CSS Snapshot 2017

W3C Working Group Note,

This version:
https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/NOTE-css-2017-20170131/
Latest published version:
https://www.w3.org/TR/css-2017/
Latest CSS version:
https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS/
Editor's Draft:
https://drafts.csswg.org/css-2017/
Editors:
Tab Atkins Jr. (Google)
Elika J. Etemad / fantasai (Invited Expert)
Florian Rivoal (Vivliostyle)
Issue Tracking:
GitHub Issues

Abstract

This document collects together into one definition all the specs that together form the current state of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) as of 2017. The primary audience is CSS implementers, not CSS authors, as this definition includes modules by specification stability, not Web browser adoption rate.

CSS is a language for describing the rendering of structured documents (such as HTML and XML) on screen, on paper, in speech, etc.

Status of this document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at https://www.w3.org/TR/.

This document represents the state of CSS as of 2017. The CSS Working Group does not expect any further changes to this document: new snapshots will be published at https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS/ as CSS advances.

Publication as a Working Group Note does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

GitHub Issues are preferred for discussion of this specification. When filing an issue, please put the text “css-2017” in the title, preferably like this: “[css-2017] …summary of comment…”. All issues and comments are archived, and there is also a historical archive.

This document was produced by the CSS Working Group.

This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.

This document is governed by the 1 September 2015 W3C Process Document.

1. Introduction

When the first CSS specification was published, all of CSS was contained in one document that defined CSS Level 1. CSS Level 2 was defined also by a single, multi-chapter document. However for CSS beyond Level 2, the CSS Working Group chose to adopt a modular approach, where each module defines a part of CSS, rather than to define a single monolithic specification. This breaks the specification into more manageable chunks and allows more immediate, incremental improvement to CSS.

Since different CSS modules are at different levels of stability, the CSS Working Group has chosen to publish this profile to define the current scope and state of Cascading Style Sheets as of mid 2017. This profile includes only specifications that we consider stable and for which we have enough implementation experience that we are sure of that stability.

Note: This is not intended to be a CSS Desktop Browser Profile: inclusion in this profile is based on feature stability only and not on expected use or Web browser adoption. This profile defines CSS in its most complete form.

Note: Although we don’t anticipate significant changes to the specifications that form this snapshot, their inclusion does not mean they are frozen. The Working Group will continue to address problems as they are found in these specs. Implementers should monitor www-style and/or the CSS Working Group Blog for any resulting changes, corrections, or clarifications.

1.1. Background: The W3C Process and CSS

This section is non-normative.

In the W3C Process, a Recommendation-track document passes through three levels of stability, summarized below:

Working Draft (WD)

This is the design phase of a W3C spec. The WG iterates the spec in response to internal and external feedback.

The first official Working Draft is designated the “First Public Working Draft” (FPWD). In the CSSWG, publishing FPWD indicates that the Working Group as a whole has agreed to work on the module, roughly as scoped out and proposed in the editor’s draft.

The transition to the next stage is sometimes called “Last Call Working Draft” (LCWD) phase. The CSSWG transitions Working Drafts once we have resolved all known issues, and can make no further progress without feedback from building tests and implementations.

This ”Last Call for Comments” sets a deadline for reporting any outstanding issues, and requires the WG to specially track and address incoming feedback. The comment-tracking document is the Disposition of Comments (DoC). It is submitted along with an updated draft for the Director’s approval, to demonstrate wide review and acceptance.

Candidate Recommendation (CR)
This is the testing phase of a W3C spec. Notably, this phase is about using tests and implementations to test the specification: it is not about testing the implementations. This process often reveals more problems with the spec, and so a Candidate Recommendation will morph over time in response to implementation and testing feedback, though usually less so than during the design phase (WD).

Demonstration of two correct, independent implementations of each feature is required to exit CR, so in this phase the WG builds a test suite and generates implementation reports.

The transition to the next stage is “Proposed Recommendation” (PR). During this phase the W3C Advisory Committee must approve the transition to REC.

Recommendation (REC)
This is the completed state of a W3C spec and represents a maintainance phase. At this point the WG only maintains an errata document and occasionally publishes an updated edition that incorporates the errata back into the spec.

