Languages using right-to-left scripts

Pregunta

¿What languages are written with right-to-left scripts?

Conocer la direccionalidad del texto, en base a o los sistemas de escritura que se usarán, es muy importante para los autores y diseñadores web, ya que el texto orientado de derecha a izquierda puede ser más complicado (para los principiantes) al trabajar, y la organización y direccionalidad del diseño de la página se ven afectadas. Por lo tanto, conocer la dirección del sistema de escritura puede ser relevante para hacer un cálculo del trabajo que implica crear páginas web en un idioma nuevo.

Respuesta

¿Qué es un sistema de escritura?

El glosario del Consorcio Unicode utiliza la siguiente definición:

Sistema de escritura: es un conjunto de símbolos usados para representar texto en uno o más lenguajes.

En su sitio web de globalización Microsoft ofrece la siguiente definición:

Sistema de escritura: conjunto de caracteres para mostrar un texto escrito; todos los caracteres tienen una particularidad en común que justifica que sean considerados como un conjunto por separado. Un sistema de escritura se puede usar para varios idiomas diferentes (por ejemplo, el sistema de escritura latino, que abarca toda Europa Occidental). Algunos idiomas escritos requieren varios sistemas de escritura (por ejemplo, Japonés, que requiere al menos tres sistemas: los silabarios hirigana y katakana y los ideogramas kanji importados de China). El significado del término "sistema de escritura" nada tiene que ver con los sistemas o guiones de programación (scripts) tales como Perl o Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript).

¿Qué idiomas se escriben de derecha a izquierda (RTL)?

Los idiomas no tienen dirección. Los sistemas de escritura sí la tienen y, por lo tanto, los idiomas escritos en un sistema de escritura en particular serán escritos con la dirección de ese sistema.

Los idiomas se pueden escribir en más de un sistema de escritura. Por ejemplo, el idioma azeri se puede escribir en el sistema latino, cirílico o arábe. Cuando está escrito en los sistemas latino o cirílico, el idioma azeri se escribe de izquierda a derecha (LTR). Cuando está en el sistema árabe, va escrito de derecha a izquierda.

What languages use RTL scripts?

The following table gives a rough idea of modern spoken languages that can be written using RTL scripts, and where they are spoken. This data is gathered from information in the SIL Ethnologue. The Script Usage column shows all scripts that can be used for that language: the relative order gives a rough idea of frequency of use, and where the script usage is minor it appears in parentheses. The Potential Users column lists the number of overall speakers of that language (native and second language users). Some of the smaller languages are not mentioned, and the figures don't take into account users of liturgical languages.

The total number of potential users is of course an overestimate, because it doesn't take into account literacy levels or competing scripts or usage trends. Nonetheless, at 2,305,048,719 it indicates that the actual number of potential users possibly runs past a billion. The table lists 12 scripts, and 215 languages. Arabic accounts for a large proportion, with 189 languages and just over 2 billion potential users. No distinction is made between the various styles of Arabic, such as Nastaliq, Magribi, Kano, etc, or those that are abjads and those that are alphabetic. Nor, as mentioned, does it take into account the number of people using Arabic because of their religion.

