W3C

International Layout

World Wide Web Consortium Working Draft 10-September-1999

This version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-i18n-format-19990910
Latest version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/i18n-format
Also available for local browsing as a Zipped archive
Previous version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-i18n-format-19990726
Editor:
Marcin Sawicki (Microsoft)
Additional contributors:
Michel Suignard (Microsoft)
Takao Suzuki (Microsoft)
Chris Wilson (Microsoft)

Copyright  ©  1999 W3C (MIT, INRIA, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark, document use and software licensing rules apply.

Status of This Document

This is a W3C Working Draft for review by W3C members and other interested parties. It is a draft document and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. The Internationalization Working Group (members only) will not allow early implementation to constrain its ability to make changes to this specification prior to final release. It is inappropriate to use W3C Working Drafts as reference material or to cite them as other than "work in progress". A list of current W3C working drafts can be found at http://www.w3.org/TR.

This document has been produced as part of the W3C Internationalization Activity and is related to the Style Activity. Since this proposal predates the efforts on the part of the XSL and CSS&FP groups (members only) to create a common formatting model, it focuses on CSS [CSS2] only. It is however the intention of all the groups involved for the model presented in this document and the model being developed by the XSL Working Group (members only) to converge. The end result of this convergence is expected to form part of the common formatting model which will be expressed in both the CSS [CSS2] and XSL [XSL] syntaxes. Please send comments and questions regarding this document to i18n-editor@w3.org (archived for W3C members). Comments in languages other than English, in particular Japanese, are also welcome.

Note that Appendix A is currently under discussion among the XSL, CSS&FP and I18N Working Groups.


Abstract

The HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a simple markup language used to create hypertext documents that are portable from one platform to another. HTML documents are SGML documents with generic semantics that are appropriate for representing information from a wide range of applications. CSS is a style sheets language that can be applied to HTML to control the style of a document: which fonts and colors to use, how much white space to insert, etc. The following specification extends CSS to support East Asian and Bi-directional text formatting. Familiarity with both CSS 2 [CSS2] and HTML 4.0 [HTML4] is assumed.


Contents


1.  Introduction

International typography contains types of formatting that are not yet exposed in the existing web standards and thus impossible to achieve on the web without using special workarounds or graphics.

This document introduces a number of new CSS properties to represent such formatting. For example, the features this proposal covers include two of the most important features for East Asian typography: vertical text and layout grid.

There is a number of illustrations in this document for which the following legend is used:

Symbolic wide-cell glyph representation - wide-cell glyph (e.g. Han) which is the n-th character in the text run
Symbolic narrow-cell glyph representation - narrow-cell glyph (e.g. Roman) which is the n-th glyph in the text run
Symbolic connected glyph representation - connected glyph (e.g. Arabic) which is the n-th glyph in the text run

The orientation which the above symbols assume in the diagrams corresponds to the orientation that the glyphs they represent are intended to assume when rendered in the UA. Spacing between these characters in the diagrams is usually symbolic, unless intentionally changed to make a point.


2.  Vertical Text

The method for specifying that text is to be placed vertically is currently under discussion. Please see the Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) Specification Working Draft, especially section 1.2.4 Internationalization and Writing-Modes for more information.


3.  Document grid

3.1  What is document grid?

It is very common for the glyphs in documents written in East Asian languages, such as Chinese or Japanese, to be laid out on the page according to a specified one- or two-dimensional grid. The concept of grid can also be used in other, non-ideographic contexts such as Braille or monospaced layout.

The diagram below represents a fragment of horizontal text on a page with mixed wide-cell and narrow-cell glyphs that a Japanese user intended to be laid out on a grid which resulted in 9 glyphs per line (gray grid lines shown for clarity):

Example of strict (genko) grid applied to mixed Japanese and English in horizontal layout.

Figure 3.1.1: 'Genko' grid applied to mixed text

The grid affects not only the placement of the glyphs, but it can also modify the behavior of several other layout-related behaviors, such as indent size, margins or paragraph alignment.

One can distinguish between three types of grid: a strict one, used mostly in Chinese, but also occasionally in Japanese (a.k.a. "genko"), a loose one, frequently used in Japanese and sometimes in Korean, as well as a fixed one, potentially useful for non-ideographic text, such as Braille or mono-spaced layout in general.

The grid type entails a set of layout rules that determine how much flexibility the UA is allowed to have when laying out a line of text.

