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Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.0 (LC 2009-02-24)
Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.0 (WD 2009-12-15)
Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.0 (LC 2010-09-16)
Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.0 (CR 2011-01-18)
Media Accessibility User Requirements (FPWD 2012-01-03)
Role Attribute (FPWD 2010-09-16)
Role Attribute (LC 2011-01-13)
Role Attribute (CR 2012-01-10)
WAI-ARIA 1.0 Authoring Practices (WD 2009-02-24)
WAI-ARIA 1.0 Authoring Practices (WD 2009-12-15)
WAI-ARIA 1.0 Authoring Practices (WD 2010-09-16)
WAI-ARIA 1.0 Primer (FPWD 2008-02-04)
WAI-ARIA 1.0 Primer (WD 2010-09-16)
WAI-ARIA 1.0 Roadmap (WD 2008-02-04)
WAI-ARIA 1.0 User Agent Implementation Guide (FPWD 2009-02-24)
WAI-ARIA 1.0 User Agent Implementation Guide (WD 2009-12-15)
WAI-ARIA 1.0 User Agent Implementation Guide (FPWD 2010-09-16)
WAI-ARIA 1.0 User Agent Implementation Guide (LC 2012-01-10)

1. Introduction
1.1. Scope
1.2. Use Cases
2. Using WAI-ARIA
2.1. WAI-ARIA Roles
2.2. WAI-ARIA States and Properties
2.3. Managing Focus
2.4. Building Accessible Applications with WAI-ARIA
2.5. Example: Building a Tree Widget
3. Normative Requirements for ARIA
4. The Roles Model
4.1. Relationships Between Concepts
4.1.1. Parent Roles
4.1.2. Child Roles
4.1.3. Related Concepts
4.1.4. Base Concept
4.2. Characteristics of Roles
4.2.1. Abstract Roles
4.2.2. Required States and Properties
4.2.3. Supported States and Properties
4.2.4. Inherited States and Properties
4.2.5. Required Child Elements
4.2.6. Parent Element
4.2.7. Accessible Name Calculation
4.2.7.1. Name Computation
4.2.7.2. Description Computation
4.2.7.3. Text Equivalent Computation
4.2.8. Presentational Children
4.3. Categorization of Roles
4.3.1. Base Types
4.3.2. User Input Widgets
4.3.3. User Interface Elements
4.3.4. Document Structure
4.3.5. Application Structure
4.3.6. Landmark Roles
4.4. Definition of Roles
alert (role)
alertdialog (role)
application (role)
article (role)
banner (role)
button (role)
checkbox (role)
columnheader (role)
combobox (role)
complementary (role)
composite (abstract role)
contentinfo (role)
definition (role)
dialog (role)
directory (role)
document (role)
grid (role)
gridcell (role)
group (role)
heading (role)
img (role)
input (abstract role)
landmark (abstract role)
link (role)
list (role)
listbox (role)
listitem (role)
log (role)
main (role)
marquee (role)
math (role)
menu (role)
menubar (role)
menuitem (role)
menuitemcheckbox (role)
menuitemradio (role)
navigation (role)
note (role)
option (role)
presentation (role)
progressbar (role)
radio (role)
radiogroup (role)
range (abstract role)
region (role)
roletype (abstract role)
row (role)
rowheader (role)
search (role)
section (abstract role)
sectionhead (abstract role)
select (abstract role)
separator (role)
slider (role)
spinbutton (role)
status (role)
structure (abstract role)
tab (role)
tabpanel (role)
tablist (role)
textbox (role)
timer (role)
toolbar (role)
tooltip (role)
tree (role)
treegrid (role)
treeitem (role)
widget (abstract role)
window (abstract role)
5. Supported States and Properties
5.1. Clarification of States versus Properties
5.2. Characteristics of States and Properties
5.2.1. Related Concepts
5.2.2. Used in Roles
5.2.3. Inherits into Roles
5.2.4. Value
5.3. Values for States and Properties
5.4. Global States and Properties
5.5. Taxonomy of ARIA States and Properties
5.5.1. Widget Attributes
5.5.2. Live Region Attributes
5.5.3. Drag-and-Drop Attributes
5.5.4. Relationship Attributes
5.6. Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes)
aria-activedescendant (property)
aria-atomic (property)
aria-autocomplete (property)
aria-busy (state)
aria-checked (state)
aria-controls (property)
aria-describedby (property)
aria-disabled (state)
aria-dropeffect (state)
aria-expanded (state)
aria-flowto (property)
aria-grabbed (state)
aria-haspopup (property)
aria-hidden (state)
aria-invalid (state)
aria-label (property)
aria-labelledby (property)
aria-level (property)
aria-live (property)
aria-multiline (property)
aria-multiselectable (property)
aria-owns (property)
aria-posinset (property)
aria-pressed (state)
aria-readonly (property)
aria-relevant (property)
aria-required (property)
aria-selected (state)
aria-setsize (property)
aria-sort (property)
aria-valuemax (property)
aria-valuemin (property)
aria-valuenow (property)
aria-valuetext (property)
6. Implementation in Host Languages
6.1. General Requirements for Implementation in Host Languages