Script Language Countries/Regions Script usage Potential users
Adlam Fulah [ful] Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Chad Latin, Adlam 35,337,640
Pular [fuf] Guinea, Mali Latin, Adlam 4,778,200
Arabic Adamawa Fulfulde [fub] Cameroon Arabic 5,685,500
Adyghe [ady] Russia Cyrillic (Arabic) 605,400
Algerian Arabic [arq] Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara Arabic 40,259,600
Andaandi [dgl] Sudan Arabic 70,000
Ashtiani [atn] Iran Arabic 26,400
Azerbaijani [aze] (azj, azb) Azerbaijan, Iran Arabic, Latin 23,849,330
Baharna Arabic [abv] Bahrain Arabic 727,900
Bakhtiari [bqi] Iran Arabic 1,240,000
Balangingi [sse] Philippines Arabic 85,000
Balti [bft] Pakistan Arabic 438,800
Banjar [bjn] Indonesia Arabic 3,655,000
Bedawiyet [bej] Sudan Arabic, Latin 2,498,000.
Bhadrawahi [bhd] India Arabic, Devanagari 116,000
Brahui [brh] Pakistan, Afghanistan Arabic 2,864,400
Brunei [kxd] Brunei, Malaysia Arabic, Latin 321,000.
Burushaski [bsk] Pakistan, India Arabic 126,300
Central Atlas Tamazight [tzm] Morocco Arabic, Tifinagh 4,740,000
Central Kanuri [knc] Nigeria Latin, Arabic 8,825,500
Central Kurdish [ckb] Iraq Arabic 5,266,050
Central Pashto [pst] Pakistan Arabic 8,490,000
Chadian Arabic [shu] Chad Arabic, Latin 2,061,220
Chittagonian [ctg] Bangladesh Bengali, Arabic 13,000,000
Coptic [cop] Egypt Coptic, Arabic 0 (liturgical)
Cypriot Arabic [acy] Cyprus Latin, (Arabic) 9,760
Dameli [dml] Pakistan Arabic 5,000
Dari [prs] Afghanistan, Pakistan Arabic 29,452,210
Deccan [dcc] India Arabic, (Devanagari) 12,800,000
Dezfuli [def] Iran Arabic Very few
Dhatki [mki] Pakistan Arabic 206,400
Dogri [dgo] India Devanagari, (Arabic) 2,600,000
Dongxiang [sce] China Arabic 200,000
Dyula [dyu] Côte d’Ivoire Arabic, Latin, N’Ko 12,504,000
Balochi, Eastern [bgp] India, Pakistan Arabic 2,930,800
Cham, Eastern [cjm] Viet Nam Cham, (Arabic) 132,000
Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic [avl] Egypt, Libya Arabic 2,430,300
Eastern Maninkakan [emk] Guinea Arabic, Latin, N’Ko 3,722,300
Egyptian Arabic [arz] Egypt, ( widespread media) Arabic 74,826,320
Gazi [gzi] Iran Arabic 7,030
Gilaki [glk] Iran Arabic 2,490,000
Goaria [gig] Pakistan Arabic 25,400
Gowro [gwf] Pakistan Arabic 1,000
Gujari [gju] India Arabic, (Devanagari) 1,696,000
Gulf Arabic [afb] Kuwait & surrounding countries Arabic 10,656,700
Gurani [hac] Iran Arabic 300,000
Gurgula [ggg] Pakistan Arabic 35,300
Harzani [hrz] Iran Arabic 34,900
Hassaniyya [mey] Mauritania & surrounding countries Arabic 4,883,500
Hausa [hau] Nigeria & across the Sahel Latin, Arabic 77,063,700
Hazaragi [haz] Afghanistan, Pakistan Arabic 3,628,900
Hijazi Arabic [acw] Saudi Arabia Arabic 10,792,400
Ida'an [dbj] Malaysia Latin, (Arabic) 10,000
Indonesian [ind] Indonesia Latin, (Arabic) 198,000,000
Indus Kohistani [mvy] Pakistan Arabic 200,000
Ingush [inh] Russia Cyrillic, (Arabic) 306,000
Iranian Persian [pes] Iran Arabic 77,377,510
Jadgali [jdg] Pakistan Arabic 25,600
Jahanka [jad] Guinea Arabic 137,500
Jenaama Bozo [bze] Mali Arabic, Latin 197,000
Jola-Fonyi [dyo] Senegal Arabic, Latin 457,000
Kachi Koli [gjk] Pakistan, India Arabic, (Gujarati) 530,000
Kalami [gwc] Pakistan Arabic 96,400
Kalasha [kls] Pakistan Arabic 5,000
Kashmiri [kas] India Arabic, (Devanagari) 7,132,780
Kati [bsh] Afghanistan Arabic 135,800
Kazakh [kaz] Kazakhstan & surrounding countries, China, Iran Cyrillic, Arabic 12,695,140
Kenzi [xnz] Egypt, Libya Arabic, Coptic, Latin 50,000
Khorasani Turkish [kmz] Iran Arabic 936,000
Khowar [khw] Pakistan Arabic 379,100
Khunsari [kfm] Iran Arabic 26,400
Kohistani Shina [plk] Pakistan Arabic 458,000
Koti [eko] Mozambique Latin, Arabic 140,000
Kumyk [kum] Russia Cyrillic, Latin, (Arabic) 427,600
Kyrgyz [kir] Kyrgyzstan & surrounding countries Cyrillic, Latin , Arabic 5,132,100