An Editor’s Draft is effectively a live copy of the editors’ own working copy. It may or may not reflect Working Group consensus, and can at times be in a self-inconsistent state. (Because the publishing process at W3C is time-consuming and onerous, the Editor’s Draft is usually the best (most up-to-date) reference for a spec. Efforts are currently underway to reduce the friction of publishing, so that official drafts will be regularly up-to-date and Editor’s Drafts can return to their original function as scratch space.)

2. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) — The Official Definition

As of 2017, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is defined by the following specifications.

CSS Level 2, latest revision (including errata) [CSS2]
This defines the core of CSS, parts of which are overridden by later specifications. We recommend in particular reading Chapter 2, which introduces some of the basic concepts of CSS and its design principles.
CSS Syntax Level 3 [CSS-SYNTAX-3]
Replaces CSS2§4.1, CSS2§4.1, CSS2§4.2, CSS2§4.4, and CSS2§G, defining how CSS is parsed.
CSS Style Attributes [CSS-STYLE-ATTR]
Defines how CSS declarations can be embedded in markup attributes.
Media Queries Level 3 [CSS3-MEDIAQUERIES]
Replaces CSS2§7.3 and expands on the syntax for media-specific styles.
CSS Conditional Rules Level 3 [CSS3-CONDITIONAL]
Replaces CSS2§7.2, updating the definition of @media rules to allow nesting, and introduces @supports rules for feature-support queries.
CSS Namespaces [CSS3-NAMESPACE]
Introduces an @namespace rule to allow namespace-prefixed selectors.
Selectors Level 3 [SELECT]
Replaces CSS2§5 and CSS2§6.4.3, defining an extended range of selectors.
CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 3 [CSS-CASCADE-3]
Replaces CSS2§1.4.3 and CSS2§6
CSS Values and Units Level 3 [CSS-VALUES-3]
Replaces CSS2§1.4.2.1, CSS2§4.3, and CSS2§A.2.1–3, defining CSS’s property definition syntax and expanding its set of units.
CSS Color Level 3 [CSS3-COLOR]
Replaces CSS2§4.3.6, CSS2§14.1, and CSS2§18.2, defining an extended range of color values. Also introduces the opacity property.
CSS Backgrounds and Borders Level 3 [CSS3-BACKGROUND]
Replaces CSS2§8.5 and CSS2§14.2, providing more control of backgrounds and borders, including layered background images, image borders, and drop shadows.
CSS Image Values and Replaced Content Level 3 [CSS3-IMAGES]
Provides a new foundation text for the sizing of replaced elements (such as images), adds additional controls to their sizing and orientation, and introduces syntax for gradients as images in CSS.
CSS Fonts Level 3 [CSS-FONTS-3]
Replaces CSS2§15 and provides more control over font choice and feature selection.
CSS Multi-column Layout Level 1 [CSS3-MULTICOL]
Introduces multi-column flows to CSS layout.
CSS User Interface Module Level 3 [CSS-UI-3]
Replaces CSS2§18.1 and CSS2§18.4, defining cursor, outline, and several new CSS features that also enhance the user interface.
CSS Compositing and Blending Level 1 [COMPOSITING]
Defines the compositing and blending of overlaid content and introduces features to control their modes.
CSS Writing Modes Level 3 [CSS-WRITING-MODES-3]
Defines CSS support for various international writing modes, such as left-to-right (e.g. Latin or Indic), right-to-left (e.g. Hebrew or Arabic), bidirectional (e.g. mixed Latin and Arabic) and vertical (e.g. Asian scripts).
The following modules are widely deployed with rough interoperability, but the details are not fully worked out and they need more testing and bugfixing.
CSS Transitions Level 1 [CSS3-TRANSITIONS] and CSS Animations Level 1 [CSS3-ANIMATIONS]
Define mechanisms for transitioning the computed values of CSS properties over time.
CSS Flexible Box Module Level 1 [CSS-FLEXBOX-1]
Introduces a flexible linear layout model for CSS.
CSS Transforms Level 1 [CSS3-TRANSFORMS]
Introduces graphical transformations to CSS.
CSS Custom Properties for Cascading Variables Module Level 1 [CSS-VARIABLES-1]
Introduces cascading variables as a new primitive value type that is accepted by all CSS properties, and custom properties for defining them.
CSS Text Module Level 3 [CSS-TEXT-3]
Defines properties for text manipulation and specifies their processing model. It covers line breaking, justification and alignment, white space handling, and text transformation.
The following modules have completed design work, and are fairly stable, but have not received much testing and implementation experience yet:
CSS Counter Styles Level 3 [CSS-COUNTER-STYLES-3]
Expands the possible values of <counter-style> and provides an @counter-style syntax for customized counter styles.
CSS Masking Level 1 [CSS-MASKING-1]
Replaces CSS2§11.1.2 and introduces more powerful ways of clipping and masking content.
CSS Shapes Module Level 1 [CSS-SHAPES-1]
Extends floats to effect non-rectangular wrapping shapes.
CSS Text Decoration Level 3 [CSS-TEXT-DECOR-3]
Replaces CSS2§16.3, providing more control over text decoration lines and adding the ability to specify text emphasis marks and text shadows.
CSS Will Change Level 1 [CSS-WILL-CHANGE-1]
Introduces a performance hint property called will-change.
CSS Speech Module Level 1 [CSS3-SPEECH]
Replaces CSS2§A, overhauling the (non-normative) speech rendering chapter.
CSS Box Alignment Module Level 3 [CSS-ALIGN-3]
Contains the features of CSS relating to the alignment of boxes within their containers in the various CSS box layout models: block layout, table layout, flex layout, and grid layout.
CSS Grid Layout Module Level 1 [CSS-GRID-1]
Defines a two-dimensional grid-based layout system, optimized for user interface design. In the grid layout model, the children of a grid container can be positioned into arbitrary slots in a predefined flexible or fixed-size layout grid.
Filter Effects Module Level 1 [FILTER-EFFECTS-1]
Filter effects are a way of processing an element’s rendering before it is displayed in the document.
CSS Fragmentation Module Level 3 [CSS-BREAK-3]
Describes the fragmentation model that partitions a flow into pages, columns, or regions.

