What languages are written with right-to-left scripts?
Знание направления текста, основанное на скрипте (скриптах) ,которые будут использоваться, это важно для веб-дизайнеров и авторов, так как текст, который выравнивается справа налево может быть более сложным (для начинающих) для обработки, а также затрагиваются организация и направленность макета страницы. Поэтому, знание направления может понадобиться для оценки работы, которая связана с созданием веб страниц в новом языке.
Глоссарий Unicode Консорциума использует следующее определение:
Скрипт: набор символов, используемый для представления текста в одной или нескольких системах письменности.
Microsoft на их Веб сайте глобализации предлагает такое определение:
Скрипт: Набор символов для отображения письменного текста, каждый из которых имеет общую характеристику, которая оправдывает рассмотрение символов в качестве отдельного набора. Один скрипт можно использовать для нескольких разных языков (например, Латинский скрипт, который охватывает всю Западную Европу). Некоторые письменные языки требуют нескольких скриптов (например, Японская, которая требует как минимум три скрипты: Хирагана и Катакана и иероглифы Кандзи, импортированные из Китая). Это значение слова "скрипт" не имеет ничего общего с такими программными скриптами, как Perl или Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript).
Языка не имеют направлении. Скрипты имеют письменное направление, и таким образом языки написаны на конкретном скрипте, будут написаны с направлением этого скрипта.
Языки можно написать с помощью более чем одного скрипта. Например, Азербайджанский может быть написан на любом из Латинских, Кириллических, или Арабских скриптов. Когда Азербайджанский язык написан на Латинском или Кирилицьком скриптах, то он направлен слева направо (LTR). Когда написан на Арабском скрипте - справа налево.
The following table gives a rough idea of modern spoken languages that can be written using RTL scripts, and where they are spoken. This data is gathered from information in the SIL Ethnologue. The Script Usage column shows all scripts that can be used for that language: the relative order gives a rough idea of frequency of use, and where the script usage is minor it appears in parentheses. The Potential Users column lists the number of overall speakers of that language (native and second language users). Some of the smaller languages are not mentioned, and the figures don't take into account users of liturgical languages.
The total number of potential users is of course an overestimate, because it doesn't take into account literacy levels or competing scripts or usage trends. Nonetheless, at 2,305,048,719 it indicates that the actual number of potential users possibly runs past a billion. The table lists 12 scripts, and 215 languages. Arabic accounts for a large proportion, with 189 languages and just over 2 billion potential users. No distinction is made between the various styles of Arabic, such as Nastaliq, Magribi, Kano, etc, or those that are abjads and those that are alphabetic. Nor, as mentioned, does it take into account the number of people using Arabic because of their religion.