Different grids can be defined for different parts of the document.

The grid can be selectively disabled in either dimension on fragments of text.

Line grid can be disabled for individual paragraphs. If line grid is disabled for a paragraph, the lines of the paragraph are laid out just as if no line grid were specified. The glyphs in a paragraph with line grid disabled still follow the character grid, if one is specified.

The CSS model described in this section exposes the necessary grid parameters the author needs to control.

3.2  'layout-grid-type'

Value: loose | strict | fixed
Initial: loose
Applies to: block-level elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

Specifies the type of grid to use. Each grid type entails a different set of rules for rendering contents when a grid is enabled and specified. Possible values:

3.3  'layout-grid-line'

Value: none | auto | <length> | <percentage>
Initial: none
Applies to: block-level elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: relative to element height

This property sets the line grid value for an element. If the text layout flow of the element is horizontal, this property can be thought of as the "vertical" grid size or grid height. In other words, it always determines the line spacing increment, regardless of the layout flow mode. Its effect is visually somewhat similar to the effect of applying a 'line-height' value to an element. The following table shows the mapping between each of the 'layout-flow' values and the meaning of the 'layout-grid-line' property:

Writing mode Meaning of 'layout-grid-line'
Horizontal vertical height of grid space
Latin Vertical horizontal width of grid space
Ideographic Vertical horizontal width of grid space
Figure 3.3.1: Mapping between writing modes and the interpretations of 'layout-grid-line'

Note that in order for this property to have an effect, 'layout-grid-mode' must be set to 'line' or 'both'.

When this property is set to anything other than 'none', a line of text is vertically centered within the grid row and baseline-aligned by default. If the line contains a glyph or an object that is taller than the grid space, then the whole line is centered within the smallest number of grid rows necessary for its tallest object to fit in. This is illustrated below, where a represents the numerical 'layout-grid-line' value:

Layout of contents within grid showing the contents vertically centered within their grid rows

Figure 3.3.2: Layout of contents within line grid, where a represents the layout-grid-line value

Possible values:

The following markup:

DIV.section1 { layout-grid-line: .5in }

would make each line of text in a horizontally (including '-ideographic') laid out section of a document to be rendered within 0.5 inch of vertical space. It is also equivalent to having a line-height of 0.5 in, as shown below:

Example of a layout-grid-line setting applied to mixed Japanese and English text in horizontal layout

Figure 3.3.3: Enlarged line grid applied to mixed text in horizontal layout

If the section's layout flow is vertical (including '-ideographic'), then 0.5in is the width of each column of vertical text. This time, the 0.5in value applies to the 'width' of each cell:

Example of a layout-grid-line setting applied to mixed Japanese and English text in vertical-ideographic layout

Figure 3.3.4: Enlarged line grid applied to mixed text in vertical-ideographic layout

If the author preferred a specific number of lines (20 for example) to appear in an element, he would use a percentage value:

DIV.section1 { layout-grid-line: 5% }

3.4  'layout-grid-char'

Value: none | auto | <length> | <percentage>
Initial: none
Applies to: block-level elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: relative to element width

This property affects the dimension perpendicular to that controlled by 'layout-grid-line'. It controls the character (or "horizontal", if in horizontal layout) grid size for an element if the 'layout-grid-type' property is set to 'strict' or 'fixed'. However, if 'layout-grid-type is 'loose', then this property sets the size of the increment added to each wide-cell glyph, and, indirectly, of that added to each narrow-cell glyph, as per the description in the specification of 'layout-grid-type'. Its effect in 'loose' grid is somewhat similar to the effect of the 'letter-spacing' property.

Note that in order for this property to have an effect, 'layout-grid-mode' must be set to 'char' or 'both'.

