2. Terms and Definitions

This section is normative.

While some terms are defined in place, the following definitions are used throughout this document. Familiarity with the W3C XML 1.0 Recommendation [XML] is highly recommended.

abstract module: a unit of document type specification corresponding to a distinct type of content, corresponding to a markup construct reflecting this distinct type.
content model: the declared markup structure allowed within instances of an element type. XML 1.0 differentiates two types: elements containing only element content (no character data) and mixed content (elements that may contain character data optionally interspersed with child elements). The latter are characterized by a content specification beginning with the "#PCDATA" string (denoting character data).
deprecated: a feature marked as deprecated is in the process of being removed from this recommendation. Portable documents should not use features marked as deprecated.
document model: the effective structure and constraints of a given document type. The document model constitutes the abstract representation of the physical or semantic structures of a class of documents.
document type: a class of documents sharing a common abstract structure. The ISO 8879 [SGML] definition is as follows: "a class of documents having similar characteristics; for example, journal, article, technical manual, or memo. (4.102)"
document type definition (DTD): a formal, machine-readable expression of the XML structure and syntax rules to which a document instance of a specific document type must conform; the schema type used in XML 1.0 to validate conformance of a document instance to its declared document type. The same markup model may be expressed by a variety of DTDs.
driver: a generally short file used to declare and instantiate the modules of a DTD. A good rule of thumb is that a DTD driver contains no markup declarations that comprise any part of the document model itself.
element: an instance of an element type.
element type: the definition of an element, that is, a container for a distinct semantic class of document content.
entity: an entity is a logical or physical storage unit containing document content. Entities may be composed of parseable XML markup or character data, or unparsed (i.e., non-XML, possibly non-textual) content. Entity content may be either defined entirely within the document entity ("internal entities") or external to the document entity ("external entities"). In parsed entities, the replacement text may include references to other entities.
entity reference: a mnemonic string used as a reference to the content of a declared entity (e.g., "&" for "&", "<" for "<", "©" for "©".)
facilities: Facilities are elements, attributes, and the semantics associated with those elements and attributes.
focusable: Elements are considered "focusable" if they are visible (e.g., have the equivalent of the [CSS2] property of "display" with a value other than none) not disabled (see [XFORMS]), and either 1) have an @href attribute or 2) are considered a form control as defined in [XFORMS].
fragment identifier: A portion of a [URI] as defined in RFC 3986.
generic identifier: the name identifying the element type of an element. Also, element type name.
hybrid document: A hybrid document is a document that uses more than one XML namespace. Hybrid documents may be defined as documents that contain elements or attributes from hybrid document types.
instantiate: to replace an entity reference with an instance of its declared content.
markup declaration: a syntactical construct within a DTD declaring an entity or defining a markup structure. Within XML DTDs, there are four specific types: entity declaration defines the binding between a mnemonic symbol and its replacement content; element declaration constrains which element types may occur as descendants within an element (see also content model); attribute definition list declaration defines the set of attributes for a given element type, and may also establish type constraints and default values; notation declaration defines the binding between a notation name and an external identifier referencing the format of an unparsed entity.
markup model: the markup vocabulary (i.e., the gamut of element and attribute names, notations, etc.) and grammar (i.e., the prescribed use of that vocabulary) as defined by a document type definition (i.e., a schema) The markup model is the concrete representation in markup syntax of the document model, and may be defined with varying levels of strict conformity. The same document model may be expressed by a variety of markup models.
module: an abstract unit within a document model expressed as a DTD fragment, used to consolidate markup declarations to increase the flexibility, modifiability, reuse and understanding of specific logical or semantic structures.
modularization: an implementation of a modularization model; the process of composing or de-composing a DTD by dividing its markup declarations into units or groups to support specific goals. Modules may or may not exist as separate file entities (i.e., the physical and logical structures of a DTD may mirror each other, but there is no such requirement).
modularization model: the abstract design of the document type definition (DTD) in support of the modularization goals, such as reuse, extensibility, expressiveness, ease of documentation, code size, consistency and intuitiveness of use. It is important to note that a modularization model is only orthogonally related to the document model it describes, so that two very different modularization models may describe the same document type.
parameter entity: an entity whose scope of use is within the document prolog (i.e., the external subset/DTD or internal subset). Parameter entities are disallowed within the document instance.
parent document type: A parent document type of a hybrid document is the document type of the root element.
tag: descriptive markup delimiting the start and end (including its generic identifier and any attributes) of an element.
unavailable resource: any resource that is referenced as a URI in an attribute, but that cannot be accessed for any reason, is considered unavailable. Example reasons include, but are not limited to: network unavailable, no resource available at the URI given, inability of the user agent to process the type of resource, etc.
user agent: any software that retrieves and renders Strictly Conforming Documents for users. This may include browsers, media players, plug-ins, and other programs — including assistive technologies — that help in retrieving and rendering such documents. See also Conforming User Agent.