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From Web Services Glossary (2004-02-11) | Glossary for this source
Coupling is the dependency between interacting systems. This dependency can be decomposed into real dependency and artificial dependency:
Real dependency is the set of features or services that a system consumes from other systems. The real dependency always exists and cannot be reduced.
Artificial dependency is the set of factors that a system has to comply with in order to consume the features or services provided by other systems. Typical artificial dependency factors are language dependency, platform dependency, API dependency, etc. Artificial dependency always exists, but it or its cost can be reduced.
Loose coupling describes the configuration in which artificial dependency has been reduced to the minimum.