¿What languages are written with right-to-left scripts?
Conocer la direccionalidad del texto, en base a o los sistemas de escritura que se usarán, es muy importante para los autores y diseñadores web, ya que el texto orientado de derecha a izquierda puede ser más complicado (para los principiantes) al trabajar, y la organización y direccionalidad del diseño de la página se ven afectadas. Por lo tanto, conocer la dirección del sistema de escritura puede ser relevante para hacer un cálculo del trabajo que implica crear páginas web en un idioma nuevo.
El glosario del Consorcio Unicode utiliza la siguiente definición:
Sistema de escritura: es un conjunto de símbolos usados para representar texto en uno o más lenguajes.
En su sitio web de globalización Microsoft ofrece la siguiente definición:
Sistema de escritura: conjunto de caracteres para mostrar un texto escrito; todos los caracteres tienen una particularidad en común que justifica que sean considerados como un conjunto por separado. Un sistema de escritura se puede usar para varios idiomas diferentes (por ejemplo, el sistema de escritura latino, que abarca toda Europa Occidental). Algunos idiomas escritos requieren varios sistemas de escritura (por ejemplo, Japonés, que requiere al menos tres sistemas: los silabarios hirigana y katakana y los ideogramas kanji importados de China). El significado del término "sistema de escritura" nada tiene que ver con los sistemas o guiones de programación (scripts) tales como Perl o Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript).
Los idiomas no tienen dirección. Los sistemas de escritura sí la tienen y, por lo tanto, los idiomas escritos en un sistema de escritura en particular serán escritos con la dirección de ese sistema.
Los idiomas se pueden escribir en más de un sistema de escritura. Por ejemplo, el idioma azeri se puede escribir en el sistema latino, cirílico o arábe. Cuando está escrito en los sistemas latino o cirílico, el idioma azeri se escribe de izquierda a derecha (LTR). Cuando está en el sistema árabe, va escrito de derecha a izquierda.
The following table gives a rough idea of modern spoken languages that can be written using RTL scripts, and where they are spoken. This data is gathered from information in the SIL Ethnologue. The Script Usage column shows all scripts that can be used for that language: the relative order gives a rough idea of frequency of use, and where the script usage is minor it appears in parentheses. The Potential Users column lists the number of overall speakers of that language (native and second language users). Some of the smaller languages are not mentioned, and the figures don't take into account users of liturgical languages.
The total number of potential users is of course an overestimate, because it doesn't take into account literacy levels or competing scripts or usage trends. Nonetheless, at 2,305,048,719 it indicates that the actual number of potential users possibly runs past a billion. The table lists 12 scripts, and 215 languages. Arabic accounts for a large proportion, with 189 languages and just over 2 billion potential users. No distinction is made between the various styles of Arabic, such as Nastaliq, Magribi, Kano, etc, or those that are abjads and those that are alphabetic. Nor, as mentioned, does it take into account the number of people using Arabic because of their religion.
