A vocabulary, or music ontology, to describe classical music and performances. Classes (categories) for musical works, events, instruments and performers, as well as related properties are defined. Make sure to distinguish musical works (e.g. Opera) from performance events (Opera_Event), or works (String_Quartette) from performer (StringQuartetEnsemble in this vocab), whose natural language terms are used interchangeblly. The present version experiments more precise model to describe a musical work, its representations (performances, scores, etc) and a musical event to present a representation (a concert). Includes 30 keys as individuals.
音楽作品、楽器、演奏情報を記述するためのボキャブラリ。Opera_Event（演奏）とOpera（作品）や、String_Quartette（作品）とStringQuartetEnsemble（団体）のように、日常語では両方の意味に使われるクラスの区別に注意。このバージョンでは、音楽作品、その表現（演奏、楽譜など）とイベント（演奏会）をより精密にモデリングするべく実験中。
Version 0.9.6 - OWL DL version. Some stable, some experimental. Changed terms: Opera_Performance to Opera_Event, Ballet_Performance to Ballet_Event.
神崎正英
A musical work in any form, e.g. a composition, its movement, phrase, theme etc.
A (complete) musical work by a composer.
A subsection of a musical work. Typically a movement of a symphony, but also a piece of suit, etc.
A composition for orchestra (and a soloist or soloists, optionally with chorus)
A musical work with drama, song, chorus and orchestral music. Note 'Opera_Event' in this vocabulary describes the performance of an opera.
A musical work for a dance form featuring a staged presentation of group or solo dancing. Note 'Ballet_Event' in this vocabulary describes the performance of a ballet.
A large and complex work for symphony orchestra
A composition for orchestra and a soloist
An orchestral music composed for the opening of an opera or oratorio, often played as an independend work in concerts
A musical composition of several movements only loosely connected
An orchestral composition based on a thematic subject
A genre of music composed for performance as part of religious ceremonies
A genre of music composed for performance by small ensemble
A music composed for instrumental quartet with 2 violins and a viola and a cello. Note 'StringQuartetEnsemble' is SQ ensemble in this vocabulary.
A genre of music composed for performance by a chorus or choir
A vocal composition accompanied by instruments and generally containing more than one movement.
A large musical composition for orchestra, vocal soloists and chorus
Text of a musical work (e.g. lyric or verse)
A key of a musical work (e.g. C-dur, b-moll)
Representation of a musical work, such as a score, sheet music, perfornamce, recoding, etc.
Representation of a musical work in the form of performace, e.g. playing instruments, singing etc. Note a concert is a Musical_Event where a Performance is presented.
Representation of a musical work in the form of a written expression, e.g. score, parts, autograph, printed music, sketch, etc.
A full score or piano-vocal score of a work, either published or manuscript.
A music for a particular instrument or voice taken from a full score (Note: in this ontology, Part is not a division of an orchestra).
A sketch, or a brief prelimary composition of a work.
An event of musical performance by players or singers, including theatrical staging. Typically the event has date and location. Note this is different from Performance, which is a 'representation' of a musical work realized at a musical event or recording, etc.
An event of musical performance by players or singers not involving theatrical staging
An event of musical performance especially by soloists
An event of opera performance (not an opera as a musical work, which is defined here as 'Opera')
A venue for musical performance, e.g. concert hall, opera house, recital hall, etc.
A stringed musical instrument, in which sound is produced by plucking, striking, or bowing taut strings.
A wind musical instrument, in which sound is produced by the vibration of reeds in the mouthpiece, or by the passing of air across the mouthpiece.
A wind musical instrument, that consists of a brass tube blown by means of a cup-shaped or funnel-shaped mouthpiece.
A musical instrument that produces sound by striking the body.
A musical instrument that has a set of keys that consist of scale.
A musical instrument played with a bow, having four strings. Usually plays the highest part of the string section.
A stringed instrument of the violin family, slightly larger than a violin, tuned a fifth lower, and having a deeper, more sonorous tone.
A stringed instrument of the violin family, with bass to tenor tone. Usually played in sitting position.
The largest member of string insrtument, usually with four or five strings.
A high-pitched woodwind instrument; a slender tube closed at one end with finger holes on one end and an opening near the closed end across which the breath is blown
A piccolo flute, smaller member of the flute family.
A woodwind instrument with a conical bore and a double-reed mouthpiece.
A double-reed woodwind instrument, larger member of the oboe family.
