This section describes the
full-text selections which contain the full-text
operators in a full-text contains
expression
(FTContainsExpr), as
well as the match options which modify the matching semantics of the
full-text selections. In the following the syntax for each type of
full-text selection is given together with an informal statement of
its meaning.
As shown in the grammar, a full-text selection consists of search
conditions possibly involving logical operators (FTOr) followed by an
arbitrary number of positional filters (FTPosFilter)
optionally followed by a "weight" value which is specified using a
range expression.
The RangeExpr is evaluated, as if it were an argument to a function
with an expected type "xs:double"; it must
be between 0.0 and 1000.0 inclusive.
The syntax and semantics of the individual full-text selection
operators follow.
This XML document fragment
is the source document for examples in this section.
The first five tokens in this example using the sample tokenization would be "Improving", "the", "usability", "of", and "a".
Unless stated otherwise, the results
assume a case-insensitive match.
Search Tokens and Phrases
FTWordsFTWordsValue FTAnyallOption?
FTWordsValueLiteral | ("{" Expr "}")
FTAnyallOption("any" "word"?) | ("all" "words"?) | "phrase"
FTWords finds matches that contain the specified
tokens and phrases.
FTWords consists of two parts: a mandatory
FTWordsValue part and an optional
FTAnyallOption part. FTWordsValue specifies the tokens and phrases
that must be contained in the matches. FTAnyallOption specifies how
containment is checked.
The FTWordsValue is converted as though it were an argument to a
function with the expected type of "xs:string*".
In general, the tokens and phrases in
FTWordsValue are specified using a nested XQuery expression.
To simplify notation, the enclosing braces may be omitted if FTWordsValue consists of a single literal.
The following rules specify how the containment of the strings from the
FTWordsValue sequence is checked. First,
every string is tokenized into a sequence of tokens as
described in Section 4.1 Tokenization.
Then, FTAnyallOption is checked.
If FTAnyallOption is "any", the sequence of tokens for every string is
considered as a phrase, i.e. the tokens must occur consecutively in the
text in the specified order. If the sequence contains more than one string,
the different strings are considered to be alternatives, i.e. the resulting
matches must contain at least one of the generated phrases.
If FTAnyallOption is "all", the sequence of tokens for every string is
considered as a phrase. The resulting matches must contain all of the
generated phrases.
If FTAnyallOption is "phrase", the tokens from all the strings are
concatenated in a single sequence, which is considered as a phrase. The
resulting matches must contain the generated phrase.
If FTAnyallOption is "any word", the tokens from all the strings are
combined into a single set. The resulting matches must contain at least
one of the tokens in the set.
If FTAnyallOption is "all words", the tokens from all the strings are
combined into a single set. The resulting matches must contain all
of the tokens in the set.
If the FTWordsValue evaluates to
a single string, the use of "any", "all", and "phrase" in
FTAnyallOption produces the same
results.
If FTAnyallOptions is omitted, "any" is
the default.
The following expression returns the book element whose
number is
1, because its title element contains the token "Expert":
/book[@number="1" and ./title ftcontains "Expert"]
The following expression returns the book element whose
number is 1, because its title element contains the
phrase "Expert Reviews":
/book[@number="1" and ./title ftcontains "Expert Reviews"]
The following expression returns the book element whose
number is 1, because its title element contains two
tokens "Expert" and "Reviews":
/book[@number="1" and ./title ftcontains {"Expert",
"Reviews"} all]
The following expression returns false, because the p element doesn't
contain the phrase "Web Site Usability" although it contains all of the tokens
in the phrase:
/book[@number="1"]//p ftcontains "Web Site Usability"
The following expression returns book numbers of book elements by
"Marigold" with a title about "Web Site Usability", sorting them in descending
score order:
for $book in /book[.//author ftcontains "Marigold"]
let score $score := $book/title ftcontains "Web Site Usability"
where $score > 0.8
order by $score descending
return $book/@number
Match Options
Full-text match options modify the matching behaviour of
the primary full-text selection to which
they are applied.
FTPrimaryWithOptionsFTPrimary FTMatchOptions?
FTMatchOptionsFTMatchOption+
FTMatchOptionFTLanguageOption
| FTWildCardOption
| FTThesaurusOption
| FTStemOption
| FTCaseOption
| FTDiacriticsOption
| FTStopwordOption
| FTExtensionOption
Match options modify the set of tokens
in the query, or how they are matched against tokens in the
text.
Each of the seven alternatives of production
FTMatchOption
corresponds to one match option group.
The match options from any given group are mutually exclusive, i.e.,
only one of these settings can be in effect, whereas match options of
different groups can be combined freely.
Note that, along with the syntax rules above, there is an extra-grammatical
constraint,
multiple-match-options
,
which needs to be considered, if multiple match options are specified.