We hope to incorporate them into a future snapshot.

A list of all CSS modules, stable and in-progress, and their statuses can be found at the CSS Current Work page.

2.1. CSS Levels

Cascading Style Sheets does not have versions in the traditional sense; instead it has levels. Each level of CSS builds on the previous, refining definitions and adding features. The feature set of each higher level is a superset of any lower level, and the behavior allowed for a given feature in a higher level is a subset of that allowed in the lower levels. A user agent conforming to a higher level of CSS is thus also conformant to all lower levels.

CSS Level 1
The CSS Working Group considers the CSS1 specification to be obsolete. CSS Level 1 is defined as all the features defined in the CSS1 specification (properties, values, at-rules, etc), but using the syntax and definitions in the CSS2.1 specification. CSS Style Attributes defines its inclusion in element-specific style attributes.
CSS Level 2
Although the CSS2 specification is technically a W3C Recommendation, it passed into the Recommendation stage before the W3C had defined the Candidate Recommendation stage. Over time implementation experience and further review has brought to light many problems in the CSS2 specification, so instead of expanding an already unwieldy errata list, the CSS Working Group chose to define CSS Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS2.1). In case of any conflict between the two specs CSS2.1 contains the definitive definition.

Once CSS2.1 became Candidate Recommendation—effectively though not officially the same level of stability as CSS2—obsoleted the CSS2 Recommendation. Features in CSS2 that were dropped from CSS2.1 should be considered to be at the Candidate Recommendation stage, but note that many of these have been or will be pulled into a CSS Level 3 working draft, in which case that specification will, once it reaches CR, obsolete the definitions in CSS2.

The CSS2.1 specification defines CSS Level 2 and the CSS Style Attributes specification defines its inclusion in element-specific style attributes.

CSS Level 3
CSS Level 3 builds on CSS Level 2 module by module, using the CSS2.1 specification as its core. Each module adds functionality and/or replaces part of the CSS2.1 specification. The CSS Working Group intends that the new CSS modules will not contradict the CSS2.1 specification: only that they will add functionality and refine definitions. As each module is completed, it will be plugged in to the existing system of CSS2.1 plus previously-completed modules.