A woodwind instrument having a straight cylindrical tube with a flaring bell and a single-reed mouthpiece.
A larger member of the clarinet family, usually in key B-flat.
A smaller member of the clarinet family, commonly in key E-flat.
A larger member of the clarinet family, typically in lower F, and has darker and less brilliant timbre.
A low-pitched woodwind instrument with a double reed, having a long wooden body attached to a U-shaped lateral tube that leads to the mouthpiece. A Fagotto.
A larger mebmer of the basoon family, producing the lowest tone in the woodwind section.
A woodwind instrument with a single-reed mouthpiece and a (usually curved) conical metal tube, including soprano, alto, tenor, and baritone sizes.
A brass instrument with a long narrow tube that is coiled in a circle before ending in a flaring bell, usually being equipped with valves. A French Horn.
A A soprano brass instrument consisting of a long metal tube looped once and ending in a flared bell, usually being equipped with valves or pistons.
A brass instrument consisting of a long cylindrical tube, and having a movable U-shaped slide for producing different pitches.
A large, valved, brass instrument with a bass pitch.
A set of large copper or brass hemispherical drums with a parchment head that can be tuned by adjusting the tension.
An instrument with usually 46 or 47 strings that are played by plucking with the fingers.
A musical instrument with a manual keyboard actuating hammers that strike wire strings. A pianoforte.
A musical instrument with a keyboard and metal plates struck by hammers that produce bell-like tones.
A keyboard instrument whose strings are plucked by means of quills or plectrums. Cembalo.
A musical instrument having a large flat-backed sound box, a long fretted neck, and usually six strings, played by strumming or plucking.
A pear-shaped small stringed instrument descended from the lute, played with a pick.
A person or group (or any agent) who creates or performs art works
A person (or any agent) who composed art works
An artist who performs, composes or conducts music
An artist who performs a musical instrument
someone who creates new dances, or directs an opera
A musical group which perfroms large scale symphonic works
A musical group which perfroms in relatively small size, particularly chamber music
A musical group of four string players. Note 'String_Quartette' is SQ as musical work in this vocabulary.
A musical group that performs opera works.
A musical group that performs ballet works.
A description of the subject musical work. Super-property of some properties in this vocabulary, as well as description of a general descriptive resource such as time-line of composing process.
A description of the subject musical event. Super-property of #program, #presents, #venue.
A description of the subject artist or agent. Super-property of #plays, #performs.
The subject musical work is composed by a person, a group, a software program etc.
Describes the composition process of the subject. Composition period or completion date, place, revision etc. can be described as properties of the object composition process.
The subject musical work was first performed at an concert
<m:Symphony> <m:composer foaf:name="Shubert"/> <dc:title>Symohony No.7 'Unfinished'</dc:title> <m:opus>D.759</m:opus> <dcterms:created>1822-01</dcterms:created> <m:premiere rdf:parseType="Resource"> <dc:date>1865-12-17</dc:date> <cal:location>Wien Musikfereinsall</cal:location> </m:premiere> </m:Symphony>
The subject musical work is published as a score or sheet music (still not sure what kind of class is appropriate as the range)
<m:Symphony> <m:composer foaf:name="Beethoven"/> <dc:title>Symphony No.9</dc:title> <m:opus>Op.125</m:opus> <m:published> <m:Score> <dc:date>1826-08</dc:date> <dc:description>The first published edition</dc:description> <dc:publisher>Schott</dc:publisher> </m:Score> </m:published> </m:Symphony>
The subject musical work has a historical source, such as sketch, autograph score or published score.
The subject musical work has subsections such as movements. Current model recommends RDF Collection as the object.
The subject musical composition has an identifier assigned by a composer (e.g. 'op.131') or other editor (e.g. 'KV.551')
The subject musical work or its movement has a form, such as sonata, minuet, etc. Would be better defined as ObjectProperty.
The subject musical work or its movement has a key, such as C major, d minor, etc.
The subject musical work or its movement has a key. Textual version of #key.
The subject musical work or its movement has instruction mark(s) of tempo and/or expression
The subject musical work or its movement has a time measure such as 3/4, 4/4, 6/8 etc
The subject (performance, score, etc) is a representation of the object musical work. An experiment to have better model.
The subject is (was) derived from the object, e.g a copy score is derived from the composer manuscript (or, possibly, a CD recording is derived from a performance at a concert).
