtm:medName ?takes  …
  SELECT ?patient fn:concat('http://dbpedia.org/', ?contra) AS ?contraURL
  WHERE {
              ?contraAdmin sdtm:subject ?patient;  sdtm:medName ?contra …
  } ORDER BY ?contra LIMIT 1
}

SPARQL Property Paths

SELECT ?patient ?dob
WHERE {
              ?patient     sdtm:sex     ?sex;      sdtm:dob     ?dob;   …
              ?substAdmin  sdtm:subject ?patient;  sdtm:ingredient* [ spl:classCode ?code ] .
}

SPARQL Query Federation

SELECT ?patient ?dob
WHERE {
              ?patient     sdtm:sex     ?sex;      sdtm:dob     ?dob;   .
              ?substAdmin  sdtm:subject ?patient;  sdtm:medName ?takes  .
    SERVICE <http://drugsЯus.com/> {
	      ?takes       stdm:ingredent [ spl:classCode 6809 ] .

    }
}

Other New SPARQL Features

MUST:

SPARQL Update
Service Description
Graph Management Protocol
Entailment

SPARQL Update

INSERT {
    GRAPH <http://drugsЯus.com/mmkay> {
              ?substAdmin  sdtm:medName "Illudium Phosdex" .
    }
} WHERE {
              ?patient     sdtm:sex     ?sex;      sdtm:dob     ?dob;   .
              ?substAdmin  sdtm:subject ?patient .
    SERVICE <http://drugsЯus.com/mmkay> {
	      ?takes       stdm:ingredent [ spl:classCode 6809 ] .
    }
}

Service Description

<http://drugsЯus.com/> a sd:Service ;
		       sd:language foo:Sparql10_plus_federation ;
		       sd:entailment foo:RDFS ;
		       sd:function fn:concat .

D2R Service Description

<> a d2r:Server;
    rdfs:label "D2R Server";
    d2r:baseURI <http://localhost:2020/>;
    d2r:port 2020;
    d2r:documentMetadata [
        rdfs:comment "This comment is custom document metadata.";
    ];
	d2r:vocabularyIncludeInstances true;    
    .

Graph Management Protocol


                      DROP SILENT GRAPH <request_uri>
PUT <request_uri>  =  CREATE SILENT GRAPH <request_uri>
  … RDF payload …     INSERT DATA { GRAPH <request_uri> { … RDF payload … } }

SPARQL Entailment Regimes

Two models:

Paul rdf:type Worker .        
Paul :hasFriend Andrea .      
Andrea rdf:type Employee .    
Andrea :hasFriend Caroline .  
Caroline rdf:type Manager .

Paul rdf:type Worker .	 
Paul :hasFriend Simon .	 
Simon rdf:type Employee .
Simon :hasFriend Andrea .
Andrea rdf:type Manager .

Query:

  Paul :hasFriend _:Y .
  _:Y rdf:type Employee .
  _:Y hasFriend _:Z .
  _:Z rdf:type Manager .

Inference

SemWeb designed for inference.
Use sparingly.
Standards encourage semantic interoperability.

Rules

IF (X subClassOf Y && Y subClassOf Z) THEN (X subClassOf Z).
IF (X subClassOf Y && Y subClassOf Z) THEN (AC32E5B7C9963E).
Pattern expressivity:
- logical connectives: AND, OR, NOT
- quantifiers: forall, forsome
- restrictions: (FILTERs)
- term construction

Rules Interchange Format (RIF)

IF (X subClassOf Y && Y subClassOf Z) THEN (X subClassOf Z).
IF (X subClassOf Y && Y subClassOf Z) THEN (AC32E5B7C9963E).
XML format.

RIF: XML Syntax for Rules

<!DOCTYPE Document [
  <!ENTITY ppl  "http://example.com/people#">
  <!ENTITY cpt  "http://example.com/concepts#">
  <!ENTITY dc   "http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
  <!ENTITY rif  "http://www.w3.org/2007/rif#">
  <!ENTITY func "http://www.w3.org/2007/rif-builtin-function#">
  <!ENTITY pred "http://www.w3.org/2007/rif-builtin-predicate#">
  <!ENTITY xs   "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">
]>