Script | Language | Countries/Regions | Script usage | Potential users |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adlam | Fulah [ful] | Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Chad | Latin, Adlam | 35,337,640 |
Pular [fuf] | Guinea, Mali | Latin, Adlam | 4,778,200 | |
Arabic | Adamawa Fulfulde [fub] | Cameroon | Arabic | 5,685,500 |
Adyghe [ady] | Russia | Cyrillic (Arabic) | 605,400 | |
Algerian Arabic [arq] | Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara | Arabic | 40,259,600 | |
Andaandi [dgl] | Sudan | Arabic | 70,000 | |
Ashtiani [atn] | Iran | Arabic | 26,400 | |
Azerbaijani [aze] (azj, azb) | Azerbaijan, Iran | Arabic, Latin | 23,849,330 | |
Baharna Arabic [abv] | Bahrain | Arabic | 727,900 | |
Bakhtiari [bqi] | Iran | Arabic | 1,240,000 | |
Balangingi [sse] | Philippines | Arabic | 85,000 | |
Balti [bft] | Pakistan | Arabic | 438,800 | |
Banjar [bjn] | Indonesia | Arabic | 3,655,000 | |
Bedawiyet [bej] | Sudan | Arabic, Latin | 2,498,000. | |
Bhadrawahi [bhd] | India | Arabic, Devanagari | 116,000 | |
Brahui [brh] | Pakistan, Afghanistan | Arabic | 2,864,400 | |
Brunei [kxd] | Brunei, Malaysia | Arabic, Latin | 321,000. | |
Burushaski [bsk] | Pakistan, India | Arabic | 126,300 | |
Central Atlas Tamazight [tzm] | Morocco | Arabic, Tifinagh | 4,740,000 | |
Central Kanuri [knc] | Nigeria | Latin, Arabic | 8,825,500 | |
Central Kurdish [ckb] | Iraq | Arabic | 5,266,050 | |
Central Pashto [pst] | Pakistan | Arabic | 8,490,000 | |
Chadian Arabic [shu] | Chad | Arabic, Latin | 2,061,220 | |
Chittagonian [ctg] | Bangladesh | Bengali, Arabic | 13,000,000 | |
Coptic [cop] | Egypt | Coptic, Arabic | 0 (liturgical) | |
Cypriot Arabic [acy] | Cyprus | Latin, (Arabic) | 9,760 | |
Dameli [dml] | Pakistan | Arabic | 5,000 | |
Dari [prs] | Afghanistan, Pakistan | Arabic | 29,452,210 | |
Deccan [dcc] | India | Arabic, (Devanagari) | 12,800,000 | |
Dezfuli [def] | Iran | Arabic | Very few | |
Dhatki [mki] | Pakistan | Arabic | 206,400 | |
Dogri [dgo] | India | Devanagari, (Arabic) | 2,600,000 | |
Dongxiang [sce] | China | Arabic | 200,000 | |
Dyula [dyu] | Côte d’Ivoire | Arabic, Latin, N’Ko | 12,504,000 | |
Balochi, Eastern [bgp] | India, Pakistan | Arabic | 2,930,800 | |
Cham, Eastern [cjm] | Viet Nam | Cham, (Arabic) | 132,000 | |
Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic [avl] | Egypt, Libya | Arabic | 2,430,300 | |
Eastern Maninkakan [emk] | Guinea | Arabic, Latin, N’Ko | 3,722,300 | |
Egyptian Arabic [arz] | Egypt, ( widespread media) | Arabic | 74,826,320 | |
Gazi [gzi] | Iran | Arabic | 7,030 | |
Gilaki [glk] | Iran | Arabic | 2,490,000 | |
Goaria [gig] | Pakistan | Arabic | 25,400 | |
Gowro [gwf] | Pakistan | Arabic | 1,000 | |
Gujari [gju] | India | Arabic, (Devanagari) | 1,696,000 | |
Gulf Arabic [afb] | Kuwait & surrounding countries | Arabic | 10,656,700 | |
Gurani [hac] | Iran | Arabic | 300,000 | |
Gurgula [ggg] | Pakistan | Arabic | 35,300 | |
Harzani [hrz] | Iran | Arabic | 34,900 | |
Hassaniyya [mey] | Mauritania & surrounding countries | Arabic | 4,883,500 | |
Hausa [hau] | Nigeria & across the Sahel | Latin, Arabic | 77,063,700 | |
Hazaragi [haz] | Afghanistan, Pakistan | Arabic | 3,628,900 | |
Hijazi Arabic [acw] | Saudi Arabia | Arabic | 10,792,400 | |