<m:Symphony rdf:about="http://purl.org/net/masterwork/beethoven/op.125"> <m:source> <m:Score rdf:about="urn:musicalsource:lvb/125/autograph"> <dc:title>Autograph score</dc:title> </m:Score> </m:source> <m:source> <m:Score rdf:about="urn:musicalsource:lvb/125/copystscore1"> <dc:title>A copyist's socore used as engraver's copy</dc:title> <m:derivedFrom rdf:resource="urn:musicalsource:lvb/125/autograph"/> </m:Score> </m:source> </m:Symphony>
The subject has a performer (an artist, a group, a machine etc.). The preferred domain of this property is #Performance, so as to model that "a concert presents a performance (of a musical work) that is realized by this performer". However, in natural language, we often say that "a concert has performers who play these musical works", i.e. the domain of 'performer' is #Musical_Event in this case, and it would be more intuitive model. Hence, the domain is leave unrestricted here for a moment.
<m:Concert> <m:presents> <m:Performance> <m:conductor foaf:name="Sir Roger Norrington"/> <m:performer foaf:name="R.S.O. Stuttgart"/> <m:represents> <m:Symphony> <m:composer foaf:name="Brahms"/> <dc:title>Symphony No.2 D major</dc:title> </m:Symphony> </m:represents> </m:Performance> </m:presents> </m:Concert>
<m:Concert> <m:conductor foaf:name="Sir Roger Norrington"/> <m:performer foaf:name="R.S.O. Stuttgart"/> <m:program> <m:Symphony> <m:composer foaf:name="Brahms"/> <dc:title>Symphony No.2 D major</dc:title> </m:Symphony> </m:program> </m:Concert> <!-- An application may infer that: {X a m:Concert; m:performer Y; m:program Z.} => {X m:presents [a m:Performance; m:performer Y; m:represents Z] .} -->
The subject performance is performed by this soloist (or the subject musical event has a soloist. See comment of #performer.
The subject performance is coducted by the object (or the subject musical event has a conductor). See comment of #performer.
The subject artist (or group, machine, etc) performs a musical work.
The subject musical event presents a musical work as its program
The subject artist (or group, machine, etc) plays an musical instrument. If :me :plays :Violin, then :me a :Violininst.
The subject musical event presents a performance of a musical work. An experiment to have better model to describe musical work, its representation and an event to present the representation.
The subject musical event is presented at the object venue.
The subject musical event has a performer. Literal version of #performer.
The subject musical event has a conductor. Literal version of #conductor.
The subject musical event presents a musical work as its program. Literal version of #program.
Major key based on C, whose key signature has no sharp or flat.
Major key based on G, whose key signature has 1 sharp.
Major key based on D, whose key signature has 2 sharps.
Major key based on A, whose key signature has 3 sharps.
Major key based on E, whose key signature has 4 sharps.
Major key based on B, whose key signature has 5 sharps.
Major key based on F sharp, whose key signature has 6 sharps.
Major key based on C sharp, whose key signature has 7 sharps.
Major key based on F, whose key signature has 1 flat.
Major key based on B flat, whose key signature has 2 flats.
Major key based on E flat, whose key signature has 3 flats.
Major key based on A flat, whose key signature has 4 flats.
Major key based on D flat, whose key signature has 5 flats.
Major key based on G flat, whose key signature has 6 flats.
Major key based on C flat, whose key signature has 7 flats.
Minor key based on E, whose key signature has 1 sharp.
Minor key based on B, whose key signature has 2 sharps.
Minor key based on F sharp, whose key signature has 3 sharps.
Minor key based on C sharp, whose key signature has 4 sharps.
Minor key based on G sharp, whose key signature has 5 sharps.
Minor key based on D sharp, whose key signature has 6 sharps.
Minor key based on A sharp, whose key signature has 7 sharps.
Minor key based on D, whose key signature has 1 flat.
Minor key based on G, whose key signature has 2 flats.
Minor key based on C, whose key signature has 3 flats.
Minor key based on F, whose key signature has 4 flats.
Minor key based on B flat, whose key signature has 5 flats.
Minor key based on E flat, whose key signature has 6 flats.
Minor key based on A flat, whose key signature has 7 flats.