6.1.1. Role Attribute
6.1.2. State and Property Attributes
6.1.3. Focus Navigation
6.1.4. Resolving Conflicts with Host Languages
6.2. Implementation Using the Modularization Recommendation
7. Conformance
7.1. Non-interference with the Host Language
7.2. All WAI-ARIA in DOM
7.3. Web Application Notification of DOM Changes
8. Quality Assurance
8.1. Applicable WAI-ARIA Role
8.1.1. Requirement is Functional
8.1.2. Overview
8.1.3. Step-by-Step
8.1.4. Explicit WAI-ARIA Role Rules
8.2. Accessibility API Mapping
8.3. Authoring Practices
8.3.1. Authoring Tools
8.3.2. Testing Practices and Tools
8.4. Assistive Technology
9. Appendices
9.1. Implementations
9.1.1. Roles Implementation
9.1.2. ARIA Attributes Module
9.1.3. Sample XHTML plus ARIA DTD
9.1.4. SGML Open Catalog Entry for XHTML+ARIA
9.1.5. ARIA Attributes XML Schema Module
9.2. Glossary
1. Introduction
2. General Steps for Building an Accessible Widget with ARIA
3. Keyboard and Structural Navigation
3.1. Providing Keyboard Navigation for Widgets
3.1.1. ARIA Keyboard Bindings and Behaviors
3.1.2. Keyboard Navigation between Widgets
3.1.3. Keyboard Navigation within Widgets
3.1.4. Example Keyboard Operation: Radio Group/Radio
3.1.5. Other Widget Best Practices
3.1.5.1. Maintain a valid format for aria-valuenow
3.2. Providing Keyboard Focus
3.2.1. Using Tabindex to Manage Focus among Widgets
3.2.2. Using activedescendant to Manage Focus for Widget Children
3.2.3. Managing Visual Focus with tabindex Alone
3.2.4. Managing Focus with Scroll
3.2.5. Author-Defined Keyboard Short-Cuts or Mnemonics
3.2.5.1. Supporting Tooltips with the Keyboard
3.2.5.2. When Keyboard Handlers Shortcuts Steal the Keys
3.2.6. Providing Navigable Structure within Web Pages
3.2.6.1. Steps for Defining a Logical Navigational Structure
3.2.6.2. Structural Roles that Facilitate Navigation with Assistive Technologies
3.2.6.3. Implicit Nesting and Headings
3.2.6.3.1. Header Levels Versus Nesting Levels
3.2.6.3.2. Owns Repairs Nesting
3.2.6.4. Directories, Groups, and Regions
3.2.6.4.1. Directories and Their Applicability
3.2.6.4.1.1. Use of the Presentation Role versus CSS
3.2.6.4.2. Groups and Their Applicability
3.2.6.4.3. Regions and Their Use
3.2.6.5. Remaining Structural Roles
3.2.6.5.1. Tabular Structure-Related Roles Supporting Tabular Widgets
3.2.6.5.2. Marking Descriptive Sections
3.2.6.6. Miscellaneous XHTML Section Roles
3.3. Making a Dialog Modal
3.3.1. Trapping Focus
4. Relationships
4.1. Labeling and Describing
4.1.1. Labeling
4.1.2. Describing
4.2. Owning and Controlling
4.2.1. The Owns Relationship
4.2.2. � Using Owns with Reusable Content
4.2.3. The Controls Relationship
4.3. Changing the Reading Flow
5. Managing Dynamic Changes
5.1. Managing Content and Presentational Changes
5.2. Implementing Live Regions
5.2.1. Live Region Properties and How to Use Them
5.3. Choosing Between Special Case Live Regions
6. Form Properties
7. Drag-and-Drop Support
8. States and Properties Modified by an External Assistive Technology
9. Design Patterns
Accordion (widget)
Alert (widget)
Auto Complete (widget)
Button (widget)
Check Box (widget)
Combo Box (widget)
Date Picker (widget)
Dialog (Modal) (widget)
Dialog (Non-Modal) (widget)
Dialog (Tooltip) (widget)
Drag & Drop (widget)
Grid (Simple Data Tables) (widget)
Landmark Navigation (widget)
Link (widget)
Listbox (widget)
Media Player (widget)
Menu (widget)
Menu Button (widget)
Popup Menu (widget)
Popup Help (aka Bubble Help) (widget)
Radio Button (widget)
Rich Text Editor (widget)
Slider (widget)
Slider (Multi-Thumb) (widget)
Spinbutton (widget)
Tab Panel (widget)
Tree View (widget)
Tool Bar (widget)
Tooltip Widget (widget)
Tree Grid (widget)
Tree View (widget)
Window Splitter (widget)
Wizard (widget)
10. Reusable Component Libraries
11. Appendices
1. Introduction
2. The Problem
3. Executive Summary
4. The Roadmap for filling the Gaps in Desktop Browsers
4.1. Roadmap Deliverable Timeline
4.2. Implementations
5. The Roadmap for Middleware - A look ahead at filling the Gaps in Emerging Declarative Application Middleware
5.1. External Deliverable Timeline
1. Introduction
1.1. The Problem
1.2. Requirements
1.3. Solution
1.4. HTML Accessibility API Support Analysis
2. Filling the Gaps for Content Delivered to Desktop Browsers
2.1. Use of New Provisions for Keyboard Focus and Semantics to Support Platform Accessibility APIs
2.1.1. Provision of the Role Attribute: "What is the Object?"
2.1.2. Provision of the Accessibility State Information: "What meaningful properties does this object have at this time?"