Laki [lki] Iran Arabic 1,240,000
Lari [lrl] Iran Arabic 118,000
Lasgerdi [lsa] Iran Arabic 1,000
Libyan Arabic [ayl] Libya, Egypt, Niger Arabic 5,343,050
Maasina Fulfulde [ffm] Mali & adjacent countries Latin, Arabic 1,523,240
Maba (Chad) [mde] Chad Latin, Arabic 567,000
Malay (individual language) [zlm] Malaysia, Indonesia Latin, Arabic 19,185,470
Malayalam [mal] India Malayalam, (Arabic) 37,212,270
Mandinka [mnk] Senegal, Guinea, The Gambia Latin, Arabic 1,949,000
Manga Kanuri [kby] Niger, Nigeria Latin, Arabic 480,000
Maore Comorian [swb] Mayotte Latin, Arabic 185,500
Marwari (Pakistan) [mve] Pakistan Arabic 164,000
Mazanderani [mzn] Iran Arabic 2,320,000
Mesopotamian Arabic [acm] Iraq & neighouring countries Arabic 19,063,530
Mogofin [mfg] Guinea Latin, (Arabic) 24,800
Moroccan Arabic [ary] Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Western Sahara Arabic 33,358,230
Munji [mnj] Afghanistan Arabic 5,300
Mwani [wmw] Mozambique Arabic, Latin 166,000
Nafusi [jbn] Libya Arabic 297,000
Najdi Arabic [ars] Saudi Arabia & neighboring countries Arabic 18,153,010
Natanzi [ntz] Iran Arabic 7,030
Nayini [nyq] Iran Arabic 7,030
Ndzwani Comorian [wni] Comoros Arabic, Latin 361,000
Ngazidja Comorian [zdj] Comoros Arabic, Latin 412,000
Nigerian Fulfulde [fuv] Nigeria, Cameroon Arabic, Latin 16,585,000
Nobiin [fia] Sudan, Egypt Arabic, Latin, Coptic 546,000
North Azerbaijani [azj] Azerbaijan, Georgia Latin, (Cyrillic, Arabic) 9,220,620
North Levantine Arabic [apc] Syria Arabic 31,437,480
North Mesopotamian Arabic [ayp] Iraq Arabic 10,252,460
Northern Hindko [hno] Pakistan Arabic 3,570,000
Northern Kurdish [kmr] Türkiye & several West Asian countries Arabic, Latin, (Armenian, Cyrillic) 15,703,920
Northern Luri [lrc] Iran Arabic 1,820,000
Northern Pashto [pbu] Pakistan Arabic 30,172,800
Northern Uzbek [uzn] Uzbekistan & neighbours, China Latin, Arabic, (Cyrillic) 27,745,270
Od [odk] India Arabic 2,076,100
Omani Arabic [acx] Oman Arabic 2,877,200
Ormuri [oru] Pakistan Arabic 5,050
Pahari-Potwari [phr] Pakistan, India Arabic 3,541,900
Palula [phl] Pakistan Arabic 14,400
Panjabi [pan] India Gurmukhi, Arabic, (Khojki) 51,724,270
Parkari Koli [kvx] Pakistan Arabic 358,000
Parsi-Dari [prd] Iran Arabic 27,500
Pattani Malay [mfa] Thailand Arabic, Thai 1,470,000
Pulaar [fuc] Senegal Latin, Arabic 5,398,700.
Pular [fuf] Guinea, Mail Latin, Arabic, Adlam 4,778,200
Purik [prx] India Arabic, (Tibetan) 93,500
Qashqa'i [qxq] Iran Arabic 995,000
Rohingya [rhg] Myanmar, Bangladesh Arabic, Hanifi Rohingya 2,529,250
Saafi-Saafi [sav] Senegal Arabic, Latin 200,000
SaidiArabic [aec] Egypt, Libya Arabic 24,100,000
Sanaani Arabic [ayn] Yemen Arabic 12,567,960
Sangisari [sgr] Iran Arabic 42,300
Saraiki [skr] Pakistan Arabic, Khojki 26,219,000
Semnani [smy] Iran Arabic 68,700
Serer [srr] Senegal Arabic, Latin 1,712,300
Shina [scl] Pakistan Arabic 720,200
Shughni [sgh] Tajikistan, Afghanistan Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic 80,000
Sindhi [snd] Pakistan, India Arabic, (Devanagari, Gurmukhi, Khojki) 33,217,150
Somali [som] Somalia & neighbours Latin, Arabic 21,930,230
Soninke [snk] Mail & neighbours Latin, Arabic 2,189,250
Soqotri [sqt] Yemen Latin, Arabic 111,000
South Azerbaijani [azb] Iran & neighbours Arabic 14,629,370
South Levantine Arabic [ajp] Jordan, Syria Arabic 12,711,300
Southeast Pashai [psi] Afghanistan Arabic 366,000
Southern Balochi [bcc] Pakistan Arabic 3,555,700.
Southern Hindko [hnd] Pakistan Arabic 1,170,000
Southern Kurdish [sdh] Iran Arabic 3,730,000
Southern Luri [luz] Iran Arabic 1,140,000
Southern Pashto [pbt] Afghanistan Arabic 19,732,400
Southern Uzbek [uzs] Afghanistan Arabic 5,296,100
Southwestern Fars [fay] Iran Arabic 110,000
Standard Arabic [arb] Widespread Arabic 273,989,700