It states that within a single FTMatchOptions
at most one match option of any given
match option group may
be specified.
For example, if the FTCaseOption "lowercase"
is specified, then "uppercase" cannot also be specified as part of the same
FTMatchOptions.
Although match options only take effect in the application of
FTWords, the syntax also allows to specify
match options that modify the non-primitive full-text selection
"(" FTSelection ")". Such a higher-level match option
provides a default for the respective match option group for any
embedded FTPrimary, just as the static
context components corresponding to the
match option groups
provide default match options for the whole query. Details about
these context components, including their default values, are given in
Appendix .
In other words, there is a tuple of seven effective match options,
one from each group, which are propagated from top to bottom in the
query syntax tree. For the top-level query the seven values are given
by the static context and at each FTPrimary
the locally (like postfix operators) specified match options may
override these propagated values.
Thus, any occurrence of an FTWords in a
query is associated with seven effective match options, one from each
group, that influence its matching.
The order in which effective match options for an FTWords are applied is subject to some constraints:
The Language Option must be applied first
The Stemming Option must be applied before the Case Option and the
Diacritics Option
More information on
their semantics is given in .
If no match options declarations are present in the prolog and the
implementation does not define any overwriting of the static context
components for the match options, the query:
/book/title ftcontains "usability"
is, assuming "de" is the implementation-defined default language,
equivalent to the query:
/book/title ftcontains "usability" case insensitive
diacritics insensitive
without stemming without thesaurus
without stop words language "de" without wildcards
We describe each match option group in more detail in the following
sections.
Case Option
FTCaseOption("case" "insensitive")
| ("case" "sensitive")
| "lowercase"
| "uppercase"
A case option
modifies the matching of tokens and phrases by specifying how uppercase and
lowercase characters are considered.
There are four possible character case options:
Using the option "case insensitive" tokens and phrases are matched,
regardless of the case of characters of the query tokens and phrases.
Using the option "case sensitive" tokens and phrases are matched,
if and only if the case of their characters is the same as written in the
query.
Using the option "lowercase" tokens and phrases are matched, if
and only if they match the query without regard to character case, but contain
only lowercase characters.
Using the option "uppercase" tokens and phrases are matched, if
and only if they match the query without regard to character case, but contain
only uppercase characters.
The default is "case insensitive".
The following table summarizes the interactions between
the case match options and the use of the default collation.
Case Matrix
| Default collation options/Case options |
UCC (Unicode Codepoint Collation) |
CCS (some generic case-sensitive collation) |
CCI (some generic case-insensitive collation) |
| insensitive |
compare as if both lower |
case-insensitive variant of CCS if it exists, else error |
CCI |
| sensitive |
UCC |
CCS |
case-sensitive variant of CCI if it exists, else error |
| lowercase |
lowercase(Expr) + UCC |
lowercase(Expr) + CCS |
CCI |
| uppercase |
uppercase(Expr) + UCC |
uppercase(Expr) + CCS |
CCI |
In this table, "else error" means "Otherwise, an error
is raised: ".
The phrase "if it exists" is used, because
the case-sensitive collation CCS does not always have a
case-insensitive variant (and, even if one exists, it may not be
possible to determine it algorithmically), and because the
case-insensitive collation CCI does not always have a case-sensitive
variant (and, even if one exists, it may not be possible to determine
it algorithmically).
Using the "lowercase" (respectively "uppercase") option is equivalent
to using the option "case sensitive", while converting the query strings to
their lowercase (respectively uppercase) form before matching.
The following expression returns false, because the title element
doesn't contain "usability" in lower-case characters:
/book[@number="1"]/title ftcontains "Usability" lowercase
The following expression returns true, because the character case is not
considered:
/book[@number="1"]/title ftcontains "usability"
case insensitive
Diacritics Option
FTDiacriticsOption("diacritics" "insensitive")
| ("diacritics" "sensitive")
A
diacritics option
modifies token and phrase matching by specifying how diacritics are considered.
There are two possible diacritics options:
The option "diacritics" "insensitive" matches tokens and
phrases with and without diacritics. Whether diacritics are written in
the query or not is not considered.
The option "diacritics" "sensitive" matches tokens and phrases only
if they contain the diacritics as they are written in the query.
The default is "diacritics insensitive".
The following table summarizes the interactions between the
diacritics match options and the use of the default collations.
Diacritics Matrix
| Default collation options/Diacritics options |
UCC (Unicode Codepoint Collation) |
CDS (some generic diacritics-sensitive collation) |
CDI (some generic diacritics-insensitive collation) |
| insensitive |
UCC comparison, but without considering diacritics |
diacritics-insensitive variant of CDS
if it exists, else error |
CDI |
| sensitive |
UCC |
CDS |
diacritics-sensitive variant of CDI if it exists, else error |
In this table, "else error" means "Otherwise, an error
is raised: ".