2.1.3. Provision of the Keyboard or Input Focus: "What object am I working on?"
2.1.4. Supporting ARIA in XHTML and HTML 4.01
2.2. Use of XHTML Role Landmarks to Improve Document Navigation
2.3. WAI-ARIA Role Taxonomy - Extensible Semantic Role Model, using RDF/OWL
2.3.1. Interoperability Example: Grid Role
2.4. Accessibility Events and Event Handling
2.5. HTML 5 - A Look Ahead
3. Reasons for Adopting WAI-ARIA
3.1. Technical Benefits
3.2. Business Benefits
4. Conclusions
5. Appendices
5.1. Gap Analysis - Filling the Gaps for (X)HTML in Support of Accessibility API
5.2. Long Descriptions of Figures
5.2.1. Long Description of Figure 1.0 Accessibility Interoperability at a DOM Node without JavaScript
5.2.2. Long Description of Figure 2.0 Accessibility Interoperability at a DOM Node with JavaScript
1. Introduction
1.1. Accessibility APIs
1.2. Accessible tree vs. DOM tree - what's the relation?
2. Supporting Keyboard Navigation
2.1. Controlling focus with tabindex
2.2. Controlling focus with ARIA
2.3. Handling focus changes from the AT
3. Mapping ARIA to APIs
3.1. General rules for exposing ARIA semantics
3.2. Conflicts between native markup semantics and ARIA
3.3. Exposing attributes that don’t directly map to accessibility API properties
3.4. Role mapping
3.5. State and Property Mapping
3.6. Special Processing Requiring Additional Computation
3.6.1. Name and Description
3.6.1.1. Text Equivalent Computation
3.6.1.2. Name Computation
3.6.1.3. Description Computation
3.6.2. Widget Values
3.6.3. Relations
3.6.4. Group Position
4. Managed States
4.1. Exposing Supplemental Interfaces
4.2. Actions
4.3. Changes to document content or node visibility
4.4. Selection
4.5. Menus in MSAA/IAccessible2
5. Special Document Handling Procedures
5.1. Documents, Handling frame and iframe elements
5.2. CSS Selectors
6. Error Handling
6.1. Definitions
6.2. Value type: IDREF and IDREFS
6.3. Value type: decimal
6.4. UA Validation
6.5. Roles
6.6. States and Properties�
6.7. Propagating errors to ATs
7. Appendices
1. Introduction
1.1. Rich Internet Application Accessibility
1.2. Target Audience
1.3. User Agent Support
1.4. Co-Evolution of WAI-ARIA and Host Languages
1.5. Authoring Practices
1.5.1. Authoring Tools
1.5.2. Testing Practices and Tools
1.6. Assistive Technologies
2. Using WAI-ARIA
2.1. WAI-ARIA Roles
2.2. WAI-ARIA States and Properties
2.3. Managing Focus
3. Normative Requirements for WAI-ARIA
4. Important Terms
5. The Roles Model
5.1. Relationships Between Concepts
5.1.1. Superclass Role
5.1.2. Subclass Roles
5.1.3. Related Concepts
5.1.4. Base Concept
5.2. Characteristics of Roles
5.2.1. Abstract Roles
5.2.2. Required States and Properties
5.2.3. Supported States and Properties
5.2.4. Inherited States and Properties
5.2.5. Required Owned Elements
5.2.6. Required Context Role
5.2.7. Accessible Name Calculation
5.2.7.1. Name Computation
5.2.7.2. Description Computation
5.2.7.3. Text Alternative Computation
5.2.7.4. Text Alternative Computation Example #1
5.2.7.5. Text Alternative Computation Example #2
5.2.8. Presentational Children
5.3. Categorization of Roles
5.3.1. Abstract Roles
5.3.2. Widget Roles
5.3.3. Document Structure
5.3.4. Landmark Roles
5.4. Definition of Roles
alert (role)
alertdialog (role)
application (role)
article (role)
banner (role)
button (role)
checkbox (role)
columnheader (role)
combobox (role)
complementary (role)
composite (abstract role)
contentinfo (role)
definition (role)
dialog (role)
directory (role)
document (role)
form (role)
grid (role)
gridcell (role)
group (role)
heading (role)
img (role)
input (abstract role)
landmark (abstract role)
link (role)
list (role)
listbox (role)
listitem (role)
log (role)
main (role)
marquee (role)
math (role)
menu (role)
menubar (role)
menuitem (role)
menuitemcheckbox (role)
menuitemradio (role)
navigation (role)
note (role)
option (role)
presentation (role)
progressbar (role)
radio (role)
radiogroup (role)
range (abstract role)
region (role)
roletype (abstract role)
row (role)
rowgroup (role)
rowheader (role)
search (role)
section (abstract role)
sectionhead (abstract role)
select (abstract role)
separator (role)
scrollbar (role)
slider (role)
spinbutton (role)
status (role)
structure (abstract role)
tab (role)
tablist (role)
tabpanel (role)
textbox (role)
timer (role)
toolbar (role)
tooltip (role)
tree (role)
treegrid (role)
treeitem (role)
widget (abstract role)
window (abstract role)
6. Supported States and Properties
6.1. Clarification of States versus Properties
6.2. Characteristics of States and Properties
6.2.1. Related Concepts
6.2.2. Used in Roles
6.2.3. Inherits into Roles
6.2.4. Value
6.3. Values for States and Properties
6.4. Global States and Properties
6.5. Taxonomy of WAI-ARIA States and Properties
6.5.1. Widget Attributes
6.5.2. Live Region Attributes
6.5.3. Drag-and-Drop Attributes
6.5.4. Relationship Attributes
6.6. Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes)
aria-activedescendant (property)
aria-atomic (property)
aria-autocomplete (property)
aria-busy (state)
aria-checked (state)
aria-controls (property)
aria-describedby (property)