Script | Language | Countries/Regions | Script usage | Potential users |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adlam | Fulah [ful] | Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Chad | Latin, Adlam | 35,337,640 |
Pular [fuf] | Guinea, Mali | Latin, Adlam | 4,778,200 | |
Arabic | Adamawa Fulfulde [fub] | Cameroon | Arabic | 5,685,500 |
Adyghe [ady] | Russia | Cyrillic (Arabic) | 605,400 | |
Algerian Arabic [arq] | Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara | Arabic | 40,259,600 | |
Andaandi [dgl] | Sudan | Arabic | 70,000 | |
Ashtiani [atn] | Iran | Arabic | 26,400 | |
Azerbaijani [aze] (azj, azb) | Azerbaijan, Iran | Arabic, Latin | 23,849,330 | |
Baharna Arabic [abv] | Bahrain | Arabic | 727,900 | |
Bakhtiari [bqi] | Iran | Arabic | 1,240,000 | |
Balangingi [sse] | Philippines | Arabic | 85,000 | |
Balti [bft] | Pakistan | Arabic | 438,800 | |
Banjar [bjn] | Indonesia | Arabic | 3,655,000 | |
Bedawiyet [bej] | Sudan | Arabic, Latin | 2,498,000. | |
Bhadrawahi [bhd] | India | Arabic, Devanagari | 116,000 | |
Brahui [brh] | Pakistan, Afghanistan | Arabic | 2,864,400 | |
Brunei [kxd] | Brunei, Malaysia | Arabic, Latin | 321,000. | |
Burushaski [bsk] | Pakistan, India | Arabic | 126,300 | |
Central Atlas Tamazight [tzm] | Morocco | Arabic, Tifinagh | 4,740,000 | |
Central Kanuri [knc] | Nigeria | Latin, Arabic | 8,825,500 | |
Central Kurdish [ckb] | Iraq | Arabic | 5,266,050 | |
Central Pashto [pst] | Pakistan | Arabic | 8,490,000 | |
Chadian Arabic [shu] | Chad | Arabic, Latin | 2,061,220 | |
Chittagonian [ctg] | Bangladesh | Bengali, Arabic | 13,000,000 | |
Coptic [cop] | Egypt | Coptic, Arabic | 0 (liturgical) | |
Cypriot Arabic [acy] | Cyprus | Latin, (Arabic) | 9,760 | |
Dameli [dml] | Pakistan | Arabic | 5,000 | |
Dari [prs] | Afghanistan, Pakistan | Arabic | 29,452,210 | |
Deccan [dcc] | India | Arabic, (Devanagari) | 12,800,000 | |
Dezfuli [def] | Iran | Arabic | Very few | |
Dhatki [mki] | Pakistan | Arabic | 206,400 | |
Dogri [dgo] | India | Devanagari, (Arabic) | 2,600,000 | |
Dongxiang [sce] | China | Arabic | 200,000 | |
Dyula [dyu] | Côte d’Ivoire | Arabic, Latin, N’Ko | 12,504,000 | |
Balochi, Eastern [bgp] | India, Pakistan | Arabic | 2,930,800 | |
Cham, Eastern [cjm] | Viet Nam | Cham, (Arabic) | 132,000 | |
Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic [avl] | Egypt, Libya | Arabic | 2,430,300 | |
Eastern Maninkakan [emk] | Guinea | Arabic, Latin, N’Ko | 3,722,300 | |
Egyptian Arabic [arz] | Egypt, ( widespread media) | Arabic | 74,826,320 | |
Gazi [gzi] | Iran | Arabic | 7,030 | |
Gilaki [glk] | Iran | Arabic | 2,490,000 | |
Goaria [gig] | Pakistan | Arabic | 25,400 | |
Gowro [gwf] | Pakistan | Arabic | 1,000 | |
Gujari [gju] | India | Arabic, (Devanagari) | 1,696,000 | |
Gulf Arabic [afb] | Kuwait & surrounding countries | Arabic | 10,656,700 | |
Gurani [hac] | Iran | Arabic | 300,000 | |
Gurgula [ggg] | Pakistan | Arabic | 35,300 | |
Harzani [hrz] | Iran | Arabic | 34,900 | |
Hassaniyya [mey] | Mauritania & surrounding countries | Arabic | 4,883,500 | |
Hausa [hau] | Nigeria & across the Sahel | Latin, Arabic | 77,063,700 | |
Hazaragi [haz] | Afghanistan, Pakistan | Arabic | 3,628,900 | |
Hijazi Arabic [acw] | Saudi Arabia | Arabic | 10,792,400 | |
Ida'an [dbj] | Malaysia | Latin, (Arabic) | 10,000 | |