<Document 
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2007/rif#"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">
  <payload>
   <Group>
    <id>
      <Const type="&rif;iri">http://sample.org</Const>
    </id>
    <meta>
      <Frame>
        <object>
          <Const type="&rif;local">pd</Const>
        </object>
        <slot ordered="yes">
          <Const type="&rif;iri">&dc;publisher</Const>
          <Const type="&rif;iri">http://www.w3.org/</Const>
        </slot>
        <slot ordered="yes">
          <Const type="&rif;iri">&dc;date</Const>
          <Const type="&xs;date">2008-04-04</Const>
        </slot>
      </Frame>
    </meta>
    <sentence>
     <Forall>
       <declare><Var>item</Var></declare>
       <declare><Var>deliverydate</Var></declare>
       <declare><Var>scheduledate</Var></declare>
       <declare><Var>diffduration</Var></declare>
       <declare><Var>diffdays</Var></declare>
       <formula>
         <Implies>
           <if>
             <And>
               <formula>
                 <Atom>
                   <op><Const type="&rif;iri">&cpt;perishable</Const></op>
                   <args ordered="yes"><Var>item</Var></args>
                 </Atom>
               </formula>
               <formula>
                 <Atom>
                   <op><Const type="&rif;iri">&cpt;delivered</Const></op>
                   <args ordered="yes">
                     <Var>item</Var>
                     <Var>deliverydate</Var>
                     <Const type="&rif;iri">&ppl;John</Const>
                   </args>
                 </Atom>
               </formula>
               <formula>
                 <Atom>
                   <op><Const type="&rif;iri">&cpt;scheduled</Const></op>
                   <args ordered="yes">
                     <Var>item</Var>
                     <Var>scheduledate</Var>
                   </args>
                 </Atom>
               </formula>
               <formula>
                 <Equal>
                   <left><Var>diffduration</Var></left>
                   <right>
                     <External>
                       <content>
                         <Expr>
                           <op><Const type="&rif;iri">&func;subtract-dateTimes</Const></op>
                           <args ordered="yes">
                             <Var>deliverydate</Var>
                             <Var>scheduledate</Var>
                           </args>
                         </Expr>
                       </content>
                     </External>
                   </right>
                 </Equal>
               </formula>
               <formula>
                 <Equal>
                   <left><Var>diffdays</Var></left>
                   <right>
                     <External>
                       <content>
                         <Expr>
                           <op><Const type="&rif;iri">&func;days-from-duration</Const></op>
                           <args ordered="yes">
                             <Var>diffduration</Var>
                           </args>
                         </Expr>
                       </content>
                     </External>
                   </right>
                 </Equal>
               </formula>
               <formula>
                 <External>
                   <content>
                     <Atom>
                       <op><Const type="&rif;iri">&pred;numeric-greater-than</Const></op>
                       <args ordered="yes">
                         <Var>diffdays</Var>
                         <Const type="&xs;integer">10</Const>
                       </args>
                     </Atom>
                   </content>
                 </External>
               </formula>
             </And>
           </if>
           <then>
             <Atom>
               <op><Const type="&rif;iri">&cpt;reject</Const></op>
               <args ordered="yes">
                 <Const type="&rif;iri">&ppl;John</Const>
                 <Var>item</Var>
               </args>
             </Atom>
           </then>
         </Implies>
       </formula>
     </Forall>
    </sentence>
    <sentence>
     <Forall>
       <declare><Var>item</Var></declare>
       <formula>
         <Implies>
           <if>
             <Atom>
               <op><Const type="&rif;iri">&cpt;unsolicited</Const></op>
               <args ordered="yes"><Var>item</Var></args>
             </Atom>
           </if>
           <then>
             <Atom>
               <op><Const type="&rif;iri">&cpt;reject</Const></op>
               <args ordered="yes">
                 <Const type="&rif;iri">&ppl;Fred</Const>
                 <Var>item</Var>
               </args>
             </Atom>
           </then>
         </Implies>
       </formula>
     </Forall>
    </sentence>
   </Group>
  </payload>
 </Document>

BLD Presentation Syntax

Document(
  Prefix(ppl  <http://example.com/people#>)
  Prefix(cpt  <http://example.com/concepts#>)
  Prefix(dc   <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>)
  Prefix(rif  <http://www.w3.org/2007/rif#>)
  Prefix(func <http://www.w3.org/2007/rif-builtin-function#>)
  Prefix(pred <http://www.w3.org/2007/rif-builtin-predicate#>)
  Prefix(xs   <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>)
  