aria-disabled (state)
aria-dropeffect (property)
aria-expanded (state)
aria-flowto (property)
aria-grabbed (state)
aria-haspopup (property)
aria-hidden (state)
aria-invalid (state)
aria-label (property)
aria-labelledby (property)
aria-level (property)
aria-live (property)
aria-multiline (property)
aria-multiselectable (property)
aria-orientation (property)
aria-owns (property)
aria-posinset (property)
aria-pressed (state)
aria-readonly (property)
aria-relevant (property)
aria-required (property)
aria-selected (state)
aria-setsize (property)
aria-sort (property)
aria-valuemax (property)
aria-valuemin (property)
aria-valuenow (property)
aria-valuetext (property)
7. Implementation in Host Languages
7.1. Role Attribute
7.2. State and Property Attributes
7.3. Focus Navigation
7.4. Implicit WAI-ARIA Semantics
7.5. Conflicts with Host Language Semantics
7.6. State and Property Attribute Processing
8. Conformance
8.1. Non-interference with the Host Language
8.2. All WAI-ARIA in DOM
8.3. Web Application Notification of DOM Changes
8.4. Conformance Checkers
9. References
9.1. Normative References
9.2. Informative References
10. Appendices
10.1. Schemata
10.1.1. Roles Implementation
10.1.2. WAI-ARIA Attributes Module
10.1.3. XHTML plus WAI-ARIA DTD
10.1.4. SGML Open Catalog Entry for XHTML+ARIA
10.1.5. WAI-ARIA Attributes XML Schema Module
10.1.6. HTML 4.01 plus WAI-ARIA DTD
10.2. Mapping ARIA Value types to languages
10.3. WAI-ARIA Role, State, and Property Quick Reference
10.4. Acknowledgments
10.4.1. Participants in the PFWG at the time of publication
10.4.2. Other previously active PFWG participants and other contributors to the Accessible Rich Internet Applications specification
10.4.3. Enabling funders
1. Introduction
2. General Steps for Building an Accessible Widget with WAI-ARIA
3. Keyboard and Structural Navigation
3.1. Providing Keyboard Navigation for Widgets
3.1.1. WAI-ARIA Keyboard Bindings and Behaviors
3.1.2. Keyboard Navigation between Widgets
3.1.3. Keyboard Navigation within Widgets
3.1.4. Keyboard Shortcuts for Widgets
3.1.5. Example Keyboard Operation: Radio Group/Radio
3.1.6. Other Widget Authoring Practices
3.1.6.1. Maintain a valid format for aria-valuenow
3.2. Providing Keyboard Focus
3.2.1. Using Tabindex to Manage Focus among Widgets
3.2.2. Using activedescendant to Manage Focus for Widget Children
3.2.3. Managing Visual Focus with tabindex Alone
3.2.4. Managing Focus with Scroll
3.2.5. Managing the Perception of a Dual Focus
3.2.6. Author-Defined Keyboard Short-Cuts or Mnemonics
3.2.6.1. Supporting Tooltips with the Keyboard
3.2.6.2. When Keyboard Handlers Shortcuts Steal the Keys
3.2.7. Providing Navigable Structure within Web Pages
3.2.7.1. Steps for Defining a Logical Navigational Structure
3.2.7.2. Structural Roles that Facilitate Navigation with Assistive Technologies
3.2.7.3. Implicit Nesting and Headings
3.2.7.3.1. Header Levels Versus Nesting Levels
3.2.7.3.2. Owns Repairs Nesting
3.2.7.4. Directories, Groups, and Regions
3.2.7.4.1. Directories and Their Applicability
3.2.7.4.2. Groups and Their Applicability
3.2.7.4.3. Regions and Their Use
3.2.7.5. Remaining Structural Roles
3.2.7.5.1. Tabular Structure-Related Roles Supporting Tabular Widgets
3.2.7.5.2. Marking Descriptive Sections
3.2.7.6. Miscellaneous XHTML Section Roles
3.3. Making a Dialog Modal
3.3.1. Trapping Focus
4. Relationships
4.1. Labeling and Describing
4.1.1. Labeling
4.1.2. Describing
4.2. Owning and Controlling
4.2.1. The Owns Relationship
4.2.2. �Using Owns with Reusable Content
4.2.3. The Controls Relationship
4.3. Changing the Reading Flow
4.4. Popups and drop-downs
5. Managing Dynamic Changes
5.1. Managing Content and Presentational Changes
5.2. Implementing Live Regions
5.2.1. Live Region Properties and How to Use Them
5.3. Choosing Between Special Case Live Regions
6. Form Properties
7. Drag-and-Drop Support
8. States and Properties Modified by an External Assistive Technology
9. Design Patterns
Accordion (widget)
Alert (widget)
Auto Complete (widget)
Button (widget)
Check Box (widget)
Combo Box (widget)
Date Picker (widget)
Dialog (Modal) (widget)
Dialog (Non-Modal) (widget)
Dialog (Tooltip) (widget)
Drag & Drop (widget)
Grid (Simple Data Tables) (widget)
Landmark Navigation (widget)
Link (widget)
Listbox (widget)
Media Player (widget)
Menu (widget)
Menu Button (widget)
Popup Menu (widget)
Popup Help (aka Bubble Help) (widget)
Radio Button (widget)
Rich Text Editor (widget)
Slider (widget)
Slider (Multi-Thumb) (widget)
Spinbutton (widget)
Tab Panel (widget)
Tree View (widget)
Tool Bar (widget)
Tooltip Widget (widget)
Tree Grid (widget)
Tree View (widget)
Window Splitter (widget)
Wizard (widget)
10. Reusable Component Libraries
11. Appendices
11.1. References
11.1.1. Informative References
11.2. Acknowledgments
11.2.1. Participants in the PFWG at the time of publication
11.2.2. Other previously active PFWG participants and other contributors to the Accessible Rich Internet Applications specification
11.2.3. Enabling funders
1. Introduction
1.1. Accessibility APIs
1.2. The Accessible Tree and the DOM Tree