Standard Malay [zsm] Malaysia Latin, Arabic (liturgical)
Sudanese Arabic [apd] Sudan Arabic, Latin 42,332,360
Sundanese [sun] Indonesia Latin, (Arabic, Java) 36,700,000
Susu [sus] Guinea Latin, Arabic 2,434,140
Swahili [swh] Tanzania & neighbours Latin, (Arabic) 71,416,500
Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic [acq] Yemen Arabic 11,821,100
Tachawit [shy] Algeria Arabic, Tifinagh 2,300,000
Tachelhit [shi] Morocco Tifinagh, Arabic 5,118,000
Tadaksahak [dsq] Mali Arabic, Latin 159,800
Tagdal [tda] Niger Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh 60,600
Tahaggart Tamahaq [thv] Algeria Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh 114,200
Tajik [tgk] Tajikistan Latin, (Cyrillic, Arabic) 8,195,120
Tajiki Arabic [abh] Tajikistan Arabic 17,300
Takestani [tks] Iran Arabic 395,000
Talysh [tly] Azerbaijan Latin, Arabic, Cyrillic 226,100
Tarifit [rif] Morocco Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh 4,399,000
Tausug [tsg] Philippines Latin, Arabic 946,000
Tawallammat Tamajaq [ttq] Niger, Mali Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh 870,000
Tem [kdh] Togo & neighbours Latin, Arabic 390,200
Tiéyaxo Bozo [boz] Mali Latin, Arabic 118,000
Torwali [trw] Pakistan Arabic 114,000
Tumzabt [mzb] Algeria Latin, Arabic, Tifinagh 150,000
Tunisian Arabic [aeb] Tunisia Arabic 11,709,020
Turkish [tur] Türkiye Latin, (Arabic) 88,098,480
Turkmen [tuk] Turkmenistan, Afghanistan Latin, Arabic, Cyrillic 6,656,060
Urdu [urd] Pakistan Arabic 231,295,440
Uyghur [uig] China, Afghanistan Arabic 10,411,822
Vafsi [vaf] Iran Arabic 22,200
Wadiyara Koli [kxp] India Gujarati, Arabic 583,000
Wakhi [wbl] Afghanistan Arabic, Latin, Cyrillic 52,200
Western Balochi [bgn] Pakistan, Turmenistan Arabic, Cyrillic 2,264,350
Western Cham [cja] Cambodia Cham, Arabic, Latin 312,500
Western Maninkakan [mlq] Senegal, Mali Latin, Arabic 2,067,260
Western Niger Fulfulde [fuh] Niger & neighbours Latin, Arabic 2,320,000
Western Panjabi [pnb] Pakistan Arabic, (Khojki) 66,441,240
Wolio [wlo] Indonesia Arabic 65,000
Wolof [wol] Senegal, Mauritania Latin, (Arabic) 12,266,290
Yakan [yka] Philippines Latin, Arabic 130,000
Yalunka [yal] Guinea Latin, Arabic 180,700
Yidgha [ydg] Pakistan Arabic 6,150
Yoruba [yor] Nigeria Latin, (Arabic) 45,612,560
Zarma [dje] Niger Latin, (Arabic) 4,330,100
Hanifi Rohingya Rohingya Myanmar, Bangladesh Hanifi Rohingya, Arabic, Latin 2,529,250
Hebrew Bukharic [bhh] Israel Cyrillic (Hebrew) 117,840
Eastern Yiddish [ydd] Israel Hebrew 371,657
Hebrew [heb] Israel Hebrew 9,387,050
Hulaulá [huy] Israel Hebrew 350
Judeo-Iraqi Arabic [yhd] Israel Hebrew 97,200
Judeo-Moroccan Arabic [aju] Morocco Hebrew 65,910
Judeo-Persian [jpr] Israel Hebrew 55,000
Judeo-Tat [jdt] Russia, Azerbaijan Cyrillic (Hebrew, Latin) 81,500
Mandaic Neo-Mandaic Iran Mandaic 23,000
Mende Kikakui Mende Liberia, Sierra Leone Latin (Mende Kikakui) 2,511,600
N’Ko Bambara [bam] Mali, Côte d’Ivoire Latin, N’Ko 14,183,340
Dyula [dyu] Côte d’Ivoire Latin, N’Ko, Arabic 12,504,000
Eastern Maninkan [emk] Guinea, Mali Latin, N’Ko, Arabic 3,722,300
Mandingo [man] Guinea Latin, N’Ko, Arabic 8,731,560
N'Ko [nqo] (koine) Guinea, Mali, Côte d’Ivoire N’Ko ?
Old Hungarian Hungarian Hungary Latin, (Old Hungarian) 12,560,490
Samaritan Samaritan Israel, Palestine Hebrew, Samaritan (liturgical)
Syriac Assyrian Neo-Aramaic [aii] Iraq, Türkiye, Syria Cyrillic, Syriac 594,050
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic [cld] Iraq Syriac 232,480
Classic Syriac [syr] Türkiye, Syria Syriac (liturgical)
Turoyo [tru] Türkiye, Syria Latin (Syriac) 103,100
Thaana Dhivehi [dv] Maldives Thaana, Latin 340,500
Yezidi Northern Kurdish Türkiye, Iraq, Iran, Syria Armenia Arabic, Cyrillic, Latin(Yezidi) 15,703,920

