10 Visual rendering model

Contents

  1. Introduction to the visual rendering model
  2. Establishing box positions
    1. Containing blocks
    2. Direction of flow
  3. Normal flow
    1. Block-level layout
      1. List-item elements
    2. Inline layout
      1. Anonymous text boxes
    3. Dual-mode elements: run-in and compact
    4. Relative positioning
    5. Controlling layout behavior: the 'display' property
  4. Floats: 'float' and 'clear'
    1. Controlling floats
  5. Absolute positioning
    1. Properties to specify position: 'top', 'right', 'bottom', 'left'
    2. Fixed positioning
  6. Comparison of normal, relative, floating, absolute positioning
    1. Normal flow
    2. Relative positioning
    3. Floating a box
    4. Absolute positioning
  7. Z-order: Layered presentation
    1. Specifying the stack level: the 'z-index' property
  8. Multicolumn layout

10.1 Introduction to the visual rendering model

The following sections describe how user agents construct a tree of box rendering objects.

Most elements in the document tree generate a corresponding box in the tree of rendering objects that participates in the formatting algorithms known as the visual flow model. The dimensions of each rectangular box, the relationship of the box to its parent and children in the tree of rendering objects, and other factors all affect how the user agent will lay out these boxes on the canvas.

All elements that have text content (block or inline) generate "anonymous" boxes in the tree of boxes. These anonymous boxes, which contain "chunks" of text, inherit properties (colors, fonts, etc.) from their ancestor boxes. By default, anonymous boxes are inline, i.e., text is laid out horizontally. Decisions about the construction of anonymous boxes depend on many factors (language, hyphenation, etc.) and lie outside the scope of this specification.

Elements with a value of 'none' for the 'display' property generate no box in the tree of rendering objects. Thus, those elements have no impact on the positioning of any boxes.

Finally, some elements in the document tree generate a box in the tree of rendering objects but that box is invisible. It cannot be seen, but it does participate in formatting algorithms. Please consult the section on visibility for details.

Normally, child boxes are positioned within the box of their parent. However, a child box may extend horizontally beyond the bounding box of its parent in certain situations. These are described in the section on overflow.

CSS2 does not specify all aspects of formatting (e.g., letter-spacing algorithm). Conforming user agents may format differently for situations not covered in this specification.

10.2 Establishing box positions

The visual rendering model  describes how user agents generate a tree of box rendering objects. The bulk of this model involves calculating the positions of boxes based on their dimensions, their position in the rendering tree, and the dimensions of the canvas.

The value of the 'position' property determines which of the positioning models will determine a box's final position on the canvas.

'position'

Property name:'position' 
Value:absolute | relative | static
Initial:static
Applies to:all elements
Inherited:no
Percentage values:N/A

The values of this property have the following meanings:

Note. The 'static' value causes some user agents to ignore the 'left' and 'top' properties. To ensure that values of 'left' and 'top' are taken into account, authors should explicitly set the value of the 'position' property to 'relative'.

10.2.1 Containing blocks

In CSS2, all box positions are calculated with respect to a rectangular box called a containing block 

The containing block is defined as follows:

For example, for an inline element like EM, the containing block is typically the enclosing paragaph (P). On the other hand, the containing block of a positioned element is the element relative to which it is positioned.

10.2.2 Direction of flow

'direction'

Property name:'direction' 
Value:ltr | rtl | ltr-override | rtl-override
Initial:ltr
Applies to:all elements
Inherited:yes
Percentage values:N/A

This property determines the whether inline boxes are laid out left-to-right or right-to-left and how children of block-level boxes flow. It may take the following values:

ltr
Left to right flow. This is the default value.
rtl
Right to left flow.
ltr-override
[Ian: What does this mean?]
rtl-override
[Ian: What does this mean?]

[Ian: Examples here.]

This property also specifies the direction of table layout.

10.3 Normal flow

10.3.1 Block-level layout

Block-level  boxes are laid out one after the other, vertically.

The vertical distance between the top of a box and its preceding sibling (or parent if no preceding sibling exists) is determined by the 'margin' properties.