Possible values:

DIV.section1 { layout-grid-char: .5in }

would make each glyph in a horizontally laid out part of a document rendered within 0.5 inch of horizontal space:

Example of a layout-grid-char setting applied to mixed Japanese and English text in horizontal layout

Figure 3.4.1: Enlarged character grid applied to mixed text in horizontal layout

If the section's layout flow is vertical, then 0.5in becomes the vertical distance between consecutive characters in a column:

Example of a layout-grid-char setting applied to mixed Japanese and English text in vertical-ideographic layout

Figure 3.4.2: Enlarged character grid applied to mixed text in vertical-ideographic layout

If the author preferred a specific number of glyphs (5 for example) to appear in a line, he would set the character grid to a percentage value:

DIV.section1 { layout-grid-char: 20% }

3.5  'layout-grid-mode'

Value: none | line | char | both
Initial: both
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

This property selectively enables or disables the two dimensions of the grid. Possible values:

3.6  'layout-grid'

Value: none | [<mode> || <type> || [<line> [<char>]? ] ]
Initial: not defined for shorthand properties
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: allowed on <char> and <line>

The 'layout-grid' property is a shorthand property for setting 'layout-grid-mode', 'layout-grid-type', 'layout-grid-line' and 'layout-grid-char' at the same time in the style sheet. Using the value 'none' on the shorthand property sets the 'layout-grid-mode' to 'none'. Using the value "none none" sets both the 'layout-grid-mode' and 'layout-grid-line' to 'none', and using the value "none none none" sets the previous properties as well as 'layout-grid-char' to 'none'.

The first numerical, percentage or 'auto' value specified sets 'layout-grid-line'. If a second numerical, percentage or 'auto' value is present, it sets 'layout-grid-char'. For example:

DIV.section1 { layout-grid: both strict .5in 20% }

The 'layout-grid' property above is set to have the 'layout-grid-type' set to 'strict', 'layout-grid-mode' to 'both', 'layout-grid-line' to 0.5in and the 'layout-grid-char' to 20% of the parent width.

Notes:

3.7  The 'gd' length unit

The existence of a grid in an element makes it possible and very useful to express various measurements in that element in terms of grid units. Grid units are used very frequently in East Asian typography, especially for the left, right, top and bottom element margins.

Therefore a new length unit is necessary: gd to enable the author to specify the various measurements in terms of the grid.

For example, consider the following style:

P { layout-grid: strict both 20pt 15pt; margin: 1gd 3gd 1gd 2gd }

This way, all P elements would effectively acquire a 15pt top margin, a 60pt right margin, a 15pt bottom margin and a 40pt left margin.

If no grid is specified, the gd unit should be treated the same as the em unit.


4.  Line breaking

4.1  Types of line breaking

In documents written in Latin-based languages, where runs of characters make up words and words are separated by spaces or hyphens, line breaking is relatively simple. In the most general case, (assuming no hyphenation dictionary is available to the UA), a line break can occur only at whitespace characters or hyphens.

In ideographic typography, however, where what appears as a single glyph can represent an entire word and no spaces nor any other word separating characters are needed, a line breaking opportunity is not as obvious as a space. It can occur after or before many other characters. Certain line breaking restrictions still apply, but they are not as strict as they are in Latin typography.

(As a side note, Thai is another interesting example with its own special line breaking rules. Since Thai words are made up of runs of characters, it resembles Latin in that respect. But the lack of spaces as word delimiters, or in fact any consistent word delimiters, makes it similar to CJK. Thai, like Latin in the absence of a hyphenating dictionary, never breaks inside of words. In fact, a knowledge of the vocabulary is necessary to be able to correctly break a line of Thai text.)

A number of levels of line-breaking "strictness" can be used in Japanese typography. These levels add or remove line breaking restrictions. The model presented in this specification distinguishes between two most commonly used line breaking levels for Japanese text, using the 'line-break' property.

In ideographic typography, it is also possible, though not always preferred, to allow line breaks to occur inside of quoted Latin and Hangul (Korean) words without following the line breaking rules of those particular scripts. The model proposed in this document gives the author control over that behavior through the 'word-break' property.

4.2  'line-break'

Value: normal | strict
Initial: normal
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

This property selects the set of line breaking rules to be used for text. The values described below are especially useful to CJK authors, but the property itself is open to other, not yet specified settings for non-CJK authors as well. (This is an area for future expansion.)

In Japanese, a set of line breaking restrictions is referred to as "Kinsoku". JIS X-4051 [JIS] is a popular source of reference for this behavior using the strict set of rules. This architecture involves character classification into line breaking behavior classes. Those classes are then analyzed in a two dimensional behavior table where each row-column position represents a pair action to be taken at the occurrence of these classes. For example, given a closing character class and an opening character class, the intersection in that table of these two classes (the first character belonging to the opening class and the second belonging to the closing class) will indicate no line breaking opportunity.