2. Normative User Agent Implementation Requirements for WAI-ARIA
3. Supporting Keyboard Navigation
3.1. Controlling focus with tabindex
3.2. Controlling focus with aria-activedescendant
3.3. Handling focus changes from the Assistive Technology
4. Mapping WAI-ARIA to Accessibility APIs
4.1. General rules for exposing WAI-ARIA semantics
4.2. Conflicts between native markup semantics and WAI-ARIA
4.3. Exposing attributes that do not directly map to accessibility API properties
4.4. Role mapping
4.5. State and Property Mapping
4.6. Special Processing Requiring Additional Computation
4.6.1. Name and Description
4.6.1.1. Text Alternative Computation
4.6.1.2. Name Computation
4.6.1.3. Description Computation
4.6.2. Widget Values
4.6.3. Relations
4.6.3.1. Additional implied reverse relations for IAccessible2 and ATK
4.6.3.2. ID Reference Error Processing
4.6.4. Group Position
4.7. Actions
4.8. Events
4.8.1. State and Property Change Events
4.8.2. Changes to document content or node visibility
4.8.3. Selection
4.8.4. Menus in MSAA/IAccessible2/UIA
5. Special Document Handling Procedures
5.1. Documents, Handling frame and iframe elements
5.2. CSS Selectors
5.3. Author Errors
6. Appendices
6.1. Glossary
6.2. References
6.2.1. Informative References
6.3. Acknowledgments
6.3.1. Participants in the PFWG at the time of publication
6.3.2. Other previously active PFWG participants and other contributors to the Accessible Rich Internet Applications specification
6.3.3. Enabling funders
1. Introduction
1.1. Rich Internet Application Accessibility
1.2. Target Audience
1.3. User Agent Support
1.4. Co-Evolution of WAI-ARIA and Host Languages
1.5. Authoring Practices
1.5.1. Authoring Tools
1.5.2. Testing Practices and Tools
1.6. Assistive Technologies
2. Using WAI-ARIA
2.1. WAI-ARIA Roles
2.2. WAI-ARIA States and Properties
2.3. Managing Focus
3. Normative Requirements for WAI-ARIA
4. Important Terms
5. The Roles Model
5.1. Relationships Between Concepts
5.1.1. Superclass Role
5.1.2. Subclass Roles
5.1.3. Related Concepts
5.1.4. Base Concept
5.2. Characteristics of Roles
5.2.1. Abstract Roles
5.2.2. Required States and Properties
5.2.3. Supported States and Properties
5.2.4. Inherited States and Properties
5.2.5. Required Owned Elements
5.2.6. Required Context Role
5.2.7. Accessible Name Calculation
5.2.7.1. Name Computation
5.2.7.2. Description Computation
5.2.7.3. Text Alternative Computation
5.2.7.4. Text Alternative Computation Example #1
5.2.7.5. Text Alternative Computation Example #2
5.2.8. Presentational Children
5.3. Categorization of Roles
5.3.1. Abstract Roles
5.3.2. Widget Roles
5.3.3. Document Structure
5.3.4. Landmark Roles
5.4. Definition of Roles
alert (role)
alertdialog (role)
application (role)
article (role)
banner (role)
button (role)
checkbox (role)
columnheader (role)
combobox (role)
command (abstract role)
complementary (role)
composite (abstract role)
contentinfo (role)
definition (role)
dialog (role)
directory (role)
document (role)
form (role)
grid (role)
gridcell (role)
group (role)
heading (role)
img (role)
input (abstract role)
landmark (abstract role)
link (role)
list (role)
listbox (role)
listitem (role)
log (role)
main (role)
marquee (role)
math (role)
menu (role)
menubar (role)
menuitem (role)
menuitemcheckbox (role)
menuitemradio (role)
navigation (role)
note (role)
option (role)
presentation (role)
progressbar (role)
radio (role)
radiogroup (role)
range (abstract role)
region (role)
roletype (abstract role)
row (role)
rowgroup (role)
rowheader (role)
search (role)
section (abstract role)
sectionhead (abstract role)
select (abstract role)
separator (role)
scrollbar (role)
slider (role)
spinbutton (role)
status (role)
structure (abstract role)
tab (role)
tablist (role)
tabpanel (role)
textbox (role)
timer (role)
toolbar (role)
tooltip (role)
tree (role)
treegrid (role)
treeitem (role)
widget (abstract role)
window (abstract role)
6. Supported States and Properties
6.1. Clarification of States versus Properties
6.2. Characteristics of States and Properties
6.2.1. Related Concepts
6.2.2. Used in Roles
6.2.3. Inherits into Roles
6.2.4. Value
6.3. Values for States and Properties
6.4. Global States and Properties
6.5. Taxonomy of WAI-ARIA States and Properties
6.5.1. Widget Attributes
6.5.2. Live Region Attributes
6.5.3. Drag-and-Drop Attributes
6.5.4. Relationship Attributes
6.6. Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes)
aria-activedescendant (property)
aria-atomic (property)
aria-autocomplete (property)
aria-busy (state)
aria-checked (state)
aria-controls (property)
aria-describedby (property)
aria-disabled (state)
aria-dropeffect (property)
aria-expanded (state)
aria-flowto (property)
aria-grabbed (state)
aria-haspopup (property)
aria-hidden (state)
aria-invalid (state)
aria-label (property)
aria-labelledby (property)
aria-level (property)
aria-live (property)
aria-multiline (property)
aria-multiselectable (property)
aria-orientation (property)
aria-owns (property)
aria-posinset (property)
aria-pressed (state)
aria-readonly (property)
aria-relevant (property)