Vertical margins between adjacent block-level boxes collapses, as described in the section on collapsing margins.

For left-to-right flowing content, a block-level box flows inside the left side of its parent, at a horizontal distance specified by the 'margin' properties. For right-to-left flowing content, boxes flow inside the right side of their parent.

For information about page breaks in paged media, please consult the section on allowed page breaks.

List-item elements 

Some block elements generate boxes that may be formatted as lists. In terms of flow, lists are formatted as other block-level elements.

For information about lists and examples of list formatting, please consult the section on lists.

10.3.2 Inline layout

Inline boxes  are laid out one after the other, horizontally, within a horizontal space defined by the containing block (see the section on box width calculations for more information).

For left-to-right flow, the horizontal distance between the left side of a box and its preceding sibling's right side (or parent's right side if no preceding sibling exists) is determined by the 'margin' properties. For right-to-left flow, the horizontal distance is between the right side of a box and its preceding sibling's left side (or parent's left side if no preceding sibling exists).

Horizontally adjacent inline boxes form a line box.  To form a paragraph, line boxes are stacked vertically. Note that in the same block, stacked line boxes have the same width but may vary in height.

When an inline box is less wide than the width of the line box that contains it, its horizontal alignment within the line box is determined by the 'alignment' property.

When an inline box is wider than a line box, it it may be split into several inline boxes and these boxes distributed across several lines.

Inline boxes in the same line may have different heights (e.g., an inline image surrounded by text), so the final height of each line box is determined by the rules given in the section on line height calculations. When an inline box's height is less than the line box height, the vertical alignment of the inline box within the line box is determined by the 'vertical-align' property.

Anonymous text boxes 

When a block-level element contains text that is not the content of an inline element, the element generates one or more "anonymous" inline boxes in the tree of boxes, each of which contains a chunk of this text.

For example, the following paragraph (created by the HTML block-level element P) contains chunks of text separated by the inline elements EM and STRONG:

  <P>Several <EM>emphasized words</EM> appear
  <STRONG>in this</STRONG> sentence, dear.</P>

In terms of the document tree, P has five children elements that contain the following pieces of text:

To format the paragraph, the user agent generates an inline box for each child and lays all five of them out into successive line boxes. The width of the P element determines the width of these line boxes. If the width of P is sufficient, all the inline boxes will fit into a single line box:

  Several emphasized words appear in this sentence, dear.

If the inline boxes do not fit within a single line box, they will be split up and distributed across several lines. The previous paragraph might be split as follows:

  Several emphasized words appear
  in this sentence, dear.

or like this:

  Several emphasized  
  words appear
  in this 
  sentence, dear.

In this last example, the EM inline box has been split into two EM boxes (call them "split1" and "split2"). If a inline box split this way has margins, borders, padding, or text decorations, these have no visible effect after split1 or before split2 (e.g., the border is not drawn and the margin and padding are not included after split1).

Consider the following example:

  <STYLE>
  EM { padding: 2px ; 
       margin: 1em ;
       border-width: medium;
       border-style: dashed;
       line-height: 2.4em;
  }
  </STYLE>
  <BODY>
  <P>Several <EM>emphasized words</EM> appear here.</P>
  </BODY>

Depending on the width of the P, the boxes may be distributed as follows:

Image illustrating the effect of line breaking on the display of margins, borders, and padding.

Note that with a small line height, the padding and borders around text in different lines may overlap.

10.3.3 Dual-mode elements: run-in and compact

There are two types of boxes that are inline or block depending on the context. A compact box  is one that is put in the margin of the following block if there is enough room, otherwise, it will be rendered as a block. A run-in box  is one that is rendered inline in the following block, or as a block if there is no following block. The 'display' property determines whether a box is 'compact' or 'run-in'.

The following example illustrates a compact box. This document:

<style>
DT {display: compact}
DD {margin-left: 4em}
</style>
<dl>
<dt>Short
<dd><p>Description goes here.
<dt>too long for the margin
<dd><p>Description goes here.
</dl>

may be rendered as:

short    Description goes here

too long for the margin
         Description goes here

A 'run-in' element, on the other hand, is useful for run-in headers, as in this example:

<style>
  H3 {display: run-in}
  H3:after {content: ". "}
</style>
<h3>A run-in heading</h3>
<p>And a paragraph of text that
follows it.

which may be rendered as follows:

A run-in heading. And a
paragraph of text that
follows it.