Note that both values, 'normal' and 'strict' imply that a set of line-breaking restrictions is in use. In fact, there appears to be no valid line breaking mode in CJK in which line breaks can appear just anywhere among ideographs.

4.3  'word-break'

Value: normal | break-all | keep-all
Initial: normal
Applies to: block-level elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

This property controls line-breaking behavior inside of words. The values described below are especially useful to Korean authors, but the property itself is open to further, not yet specified settings for non-CJK authors. Possible values:

P.anywordbreaks { word-break: break-all }


5.  Justification behaviors

5.1  'text-justify'

Value: auto | inter-word | inter-ideograph | distribute | distribute-all-lines | newspaper
Initial: auto
Applies to: block-level elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

This property selects the type of justify alignment. It affects the text layout only if 'text-align' is set to 'justify'. That way, UA's that do not support this property will still render the text as fully justified, which most of the time is at least partially correct.

The possible values are:

5.2  'text-justify-trim'

Value: none | punctuation | punct-and-kana
Initial: punctuation
Applies to: block-level elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

This sets the individual font blank space compression permissions for the text justification algorithm, when 'text-justify' is anything other than 'inter-word'. This special type of space compression occurs on the font level, i.e. the blank space within the character area itself may be reduced without affecting the appearance of the glyph. This applies to wide-cell glyphs only. Possible values:

5.3  'text-kashida'

Value: <percentage>
Initial: 0%
Applies to: block-level elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: as described

This property determines the minimum percentage of the text area width to be used for distribution among the "elongation opportunities" in Arabic text, when one of the justification modes is selected. Each elongation can be accomplished using a number of kashida glyphs or a single graphic, if the UA is capable of creating such a graphic. (The font itself determines the exact appearance of the kashida)

The UA is free to determine whether spaces inside of Latin text should be treated as elongation opportunities as well (and elongated using blank space) or not.

In the diagram below showing two identical paragraphs of Arabic text, the blue line in the second line (not justified) shows the length that is allocated for kashida and divided among the elongation opportunities in the first line (justified), as indicated by the red underlines:

Example of kashida applied to Arabic text

Figure 5.3.1: Kashida applied to Arabic text


6.  Miscellaneous text formatting

6.1  'punctuation-wrap'

Value: simple | hanging
Initial: simple
Applies to: block-level elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

This property determines whether a punctuation mark, if one is present, can be placed in the margin area at the end of a full line of text, or not. This is a common setting in East Asian typography.

Possible values:

(Note that this property may in the future be expanded to cover other punctuation behaviors behaviors for other types of punctuation as well, not just full-width).

6.2  'punctuation-trim'

Value: none | leading
Initial: none
Applies to: block-level elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

This property determines whether or not a fullwidth punctuation mark character should be trimmed if it appears at the beginning of a line, so that its "ink" lines up with the first glyph in the line above and below. In some scenarios, it may be preferable for the author not to allow leading punctuation marks to be trimmed, for example when it is more important that the glyphs tend to line up vertically. In other scenarios such an effect is desirable, for example when it is more important for the author that as much text as possible fits on a single line.

Possible values:

(Note that this property may in the future be expanded to cover other punctuation behaviors for other types of punctuation as well, not just wide-cell.)

6.3  'text-combine'

Value: none | letters | lines
Initial: none
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: no
Percentage values: N/A

This property controls the creation of composite characters (a.k.a. "kumimoji") or lines (a.k.a. "warichu").

Possible values:

6.4  'font-emphasize-style'

Value: none | accent | dot | circle | disc
Initial: none
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

This property sets the style for the emphasis formatting applied to text. East Asian documents use the following symbols on top of each glyph to emphasize a run of text: an 'accent' symbol, a 'dot', a hollow 'circle', or a solid 'disc'.

For example:

Example of emphasis in Japanese appearing above the text

Figure 6.4.1: Accent emphasis (shown in blue for clarity) applied to Japanese text

Note, that unlike 'text-decoration', this property can affect the line height. Furthermore the emphasis style should be distinguished from the text-decoration which is another method to 'emphasize' text content.

6.5  'font-emphasize-position'

Value: above | below
Initial: above
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

This property sets the position of the emphasis symbols. They can appear either 'above' or 'below' the emphasized run of horizontal text. 'Above' and 'below' should be understood as relative to the line baseline.