aria-required (property)
aria-selected (state)
aria-setsize (property)
aria-sort (property)
aria-valuemax (property)
aria-valuemin (property)
aria-valuenow (property)
aria-valuetext (property)
7. Implementation in Host Languages
7.1. Role Attribute
7.2. State and Property Attributes
7.3. Focus Navigation
7.4. Implicit WAI-ARIA Semantics
7.5. Conflicts with Host Language Semantics
7.6. State and Property Attribute Processing
8. Conformance
8.1. Non-interference with the Host Language
8.2. All WAI-ARIA in DOM
8.3. Web Application Notification of DOM Changes
8.4. Conformance Checkers
9. References
9.1. Normative References
9.2. Informative References
10. Appendices
10.1. Schemata
10.1.1. Roles Implementation
10.1.2. WAI-ARIA Attributes Module
10.1.3. XHTML plus WAI-ARIA DTD
10.1.4. SGML Open Catalog Entry for XHTML+ARIA
10.1.5. WAI-ARIA Attributes XML Schema Module
10.1.6. HTML 4.01 plus WAI-ARIA DTD
10.2. Mapping WAI-ARIA Value types to languages
10.3. WAI-ARIA Role, State, and Property Quick Reference
10.4. Acknowledgments
10.4.1. Participants in the PFWG at the time of publication
10.4.2. Other previously active PFWG participants and other contributors to the Accessible Rich Internet Applications specification
10.4.3. Enabling funders
1. Introduction
2. General Steps for Building an Accessible Widget with WAI-ARIA
3. Keyboard and Structural Navigation
3.1. Providing Keyboard Navigation for Widgets
3.1.1. WAI-ARIA Keyboard Bindings and Behaviors
3.1.2. Keyboard Navigation between Widgets
3.1.3. Keyboard Navigation within Widgets
3.1.4. Keyboard Shortcuts for Widgets
3.1.5. Example Keyboard Operation: Radio Group/Radio
3.1.6. Other Widget Authoring Practices
3.1.6.1. Maintain a valid format for aria-valuenow
3.2. Providing Keyboard Focus
3.2.1. Using Tabindex to Manage Focus among Widgets
3.2.2. Using activedescendant to Manage Focus for Widget Children
3.2.3. Managing Visual Focus with tabindex Alone
3.2.4. Managing Focus with Scroll
3.2.5. Managing the Perception of a Dual Focus
3.2.6. Author-Defined Keyboard Short-Cuts or Mnemonics
3.2.6.1. Supporting Tooltips with the Keyboard
3.2.6.2. When Keyboard Handlers Shortcuts Steal the Keys
3.2.7. Providing Navigable Structure within Web Pages
3.2.7.1. Steps for Defining a Logical Navigational Structure
3.2.7.2. Structural Roles that Facilitate Navigation with Assistive Technologies
3.2.7.3. Implicit Nesting and Headings
3.2.7.3.1. Header Levels Versus Nesting Levels
3.2.7.3.2. Owns Repairs Nesting
3.2.7.4. Directories, Groups, and Regions
3.2.7.4.1. Directories and Their Applicability
3.2.7.4.2. Groups and Their Applicability
3.2.7.4.3. Regions and Their Use
3.2.7.5. Remaining Structural Roles
3.2.7.5.1. Tabular Structure-Related Roles Supporting Tabular Widgets
3.2.7.5.2. Marking Descriptive Sections
3.2.7.6. Miscellaneous XHTML Section Roles
3.3. Making a Dialog Modal
3.3.1. Trapping Focus
4. Relationships
4.1. Labeling and Describing
4.1.1. Labeling
4.1.2. Describing
4.1.2.1. Using aria-describedby
4.1.2.2. Using a tooltip as a description
4.1.2.3. Descriptions on external pages
4.2. Owning and Controlling
4.2.1. The Owns Relationship
4.2.2. �Using Owns with Reusable Content
4.2.3. The Controls Relationship
4.3. Changing the Reading Flow
4.4. Popups and drop-downs
5. Managing Dynamic Changes
5.1. Managing Content and Presentational Changes
5.2. Implementing Live Regions
5.2.1. Live Region Properties and How to Use Them
5.3. Choosing Between Special Case Live Regions
6. Form Properties
7. Math
8. Drag-and-Drop Support
9. States and Properties Modified by an External Assistive Technology
10. Design Patterns
Accordion (widget)
Alert (widget)
Auto Complete (widget)
Button (widget)
Check Box (widget)
Combo Box (widget)
Date Picker (widget)
Dialog (Modal) (widget)
Dialog (Non-Modal) (widget)
Dialog (Tooltip) (widget)
Drag & Drop (widget)
Grid (Simple Data Tables) (widget)
Landmark Navigation (widget)
Link (widget)
Listbox (widget)
Media Player (widget)
Menu (widget)
Menu Button (widget)
Popup Menu (widget)
Popup Help (aka Bubble Help) (widget)
Radio Button (widget)
Rich Text Editor (widget)
Slider (widget)
Slider (Multi-Thumb) (widget)
Spinbutton (widget)
Tab Panel (widget)
Tool Bar (widget)
Tooltip Widget (widget)
Tree Grid (widget)
Tree View (widget)
Window Splitter (widget)
Wizard (widget)
11. Reusable Component Libraries
12. Appendices
12.1. References
12.1.1. Informative References
12.2. Acknowledgments
12.2.1. Participants in the PFWG at the time of publication
12.2.2. Other previously active PFWG participants and other contributors to the Accessible Rich Internet Applications specification
12.2.3. Enabling funders
1. Introduction
1.1. The Problem
1.2. Requirements
1.3. Solution
1.4. HTML Accessibility API Support Analysis
2. Filling the Gaps for Content Delivered to Desktop Browsers
2.1. Use of New Provisions for Keyboard Focus and Semantics to Support Platform Accessibility APIs
2.1.1. Provision of the Role Attribute: "What is the Object?"
2.1.2. Provision of the Accessibility State Information: "What meaningful properties does this object have at this time?"