A 'run-in' element is rendered exactly like a 'block' element if the following sibling element is not of type 'block' or is floating or positioned absolutely. Otherwise the run-in element is rendered inline as if it were the first inline box of the following block.

Properties apply to a run-in element depending on whether it is rendered inline or as a block. For example, the 'white-space' property only applies if the element is rendered as a block.

For a 'compact' element to be rendered as an inline box, it must be followed by a 'block' element that doesn't float and is not positioned absolutely. That block must have a 'margin-left' (or 'margin-right' if it's 'direction' is 'rtl') that is wide enough for the compact element. That means: the compact element, when rendered as an inline box, must be a single box (no line breaks) with overall width (including margins, border and padding) that is no larger than the margin of the block.

The compact box is outside (to the left or right) of the first line box of the block, but it takes part in the calculation of that line box's height. The 'vertical-align' property of the compact box determines its vertical position relative to that line box.

The horizontal position is always in the margin of the block, as far to the outside as possible. The compact box's left margin (or right, if the block's 'direction' is 'rtl') determines the position.

10.3.4 Relative positioning

Once a block-level or inline box has been assigned its position according to the flow model, it may be shifted relative to this position. This is called relative positioning  and the offset is specified by the the 'top', 'bottom', 'left', and 'right' properties. Offsetting a box in this way has no effect on sibling boxes; they are not "reflowed" as a result of the offset. This implies that relative positioning may cause boxes to overlap.

Relatively positioned elements establish a new reference box that child elements can be positioned with respect to. See the section on absolutely positioned elements for more on this.

Relatively positioned elements keep their natural shape, including line breaks and the space originally reserved for them. Dynamic movement of relatively positioned elements can provide animation effects in scripting environments (see the section on dynamic positioning for details).

Elements are positioned relatively by setting the 'position' property to 'relative'.

Relative positioning could also be used as a general form of superscripting and subscripting except that line height is not automatically adjusted to take the positioning into consideration. See the description of line height calculations for more information.

Examples of relative positioning are provided in the section comparing normal, relative, floating, and absolute positioning.

10.3.5 Controlling layout behavior: the 'display' property

An element of the document language is not inherently inline or block-level (except, perhaps in the minds of the language's designers). CSS does not assume any default layout behavior for elements. The layout behavior of every element is determined by the value of its 'display' property.

'display'

Property name:'display' 
Value:block | inline | list-item | run-in | compact | none
Initial:block
Applies to:all elements
Inherited:no
Percentage values:N/A

An element with a 'display' value of 'block' causes the generation of a block-level box.

A value of 'list-item' is similar to 'block' except that a list-item marker is added. For example, in HTML, LI will typically have this value.

An element with a 'display' value of 'inline' generates an inline box. The box is dimensioned according to the formatted size of the content. If the content is text, it may span several lines, and there will be a box on each line. The margin, border, and padding properties apply to 'inline' elements, but will not have any effect at the line breaks.

A value of 'none' turns off the display of the element (including any border around the element); 'none' completely removes the element so that it does not affect layout at all. Descendent elements will also be turned off and cannot override this by setting the 'display' property themselves.

  P { display: block }
  EM { display: inline }
  LI { display: list-item }
  IMG { display: none }

The last rule turns off the display of images.

[Add pointers to run-in and compact -IJ]

The initial value of 'display' is 'block', but a user agent will typically have default values for all document language elements.

UAs may ignore 'display' and use only the UA's default values. See the section on conformance for details.

For many document languages, and in particular for HTML, user agents may provide a default style sheet that implements the layout behavior expected of the language's elements. Please consult the sample style sheet in the appendix for information about the default layout behavior of HTML 4.0.