The table doesn't include historical usage of scripts. For example, the Arabic script was formerly used throughout the Ottoman Empire and in many Central Asian regions. Other RTL scripts are not listed in the table because they are no longer used for modern communication, although academics and students around the world do need to be able to work with them. These include scripts such as Avestan, Minoan, Hatran, Imperial Aramaic, Kharoshthi, Lydian, Manichaean, Nabataean, Pahlavi, Palmyrene, Parthian, and Pheonician.

¿Qué sistema de escritura debo usar?

Si un idioma se puede escribir en más de un sistema de escritura, ¿qué sistema debe usar el diseñador o localizador web? O bien ¿es necesario proporcionar el texto en todos los sistemas de escritura?

La respuesta dependerá del público al que esté destinado el texto. El sistema de escritura puede cambiar en cada país o región. Asimismo, el sistema de escritura puede cambiar según la legislación o los cambios de políticas gubernamentales. Por ejemplo, para dirigirse a la población que habla azeri en Irán, se debe usar el sistema de escritura árabe. Desde fines de la década de 1930, el sistema cirílico ha sido el sistema de escritura usado en Azerbaiján y se convirtió en el sistema oficial en 1940. A causa de la caída de la Unión Soviética, desde 1991 se ha iniciado un cambio gradual hacia el sistema latino, el cual pasó a ser obligatorio en el uso oficial en 2001. Sin embargo, en caso de textos no oficiales, es posible que deba usar el sistema cirílico para un público más adulto y el latino para un público más joven, y seguramente desee utilizar ambos sistemas para dirigirse a la población azerbaiyana en general. Si desea dirigirse a todos los hablantes de azeri, debe usar los tres sistemas de escritura. (Tenga en cuenta que es posible que existan diferencias terminológicas y de otros tipos entre los hablantes de azeri de distintos países, al igual que existen diferencias entre los hablantes de inglés o francés en distintos países.)

También debe recordar que la elección del sistema de escritura puede tener connotaciones políticas, religiosas, demográficas o culturales. En países en los cuales el idioma utilizado en instancias de educación superior fue el ruso, las personas instruidas usarán el sistema cirílico. El sistema latino se asocia con los movimientos panturanianos y, en general, puede indicar movimientos occidentalistas. El sistema de escritura árabe se asocia con los movimientos islámicos.

En forma más general, al igual que ocurre cuando busca qué idiomas son necesarios para dirigirse a distintas culturas, es posible que deba investigar cuál es el sistema o los sistemas de escritura correctos para usar. There are suggestions in the table above.