From this level on modules are levelled independently: for example Selectors Level 4 may well be completed before CSS Line Module Level 3. Modules with no CSS Level 2 equivalent start at Level 1; modules that update features that existed in CSS Level 2 start at Level 3.

CSS Level 4 and beyond
There is no CSS Level 4. Independent modules can reach level 4 or beyond, but CSS the language no longer has levels. ("CSS Level 3" as a term is used only to differentiate it from the previous monolithic versions.)

2.2. CSS Profiles

Not all implementations will implement all functionality defined in CSS. For example, an implementation may choose to implement only the functionality required by a CSS Profile. Profiles define a subset of CSS considered fundamental for a specific class of CSS implementations. The W3C CSS Working Group defines the following CSS profiles:

Note: Partial implementations of CSS, even if that subset is an official profile, must follow the forward-compatible parsing rules for partial implementations.

3. Requirements for Responsible Implementation of CSS

The following sections define several conformance requirements for implementing CSS responsibly, in a way that promotes interoperability in the present and future.

3.1. Partial Implementations

So that authors can exploit the forward-compatible parsing rules to assign fallback values, CSS renderers must treat as invalid (and ignore as appropriate) any at-rules, properties, property values, keywords, and other syntactic constructs for which they have no usable level of support. In particular, user agents must not selectively ignore unsupported property values and honor supported values in a single multi-value property declaration: if any value is considered invalid (as unsupported values must be), CSS requires that the entire declaration be ignored.

3.2. Implementations of Unstable and Proprietary Features

To avoid clashes with future stable CSS features, the CSSWG recommends the following best practices for the implementation of unstable features and proprietary extensions to CSS:

3.2.1. Experimentation and Unstable Features

Implementations of unstable features that are described in W3C specifications but are not interoperable should not be released broadly for general use; but may be released for limited, experimental use in controlled environments.

Why? We want to allow both authors and implementors to experiment with the feature and give feedback, but prevent authors from relying on them in production websites and thereby accidentally "locking in" (through content dependence) certain syntax or behavior that might change later.
For example, a UA could release an unstable features for experimentation through beta or other testing-stage builds; behind a hidden configuration flag; behind a switch enabled only for specific testing partners; or through some other means of limiting dependent use.

A CSS feature is considered unstable until its specification has reached the Candidate Recommendation (CR) stage in the W3C process. In exceptional cases, the CSSWG may additionally, by an officially-recorded resolution, add pre-CR features to the set that are considered safe to release for broad use.

Note: Vendors should consult the WG explicitly and not make assumptions on this point, as a pre-CR spec that hasn’t changed in awhile is usually more out-of-date than stable.

The current list of pre-CR features approved for wide release consists of:

3.2.2. Proprietary and Non-standardized Features

To avoid clashes with future CSS features, the CSS2.1 specification reserves a prefixed syntax [CSS2] for proprietary and experimental extensions to CSS. A CSS feature is a proprietary extension if it is meant for use in a closed environment accessible only to a single vendor’s user agent(s). A UA should support such proprietary extensions only through a vendor-prefixed syntax and not expose them to open (multi-UA) environments such as the World Wide Web.

Why? The prefixing requirement allows shipping specialized features in closed environments without conflicting with future additions to standard CSS. The restriction on exposure to open systems is to prevent accidentally causing the public CSS environment to depend on an unstandardized proprietary extensions.
For example, Firefox’s XUL-based UI, Apple’s iTunes UI, and Microsoft’s Universal Windows Platform app use extensions to CSS implemented by their respective UAs. So long as these UAs do not allow Web content to access these features, they do not provide an opportunity for such content to become dependent on their proprietary extensions.

Even if a feature is intended to eventually be used in the Web, if it hasn’t yet been standardized it should still not be exposed to the Web.

3.2.3. Market Pressure and De Facto Standards

If a feature is unstable (i.e. the spec has not stabilized yet), yet

implementers may ship that feature unprefixed in broad-release builds. Rough interoperability is satisfied by a subjective judgment that even though there may be differences, the implementations are sufficiently similar to be used in production websites for a substantial number of use cases.

Note that the CSSWG must still be consulted to ensure coordination across vendors and to ensure sanity review by the CSS experts from each vendor. Note also that rough interoperability still usually means painful lack of interop in edge (or not-so-edge) cases, particularly because details have not been ironed out through the standards review process.