Ida'an [dbj] | Malaysia | Latin, (Arabic) | 10,000 | |
Indonesian [ind] | Indonesia | Latin, (Arabic) | 198,000,000 | |
Indus Kohistani [mvy] | Pakistan | Arabic | 200,000 | |
Ingush [inh] | Russia | Cyrillic, (Arabic) | 306,000 | |
Iranian Persian [pes] | Iran | Arabic | 77,377,510 | |
Jadgali [jdg] | Pakistan | Arabic | 25,600 | |
Jahanka [jad] | Guinea | Arabic | 137,500 | |
Jenaama Bozo [bze] | Mali | Arabic, Latin | 197,000 | |
Jola-Fonyi [dyo] | Senegal | Arabic, Latin | 457,000 | |
Kachi Koli [gjk] | Pakistan, India | Arabic, (Gujarati) | 530,000 | |
Kalami [gwc] | Pakistan | Arabic | 96,400 | |
Kalasha [kls] | Pakistan | Arabic | 5,000 | |
Kashmiri [kas] | India | Arabic, (Devanagari) | 7,132,780 | |
Kati [bsh] | Afghanistan | Arabic | 135,800 | |
Kazakh [kaz] | Kazakhstan & surrounding countries, China, Iran | Cyrillic, Arabic | 12,695,140 | |
Kenzi [xnz] | Egypt, Libya | Arabic, Coptic, Latin | 50,000 | |
Khorasani Turkish [kmz] | Iran | Arabic | 936,000 | |
Khowar [khw] | Pakistan | Arabic | 379,100 | |
Khunsari [kfm] | Iran | Arabic | 26,400 | |
Kohistani Shina [plk] | Pakistan | Arabic | 458,000 | |
Koti [eko] | Mozambique | Latin, Arabic | 140,000 | |
Kumyk [kum] | Russia | Cyrillic, Latin, (Arabic) | 427,600 | |
Kyrgyz [kir] | Kyrgyzstan & surrounding countries | Cyrillic, Latin , Arabic | 5,132,100 | |
Laki [lki] | Iran | Arabic | 1,240,000 | |
Lari [lrl] | Iran | Arabic | 118,000 | |
Lasgerdi [lsa] | Iran | Arabic | 1,000 | |
Libyan Arabic [ayl] | Libya, Egypt, Niger | Arabic | 5,343,050 | |
Maasina Fulfulde [ffm] | Mali & adjacent countries | Latin, Arabic | 1,523,240 | |
Maba (Chad) [mde] | Chad | Latin, Arabic | 567,000 | |
Malay (individual language) [zlm] | Malaysia, Indonesia | Latin, Arabic | 19,185,470 | |
Malayalam [mal] | India | Malayalam, (Arabic) | 37,212,270 | |
Mandinka [mnk] | Senegal, Guinea, The Gambia | Latin, Arabic | 1,949,000 | |
Manga Kanuri [kby] | Niger, Nigeria | Latin, Arabic | 480,000 | |
Maore Comorian [swb] | Mayotte | Latin, Arabic | 185,500 | |
Marwari (Pakistan) [mve] | Pakistan | Arabic | 164,000 | |
Mazanderani [mzn] | Iran | Arabic | 2,320,000 | |
Mesopotamian Arabic [acm] | Iraq & neighouring countries | Arabic | 19,063,530 | |
Mogofin [mfg] | Guinea | Latin, (Arabic) | 24,800 | |
Moroccan Arabic [ary] | Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Western Sahara | Arabic | 33,358,230 | |
Munji [mnj] | Afghanistan | Arabic | 5,300 | |
Mwani [wmw] | Mozambique | Arabic, Latin | 166,000 | |
Nafusi [jbn] | Libya | Arabic | 297,000 | |
Najdi Arabic [ars] | Saudi Arabia & neighboring countries | Arabic | 18,153,010 | |
Natanzi [ntz] | Iran | Arabic | 7,030 | |
Nayini [nyq] | Iran | Arabic | 7,030 | |
Ndzwani Comorian [wni] | Comoros | Arabic, Latin | 361,000 | |
Ngazidja Comorian [zdj] | Comoros | Arabic, Latin | 412,000 | |
Nigerian Fulfulde [fuv] | Nigeria, Cameroon | Arabic, Latin | 16,585,000 | |
Nobiin [fia] | Sudan, Egypt | Arabic, Latin, Coptic | 546,000 | |
North Azerbaijani [azj] | Azerbaijan, Georgia | Latin, (Cyrillic, Arabic) | 9,220,620 | |
North Levantine Arabic [apc] | Syria | Arabic | 31,437,480 | |
North Mesopotamian Arabic [ayp] | Iraq | Arabic | 10,252,460 | |
Northern Hindko [hno] | Pakistan | Arabic | 3,570,000 | |
Northern Kurdish [kmr] | Türkiye & several West Asian countries | Arabic, Latin, (Armenian, Cyrillic) | 15,703,920 | |