  (* "http://sample.org"^^rif:iri _:pd[dc:publisher -> "http://www.w3.org/"^^rif:iri
                                      dc:date -> "2008-04-04"^^xs:date] *)
  Group
  (
    Forall ?item ?deliverydate ?scheduledate ?diffduration ?diffdays (
        cpt:reject(ppl:John ?item) :-
            And(cpt:perishable(?item)
                cpt:delivered(?item ?deliverydate ppl:John)
                cpt:scheduled(?item ?scheduledate)
                ?diffduration = External(func:subtract-dateTimes(?deliverydate ?scheduledate))
                ?diffdays = External(func:days-from-duration(?diffduration))
                External(pred:numeric-greater-than(?diffdays 10)))
    )
 
    Forall ?item (
        cpt:reject(ppl:Fred ?item) :- cpt:unsolicited(?item)
    )
  )
)

RDF Channeling Existing Data

XML
Relational Databases
Spreadsheets
NLP

XML data

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<ClinicalDocument transformation="hl7-rim-to-pomr.xslt">
  <recordTarget>
    <patientRole>
      <patientPatient>
	<name>
	  <given>Henry</given>
	  <family>Levin</family>
	</name>
	<administrativeGenderCode code="M"/>
	<birthTime value="19320924"/>
      </patientPatient>
    </patientRole>
  </recordTarget>
  <component>
    <StructuredBody>
      <Observation>
	<code displayName="Cuff blood pressure"/>
	<effectiveTime value="200004071430"/>
	<targetSiteCode displayName="Left arm"/>
	<entryRelationship typeCode="COMP">
	  <Observation>
	    <effectiveTime value="200004071530"/>
	    <value value="132" unit="mm[Hg]"/>
	  </Observation>
	</entryRelationship>
      </Observation>
      <Observation>
	<code displayName="Cuff blood pressure"/>
	<effectiveTime value="200004071530"/>
	<targetSiteCode displayName="Left arm"/>
	<entryRelationship typeCode="COMP">
	  <Observation>
	    <code displayName="Systolic BP"/>
	    <effectiveTime value="200004071530"/>
	    <value value="135" unit="mm[Hg]"/>
	  </Observation>
	</entryRelationship>
	<entryRelationship typeCode="COMP">
	  <Observation>
	    <code displayName="Diastolic BP"/>
	    <effectiveTime value="200004071530"/>
	    <value value="88" unit="mm[Hg]"/>
	  </Observation>
	</entryRelationship>
      </Observation>
    </StructuredBody>
  </component>
</ClinicalDocument>

Patient history
- Name
- Age
- Illnesses
Encounter details
- Reason for visit
- Vitals (e.g. BP)
- Tests
- Prescriptions
Facility details…

Mapped to RDF

Relational data …

… as a graph.

Using Existing Data(bases)

Global names.
http://someheathprovider.example/patientVisits/C1#info
Simple, declarative sentences.
Global links.
Typed values.

Using Existing Data(bases)

Global names.
http://someheathprovider.example/patientVisits/C1#info
Simple, declarative sentences.
Global links.
Typed values.

Using Existing Data(bases)

Global names.
Simple, declarative sentences.
provider:C1 role:patient provider:P1 .
Global links.
Typed values.

Using Existing Data(bases)

Global names.
Simple, declarative sentences.
provider:C1 role:patient provider:P1 .
Global links.
Typed values.

Using Existing Data(bases)

Global names.
Simple, declarative sentences.
Global links.
http://someheathprovider.example/roles#patient
Typed values.

Using Existing Data(bases)

Global names.
Simple, declarative sentences.
Global links.
Typed values.
e.g. ISO 8601 datetimes
provider:P1 role:birthdate "1946-11-03"^^xsd:date .

Relational Mappings

D2R
Relational Views
RDF Views

D2R

<d2r:ClassMap
   d2r:type="eb:Customer"
   d2r:sql="SELECT Tab_K_Kunde.KundenNr, Tab_K_Kunde.FullName,
        Tab_K_Kunde.Anrede, Tab_K_Kunde_Kreditkarte.CCNo
        FROM Tab_K_Kunde_Kreditkarte INNER JOIN Tab_K_Kunde ON
        Tab_K_Kunde_Kreditkarte.KundenNr = Tab_K_Kunde.KundenNr;"
   d2r:groupBy="Tab_K_Kunde.KundenNr"
   d2r:uriPattern=
       “http://example.org/customers#@@Tab_K_Kunde.KundenNr@@“>

Re-uses OWL constructs:

<d2r:ObjectPropertyBridge d2r:property="rdf:type"
   d2r:pattern="iswc:@@Persons.Position@@"/>

Configuration consumable as RDF (SPARQL-able).