演奏会の簡単な記述例。
<m:Concert> <dc:date>2008-02-11</dc:date> <m:conductor> <m:Conductor rdf:about="http://www.kanzaki.com/bass/conductor#長田雅人"> <foaf:name>Masato Osada</foaf:name> </m:Conductor> </m:conductor> <m:performer> <m:Orchestra rdf:about="http://www.kanzaki.com/bass/orch#オーケストラ・ダスビダーニャ"> <foaf:name>orchestra 'do svidanya'</foaf:name> </m:Orchestra> </m:performer> <m:program> <m:Symphony rdf:about="http://www.kanzaki.com/music/mcat/shostakovich/op.103#s"> <dc:title>Symphony No.11 g-minor</dc:title> <m:opus>op.103</m:opus> <m:composer> <m:Composer rdf:about="http://www.kanzaki.com/ns/psi/en/Dmitri_Shostakovich#s"/> </m:composer> </m:Symphony> </m:program> </m:Concert>
Another description of a concert with its title, date, program and venue. See also examples in the definition of 'performer' for more erabolate model (the preferred domain of this property is m:Performance, not m:Concert).
ある演奏会の名称、日時、プログラム、会場の記述例。より精密なモデルの案として、'performer'の定義セクションにある例も参照。
'circles and arrows' graphical representation of this example
<m:Concert> <dc:title>Tokyo Green Symphony Orchestra 12th Concert</dc:title> <dc:date>2003-11-02T14:00+09:00</dc:date> <m:conductor foaf:name="Yuri Nitta"/> <m:performer> <m:Violinist> <foaf:name>Tomoko Kawada</foaf:name> <m:performs rdf:nodeID="p1"/> </m:Violinist> </m:performer> <m:performer> <m:Orchestra foaf:name="Tokyo Green Symphony Orchestra"/> </m:performer> <m:program> <m:Concerto rdf:nodeID="p1"> <m:composer foaf:name="Bruch"/> <dc:title>Violin Concerto No.1 g minor</dc:title> <m:opus>op.26</m:opus> </m:Concerto> </m:program> <m:program> <m:Symphony> <m:composer foaf:name="Brahms"/> <dc:title>Symphony No.2 D major</dc:title> <m:opus>op.73</m:opus> </m:Symphony> </m:program> <m:venue> <m:Venue geo:lat="35.69" geo:long="139.81"> <dc:title>Sumida Triphony</dc:title> </m:Venue> </m:venue> </m:Concert>
A simplified description of a concert with its title, date, program and venue. All property values are literal string here.
ある演奏会の名称、日時、プログラム、会場を、文字列だけで記述する例。
<m:Concert> <dc:title>Tokyo Green Symphony Orchestra 12th Concert</dc:title> <dc:date>2003-11-02T14:00+09:00</dc:date> <m:conductorName>Yuri Nitta</m:conductorName> <m:performerName>Violin: Tomoko Kawada</m:performerName> <m:performerName>Orchestra: Tokyo Green Symphony Orchestra</m:performerName> <m:programLine>Bruch: Violin Concerto No.1 g minor</m:programLine> <m:programLine>Brahms: Symphony No.2 D major</m:programLine> <cal:location>Sumida Triphony</cal:location> </m:Concert>
A description of a symphony with its composition data and descriptions of movements. Note now key values are expressed as URIs.
交響曲の楽曲情報と楽章データの記述例。調性の記述をURIに変更。
<m:Symphony> <m:composer rdf:parseType="Resource"> <foaf:name>シューベルト</foaf:name> <foaf:homepage rdf:resource="http://www.kanzaki.com/music/mw/sym/schubert"/> </m:composer> <dc:title>Symohony No.7 'Unfinished'</dc:title> <m:opus>D.759</m:opus> <m:key rdf:resource="http://www.kanzaki.com/ns/music#h-moll"/> <dcterms:created>1822-01</dcterms:created> <m:premiere rdf:parseType="Resource"> <dc:date>1865-12-17</dc:date> <cal:location>Wien Musikfereinsall</cal:location> </m:premiere> <m:sections rdf:parseType="Collection"> <m:Movement> <m:marks>Allegro moderato</m:marks> <m:key rdf:resource="http://www.kanzaki.com/ns/music#h-moll"/> <m:meter>3/4</m:meter> </m:Movement> <m:Movement> <m:marks>Andante con moto</m:marks> <m:key rdf:resource="http://www.kanzaki.com/ns/music#Es-dur"/> <m:meter>3/8</m:meter> </m:Movement> </m:sections> </m:Symphony>