The phrase "if it exists" is used, because
the diacritics-sensitive collation CDS does not always have a
diacritics-insensitive variant (and, even if one exists, it may not be
possible to determine it algorithmically), and because the
diacritics-insensitive collation CDI does not always have a
diacritics-sensitive variant (and, even if one exists, it may not be
possible to determine it algorithmically).
The following expression returns true, because the token "Véra" in the
editor element is matched, as the acute accent is not
considered in the comparison:
/book[@number="1"]//editor ftcontains "Vera" diacritics insensitive
This returns false, because the editor element does not
contain the token "Vera" in this exact form, i.e. without any diacritics:
/book[@number="1"]/editors ftcontains "Vera" diacritics sensitive
Stemming Option
FTStemOption("with" "stemming") | ("without" "stemming")
A stemming option
modifies token and
phrase matching by specifying whether stemming is applied or not.
The "with stemming" option specifies that matches may contain tokens
that have the same stem as the tokens and phrases written in the
query. It is implementation-defined what a stem of a token is.
The "without stemming" option specifies that the tokens and
phrases are not stemmed.
It is implementation-defined whether the stemming is based on an
algorithm, dictionary, or mixed approach.
The default is "without stemming".
The following expression returns true, because the title of the specified
book contains "improving" which has the same stem as
"improve":
/book[@number="1"]/title ftcontains "improve" with stemming
Thesaurus Option
FTThesaurusOption("with" "thesaurus" (FTThesaurusID | "default"))
| ("with" "thesaurus" "(" (FTThesaurusID | "default") ("," FTThesaurusID)* ")")
| ("without" "thesaurus")
FTThesaurusID"at" URILiteral ("relationship" StringLiteral)? (FTRange "levels")?
URILiteralStringLiteral
A
thesaurus option
modifies
token and phrase matching by specifying whether a thesaurus is used or
not.
If thesauri are used, the thesaurus option specifies information to locate
the thesauri either by default or through a URI
reference. It also states the relationship to be applied and how many
levels within the thesaurus to be traversed.
The value of the FTThesaurusID
must be a URILiteral.
Thesauri add related tokens and phrases to the search. Thus, the
user may narrow, broaden, or otherwise modify the search using
synonyms, hypernyms (more generic terms), etc. The search is performed
as though the user has specified all related search tokens and phrases
in a disjunction (FTOr).
A thesaurus may be standards-based or locally-defined. It may be a
traditional thesaurus, or a taxonomy, soundex, ontology, or topic
map. How the thesaurus is represented is implementation-dependent.
FTThesaurusID specifies the relationship sought between tokens and
phrases written in the query and terms in the thesaurus and the number
of levels to be queried in hierarchical relationships by including an
FTRange "levels". If no levels are specified, the default is to query
all levels in hierarchical relationships.
Relationships include, but are not limited to, the relationships
and their abbreviations presented in and
their equivalents in other languages. The set of relationships supported by an
implementation is implementation-defined, but
implementations SHOULD support the relationships
defined in . The following list of terms have the
meanings
defined in . If a query specifies thesaurus
relationships or levels not supported by the thesaurus,
the behavior is implementation-defined.
equivalence relationships (synoymns): PREFERRED TERM (USE),
NONPREFERRED USED FOR TERM (UF);
hierarchical relationships: BROADER TERM (BT),
NARROWER TERM (NT), BROADER TERM GENERIC (BTG), NARROWER TERM GENERIC (NTG),
BROADER TERM PARTITIVE (BTP), NARROWER TERM PARTITIVE (NTP),
TOP Terms (TT); and
associative relationships: RELATED TERM (RT).
The "with thesaurus" option specifies that string matches include
tokens that can be found in one of the specified thesauri.
The "without thesaurus" option specifies that no thesaurus will be
used.
The "with default thesaurus" option specifies that a system-defined
default thesaurus with a system-defined relationship is used. The
default thesaurus may be used in combination with other explicitly
specified thesauri.
The default is "without thesaurus".
The following expression returns true, because it finds a content
element containing "tasks" which the thesaurus identified as a synonym for
"duties":
count(.//book/content ftcontains "duties" with
thesaurus at "http://bstore1.example.com/UsabilityThesaurus.xml"
relationship "UF")>0
The following expression returns book elements, because it finds a
content element containing "web site components", and
narrower terms "navigation" and "layout":
doc("http://bstore1.example.com/full-text.xml")
/books/book[count(./content ftcontains "web site components" with
thesaurus at "http://bstore1.example.com/UsabilityThesaurus.xml"
relationship "NT" at most 2 levels)>0]
Assuming that there is a locally
defined thesaurus that contains soundex capabilities, the following query
returns a book element containing "Marigold" which
sounds which sound like "Merrygould":
doc("http://bstore1.example.com/full-text.xml")
/books/book[count(. ftcontains "Merrygould" with thesaurus at
"http://bstore1.example.com/UsabilitySoundex.xml" relationship
"sounds like")>0]
Stop Word Option
FTStopwordOption("with" "stop" "words" FTRefOrList FTInclExclStringLiteral*)
| ("without" "stop" "words")
| ("with" "default" "stop" "words" FTInclExclStringLiteral*)
FTRefOrList("at" URILiteral)
| ("(" StringLiteral ("," StringLiteral)* ")")
FTInclExclStringLiteral("union" | "except") FTRefOrList
A
stop word option
controls word matching by specifying whether stop words are used or not.