Indonesian [ind] | Indonesia | Latin, (Arabic) | 198,000,000 | |
Indus Kohistani [mvy] | Pakistan | Arabic | 200,000 | |
Ingush [inh] | Russia | Cyrillic, (Arabic) | 306,000 | |
Iranian Persian [pes] | Iran | Arabic | 77,377,510 | |
Jadgali [jdg] | Pakistan | Arabic | 25,600 | |
Jahanka [jad] | Guinea | Arabic | 137,500 | |
Jenaama Bozo [bze] | Mali | Arabic, Latin | 197,000 | |
Jola-Fonyi [dyo] | Senegal | Arabic, Latin | 457,000 | |
Kachi Koli [gjk] | Pakistan, India | Arabic, (Gujarati) | 530,000 | |
Kalami [gwc] | Pakistan | Arabic | 96,400 | |
Kalasha [kls] | Pakistan | Arabic | 5,000 | |
Kashmiri [kas] | India | Arabic, (Devanagari) | 7,132,780 | |
Kati [bsh] | Afghanistan | Arabic | 135,800 | |
Kazakh [kaz] | Kazakhstan & surrounding countries, China, Iran | Cyrillic, Arabic | 12,695,140 | |
Kenzi [xnz] | Egypt, Libya | Arabic, Coptic, Latin | 50,000 | |
Khorasani Turkish [kmz] | Iran | Arabic | 936,000 | |
Khowar [khw] | Pakistan | Arabic | 379,100 | |
Khunsari [kfm] | Iran | Arabic | 26,400 | |
Kohistani Shina [plk] | Pakistan | Arabic | 458,000 | |
Koti [eko] | Mozambique | Latin, Arabic | 140,000 | |
Kumyk [kum] | Russia | Cyrillic, Latin, (Arabic) | 427,600 | |
Kyrgyz [kir] | Kyrgyzstan & surrounding countries | Cyrillic, Latin , Arabic | 5,132,100 | |
Laki [lki] | Iran | Arabic | 1,240,000 | |
Lari [lrl] | Iran | Arabic | 118,000 | |
Lasgerdi [lsa] | Iran | Arabic | 1,000 | |
Libyan Arabic [ayl] | Libya, Egypt, Niger | Arabic | 5,343,050 | |
Maasina Fulfulde [ffm] | Mali & adjacent countries | Latin, Arabic | 1,523,240 | |
Maba (Chad) [mde] | Chad | Latin, Arabic | 567,000 | |
Malay (individual language) [zlm] | Malaysia, Indonesia | Latin, Arabic | 19,185,470 | |
Malayalam [mal] | India | Malayalam, (Arabic) | 37,212,270 | |
Mandinka [mnk] | Senegal, Guinea, The Gambia | Latin, Arabic | 1,949,000 | |
Manga Kanuri [kby] | Niger, Nigeria | Latin, Arabic | 480,000 | |
Maore Comorian [swb] | Mayotte | Latin, Arabic | 185,500 | |
Marwari (Pakistan) [mve] | Pakistan | Arabic | 164,000 | |
Mazanderani [mzn] | Iran | Arabic | 2,320,000 | |
Mesopotamian Arabic [acm] | Iraq & neighouring countries | Arabic | 19,063,530 | |
Mogofin [mfg] | Guinea | Latin, (Arabic) | 24,800 | |
Moroccan Arabic [ary] | Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Western Sahara | Arabic | 33,358,230 | |
Munji [mnj] | Afghanistan | Arabic | 5,300 | |
Mwani [wmw] | Mozambique | Arabic, Latin | 166,000 | |
Nafusi [jbn] | Libya | Arabic | 297,000 | |
Najdi Arabic [ars] | Saudi Arabia & neighboring countries | Arabic | 18,153,010 | |
Natanzi [ntz] | Iran | Arabic | 7,030 | |
Nayini [nyq] | Iran | Arabic | 7,030 | |
Ndzwani Comorian [wni] | Comoros | Arabic, Latin | 361,000 | |
Ngazidja Comorian [zdj] | Comoros | Arabic, Latin | 412,000 | |
Nigerian Fulfulde [fuv] | Nigeria, Cameroon | Arabic, Latin | 16,585,000 | |
Nobiin [fia] | Sudan, Egypt | Arabic, Latin, Coptic | 546,000 | |
North Azerbaijani [azj] | Azerbaijan, Georgia | Latin, (Cyrillic, Arabic) | 9,220,620 | |
North Levantine Arabic [apc] | Syria | Arabic | 31,437,480 | |
North Mesopotamian Arabic [ayp] | Iraq | Arabic | 10,252,460 | |
Northern Hindko [hno] | Pakistan | Arabic | 3,570,000 | |
Northern Kurdish [kmr] | Türkiye & several West Asian countries | Arabic, Latin, (Armenian, Cyrillic) | 15,703,920 | |
