#test { background: red; display: block; padding: 1em; }
   #stub ~ div div + div > div { background: lime; }

 <div>

  

  
  <script>
   

    function test() {
      el = document.getElementById('test');
      el.parentNode.parentNode.insertBefore(document.createElement('div'), el.parentNode);
    }

    /*window.setTimeout(test, 100);*/
   
  </script>
  

  <p onclick="test()"> The following bar should be green. </p>

  <div id="stub"></div>
  <div></div>
  <div><div><!-- <div/> --><div><div id="test"></div></div></div></div>

 </div>