10.4 Floats: 'float' and 'clear'

At times, authors may want to control the positioning of a box in a way that cannot be done within the normal flow. There are three ways to place a box outside the normal flow:

The primary difference between a floating box and one that is absolutely positioned is that absolute positioning has no impact on the flow of later siblings; later siblings are laid out as though their absolutely positioned sister did not exist at all. Later siblings of floating objects flow with respect to the final position of the floating element.

Floating and absolutely positioned boxes do affect the flow of children elements: children elements always flow relative to the position of their parent (the floater or absolutely positioned element) unless positioned absolutely themselves.

A floated box is moved to the left or right until the margin, padding, or border of another block-level element is reached.

User agents take the boundaries of floated boxes into account when flowing subsequent boxes, i.e., boxes that follow flow around the floated box. The margins, borders and padding of the floated box are honored, and the margins never collapse with the margins of adjacent elements.

To float a box, set the 'float' property for the element generating the box.

'float'

Property name:'float' 
Value:left | right | none
Initial:none
Applies to:all elements
Inherited:no
Percentage values:N/A

With the value 'none', the generated box will be displayed where it appears in the text. With a value of 'left' ('right') the element will be moved to the left ('right') and the text will wrap on the right (left) side of the element. With a value of 'left' or 'right', the element is treated as block-level (and thus the 'display' property is ignored).

This property is most often used with inline images, but also applies to text elements.

The following example will place all IMG elements with class="icon" along the left side of the parent element:

  IMG.icon { 
    float: left;
    margin-left: 0;
  }

The following HTML source:

  <STYLE type="text/css">
    IMG { float: left }
    BODY, P, IMG { margin: 2em }
  </STYLE>

  <BODY>
    <P>
      <IMG src=img.gif>
      Some sample text that has no other...
  </BODY>

could be formatted as:

Image illustrating how floating elements interact with margins.

Note that the margin of the P element encloses the floating IMG element.

10.4.1 Controlling floats

The 'clear' property specifies whether an element will allow floating elements on its sides.

'clear'

Property name:'clear' 
Value:none | left | right | both
Initial:none
Applies to:all elements
Inherited:no
Percentage values:N/A

When set for an element E, this property indicates which sides of E may not be adjacent to sides of a floating element. A value of 'left' means that E may not be positioned next to any floating elements to its left; when flowed, E will therefore be moved to the next available line below. The value 'right' means the same thing, but on the right side of E.

A value of 'none' means that E may be placed next to floating objects to the left or right.

A value of 'both' means that E may not be placed next to floating objects on either side.

The following style rule means that no H1 element may have a floating element to its left. All H1 elements will be positioned at the current left margin.

  H1 { clear: left }

Consult the section on floating constraints for more information about controlling floats.

10.5 Absolute positioning

Elements that are positioned with respect to a reference box  are said to be absolutely positioned .

The default reference box is the box generated for the root element of the document tree. However, an element for which the 'position' property has been set to a value other than 'static' establishes a new reference box. Absolutely positioned descendents of the element will be positioned with regard to the inner edges of the reference box. Furthermore, an absolutely positioned element establishes a new context in which normally flowing descendents are aligned.

When the reference box is established by a block-level element, it has the same width, height, and position as the content and padding area of the block-level element. When the reference box is established by an inline element, it has the same width, height, and position as the content and padding area of the first box generated by the inline elements. In other words, if the inline element is split into several boxes on different lines, the reference box is defined by the first box.

The contents of an absolutely positioned element do not flow around any other elements. They may or may not obscure the contents of another element, depending on the z-order of the overlapping elements.

An absolutely positioned element lives inside of this reference block, as illustrated below:

Illustration of a reference box

10.5.1 Properties to specify position: 'top', 'right', 'bottom', 'left'

The position of an relatively, absolutely or fixed positioned (see below) element is determined from four properties:

'top'

Property name:'top' 
Value:<length> | <percentage> | auto
Initial:auto
Applies to:all elements
Inherited:no
Percentage values:N/A

'right'

Property name:'right' 
Value:<length> | <percentage> | auto
Initial:auto
Applies to:all elements
Inherited:no
Percentage values:N/A

'bottom'

Property name:'bottom' 
Value:<length> | <percentage> | auto
Initial:auto
Applies to:all elements
Inherited:no
Percentage values:N/A

'left'

Property name:'left' 
Value:<length> | <percentage> | auto
Initial:auto
Applies to:all elements
Inherited:no
Percentage values:N/A

Each of these four properties specifies an offset between the reference box and the element which is being positioned. More specifically, values indicate the offset between the edge of the reference box and the corresponding content+padding+border box of the element that is being positioned.