Northern Luri [lrc] | Iran | Arabic | 1,820,000 | |
Northern Pashto [pbu] | Pakistan | Arabic | 30,172,800 | |
Northern Uzbek [uzn] | Uzbekistan & neighbours, China | Latin, Arabic, (Cyrillic) | 27,745,270 | |
Od [odk] | India | Arabic | 2,076,100 | |
Omani Arabic [acx] | Oman | Arabic | 2,877,200 | |
Ormuri [oru] | Pakistan | Arabic | 5,050 | |
Pahari-Potwari [phr] | Pakistan, India | Arabic | 3,541,900 | |
Palula [phl] | Pakistan | Arabic | 14,400 | |
Panjabi [pan] | India | Gurmukhi, Arabic, (Khojki) | 51,724,270 | |
Parkari Koli [kvx] | Pakistan | Arabic | 358,000 | |
Parsi-Dari [prd] | Iran | Arabic | 27,500 | |
Pattani Malay [mfa] | Thailand | Arabic, Thai | 1,470,000 | |
Pulaar [fuc] | Senegal | Latin, Arabic | 5,398,700. | |
Pular [fuf] | Guinea, Mail | Latin, Arabic, Adlam | 4,778,200 | |
Purik [prx] | India | Arabic, (Tibetan) | 93,500 | |
Qashqa'i [qxq] | Iran | Arabic | 995,000 | |
Rohingya [rhg] | Myanmar, Bangladesh | Arabic, Hanifi Rohingya | 2,529,250 | |
Saafi-Saafi [sav] | Senegal | Arabic, Latin | 200,000 | |
SaidiArabic [aec] | Egypt, Libya | Arabic | 24,100,000 | |
Sanaani Arabic [ayn] | Yemen | Arabic | 12,567,960 | |
Sangisari [sgr] | Iran | Arabic | 42,300 | |
Saraiki [skr] | Pakistan | Arabic, Khojki | 26,219,000 | |
Semnani [smy] | Iran | Arabic | 68,700 | |
Serer [srr] | Senegal | Arabic, Latin | 1,712,300 | |
Shina [scl] | Pakistan | Arabic | 720,200 | |
Shughni [sgh] | Tajikistan, Afghanistan | Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic | 80,000 | |
Sindhi [snd] | Pakistan, India | Arabic, (Devanagari, Gurmukhi, Khojki) | 33,217,150 | |
Somali [som] | Somalia & neighbours | Latin, Arabic | 21,930,230 | |
Soninke [snk] | Mail & neighbours | Latin, Arabic | 2,189,250 | |
Soqotri [sqt] | Yemen | Latin, Arabic | 111,000 | |
South Azerbaijani [azb] | Iran & neighbours | Arabic | 14,629,370 | |
South Levantine Arabic [ajp] | Jordan, Syria | Arabic | 12,711,300 | |
Southeast Pashai [psi] | Afghanistan | Arabic | 366,000 | |
Southern Balochi [bcc] | Pakistan | Arabic | 3,555,700. | |
Southern Hindko [hnd] | Pakistan | Arabic | 1,170,000 | |
Southern Kurdish [sdh] | Iran | Arabic | 3,730,000 | |
Southern Luri [luz] | Iran | Arabic | 1,140,000 | |
Southern Pashto [pbt] | Afghanistan | Arabic | 19,732,400 | |
Southern Uzbek [uzs] | Afghanistan | Arabic | 5,296,100 | |
Southwestern Fars [fay] | Iran | Arabic | 110,000 | |
Standard Arabic [arb] | Widespread | Arabic | 273,989,700 | |
Standard Malay [zsm] | Malaysia | Latin, Arabic | (liturgical) | |
Sudanese Arabic [apd] | Sudan | Arabic, Latin | 42,332,360 | |
Sundanese [sun] | Indonesia | Latin, (Arabic, Java) | 36,700,000 | |
Susu [sus] | Guinea | Latin, Arabic | 2,434,140 | |
Swahili [swh] | Tanzania & neighbours | Latin, (Arabic) | 71,416,500 | |
Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic [acq] | Yemen | Arabic | 11,821,100 | |
Tachawit [shy] | Algeria | Arabic, Tifinagh | 2,300,000 | |
Tachelhit [shi] | Morocco | Tifinagh, Arabic | 5,118,000 | |
Tadaksahak [dsq] | Mali | Arabic, Latin | 159,800 | |
Tagdal [tda] | Niger | Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh | 60,600 | |
Tahaggart Tamahaq [thv] | Algeria | Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh | 114,200 | |