Why? If a feature is sufficiently popular that three or more browsers have implemented it before it’s finished standardization, this clause allows releasing the pressure to ship. Also, if a feature has already escaped into the wild and sites have started depending on it, pretending it’s still “experimental” doesn’t help anyone. Allowing others to ship unprefixed recognizes that the feature is now de facto standardized and encourages authors to write cross-platform code.
3.2.3.1. Vendor-prefixing Unstable Features

When exposing such a standards-track unstable feature to the Web in a production release, implementations should support both vendor-prefixed and unprefixed syntaxes for the feature. Once the feature has stabilized and the implementation is updated to match interoperable behavior, support for the vendor-prefixed syntax should be removed.

Why? This is recommended so that authors can use the unprefixed syntax to target all implementations, but when necessary, can target specific implementations to work around incompatibilities among implementations as they get ironed out through the standards/bugfixing process.

The lack of a phase where only the prefixed syntax is supported greatly reduces the risk of stylesheets being written with only the vendor-prefixed syntax. This in turn allows UA vendors to retire their prefixed syntax once the feature is stable, with a lower risk of breaking existing content. It also reduces the need occasionally felt by by some vendors to support a feature with the prefix of another vendor, due to content depending on that syntax.

Anyone promoting unstable features to authors should document them using their standard unprefixed syntax, and avoid encouraging the use of the vendor-prefixed syntax for any purpose other than working around implementation differences.

3.2.3.2. Preserving the Openness of CSS

In order to preserve the open nature of CSS as a technology, vendors should make it possible for other implementors to freely implement any features that they do ship. To this end, they should provide spec-editing and testing resources to complete standardization of such features, and avoid other obstacles (e.g., platform dependency, licensing restrictions) to their competitors shipping the feature.

3.3. Implementations of CR-level Features

Once a specification reaches the Candidate Recommendation stage, implementers should release an unprefixed implementation of any CR-level feature they can demonstrate to be correctly implemented according to spec, and should avoid exposing a prefixed variant of that feature.

To establish and maintain the interoperability of CSS across implementations, the CSS Working Group requests that non-experimental CSS renderers submit an implementation report (and, if necessary, the testcases used for that implementation report) to the W3C before releasing an unprefixed implementation of any CSS features. Testcases submitted to W3C are subject to review and correction by the CSS Working Group.

Further information on submitting testcases and implementation reports can be found from on the CSS Working Group’s website at http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Test/. Questions should be directed to the public-css-testsuite@w3.org mailing list.

4. Indices

These sections are non-normative.

4.1. Terms Index

4.2. Selector Index

4.3. At-Rule Index

4.4. Property Index

4.5. Values Index

5. Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Florian Rivoal for creating the initial draft of the §3.2.1 Experimentation and Unstable Features recommendations.