The values have the following meanings:

<length>
The offset is a fixed distance from the edge.
<percentage>
The offset is a percentage of the reference box's width (for 'left' or 'right') or height (for 'top' and 'bottom').
auto
The offset depends on the width and height specified for the element.

For absolutely positioned elements, the values of the 'left', 'right', 'top', and 'bottom' properties take over the roles of the corresponding margin properties (i.e., absolutely positioned element boxes do not have margins but do have padding and borders).

For more information about the width and height of absolutely positioned elements, please consult the sections on box width calculations and box height calculations respectively.

10.5.2 Fixed positioning

Fixed positioning is a variant of absolute positioning. The only difference is that absolutely positioned elements are positioned with respect to a reference box, while fixed positioned elements are positioned with respect to the canvas. Fixed positioned elements are, as the name indicates, fixed to the canvas.

For scrolled media, fixed boxes do not move when the document is scrolled. In this respect, they are similar to fixed background images.

In a paged medium, fixed positioned elements are repeated on every page. This is useful for placing, for instance, a signature at the bottom of each page.

10.6 Comparison of normal, relative, floating, absolute positioning

To illustrate the relationship between normal flow, relative positioning, floats, and absolute positioning, we provide a series of examples in the following sections based on the following HTML fragment:

<BODY>
  <P>Beginning of body contents.
  <SPAN id=outer> Start of outer contents.
  <SPAN id=inner> Inner contents.</SPAN>
  End of outer contents.</SPAN>
  End of body contents.
  </P>
</BODY>

The final positioning of the outer and inner spans vary in each example. In each illustration, the numbers to the left of the illustration indicate the normal position of the double-spaced (for clarity in this example) lines.

 

10.6.1 Normal flow

 

Consider the following CSS declarations for outer and inner that don't alter the normal flow of elements:

  #outer {color: red;}
  #inner {color: blue;}

This results in something like the following:

Image illustrating the normal flow of text between parent and sibling elements.

10.6.2 Relative positioning

To see the effect of relative positioning, consider the following CSS rules:

  BODY {line-height: 200%}
  #outer {position: relative; top: -12px; color: red;}
  #inner {position: relative; top: 12px; color: blue;}

First, the outer text is flowed into its "normal" position and dimensions at the end of line 1. Then, the entire box (distributed over three lines) is shifted upwards by 12px.

The contents of inner, as a child of outer, would normally flow immediately after the words "of outer contents" (on line 1.5). However, the inner contents are themselves offset relative to the outer contents by 12px downwards, back to their original position on line 2.

Note that the content following outer is not affected by the relative positioning of outer.

Image illustrating the effects of relative positioning on an element's content.

Note also that if the relative positioning of outer were -24px, the text of outer and the body text would have overlapped.

10.6.3 Floating a box

Now consider the effect of floating the inner text to the right by means of the following rules:

  #outer {color: red;}
  #inner {float: right; width: 130px; color: blue;}

First, the inner box (whose width has been set explicitly) is floated to the right margin. The text that follows flows in the space left by the inner box, and respects the new right margin imposed by the left border of inner.

Image illustrating the effects of floating an element.

To show the effect of the 'clear' property, we add a sibling element to the example:

<BODY>
  <P>Beginning of body contents.
  <SPAN id=outer> Start of outer contents.
  <SPAN id=inner> Inner contents.</SPAN>
  <SPAN id=sibling> Sibling contents.</SPAN>
  End of outer contents.</SPAN>
  End of body contents.
  </P>
</BODY>

The following rules:

  #inner {float: right; width: 130px; color: blue;}
  #sibling {color: red;}

cause the inner box to float to the right and the sibling box to flow in the available space:

Image illustrating the effects of floating an element without setting the clear property to control the flow of text around the element.