2.1.3. Provision of the Keyboard or Input Focus: "What object am I working on?"
2.1.4. Supporting WAI-ARIA in XHTML and HTML 4.01
2.2. Use of XHTML Role Landmarks to Improve Document Navigation
2.3. WAI-ARIA Role Taxonomy - Extensible Semantic Role Model, using RDF/OWL
2.3.1. Interoperability Example: Grid Role
2.4. Accessibility Events and Event Handling
2.5. HTML 5 - A Look Ahead
3. Building Accessible Applications with WAI-ARIA
3.1. Example: Building a Tree Widget
4. Reasons for Adopting WAI-ARIA
4.1. Technical Benefits
4.2. Business Benefits
5. Conclusions
6. Appendices
6.1. Gap Analysis - Filling the Gaps for (X)HTML in Support of Accessibility API
6.2. Long Descriptions of Figures
6.2.1. Long Description of Figure 1.0 Accessibility Interoperability at a DOM Node without JavaScript
6.2.2. Long Description of Figure 2.0 Accessibility Interoperability at a DOM Node with JavaScript
6.3. References
6.3.1. Informative References
6.4. Acknowledgments
6.4.1. Participants in the PFWG at the time of publication
6.4.2. Other previously active PFWG participants and other contributors to the Accessible Rich Internet Applications specification
6.4.3. Enabling funders
1. Introduction
1.1. Accessibility APIs
1.2. The Accessible Tree and the DOM Tree
2. Normative User Agent Implementation Requirements for WAI-ARIA
3. Supporting Keyboard Navigation
3.1. Controlling focus with tabindex
3.2. Controlling focus with aria-activedescendant
3.3. Handling focus changes from the Assistive Technology
4. Mapping WAI-ARIA to Accessibility APIs
4.1. General rules for exposing WAI-ARIA semantics
4.2. Conflicts between native markup semantics and WAI-ARIA
4.3. Exposing attributes that do not directly map to accessibility API properties
4.4. Role mapping
4.5. State and Property Mapping
4.6. Special Processing Requiring Additional Computation
4.6.1. Name and Description
4.6.1.1. Text Alternative Computation
4.6.1.2. Name Computation
4.6.1.3. Description Computation
4.6.2. Widget Values
4.6.3. Relations
4.6.3.1. Additional implied reverse relations for IAccessible2 and ATK
4.6.3.2. ID Reference Error Processing
4.6.4. Group Position
4.7. Actions
4.8. Events
4.8.1. State and Property Change Events
4.8.2. Changes to document content or node visibility
4.8.3. Selection
4.8.4. Special Events for Menus
5. Special Document Handling Procedures
5.1. Documents, Handling frame and iframe elements
5.2. CSS Selectors
5.3. Author Errors
6. Appendices
6.1. Glossary
6.2. References
6.2.1. Informative References
6.3. Acknowledgments
6.3.1. Participants in the PFWG at the time of publication
6.3.2. Other previously active PFWG participants and other contributors to the Accessible Rich Internet Applications specification
6.3.3. Enabling funders
1. Introduction
2. Conformance
2.1 Document Conformance
2.2 Host Language Conformance
3. The Role Attribute
3.1 Extending the collection of roles
A. Using Role in conjunction with RDFa
B. XHTML Role Attribute Module
B.1 DTD Implementation
B.1.1 Qualified Names Module
B.2 Schema Implementation
B.2.1 Attributes Module
C. Acknowledgments
D. References
D.1 Normative references
D.2 Informative references
1. Introduction
1.1. Rich Internet Application Accessibility
1.2. Target Audience
1.3. User Agent Support
1.4. Co-Evolution of WAI-ARIA and Host Languages
1.5. Authoring Practices
1.5.1. Authoring Tools
1.5.2. Testing Practices and Tools
1.6. Assistive Technologies
2. Using WAI-ARIA
2.1. WAI-ARIA Roles
2.2. WAI-ARIA States and Properties
2.3. Managing Focus
3. Normative Requirements for WAI-ARIA
4. Important Terms
5. The Roles Model
5.1. Relationships Between Concepts
5.1.1. Superclass Role
5.1.2. Subclass Roles
5.1.3. Related Concepts
5.1.4. Base Concept
5.2. Characteristics of Roles
5.2.1. Abstract Roles
5.2.2. Required States and Properties
5.2.3. Supported States and Properties
5.2.4. Inherited States and Properties
5.2.5. Required Owned Elements
5.2.6. Required Context Role
5.2.7. Accessible Name Calculation
5.2.7.1. Name Computation
5.2.7.2. Description Computation
5.2.7.3. Text Alternative Computation
5.2.7.4. Text Alternative Computation Example #1
5.2.7.5. Text Alternative Computation Example #2
5.2.8. Presentational Children
5.3. Categorization of Roles
5.3.1. Abstract Roles
5.3.2. Widget Roles
5.3.3. Document Structure
5.3.4. Landmark Roles
5.4. Definition of Roles
alert (role)
alertdialog (role)
application (role)
article (role)
banner (role)
button (role)
checkbox (role)
columnheader (role)
combobox (role)
command (abstract role)
complementary (role)
composite (abstract role)
contentinfo (role)
definition (role)
dialog (role)
directory (role)
document (role)
form (role)
grid (role)
gridcell (role)
group (role)
heading (role)
img (role)
input (abstract role)
landmark (abstract role)
link (role)
list (role)
listbox (role)
listitem (role)
log (role)
main (role)
marquee (role)
math (role)
menu (role)
menubar (role)
menuitem (role)
menuitemcheckbox (role)
menuitemradio (role)
navigation (role)
note (role)
option (role)
presentation (role)
progressbar (role)
radio (role)
radiogroup (role)