Northern Luri [lrc] | Iran | Arabic | 1,820,000 | |
Northern Pashto [pbu] | Pakistan | Arabic | 30,172,800 | |
Northern Uzbek [uzn] | Uzbekistan & neighbours, China | Latin, Arabic, (Cyrillic) | 27,745,270 | |
Od [odk] | India | Arabic | 2,076,100 | |
Omani Arabic [acx] | Oman | Arabic | 2,877,200 | |
Ormuri [oru] | Pakistan | Arabic | 5,050 | |
Pahari-Potwari [phr] | Pakistan, India | Arabic | 3,541,900 | |
Palula [phl] | Pakistan | Arabic | 14,400 | |
Panjabi [pan] | India | Gurmukhi, Arabic, (Khojki) | 51,724,270 | |
Parkari Koli [kvx] | Pakistan | Arabic | 358,000 | |
Parsi-Dari [prd] | Iran | Arabic | 27,500 | |
Pattani Malay [mfa] | Thailand | Arabic, Thai | 1,470,000 | |
Pulaar [fuc] | Senegal | Latin, Arabic | 5,398,700. | |
Pular [fuf] | Guinea, Mail | Latin, Arabic, Adlam | 4,778,200 | |
Purik [prx] | India | Arabic, (Tibetan) | 93,500 | |
Qashqa'i [qxq] | Iran | Arabic | 995,000 | |
Rohingya [rhg] | Myanmar, Bangladesh | Arabic, Hanifi Rohingya | 2,529,250 | |
Saafi-Saafi [sav] | Senegal | Arabic, Latin | 200,000 | |
SaidiArabic [aec] | Egypt, Libya | Arabic | 24,100,000 | |
Sanaani Arabic [ayn] | Yemen | Arabic | 12,567,960 | |
Sangisari [sgr] | Iran | Arabic | 42,300 | |
Saraiki [skr] | Pakistan | Arabic, Khojki | 26,219,000 | |
Semnani [smy] | Iran | Arabic | 68,700 | |
Serer [srr] | Senegal | Arabic, Latin | 1,712,300 | |
Shina [scl] | Pakistan | Arabic | 720,200 | |
Shughni [sgh] | Tajikistan, Afghanistan | Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic | 80,000 | |
Sindhi [snd] | Pakistan, India | Arabic, (Devanagari, Gurmukhi, Khojki) | 33,217,150 | |
Somali [som] | Somalia & neighbours | Latin, Arabic | 21,930,230 | |
Soninke [snk] | Mail & neighbours | Latin, Arabic | 2,189,250 | |
Soqotri [sqt] | Yemen | Latin, Arabic | 111,000 | |
South Azerbaijani [azb] | Iran & neighbours | Arabic | 14,629,370 | |
South Levantine Arabic [ajp] | Jordan, Syria | Arabic | 12,711,300 | |
Southeast Pashai [psi] | Afghanistan | Arabic | 366,000 | |
Southern Balochi [bcc] | Pakistan | Arabic | 3,555,700. | |
Southern Hindko [hnd] | Pakistan | Arabic | 1,170,000 | |
Southern Kurdish [sdh] | Iran | Arabic | 3,730,000 | |
Southern Luri [luz] | Iran | Arabic | 1,140,000 | |
Southern Pashto [pbt] | Afghanistan | Arabic | 19,732,400 | |
Southern Uzbek [uzs] | Afghanistan | Arabic | 5,296,100 | |
Southwestern Fars [fay] | Iran | Arabic | 110,000 | |
Standard Arabic [arb] | Widespread | Arabic | 273,989,700 | |
Standard Malay [zsm] | Malaysia | Latin, Arabic | (liturgical) | |
Sudanese Arabic [apd] | Sudan | Arabic, Latin | 42,332,360 | |
Sundanese [sun] | Indonesia | Latin, (Arabic, Java) | 36,700,000 | |
Susu [sus] | Guinea | Latin, Arabic | 2,434,140 | |
Swahili [swh] | Tanzania & neighbours | Latin, (Arabic) | 71,416,500 | |
Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic [acq] | Yemen | Arabic | 11,821,100 | |
Tachawit [shy] | Algeria | Arabic, Tifinagh | 2,300,000 | |
Tachelhit [shi] | Morocco | Tifinagh, Arabic | 5,118,000 | |
Tadaksahak [dsq] | Mali | Arabic, Latin | 159,800 | |
Tagdal [tda] | Niger | Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh | 60,600 | |
Tahaggart Tamahaq [thv] | Algeria | Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh | 114,200 | |
Tajik [tgk] | Tajikistan | Latin, (Cyrillic, Arabic) | 8,195,120 | |