However, if the 'clear' property on the sibling box is set to 'right' (i.e., the sibling box will not accept being positioned next to floating objects to its right), the sibling box flows on the next available line below:

  #inner {float: right; width: 130px; color: blue;}
  #sibling {clear: right; color: red;}
Image illustrating the effects of floating an element with setting the clear property to control the flow of text around the element.

10.6.4 Absolute positioning

Finally, we consider the effect of absolute positioning on elements. Consider the following CSS declarations for outer and inner:

  #outer {position: absolute; top: 200px; left: 200px; width: 200px; color: red;}
  #inner {color: blue;}

which causes the top of the outer box to be positioned with respect to the reference box (which we suppose is set on the root of the document). The top side of the outer box is 200px from the top of the reference box and the left side is 200px from the left side. The child element of outer flows with respect to its parent.

Image illustrating the effects of absolutely positioning an element.

Note that because outer has been absolutely positioned, it establishes a new reference box for any absolutely positioned children (there aren't any in this example).

Recall that absolutely positioned elements are positioned with respect to a reference box set on an ancestor element. The following example shows an absolutely positioned element that is a child of a relatively positioned element. Although the parent outer box is not actually offset, setting its 'position' property to 'relative' causes its box to serve as the reference box for any descendents. Since the outer box is an inline box that is split across several lines, only the first box (whose upper left-hand corner is designated by a "@" in the illustration below) establishes the reference box for the descendents.

  #outer {position: relative; color: red;}
  #inner {position: absolute; top: 200px; left: -100px; height:
     130px; width: 130px; color: blue;}

This results in something like the following:

Image illustrating the effects of absolutely positioning an
element with respect to a reference box.

Recall that statically positioning an element is equivalent to using the 'position' property to put an element back in the normal flow. Statically positioned elements do not establish a reference box for their children. Thus, the following rules:

  #outer {position: static; color: red;}
  #inner {position: absolute; top: 200px; left: -100px; height:
    130px; width: 130px; color: blue;}

are equivalent to:

  #outer {color: red;}
  #inner {position: absolute; top: 200px; left: -100px; height:
    130px; width: 130px; color: blue;}

and cause the inner box to be positioned with respect to the reference box (which we assume here is set on the root element of the document tree).

Image illustrating the effects of absolutely positioning an element with respect to a coordinate system established by a statically positioned parent.

Relative and absolute positioning may be used to implement change bars, as shown in the following example. We use a value of 'auto' for the value of the 'top' property, which results in the element being placed at the "current" location in the document window, just as if the element were being flowed into that space. The following HTML text:

<P style="position: relative; margin-right: 10px; left: 10px;">
I used two red hyphens to serve as a change bar. They
will "float" to the left of the line containing THIS
<SPAN style="position: absolute; top: auto; left: 0px; color: red;">--</SPAN>
word.</P>

might result in something like:

Image illustrating the use of floats to create a changebar effect.

10.7 Z-order: Layered presentation

CSS allows authors to specify the position of an element in three dimensions. The stack level  of an element refers to its position above or below other elements. The stack level is particularly relevant to elements that overlap visually.

10.7.1 Specifying the stack level: the 'z-index' property

In the following sections, the expression "in front of" means closer to the user as the user faces the screen.

The stack level of an element may be determined in two ways:

'z-index'

Property name:'z-index' 
Value:auto | <integer>
Initial:auto
Applies to:elements that may be positioned
Inherited:no
Percentage values:N/A

The 'z-index' property is used to specify the stacking order of elements that may be positioned (i.e., element's whose 'position' property has a value of 'absolute' or 'relative').

The default ('auto') behavior is to stack elements back-to-front in the order they appear in the document tree.

An integer value for 'z-index' specifies stacking order for an element relative to its sibling and parent elements:

The relative z-order of two elements that are neither siblings nor parent/child can be determined by evaluation of the above rules for both elements' ancestors.

By default, a positioned element will be placed just above (in z-space) its parent in the document tree.

It is not possible to position an element behind a grandparent.