Stop words are tokens in the query that match any token in the text.
Normally a stop word matches
exactly one token, but there may be implementation-defined conditions, under
which a stop word may match a different number of tokens.
FTRefOrList specifies the list
of stop words either explicitly as a comma-separated list of string
literals, or by the keyword at followed by a literal URI.
If the URI specifies a list of stop words that is not found in the statically
known stop word lists, an error is raised .
Whether the stop word
list is resolved from the statically known stop word lists or given explicitly,
no tokenization is performed on the stop words: they are used as they occur
in the sequence.
The "with stop words" option specifies that if a token is within the
specified collection of stop words, it is removed from the search and
any token may be substituted for it. Stop words retain their position
numbers and are counted in FTDistance
and FTWindow searches.
Multiple stop word lists may be combined using "union" or "except".
The keywords "union" and "except" are applied from left to right. If "union" is specified, every string occurring in the lists
specified by the left-hand side or the right-hand side is a stop
word. If "except" is specified, only strings occurring in the list
specified by the left-hand side but not in the list specified
by the right-hand side are stop words.
The "with default stop words" option specifies that an
implementation-defined collection of stop words is used.
The "without stop words" option specifies that no stop words are
used. This is equivalent to specifying an empty list of stop
words.
The default is "without stop words".
Stop word lists may be applied during indexing. If applied during indexing asking for stop words to not be used during a query, will have no effect.
The following expression returns true, because the document contains the phrase
"propagating few errors":
/book[@number="1"]//p ftcontains "propagation of errors"
with stemming with stop words ("a", "the", "of")
Note the asymmetry in the stop word semantics: the property of
being a stop word is only relevant to query terms, not to document
terms. Hence, it is irrelevant for the above-mentioned match whether
"few" is a stop word or not, and on the other hand we do not want the
query above to match "propagation" followed by 2 stop words, or even a
sequence of 3 stop words in the document.
The following expression returns false, because "of" is not in the p
element between "propagating" and "errors":
/book[@number="1"]//p ftcontains "propagation of errors"
with stemming without stop words
The following expression uses the stop words list specified at the
URL. Assuming that the specified stop word list contains the "then", this query
is reduced to a query on the phrase "planning X conducting", allowing any
token as a substitute for X. It returns a book element,
because its content element contains "planning then
conducting". It would also return the book if the
phrases "planning and conducting" and "planning before conducting"
had been in its content:
doc("http://bstore1.example.com/full-text.xml")
/books/book[count(.//content ftcontains "planning then
conducting" with stop words at
"http://bstore1.example.com/StopWordList.xml")>0]
The following expression returns books containing "planning then
conducting", but not does not return books containing "planning
and conducting", since it is exempting "then" from being a stop word:
doc("http://bstore1.example.com/full-text.xml")
/books/book[count(.//content ftcontains "planning then conducting"
with stop words at "http://bstore1.example.com/StopWordList.xml"
except ("the then"))>0]
Language Option
FTLanguageOption"language" StringLiteral
A
language option
modifies token matching by specifying the language of search tokens and
phrases.
The StringLiteral following the keyword language
designates one language. It must be castable to "xs:language"; otherwise, an
error is raised: .
The "language" option influences tokenization, stemming, and stop
words in an implementation-defined way. The "language" option MAY influence the behavior of other match options in an implementation-defined way.
The set of standardized language identifiers are defined in .
The set of valid language identifiers among the standardized set is implementation-defined.
An implementation MAY choose to use private extensions introduced by a
singleton 'x' for additional language identifiers, or other singletons
for registered extensions as described in sec. 2.2.6 of .
It is implementation-defined what additional language identifiers, if any, are valid.
If an invalid language identifier is specified, then the behavior is implementation-defined.
If the implementation chooses to raise an error in that case,
it must raise .
The default language is specified in the static context.
When an XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Full-Text processor evaluates text in a document
that is governed by an xml:lang attribute and
the portion of the full-text query doing that evaluation contains an FTLanguageOption that
specifies a different language that the language specified by the governing xml:lang attribute,
the language-related behavior of that full-text query is implementation-defined.