Tajiki Arabic [abh] | Tajikistan | Arabic | 17,300 | |
Takestani [tks] | Iran | Arabic | 395,000 | |
Talysh [tly] | Azerbaijan | Latin, Arabic, Cyrillic | 226,100 | |
Tarifit [rif] | Morocco | Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh | 4,399,000 | |
Tausug [tsg] | Philippines | Latin, Arabic | 946,000 | |
Tawallammat Tamajaq [ttq] | Niger, Mali | Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh | 870,000 | |
Tem [kdh] | Togo & neighbours | Latin, Arabic | 390,200 | |
Tiéyaxo Bozo [boz] | Mali | Latin, Arabic | 118,000 | |
Torwali [trw] | Pakistan | Arabic | 114,000 | |
Tumzabt [mzb] | Algeria | Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh | 150,000 | |
Tunisian Arabic [aeb] | Tunisia | Arabic | 11,709,020 | |
Turkish [tur] | Türkiye | Latin, (Arabic) | 88,098,480 | |
Turkmen [tuk] | Turkmenistan, Afghanistan | Latin, Arabic, Cyrillic | 6,656,060 | |
Urdu [urd] | Pakistan | Arabic | 231,295,440 | |
Uyghur [uig] | China, Afghanistan | Arabic | 10,411,822 | |
Vafsi [vaf] | Iran | Arabic | 22,200 | |
Wadiyara Koli [kxp] | India | Gujarati, Arabic | 583,000 | |
Wakhi [wbl] | Afghanistan | Arabic, Latin, Cyrillic | 52,200 | |
Western Balochi [bgn] | Pakistan, Turmenistan | Arabic, Cyrillic | 2,264,350 | |
Western Cham [cja] | Cambodia | Cham, Arabic, Latin | 312,500 | |
Western Maninkakan [mlq] | Senegal, Mali | Latin, Arabic | 2,067,260 | |
Western Niger Fulfulde [fuh] | Niger & neighbours | Latin, Arabic | 2,320,000 | |
Western Panjabi [pnb] | Pakistan | Arabic, (Khojki) | 66,441,240 | |
Wolio [wlo] | Indonesia | Arabic | 65,000 | |
Wolof [wol] | Senegal, Mauritania | Latin, (Arabic) | 12,266,290 | |
Yakan [yka] | Philippines | Latin, Arabic | 130,000 | |
Yalunka [yal] | Guinea | Latin, Arabic | 180,700 | |
Yidgha [ydg] | Pakistan | Arabic | 6,150 | |
Yoruba [yor] | Nigeria | Latin, (Arabic) | 45,612,560 | |
Zarma [dje] | Niger | Latin, (Arabic) | 4,330,100 | |
Hanifi Rohingya | Rohingya | Myanmar, Bangladesh | Hanifi Rohingya, Arabic, Latin | 2,529,250 |
Hebrew | Bukharic [bhh] | Israel | Cyrillic (Hebrew) | 117,840 |
Eastern Yiddish [ydd] | Israel | Hebrew | 371,657 | |
Hebrew [heb] | Israel | Hebrew | 9,387,050 | |
Hulaulá [huy] | Israel | Hebrew | 350 | |
Judeo-Iraqi Arabic [yhd] | Israel | Hebrew | 97,200 | |
Judeo-Moroccan Arabic [aju] | Morocco | Hebrew | 65,910 | |
Judeo-Persian [jpr] | Israel | Hebrew | 55,000 | |
Judeo-Tat [jdt] | Russia, Azerbaijan | Cyrillic (Hebrew, Latin) | 81,500 | |
Mandaic | Neo-Mandaic | Iran | Mandaic | 23,000 |
Mende Kikakui | Mende | Liberia, Sierra Leone | Latin (Mende Kikakui) | 2,511,600 |
N’Ko | Bambara [bam] | Mali, Côte d’Ivoire | Latin, N’Ko | 14,183,340 |
Dyula [dyu] | Côte d’Ivoire | Latin, N’Ko, Arabic | 12,504,000 | |
Eastern Maninkan [emk] | Guinea, Mali | Latin, N’Ko, Arabic | 3,722,300 | |
Mandingo [man] | Guinea | Latin, N’Ko, Arabic | 8,731,560 | |
N'Ko [nqo] (koine) | Guinea, Mali, Côte d’Ivoire | N’Ko | ? | |
Old Hungarian | Hungarian | Hungary | Latin, (Old Hungarian) | 12,560,490 |
Samaritan | Samaritan | Israel, Palestine | Hebrew, Samaritan | (liturgical) |
Syriac | Assyrian Neo-Aramaic [aii] | Iraq, Türkiye, Syria | Cyrillic, Syriac | 594,050 |
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic [cld] | Iraq | Syriac | 232,480 | |
Classic Syriac [syr] | Türkiye, Syria | Syriac | (liturgical) | |