In Japanese for example, the preferred position is 'above' when in horizontal layout:

Example of emphasis in Japanese appearing above the text

Figure 6.5.1: Emphasis (shown in blue for clarity) applied above a fragment of Japanese text

In Chinese used in the PRC, on the other hand, the preferred position is 'below' when in horizontal layout:

Example of emphasis in simplified Chinese appearing below the text

Figure 6.5.1: Emphasis (shown in blue for clarity) applied below a fragment of Chinese text

The table below summarizes the preferred emphasis mark position in horizontal layout depending on the language:

Language Preferred emphasis position when horizontal
Japanese above
Chinese (Traditional) above
Chinese (Simplified) below
Figure 6.5.2: Underline, emphasis and ruby position in vertical layout depending on the language

In a vertical layout flow, if the position is set to 'above' then the emphasis marks should appear on the right side of the vertical text column. If the position is set to 'below', then the emphasis should appear the the left side of the column. (See figure 2.5.1)

6.6  'font-emphasize'

Value: <style> || <position>
Initial: not defined for shorthand properties
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

This property is shorthand for 'font-emphasize-style' and 'font-emphasize-position'.

6.7  'text-autospace

Value: none | [ideograph-numeric || ideograph-alpha || ideograph-space || ideograph-parenthesis]
Initial: none
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

When a run of non-ideographic or numeric characters appears inside of ideographic text, a certain amount of space is often preferred on both sides of the non-ideographic text to separate it from the surrounding ideographic glyphs. This property controls the creation of that space when rendering the text. That added width does not correspond to the insertion of additional space characters, but instead to the width increment of existing glyphs.

(A commonly used algorithm for determining this behavior is specified in JIS X-4051 [JIS].)

This property is additive with the 'word-spacing' and 'letter-spacing' [CSS2] properties, that is, the amount of spacing contributed by the 'letter-spacing' setting (if any) is added to the spacing created by 'text-autospace'. The same applies to 'word-spacing'.

Possible values:

<SPAN style="text-autospace:none">[ideographs]1997[ideographs]</SPAN>

would appear as:

Diagram of glyph layout without autospaceExample of Japanese text mixed with a number without autospace

Figure 6.7.1: Mixed glyph layout when autospace is disabled

while:

<span STYLE="text-autospace:ideograph-numeric">[ideographs]1997[ideographs]</span>

would appear more like:

Diagram of glyph layout with autospaceExample of Japanese text mixed with a number without autospace

Figure 6.7.2: Mixed glyph layout when autospace is enabled

6.8  'text-fit'

Value: auto | <length>
Initial: auto
Applies to: inline elements
Inherited: no
Percentage values: relative to line width

This property controls the amount of space a run of text is to fill or fit into. If the specified amount is greater than that required by the text, the glyphs are evenly distributed across that space. If the specified amount is less than that required by the text, the glyphs are scaled horizontally so as to make the text fit within the specified space.

The value 'auto' indicates that no special fill/fit behavior is to take place.

span.fitinseven { text-fit: 7em }

would cause a word to be rendered in the space of 7 'm' glyphs by adding inter-letter spacing.


7.  Ruby

7.1  What is ruby?

"Ruby" is the commonly used name for a run of text that appears in the immediate vicinity of another run of text, referred to as the "base", and serves as an annotation or a pronunciation guide associated with that run of text. Ruby, as used in Japanese, is described in JIS X-4051 [JIS]. The ruby structure and the HTML markup to represent it is described in the Ruby specification [RUBY]. This section describes the CSS properties relevant to ruby.

Example of ruby applied on top of a Japanese expression

Figure 7.1.1: Labeled example of ruby used in Japanese

7.2  Ruby box model

In a UA that supports ruby, the ruby structure consists of three boxes. The outermost container is the ruby [RUBY] element itself. It is a container for two non-overlapping boxes: the ruby text box and the ruby base box. The positioning of these two boxes relative to each other is controlled by 'ruby-position'.