This is an example where
the language option is used to select the appropriate stop word list:
/book[@number="1"]//editor ftcontains "salon de the"
with default stop words language "fr"
Wildcard Option
FTWildCardOption("with" "wildcards") | ("without" "wildcards")
A
wildcard option
modifies token and phrase matching by specifying whether wildcards are used
or not.
When the "with wildcards" option is used, wildcard indicators
(represented by periods (.)) and qualifiers may be appended to or
inserted into the query tokens.
If the period is at the beginning of a query token, the wildcard is a prefix
wildcard. If the period is at the end of a query token, it is a suffix
wildcard. If the period is inserted into a query token, it is an infix
wildcard.
Each indicator and qualifier in a query token
will match zero or more characters within a token in the text, as described
below.
The number of characters matched depends on the qualifier.
Qualifiers available are none, question mark, asterisk,
plus sign, and two numbers separated by a comma,
both enclosed by curly braces.
-
If a period is present, but there are no qualifiers, one character in the
text will match.
-
If a period is followed by a question mark (.?), zero or one
characters in the text will match.
-
If a period is followed by an asterisk (.*), zero or more
characters will match.
-
If a period is followed by a plus sign (.+), one or more characters
will match.
-
If a period is followed by two numbers separated by a comma, both
enclosed by curly braces (.{n,m}), a specified range of characters
(at least n characters and no more than m characters)
will match.
When "with wildcards" is present and an indicator or qualifier character
is intended to be taken literally (as itself), that character must be
preceded by ("escaped by") a backslash (\).
For example, a period (.) that is intended to be a sentence terminator or
a decimal point must be preceded by a backslash so that it is not
interpreted to be an indicator.
Similarly a question mark (?), asterisk (*), or plus sign (+) that is
intended to be interpreted as an ordinary text character must be preceded by
a backslash so that it is not interpreted to be an indicator.
The "without wildcards" option finds tokens without recognizing
wildcard indicators and qualifiers.
Periods, question marks, asterisks, plus signs, and two numbers
separated by a comma, both enclosed by curly braces,
are always recognized as ordinary text characters.
The default is "without wildcards".
Note: Wildcard indicators and qualifiers may be token boundaries. How text with
wildcard indicators and qualifiers is tokenized is implementation-defined.
The expression returns true, because the title element
contains "improving":
/book[@number="1"]/title ftcontains "improv.*" with
wildcards
The following expression returns true, because the title element
contains "site":
/book[@number="1"]/title ftcontains ".?site" with
wildcards
The following expression returns true, because the p element
contains "well":
/book[@number="1"]/p ftcontains "w.ll" with
wildcards
The following expression returns false, because the p element
does not contain "w.ll":
/book[@number="1"]/p ftcontains "w.ll" without wildcards
Extension Option
An
extension option is a match option that acts in an
implementation-defined way.
FTExtensionOption"option" QName StringLiteral
An extension option consists of an identifying QName and a StringLiteral.
Typically, a particular option will be recognized by some implementations and
not by others. The syntax is designed so that option declarations can be
successfully parsed by all implementations.
The QName of an option must resolve to a namespace URI and local name, using
the statically known namespaces.
There is no default namespace for options.
Each implementation recognizes an
implementation-defined
set of namespace
URIs used to denote extension options.
If the namespace part of the QName is not a namespace recognized by the
implementation as one used to denote extension option, then the extension option
is ignored.
Otherwise, the effect of the extension option, including its error behavior,
is implementation-defined.
For example, if the local part of the QName is
not recognized, or if the StringLiteral does not conform to the rules
defined by the implementation for the particular extension option, the implementation may choose
whether to report an error, ignore the extension option, or take some
other action.
Implementations may impose rules on where particular extension options may
appear relative to other match options, and the
interpretation of an option declaration may depend on its position.
An extension option must not be used to change the syntax accepted by the
processor, or to suppress the detection of static errors. However, it may be
used without restriction to modify the set of tokens in the query or how they
are matched against tokens in the text.
An extension option has the same scope as other match options.
The following examples illustrate several possible uses for extension
options:
This extension option is set as part of the static context of all
full-text expressions in the module and might be used to ensure that
queries are insensitive to Arabic short-vowels.
declare namespace exq = "http://example.org/XQueryImplementation";
declare ft-option option exq:diacritics "short-vowel insensitive"
This extension option applies only to the matching in the full-text
selection in which it is found and might be used to specify how compound words
should be matched.
declare namespace exq = "http://example.org/XQueryImplementation";
//para[. ftcontains "Kinder" ftand "Platz"
distance 1 words with stemming option exq:compounds "distance=1"
Logical Full-Text Operators
Full-text selections can be combined with the logical connectives
ftor (full-text or), ftand (full-text and), not in (mild not),
and ftnot (unary full-text not).