In the following example, the order of the elements, listed back-to-front is:

<STYLE type="text/css">
<!--
.pile { position: absolute; left: 2in; top: 2in; width: 3in; height: 3in; }
-->

<IMG src="butterfly.gif" class="pile" id="image" style="z-index: 1">

<DIV class="pile" id="text1" style="z-index: 3">
   This text will overlay the butterfly image.
</DIV>

<DIV class="pile" id="text2" style="z-index: 2">
   This text will underlay text1, but overlay the butterfly image
</DIV>

The previous example demonstrates the notion of transparency. The default behavior of an element is to allow elements below it to be visible through transparent areas in its content. In the example, each element transparently overlays the elements below it. This behavior can be overridden by utilizing one of the existing background-related properties like 'background'.

10.8 Multicolumn layout

Flowing content into several columns is a common way of presenting text, especially in print. When multiple columns are use, line lengths are shorter and the font size and line height can be reduced while maintaining legibility. In CSS, columns are vertical boxes formed in the content area of an column element. In HTML, the column element will typically be of type DIV and its child elements will be flowed into the columns.

All columns in a column element have the same width. The UA should attempt to balance the content so that each column is filled to the same extent. When breaking elements over several columns, the 'widows' and 'orphans' properties should be consulted (in the section on page breaks).

In a paged medium, page breaks may occur within the column element. This can be due to lack of space, or from a page break property value for a child element. When this happens, the column element should be continued on the next page with the same number of columns.

Authors may specify a column gap and a vertical column rule between columns.

'columns'

Property name:'columns' 
Value:<length> | <number> | <percentage>
Initial:1
Applies to:block-level elements
Inherited:no
Percentage values:the width of the element itself

The 'columns' property determines the number of columns into which the content of the element will be flowed.

By specifying a numeric value, a fixed number of columns is set. In the following example, DIV elements will have three columns:

  DIV { columns: 3 }

By specifying a length value, the UA creates as many columns as possible within the available space. So, if the available space increases (for example when the user enlarges the UA window), the number of columns may increase. The number of columns (n) is a function of the width of the element (w), the desired column width (cw), the column gap (cg) and the width of the column rule (cr):

  n' = (w + cg + cr) / (cw + cg + cr)
  n = round(n')

See a description of the column gap and column rule below.

Child elements that are flowed into the columns will be "adapted" by them. Consider this example:

<STYLE>
  DIV {
    columns: 3;
    column-gap: 1em;
  }
  IMG.logo { 
    width: 100%;
  }
</STYLE>
<BODY>
  <DIV>
    <IMG CLASS="logo">
    <P>Some text.<P>
    <P>Some more text.<P>
  </DIV>
</BODY>

The percentage value on the 'width' property refers to the width of the parent element, but since the IMG element appears inside a column, the width of the column will take the place of the width of the parent element.

'column-gap'

Property name:'column-gap' 
Value:<length> | <percentage>
Initial:UA-specific
Applies to:block-level elements
Inherited:no
Percentage values:the width of the element itself

This property sets the gap between adjacent columns. The initial value is UA-specific, but should be greater than zero. Negative values are not allowed.

'column-rule-width'

Property name:'column-rule-width' 
Value:<border-width>
Initial:medium
Applies to:block-level elements
Inherited:no
Percentage values:the width of the element itself

'column-rule-style'

Property name:'column-rule-style' 
Value:<border-style>
Initial:none
Applies to:block-level elements
Inherited:no
Percentage values:the width of the element itself

'column-rule-color'

Property name:'column-rule-color' 
Value:<color>
Initial:the value of the <color> property
Applies to:block-level elements
Inherited:no
Percentage values:N/A

'column-rule'

Property name:'column-rule' 
Value:<column-rule-width> || <column-rule-style> || <column-rule-color>
Initial:see individual properties
Applies to:block-level elements
Inherited:no
Percentage values:N/A

These properties set the vertical column rule between adjacent columns. The rule will appear in the middle of the column gap. On each side of the rule there will be a gap equal to half the specified column gap.

Vertically, the column rule extend up to, but not including, the padding area. If there is a border, but no padding the column rule will abut the border. In this case, the UA should attempt to gracefully join the column rule and the border.