Diagram of the ruby box model consisting of two boxes, one on top of the other, enclosed within a third box representing the ruby element

Figure 7.2.1: Ruby box model

The width of the ruby box is by default determined by its widest child element, whose width in turn is determined by its content. Both of ruby's children assume the width of the widest one of them. In this respect, the ruby box is much like a two-cell table element, with the following exceptions:

If the ruby text is not allowed to overhang anything, then the ruby behaves like a traditional box, i.e. only its contents are rendered within its boundaries and adjacent elements do not cross the box boundary:

Diagram showing the ruby boxes interacting with adjacent text

Figure 7.2.2: Ruby whose text is not allowed to overhang adjacent text

However, if ruby text is allowed to overhang adjacent elements and it happens to be wider than its base, then the adjacent content is partially rendered within the area of the ruby base box, while the ruby text may be partially overlapping with the upper blank parts of the adjacent content:

Diagram showing the ruby boxes interacting with adjacent text

Figure 7.2.3: Ruby whose text is allowed to overhang adjacent text

Ruby text from one base can never overhang another ruby base.

The alignment of the contents of the base or the ruby text is not affected by the overhanging behavior. The alignment is achieved the same way regardless of the overhang behavior setting and it is computed before the space available for overlap is determined. It is controlled by the 'ruby-align' property.

The exact circumstances in which the ruby text will overhang other elements, and to what degree it will do so, will be controlled by ruby CSS properties.

This entire logic applies the same way in vertical ideographic layout, only the dimension in which it works in such a layout is vertical, instead of horizontal.

Note that the ruby text box may appear above or below the ruby base in horizontal layout, and on the left or on the right in vertical layout.

7.3  'ruby-position'

Value: above | below | inline
Initial: above
Applies to: ruby element
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

This property is used on the ruby [RUBY] element to control the position of the ruby text with respect to its base. Possible values:

7.4  'ruby-align'

Value: auto | left | center | right | distribute-letter | distribute-space | line-edge
Initial: auto
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

This property can be used on any element to control the text alignment of the ruby text and ruby base contents relative to each other. It applies to all the ruby's in the element. The alignment is applied to the ruby child element whose content is shorter: either the rb or the rt [RUBY]. Possible values:

7.5  'ruby-overhang'

Value: auto | start | end | none
Initial: auto
Applies to: ruby element
Inherited: yes
Percentage values: N/A

This property determines whether, and on which side, ruby text is allowed to partially overhang any adjacent text in addition to its own base, when the ruby text is wider than the ruby base. Note that ruby text is never allowed to overhang glyphs belonging to another ruby base. Also the UA is free to assume a maximum amount by which ruby text may overhang adjacent text. The UA may use the [JIS] recommendation of using one ruby text character length as the maximum overhang length.

Possible values:

7.6  New 'display' values

Value: ruby-text | ruby-base | ...

These two new values are added to the existing 'display' property to represent the rt and rb [RUBY] elements respectively. That way any element (e.g. SPAN) could be made to behave as ruby via CSS.

8.  Glossary

"Bopomofo"
37 characters and 4 tone markings used as phonetics in Chinese, especially standard Mandarin.
"Hangul"
Subset of the Korean writing system.
"Hanja"
Subset of the Korean writing system that utilizes ideographic characters borrowed or adapted from the Chinese writing system. Also see Kanji.
"Hiragana"
Subset of the Japanese writing system consisting of phonetic characters to represent Japanese words. Also see Katakana.
Ideogram, Ideograph
Character in the Chinese (or East Asian in general) writing system that represents a thing or an idea but not a particular word or phrase for it.
"Kana"
Syllabic subset of the Japanese system of writing that can be used exclusively for writing foreign words or in combination with kanji.
"Kanji"
Subset of the Japanese writing system that utilizes ideographic characters borrowed or adapted from Chinese writing. Also see Hanja.
"Kashida"
Arabic elongation character.
"Katakana"
Subset of the Japanese writing system consisting of phonetic characters used to represent Roman words. Also see Hiragana.
"Kinsoku"
Japanese term for a set (or sets) of line breaking restrictions.
"Kumimoji"
Composite character consisting of up to 5 characters that are reduced in size and combined to fit within the space of a single character.
Logograph, Logogram
Character in the Chinese (or East Asian in general) writing system that represents an entire word.
Ruby
A run of text that appears in the vicinity of another run of text and serves as an annotation or a pronunciation guide for that text.
"Tate chu yoko"
Run of horizontal text inside of a column of vertical text; frequently used in East Asian documents for displaying certain numbers, such as years.
"Warichu"
A run of text of reduced font size that appears inside of a line of text as two lines of equal height and length


Appendix A: Vertical Layout Effect on CSS Properties

Note that the contents of this section are currently under discussion among the XSL, CSS&FP and I18N Working Groups.