FTOrFTAnd ( "ftor" FTAnd )*
FTAndFTMildNot ( "ftand" FTMildNot )*
FTMildNotFTUnaryNot ( "not" "in" FTUnaryNot )*
FTUnaryNot("ftnot")? FTPrimaryWithOptions
Or-Selection
An
or-selection combines two full-text selections using the
ftor operator.
An or-selection finds all matches that satisfy at least
one of the operand full-text selections.
The following expression returns the book element written by
"Millicent":
/book[.//author ftcontains "Millicent" ftor
"Voltaire"]
And-Selection
An
and-selection combines two full-text selections using the
ftand operator.
An and-selection finds matches that satisfy all of the operand full-text
selections simultaneously. A match of an and-selection is formed by combining
matches for each of the operand full-text selections as described in
.
For example, "usability" ftand "testing" will find two
matches
in /book[@number="1"]/title: each of the two matches for the
FTWords selection "usability" (the two occurrences of the
token "usability" in the string value of the title element) is combined
with the single match for the FTWords "testing" (only one
occurrence of the token "testing" in the title).
Since the above and-selection has at least one match, the following
expression will return "true".
/book[@number="1"]/title ftcontains ("usability" ftand "testing")
The following expression returns false, because "Millicent" and "Montana" are not
contained by the same author element in any book
element:
/book/author ftcontains "Millicent" ftand "Montana"
No author element in any book element
contains both "Millicent" and "Montana". Therefore, for any such
author element, there are either one match for the
FTWords "Millicent" and zero matches for the FTWords
"Montana", or vice versa, or no matches for both
of them. In any of these cases, the and-selection will have zero
matches.
Mild-Not Selection
A
mild-not selection combines two full-text selections
using the not in operator.
The not in operator is a milder form of the operator combination
ftand ftnot. The selection A not in B matches a token
sequence that matches A, but not when it is a part of a
match of B.
In contrast, A ftand ftnot B only finds matches, when the token
sequence contains A and does not contain B.
As an example, consider a search for "Mexico" not in "New Mexico".
This may return, among others, a document
which is all about "Mexico" but mentions at the end that "New Mexico
was named after Mexico". The occurrence of "Mexico" in "New Mexico" is not
considered, but other occurrences of "Mexico" are matched. Note that this
document would not be matched by the full-text selection
"Mexico" ftand ftnot "New Mexico".
A match to a mild-not selection must
contain at least one token occurrence that satisfies the first
condition and does not satisfy the second condition. If it contains a
token occurrence that satisfies both the first and the second
condition, the occurrence is not considered as a match.
The following expression returns true, because "usability" appears in the
title and the p elements and the occurrence within
the phrase "Usability Testing" in the title element is not
considered:
/book ftcontains "usability" not in "usability
testing"
Operands of a mild-not selection may not contain a full-text selection
that evaluates to an AllMatches that contains a StringExclude. Such
full-text selections are not-selection and
FTWords with a cardinality constraint using at most,
from ... to, and exactly occurrences ranges.
Not-Selection
A
not-selection is a full-text selection starting with the prefix
operator ftnot.
A not-selection selects matches that do not
satisfy the operand full-text selection.
Details about how such matches are constructed are given in .
The following expression returns the empty sequence, because all book
elements contain "usability":
/book[. ftcontains ftnot "usability"]
The following expression returns true, because book elements contain
"information" and "retrieval" but not "information retrieval":
/book ftcontains "information" ftand
"retrieval" ftand ftnot "information retrieval"
The following expression returns book elements containing "web site
usability" but not "usability testing":
/book[. ftcontains "web site usability" ftand
ftnot "usability testing"]
Positional Filters
FTPosFilterFTOrder | FTWindow | FTDistance | FTScope | FTContent
Positional filters are postfix operators that serve to
filter matches based on various constraints on their positional
information.
Recall that the grammar rule for FTSelection
allows an arbitrary number of positional filters to follow an
FTOr. Multiple adjacent positional filters are
applied from left to right, i.e., the first filter is applied to the
result of the FTOr, the second is applied to the
result of that first application, and so on.
Ordered Selection
FTOrder"ordered"
An
ordered selection consist of a full-text selection followed by
the postfix operator "ordered".
An ordered selection controls the order of tokens and
phrases to be the same as the order in which they are written in the
operand selection.
The default is unordered. Unordered is in effect when ordered is
not specified in the query. Unordered cannot be written explicitly in
the query.
An ordered selection selects matches which satisfy the operand full-text
selection and for which the order the matching tokens have in the text
is the same order that the corresponding query tokens have in the
operand selection.
The following expression returns true, because titles of book elements
contain "web site" and "usability" in the order in which they are written in
the query, i.e., "web site" must precede "usability":
/book/title ftcontains ("web site" ftand "usability")
ordered
The following expression returns false, because although "Montana" and "Millicent"
both appear in the book element, they do not appear in the order they
are written in the query:
/book[@number="1"] ftcontains ("Montana" ftand
"Millicent") ordered
Window Selection
FTWindow"window" AdditiveExpr FTUnit
FTUnit"words" | "sentences" | "paragraphs"
A
window selection consist of a full-text selection followed
by one of the (complex) postfix operators derived from FTWindow.