range (abstract role)
region (role)
roletype (abstract role)
row (role)
rowgroup (role)
rowheader (role)
search (role)
section (abstract role)
sectionhead (abstract role)
select (abstract role)
separator (role)
scrollbar (role)
slider (role)
spinbutton (role)
status (role)
structure (abstract role)
tab (role)
tablist (role)
tabpanel (role)
textbox (role)
timer (role)
toolbar (role)
tooltip (role)
tree (role)
treegrid (role)
treeitem (role)
widget (abstract role)
window (abstract role)
6. Supported States and Properties
6.1. Clarification of States versus Properties
6.2. Characteristics of States and Properties
6.2.1. Related Concepts
6.2.2. Used in Roles
6.2.3. Inherits into Roles
6.2.4. Value
6.3. Values for States and Properties
6.4. Global States and Properties
6.5. Taxonomy of WAI-ARIA States and Properties
6.5.1. Widget Attributes
6.5.2. Live Region Attributes
6.5.3. Drag-and-Drop Attributes
6.5.4. Relationship Attributes
6.6. Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes)
aria-activedescendant (property)
aria-atomic (property)
aria-autocomplete (property)
aria-busy (state)
aria-checked (state)
aria-controls (property)
aria-describedby (property)
aria-disabled (state)
aria-dropeffect (property)
aria-expanded (state)
aria-flowto (property)
aria-grabbed (state)
aria-haspopup (property)
aria-hidden (state)
aria-invalid (state)
aria-label (property)
aria-labelledby (property)
aria-level (property)
aria-live (property)
aria-multiline (property)
aria-multiselectable (property)
aria-orientation (property)
aria-owns (property)
aria-posinset (property)
aria-pressed (state)
aria-readonly (property)
aria-relevant (property)
aria-required (property)
aria-selected (state)
aria-setsize (property)
aria-sort (property)
aria-valuemax (property)
aria-valuemin (property)
aria-valuenow (property)
aria-valuetext (property)
7. Implementation in Host Languages
7.1. Role Attribute
7.2. State and Property Attributes
7.3. Focus Navigation
7.4. Implicit WAI-ARIA Semantics
7.5. Conflicts with Host Language Semantics
7.6. State and Property Attribute Processing
8. Conformance
8.1. Non-interference with the Host Language
8.2. All WAI-ARIA in DOM
8.3. Assistive Technology Notifications Communicated to Web Applications
8.4. Conformance Checkers
9. References
9.1. Normative References
9.2. Informative References
10. Appendices
10.1. Schemata
10.1.1. Roles Implementation
10.1.2. WAI-ARIA Attributes Module
10.1.3. XHTML plus WAI-ARIA DTD
10.1.4. SGML Open Catalog Entry for XHTML+ARIA
10.1.5. WAI-ARIA Attributes XML Schema Module
10.1.6. HTML 4.01 plus WAI-ARIA DTD
10.2. Mapping WAI-ARIA Value types to languages
10.3. WAI-ARIA Role, State, and Property Quick Reference
10.4. Acknowledgments
10.4.1. Participants in the PFWG at the time of publication
10.4.2. Other previously active PFWG participants and other contributors to the Accessible Rich Internet Applications specification
10.4.3. Enabling funders
1. Introduction
2. Conformance
2.1 Document Conformance
2.2 Host Language Conformance
3. The Role Attribute
3.1 Extending the collection of roles
A. Using Role in conjunction with RDFa
B. XHTML Role Attribute Module
B.1 DTD Implementation
B.1.1 Qualified Names Module
B.2 Schema Implementation
B.2.1 Attributes Module
C. Acknowledgments
D. References
D.1 Normative references
D.2 Informative references
1. Introduction
1.1. Accessibility APIs
1.2. The Accessibility Tree and the DOM Tree
2. Normative User Agent Implementation Requirements for WAI-ARIA
3. Important Terms
4. Supporting Keyboard Navigation
4.1. Focus States and Events Table
4.2. Controlling focus with tabindex
4.3. Controlling focus with aria-activedescendant
4.4. Handling focus changes from the Assistive Technology
5. Mapping WAI-ARIA to Accessibility APIs
5.1. General rules for exposing WAI-ARIA semantics
5.1.1. Including Elements in the Accessibility Tree
5.1.2. Excluding Elements from the Accessibility Tree
5.1.3. Notification of State Changes
5.2. Conflicts between native markup semantics and WAI-ARIA
5.3. Exposing attributes that do not directly map to accessibility API properties
5.4. Role mapping
5.4.1. Role Mapping Table
5.5. State and Property Mapping
5.5.1. State and Property Mapping Table
5.6. Special Processing Requiring Additional Computation
5.6.1. Name and Description
5.6.1.1. Name Computation
5.6.1.2. Description Computation
5.6.1.3. Text Alternative Computation
5.6.2. Widget Values
5.6.3. Relations
5.6.3.1. ID Reference Error Processing
5.6.3.2. Reverse Relations
5.6.3.3. Implied reverse relations
5.6.4. Group Position
5.7. Actions
5.8. Events
5.8.1. State and Property Change Events
5.8.2. Changes to document content or node visibility
5.8.3. Selection
5.8.4. Special Events for Menus
6. Special Document Handling Procedures
6.1. CSS Selectors
6.2. Author Errors
7. Appendices
7.1. References
7.1.1. Normative References
7.1.2. Informative References

Shadi Abou-Zahra
David Baron
Art Barstow
Judy Brewer
Laura Carlson
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Charles Chen
Michael Cooper
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