In general, the existing [CSS2] properties that imply directionality or position are absolute, i.e. "left" means "left" and "top" means "top" regardless of the writing mode of the page. The purpose of this apendix however is to list the exceptions to that rule and clarify ambiguities. If a property does not appear in this list, it is intended to be interpreted as absolute, i.e. it does not rotate when the layout mode changes.
CSS Property Effect in vertical layout
'background-attachment' relative (logical) in the way that if it is set to 'scroll', then the scrolling of the background will occur in whatever direction the scrolling of the text occurs.
'direction' relative (logical), i.e. ltr implies top-to-bottom character progression in vertical layout
'display' [under discussion]
'font-size' relative (logical) i.e. the dimensions of each character rotate with the character
'font-size-adjust' relative (logical) i.e. the dimensions of each character rotate with the character
'font-stretch' relative (logical) i.e. the dimensions of each character rotate with the character
'letter-spacing' relative (logical), i.e. this controls the amount of spacing between consecutive letters, regardless of whether one follows the other horizontally or vertically
'line-height' relative (logical), i.e. this controls the "height" of a line if horizontal, or the "width", if vertical. In other words, this controls the size of the line in the dimension perpendicular to the baseline.
'list-style-position' relative (logical) i.e. inside/outside do not imply any particular direction. Therefore the positioning of the list bullet that this property controls takes place in the dimension parallel to the baseline.
'marker-offset' relative (logical) i.e. the distance specified here is in the dimension parallel to the baseline
'orphans' relative (logical) i.e. this property counts lines, whichever way they are oriented
'overflow' relative (logical) i.e. if it is set to 'scroll', the scrolling of the contents will occur in whatever direction it is necessary for it to occur.
'page-break-after' relative (logical), since the property does not imply any particular direction. It implies a page break after the element, i.e. in the direction in which the next line of text would appear relative to the previous one.
'page-break-before' relative (logical), since the property does not imply any particular direction. It implies a page break before the element, i.e. in the direction in which the next line of text would appear relative to the last line of the element.
'quotes' [under discussion]
'text-align' [under discussion]
'text-decoration' relative (logical), i.e. underline and overline are parallel to the baseline. Underline appears on the left side of a vertical column and overline appears on the right
'text-indent' relative (logical), i.e. it affects the amount of spacing before the first letter in a paragraph in the dimension parallel to the baseline
'unicode-bidi' relative (logical), i.e. it affects glyph progression regardless of layout
'vertical-align' [under discussion]
'widows' relative (logical) in the way that this property counts lines whichever way they are oriented
'word-spacing' relative (logical), i.e. this controls the amount of spacing between consecutive words, regardless of whether one follows the other horizontally or vertically


Acknowledgements

This specification would not have been possible without the help from:

Ayman Aldahleh, Bert Bos, Stephen Deach, Martin Dürst, Laurie Anna Edlund, Ben Errez, Yaniv Feinberg, Arye Gittelman, Richard Ishida, Koji Ishii, Masayasu Ishikawa, Michael Jochimsen, Eric LeVine, Chris Pratley, Rahul Sonnad, Frank Tang, Chris Thrasher, Masafumi Yabe, Steve Zilles.


References

[CSS2]
Cascading Stylesheets, level 2 (CSS2) Specification, W3C Recommendation
Bert Bos, Håkon Wium Lie, Chris Lilley and Ian Jacobs, 12 May 1998
Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2
[HTML4]
HTML 4.0 Specification, W3C Recommendation
Dave Raggett, Arnaud Le Hors and Ian Jacobs, 18 December 1997, revised 24 April 1998
Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40
[JIS]
Line composition rules for Japanese documents
JIS X 4051-1995, Japanese Standards Association, 1995 (in Japanese)
[RUBY]
Ruby, W3C Working Draft
Marcin Sawicki, 22 March 1999
Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-ruby
[XSL]
Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) Specification, W3C Working Draft
Stephen Deach, 21 April 1999
Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xsl


Changes from Previous Working Draft

Section Change
2. Vertical Text
  • renamed (formerly "Layout Flow") and replaced the contents with a reference to the XSL WD
Appendix A: Vertical Layout Effect on CSS Properties
  • Major overhaul. Changed from all-relative to mostly absolute.
All sections
  • Removed referenced to 'layout-flow' through rewording.