Relational Views (DDL)

create iri class prd:product_iri using
  function OPLWEB.DBA.PRODUCT_URI (in id varchar)
    returns varchar,
  function OPLWEB.DBA.PRODUCT_URI_INVERSE (in id_iri varchar)
    returns varchar .

Uses hardened algorithms from SQL land.

RDF Views

   PREFIX :mydb <http://cityhospital.example/dbs>
CONSTRUCT { ?o a               study:SubjectObservation .
            ?o study:subject   ?p .
            ?o study:clinician ?d .
            ?d :foaf:name ?dName }

    WHERE { ?o mydb:patient ?p .
            ?o mydb:doctor  ?d .
            ?d mydb:name    ?dName }

Intuitive (testable) semantics.

rows in the consumer reports triple store table

in memory
SQL triples table
subject-clustered triples
column stores
graph indexes

Graph Indexes.

Named graph proliferation demands different indexes.

SELECT ?g1 ?label ?g2 ?topic WHERE
{
GRAPH ?g1

  {
     _:gene  dbp:entrezgene    ?humanEntrez ;
             rdfs:label        ?label ;
    FILTER (lang(?label) = "en")
  }
GRAPH ?g2
  {
     ?topic  rdfs:label        ?label .
     ?post   sioc:topic        ?topic
  }
}

Query #2: Expected Results

(Back.)

person	name	email
<http://www.w3.org/People/karl/karl-foaf.xrdf#me>	"Karl Dubost"	<mailto:karl@w3.org>
<http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#amy>	"Amy van der Hiel"	<mailto:amy@w3.org>
<http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#edd>	"Edd Dumbill"	<mailto:edd@xmlhack.com>
<http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#dj>	"Dean Jackson"	<mailto:dean@w3.org>
<http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#edd>	"Edd Dumbill"	<mailto:edd@usefulinc.com>
<http://www.aaronsw.com/about.xrdf#aaronsw>	"Aaron Swartz"	<mailto:me@aaronsw.com>
<http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#i>	"Timothy Berners-Lee"	<mailto:timbl@w3.org>
<http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me>	"Eric Miller"	<mailto:em@w3.org>
<http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#edd>	"Edd Dumbill"	<mailto:edd@xml.com>
<http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#dj>	"Dean Jackson"	<mailto:dino@grorg.org>
<http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#libby>	"Libby Miller"	<mailto:libby.miller@bristol.ac.uk>
<http://www.w3.org/People/Connolly/#me>	"Dan Connolly"	<mailto:connolly@w3.org>

W3C Semantic Web Standards

outline

semweb vision from 10k feet

Extensibility Example: Blood Pressure

Extensibility Example: Blood Pressure

semweb vision from 10k feet

semweb techs involved (layer cake)

semweb techs involved (layer cake)

Modeling Languages

Inferring types

Inferring types

OWL - inferring lots of stuff

Introduction to OWL

OWL consistency rules

OWL type inference

OWL identity inference

OWL expression

OWL restrictions

OWL restrictions

OWL restrictions

OWL 1.1 Language Profiles

POWDER

standards work

Mashups become queries.

Blood Pressure Data

Emergency Room Blood Pressure Query

Clinical Study Blood Pressure Query

Clinical Study Blood Pressure Query

LeeF's tutorial

Query #2: Multiple triple patterns: property retrieval

SPARQL Graph Patterns

SPARQL Aggregates

SPARQL Subqueries

SPARQL Project Expressions

SPARQL Property Paths

SPARQL Query Federation

Other New SPARQL Features

SPARQL Update

Service Description

D2R Service Description

Graph Management Protocol

SPARQL Entailment Regimes

Inference

Rules

Rules Interchange Format (RIF)

RIF: XML Syntax for Rules

BLD Presentation Syntax

Other Presentation Syntaxes

A Family of Dialects

But...

So...

Use Case: Vocabulary Mapping

Use Case: ad hoc Reasoning

RDF Channeling Existing Data

XML data

Mapped to RDF

Relational data …

… as a graph.

Using Existing Data(bases)

Using Existing Data(bases)

Using Existing Data(bases)

Using Existing Data(bases)

Using Existing Data(bases)

Using Existing Data(bases)

Relational Mappings

D2R

Relational Views (DDL)

RDF Views

rows in the consumer reports triple store table

Graph Indexes.

Query #2: Expected Results