A window selection selects matches which satisfy the operand full-text
selection and for which the matched tokens and phrases, more precisely the
individual StringIncludes of that match, are found
within a number of FTUnits (words, sentences, and paragraphs). The number of FTUnits is
specified by an AdditiveExpr that is converted as though it were an argument to a
function with the expected type of "xs:integer".
A window selection may cross element
boundaries. The size of the window is not affected by the presence or
absence of element boundaries. Stop words are included in the
computation of the window size whether they are ignored by the query or not.
A match of an FTSelection is
considered a match within a window, if there exists a window of at most the
given number of consecutive units (tokens, sentences, or paragraphs) in
the document within which all StringIncludes of the match lie.
The following expression returns true, because "web", "site", and "usability" are
within a window of 5 tokens in the title element:
/book/title ftcontains "web" ftand "site"
ftand "usability" window 5 words
The following expression returns true, because "web" and "site" in the order they are
written in the query and either "usability" or "testing" are within a
window of at most 10 tokens:
/book ftcontains ("web" ftand "site" ordered)
ftand ("usability" ftor "testing") window 10 words
The following expression returns true, because the title element
contains "Web Site Usability". A similar query on the p element
would not return true,
because its occurrences of "web site" and "usability" are not within a
window of 3:
/book//title ftcontains "web site" ftand
"usability" window 3 words
The following expression returns the empty sequence, because in the selected
book element, there is no occurrence of "efficient"
within a window of 3 tokens which would not also contain an occurrence
of "and":
/book[@number="1" and . ftcontains "efficient"
ftand ftnot "and" window 3 words]
In order to allow meaningful results for nested positional filters,
e.g., a window selection embedded inside a distance selection, the
resulting matches for window selections are formed from the input matches
that satisfy the window constraint as follows. All StringIncludes of
such a match are coerced into a single StringInclude that spans all
token positions from the smallest to the largest position of any input
StringIncludes. This is explained in more detail in Section .
Distance Selection
FTDistance"distance" FTRange FTUnit
FTRange("exactly" AdditiveExpr)
| ("at" "least" AdditiveExpr)
| ("at" "most" AdditiveExpr)
| ("from" AdditiveExpr "to" AdditiveExpr)
A
distance selection consist of a full-text selection followed
by one of the (complex) postfix operators derived from FTDistance.
A distance selection selects matches which satisfy the operand full-text
selection and for which the matched tokens and phrases satisfy the
specified distance conditions. Distance is specified in units of
FTUnits (words, sentences, and
paragraphs). The number of intervening
FTUnits is specified in the integer value of
FTRange.
FTRange specifies a range of integer
values, providing a minimum and maximum value. Each one of the AdditiveExpr
specified in an FTRange is converted as though it were an
argument to a function with the expected parameter type of
"xs:integer".
Let the value of the first (or only) operand be M. If "from" is
specified, let the value of the second operand be N.
A distance selection may cross element boundaries when computing
distance.
The following rule applies to the computation of distance:
Zero words (sentences, paragraphs) means adjacent tokens
(sentences, paragraphs).
If "exactly" is specified, then the range is the closed interval [M,
M]. If "at least" is specified, then the range is the half-closed interval
[M, unbounded). If "at most" is specified, then the range is the closed
interval [0, M]. If "from-to" is specified, then the range is the closed
interval [M, N]. Note: If M is greater then N, the range is empty.
Here are some examples of FTRanges:
'exactly 0' specifies the range [0, 0].
'at least 1' specifies the range [1,unbounded].
'at most 1' specifies the range [0, 1].
'from 5 to 10' specifies the range [5, 10].
The distances computed by a
distance selection are not
affected by the presence or absence of element boundaries in the text.
Stop words are counted in those computations whether they are ignored
or not.
The following expression returns false, because "completion" and "errors" are
less than 11 tokens apart:
/book ftcontains ("completion" ftand "errors"
distance at least 11 words)
The following expression returns true, because the book element
contains tokens "web", "site", and "usability" that have at
most 2 intervening tokens between them:
/book ftcontains "web" ftand "site" ftand
"usability" distance at most 2 words
The following expression returns the empty sequence, because
between any token "usability" and the token in any occurrence of the phrase
"web site" that is the nearest to the token "usability" there is always more
than one intervening token:
/book[.//p ftcontains "web site"
ftand "usability" distance at most 1 words]
The following expression returns the book title, because for
the occurrences of the tokens "web" and "users" in the note
element only one intervening token appears:
/book[. ftcontains "web"
ftand "users" distance at most 1 words]/title
In order to allow meaningful results for nested positional filters,
e.g., a distance selection embedded inside another distance selection, the
resulting matches for distance selections are formed from the input matches
that satisfy the distance constraint as follows. All StringIncludes of
such a match are coerced into a single StringInclude that spans all
token positions from the smallest to the largest position of any input
StringIncludes. Thus, a distance selection that embeds a window or a
distance selection takes the result of the embedded selection as a
single unit.