Tajik [tgk] | Tajikistan | Latin, (Cyrillic, Arabic) | 8,195,120 | |
Tajiki Arabic [abh] | Tajikistan | Arabic | 17,300 | |
Takestani [tks] | Iran | Arabic | 395,000 | |
Talysh [tly] | Azerbaijan | Latin, Arabic, Cyrillic | 226,100 | |
Tarifit [rif] | Morocco | Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh | 4,399,000 | |
Tausug [tsg] | Philippines | Latin, Arabic | 946,000 | |
Tawallammat Tamajaq [ttq] | Niger, Mali | Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh | 870,000 | |
Tem [kdh] | Togo & neighbours | Latin, Arabic | 390,200 | |
Tiéyaxo Bozo [boz] | Mali | Latin, Arabic | 118,000 | |
Torwali [trw] | Pakistan | Arabic | 114,000 | |
Tumzabt [mzb] | Algeria | Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh | 150,000 | |
Tunisian Arabic [aeb] | Tunisia | Arabic | 11,709,020 | |
Turkish [tur] | Türkiye | Latin, (Arabic) | 88,098,480 | |
Turkmen [tuk] | Turkmenistan, Afghanistan | Latin, Arabic, Cyrillic | 6,656,060 | |
Urdu [urd] | Pakistan | Arabic | 231,295,440 | |
Uyghur [uig] | China, Afghanistan | Arabic | 10,411,822 | |
Vafsi [vaf] | Iran | Arabic | 22,200 | |
Wadiyara Koli [kxp] | India | Gujarati, Arabic | 583,000 | |
Wakhi [wbl] | Afghanistan | Arabic, Latin, Cyrillic | 52,200 | |
Western Balochi [bgn] | Pakistan, Turmenistan | Arabic, Cyrillic | 2,264,350 | |
Western Cham [cja] | Cambodia | Cham, Arabic, Latin | 312,500 | |
Western Maninkakan [mlq] | Senegal, Mali | Latin, Arabic | 2,067,260 | |
Western Niger Fulfulde [fuh] | Niger & neighbours | Latin, Arabic | 2,320,000 | |
Western Panjabi [pnb] | Pakistan | Arabic, (Khojki) | 66,441,240 | |
Wolio [wlo] | Indonesia | Arabic | 65,000 | |
Wolof [wol] | Senegal, Mauritania | Latin, (Arabic) | 12,266,290 | |
Yakan [yka] | Philippines | Latin, Arabic | 130,000 | |
Yalunka [yal] | Guinea | Latin, Arabic | 180,700 | |
Yidgha [ydg] | Pakistan | Arabic | 6,150 | |
Yoruba [yor] | Nigeria | Latin, (Arabic) | 45,612,560 | |
Zarma [dje] | Niger | Latin, (Arabic) | 4,330,100 | |
Hanifi Rohingya | Rohingya | Myanmar, Bangladesh | Hanifi Rohingya, Arabic, Latin | 2,529,250 |
Hebrew | Bukharic [bhh] | Israel | Cyrillic (Hebrew) | 117,840 |
Eastern Yiddish [ydd] | Israel | Hebrew | 371,657 | |
Hebrew [heb] | Israel | Hebrew | 9,387,050 | |
Hulaulá [huy] | Israel | Hebrew | 350 | |
Judeo-Iraqi Arabic [yhd] | Israel | Hebrew | 97,200 | |
Judeo-Moroccan Arabic [aju] | Morocco | Hebrew | 65,910 | |
Judeo-Persian [jpr] | Israel | Hebrew | 55,000 | |
Judeo-Tat [jdt] | Russia, Azerbaijan | Cyrillic (Hebrew, Latin) | 81,500 | |
Mandaic | Neo-Mandaic | Iran | Mandaic | 23,000 |
Mende Kikakui | Mende | Liberia, Sierra Leone | Latin (Mende Kikakui) | 2,511,600 |
N’Ko | Bambara [bam] | Mali, Côte d’Ivoire | Latin, N’Ko | 14,183,340 |
Dyula [dyu] | Côte d’Ivoire | Latin, N’Ko, Arabic | 12,504,000 | |
Eastern Maninkan [emk] | Guinea, Mali | Latin, N’Ko, Arabic | 3,722,300 | |
Mandingo [man] | Guinea | Latin, N’Ko, Arabic | 8,731,560 | |
N'Ko [nqo] (koine) | Guinea, Mali, Côte d’Ivoire | N’Ko | ? | |
Old Hungarian | Hungarian | Hungary | Latin, (Old Hungarian) | 12,560,490 |
Samaritan | Samaritan | Israel, Palestine | Hebrew, Samaritan | (liturgical) |
Syriac | Assyrian Neo-Aramaic [aii] | Iraq, Türkiye, Syria | Cyrillic, Syriac | 594,050 |