Turoyo [tru] | Türkiye, Syria | Latin (Syriac) | 103,100 | |
Thaana | Dhivehi [dv] | Maldives | Thaana, Latin | 340,500 |
Yezidi | Northern Kurdish | Türkiye, Iraq, Iran, Syria Armenia | Arabic, Cyrillic, Latin(Yezidi) | 15,703,920 |
The table doesn't include historical usage of scripts. For example, the Arabic script was formerly used throughout the Ottoman Empire and in many Central Asian regions. Other RTL scripts are not listed in the table because they are no longer used for modern communication, although academics and students around the world do need to be able to work with them. These include scripts such as Avestan, Minoan, Hatran, Imperial Aramaic, Kharoshthi, Lydian, Manichaean, Nabataean, Pahlavi, Palmyrene, Parthian, and Pheonician.
Si un idioma se puede escribir en más de un sistema de escritura, ¿qué sistema debe usar el diseñador o localizador web? O bien ¿es necesario proporcionar el texto en todos los sistemas de escritura?
La respuesta dependerá del público al que esté destinado el texto. El sistema de escritura puede cambiar en cada país o región. Asimismo, el sistema de escritura puede cambiar según la legislación o los cambios de políticas gubernamentales. Por ejemplo, para dirigirse a la población que habla azeri en Irán, se debe usar el sistema de escritura árabe. Desde fines de la década de 1930, el sistema cirílico ha sido el sistema de escritura usado en Azerbaiján y se convirtió en el sistema oficial en 1940. A causa de la caída de la Unión Soviética, desde 1991 se ha iniciado un cambio gradual hacia el sistema latino, el cual pasó a ser obligatorio en el uso oficial en 2001. Sin embargo, en caso de textos no oficiales, es posible que deba usar el sistema cirílico para un público más adulto y el latino para un público más joven, y seguramente desee utilizar ambos sistemas para dirigirse a la población azerbaiyana en general. Si desea dirigirse a todos los hablantes de azeri, debe usar los tres sistemas de escritura. (Tenga en cuenta que es posible que existan diferencias terminológicas y de otros tipos entre los hablantes de azeri de distintos países, al igual que existen diferencias entre los hablantes de inglés o francés en distintos países.)
También debe recordar que la elección del sistema de escritura puede tener connotaciones políticas, religiosas, demográficas o culturales. En países en los cuales el idioma utilizado en instancias de educación superior fue el ruso, las personas instruidas usarán el sistema cirílico. El sistema latino se asocia con los movimientos panturanianos y, en general, puede indicar movimientos occidentalistas. El sistema de escritura árabe se asocia con los movimientos islámicos.
En forma más general, al igual que ocurre cuando busca qué idiomas son necesarios para dirigirse a distintas culturas, es posible que deba investigar cuál es el sistema o los sistemas de escritura correctos para usar. There are suggestions in the table above.
Related links, Authoring HTML & CSS
SIL Ethnologue (Es un buen recurso para buscar información sobre idiomas.)
Ontopia, página de Lars Marius Garshol sobre sistemas de escritura de derecha a izquierda
Omniglot (Guía sobre los sistemas de escritura.)
Proyecto Rosetta (Colección de descripciones, textos, materiales analíticos y archivos de audio para mil idiomas.)