Index

Terms defined by this specification

Terms defined by reference

References

Normative References

[COMPOSITING]
Rik Cabanier; Nikos Andronikos. Compositing and Blending Level 1. 13 January 2015. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/
[CSS-CASCADE-3]
Elika Etemad; Tab Atkins Jr.. CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 3. 19 May 2016. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-cascade-3/
[CSS-COLOR-4]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Chris Lilley. CSS Color Module Level 4. 5 July 2016. WD. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/
[CSS-CONDITIONAL-3]
CSS Conditional Rules Module Level 3 URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-conditional/
[CSS-FONTS-3]
John Daggett. CSS Fonts Module Level 3. 3 October 2013. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-fonts-3/
[CSS-SIZING-3]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad. CSS Intrinsic & Extrinsic Sizing Module Level 3. 12 May 2016. WD. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-sizing-3/
[CSS-STYLE-ATTR]
Tantek Çelik; Elika Etemad. CSS Style Attributes. 7 November 2013. REC. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-style-attr
[CSS-SYNTAX-3]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Simon Sapin. CSS Syntax Module Level 3. 20 February 2014. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax-3/
[CSS-UI-3]
Tantek Çelik; Florian Rivoal. CSS Basic User Interface Module Level 3 (CSS3 UI). 7 July 2015. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-ui-3/
[CSS-VALUES-3]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad. CSS Values and Units Module Level 3. 29 September 2016. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values-3/
[CSS-WRITING-MODES-3]
Elika Etemad; Koji Ishii. CSS Writing Modes Level 3. 15 December 2015. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-writing-modes-3/
[CSS2]
Bert Bos; et al. Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification. 7 June 2011. REC. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2
[CSS3-ANIMATIONS]
Dean Jackson; et al. CSS Animations. 19 February 2013. WD. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-animations/
[CSS3-BACKGROUND]
Bert Bos; Elika Etemad; Brad Kemper. CSS Backgrounds and Borders Module Level 3. 9 September 2014. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-background/
[CSS3-COLOR]
Tantek Çelik; Chris Lilley; David Baron. CSS Color Module Level 3. 7 June 2011. REC. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color
[CSS3-CONDITIONAL]
David Baron. CSS Conditional Rules Module Level 3. 4 April 2013. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-conditional/
[CSS3-IMAGES]
Elika Etemad; Tab Atkins Jr.. CSS Image Values and Replaced Content Module Level 3. 17 April 2012. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-images/
[CSS3-MEDIAQUERIES]
Florian Rivoal; et al. Media Queries. 19 June 2012. REC. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-mediaqueries/
[CSS3-MULTICOL]
Håkon Wium Lie. CSS Multi-column Layout Module. 12 April 2011. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-multicol
[CSS3-NAMESPACE]
Elika Etemad. CSS Namespaces Module Level 3. 20 March 2014. REC. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-namespaces-3/
[CSS3-TRANSFORMS]
Simon Fraser; et al. CSS Transforms Module Level 1. 26 November 2013. WD. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-transforms-1/
[CSS3-TRANSITIONS]
Dean Jackson; et al. CSS Transitions. 19 November 2013. WD. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-transitions/
[SELECT]
Tantek Çelik; et al. Selectors Level 3. 29 September 2011. REC. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/
[SELECTORS-4]
Selectors Level 4 URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/selectors4/
[SELECTORS4]
Elika Etemad; Tab Atkins Jr.. Selectors Level 4. 2 May 2013. WD. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/selectors4/

Informative References

[CSS-ALIGN-3]
Elika Etemad; Tab Atkins Jr.. CSS Box Alignment Module Level 3. 14 June 2016. WD. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-align-3/
[CSS-BREAK-3]
Rossen Atanassov; Elika Etemad. CSS Fragmentation Module Level 3. 14 January 2016. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-break-3/
[CSS-COUNTER-STYLES-3]
Tab Atkins Jr.. CSS Counter Styles Level 3. 11 June 2015. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-counter-styles-3/
[CSS-FLEXBOX-1]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad; Rossen Atanassov. CSS Flexible Box Layout Module Level 1. 26 May 2016. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-flexbox-1/
[CSS-GRID-1]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad; Rossen Atanassov. CSS Grid Layout Module Level 1. 29 September 2016. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-grid-1/
[CSS-MASKING-1]
Dirk Schulze; Brian Birtles; Tab Atkins Jr.. CSS Masking Module Level 1. 26 August 2014. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-masking-1/
[CSS-SHAPES-1]
Vincent Hardy; Rossen Atanassov; Alan Stearns. CSS Shapes Module Level 1. 20 March 2014. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-shapes-1/
[CSS-TEXT-3]
Elika Etemad; Koji Ishii. CSS Text Module Level 3. 10 October 2013. LCWD. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-text-3/
[CSS-TEXT-DECOR-3]
Elika Etemad; Koji Ishii. CSS Text Decoration Module Level 3. 1 August 2013. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-text-decor-3/
[CSS-VARIABLES-1]
Tab Atkins Jr.. CSS Custom Properties for Cascading Variables Module Level 1. 3 December 2015. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-variables-1/
[CSS-WILL-CHANGE-1]
Tab Atkins Jr.. CSS Will Change Module Level 1. 3 December 2015. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-will-change-1/
[CSS3-SPEECH]
Daniel Weck. CSS Speech Module. 20 March 2012. CR. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-speech/
[FILTER-EFFECTS-1]
Dean Jackson; Erik Dahlström; Dirk Schulze. Filter Effects Module Level 1. 25 November 2014. WD. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/filter-effects-1/