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic [cld] | Iraq | Syriac | 232,480 | |
Classic Syriac [syr] | Türkiye, Syria | Syriac | (liturgical) | |
Turoyo [tru] | Türkiye, Syria | Latin (Syriac) | 103,100 | |
Thaana | Dhivehi [dv] | Maldives | Thaana, Latin | 340,500 |
Yezidi | Northern Kurdish | Türkiye, Iraq, Iran, Syria Armenia | Arabic, Cyrillic, Latin(Yezidi) | 15,703,920 |
The table doesn't include historical usage of scripts. For example, the Arabic script was formerly used throughout the Ottoman Empire and in many Central Asian regions. Other RTL scripts are not listed in the table because they are no longer used for modern communication, although academics and students around the world do need to be able to work with them. These include scripts such as Avestan, Minoan, Hatran, Imperial Aramaic, Kharoshthi, Lydian, Manichaean, Nabataean, Pahlavi, Palmyrene, Parthian, and Pheonician.
Если язык написан с помощью более чем одного скрипта, то какой скрипт должен использовать веб дизайнер или локализатор, или нужно ли предоставлять текст на всех скриптах?
Ответ будет зависеть от вашей целевой аудитории. Скрипт может изменяться для разных стран или регионов. Скрипт также может измениться в связи с законодательством или с изменениями в политике правительства. Например, для Азербайджанськоязыкового населения в Иране, вы должны использовать Арабский скрипт. От конца 1930-х годов, люди выбрали Кириллицу в самом Азербайджане и это было утверждено правительством в 1940 году. За падения Советского Союза, начиная с 1991 года состоялся постепенный переход на Латинский скрипт, и он стал обязательным для официального использования в 2001 году. Тем не менее, для вашей целевой аудитории и неофициального использования, вы возможно, захотите использовать Кириллицу для старшей аудитории и Латинский скрипт для молодежной аудитории, и, скорее всего, охватите все население Азербайджана. Если вы хотите охватить всех, кто говорит на Азербайджанском языке, то вы должны использовать все 3 скрипты. (Обратите внимание, что может быть терминология и другие различия между теми, кто говорит на Азербайджанском языке в разных странах, так же, как есть различия между теми, кто говорит на Английском или Французском языке в разных странах.)
Вы также должны знать, что ваш выбор скрипта, возможно, может иметь политический, религиозный, демографический или культурный подтекст. В тех странах, где в высших учебных заведениях использовался Русский язык, образованными людьми будет использоваться Кириллица. Латиница связана с Пан-тюркскими движениями, и многое другое в целом может указывать на тенденцию Западного движения. Арабский скрипт имеет ассоциации с Исламистскими движениями.
В более общем плане, если вы исследуете какие языки необходимы для обслуживания различных культур, возможно вам понадобится исследовать правильный скрипт или скрипты для использования. There are suggestions in the table above.
Related links, Authoring HTML & CSS
SIL Ethnologue (Хороший источник информации о языках.)
Страница Ontopia написанная Lars Marius Garshol о скриптах которые выравниваются справа налево
Omniglot (Руководство по написанию систем.)
Проект Rosetta (Колекция описаний, текстов, аналитических материалов и аудио файлов на 1,000 языках.)