The following gives an example of nested distance selections:
/books ftcontains ((("richard" ftand "nixon") distance at most 2)
ftand
(("george" ftand "bush") distance at most 2)
distance at least 20)
This expression allows to find book elements that contain, for instance,
"Richard M. Nixon" and "George W. Bush" at least 20 words apart. The
matches for the inner distance selections are treated as single units
(represented by StringIncludes) by the outer distance
selection. Suppose such phrases are present in
the search context, then the outer distance selection
enforces a constraint on the number of intervening tokens ("at least
20") between the
last token of "Richard M. Nixon" and the first token of "George
W. Bush".
Scope Selection
FTScope("same" | "different") FTBigUnit
FTBigUnit"sentence" | "paragraph"
A
scope selection consist of a full-text selection followed
by one of the (complex) postfix operators derived from FTScope.
A scope selection selects matches which satisfy the operand full-text
selection and for which the matched tokens and phrases are
contained in the same scope or in different scopes.
Possible scopes are sentences and paragraphs.
By default, there are no restrictions on the scope of the
matches.
The following expression returns false, because the tokens "usability" and "Marigold"
are not contained within the same sentence:
/book ftcontains "usability"
ftand "Marigold" same sentence
The following expression returns true, because the tokens "usability" and "Marigold"
are contained within different sentences:
/book ftcontains "usability"
ftand "Marigold" different sentence
The following expression returns a book element, because it contains
"usability" and "testing" in the same paragraph:
/book[. ftcontains "usability" ftand "testing"
same paragraph]
The following expression returns a book element, because "site" and
"errors" appear in the same sentence:
/book[. ftcontains "site" ftand "errors"
same sentence]
It is possible that both "same sentence" and "different sentence" conditions are
simultaneously safisfied for several tokens and/or phrases within the same
document fragment. This can be observed if there are occurrences of the tokens
and/or phrases both within the same sentence and within difference sentences. For
example, consider the following document fragment.
<introduction>
... The usability of a Web site is how well the site supports the user in
achieving specified goals. ... Expert reviews and usability testing are methods of
identifying problems in layout, terminology, and navigation. ...
</introduction>
This sample will satisfy both conditions ("usability" ftand "reviews")
different sentence and ("usability" ftand "reviews") same
sentence. The tokens "usability" and "reviews" occur both in different sentences
(the first and second shown sentences) and in the same sentence (the second shown
sentences.)
The above observation also holds for the "same paragraph" and "different paragraph"
conditions.
Anchoring Selection
FTContent("at" "start") | ("at" "end") | ("entire" "content")
An
anchoring selection consist of a full-text selection followed
by one of the postfix operators "at start", "at end", or "entire content".
An anchoring selection selects matches which satisfy the operand full-text
selection and for which the matched tokens and phrases are
the first, last, or all tokens in the tokenized form of the items being searched.
Using the "at start" operator tokens or phrases are matched which
are the first tokens or phrases in the tokenized string value
of the item being searched.
Using the "at end" operator tokens or phrases are matched which
are the last tokens or phrases in the tokenized string value of the
item being searched.
Using the "entire content" operator tokens or phrases are matched
which are the entire content of the tokenized string value of the
item being searched.
The following expression returns each title element starting with the
phrase "improving the usability of a web site":
/books//title[. ftcontains "improving the usability
of a web site" at start]
The following expression returns each p element ending with the phrase
"propagating few errors":
/books//p[. ftcontains "propagat.*" with wildcards ftand "few
errors" distance at most 2 words at end]
The following expression returns each note element whose entire content
is "this site has been approved by the web site users association":
/books//note[. ftcontains "this site has been
approved by the web site users association" entire content]
Extension Selections
An extension selection is a full-text selection whose semantics are
implementation-defined.
Typically, a particular extension will be recognized
by some implementations and not by others. The syntax is designed so that
extension selections can be successfully parsed by all implementations, and
so that fallback behavior can be defined for implementations that do not
recognize a particular extension.
FTExtensionSelectionPragma+ "{" FTSelection? "}"
Pragma"(#" S? QName (S PragmaContents)? "#)"
PragmaContents(Char* - (Char* '#)' Char*))
An extension selection consists of one or more pragmas followed by a full-text selection enclosed in curly braces. See
for information on
pragmas in general.
A pragma is denoted by the delimiters (# and #), and
consists of an identifying QName followed by implementation-defined
content.
The content of a pragma may consist of any string of characters that does not contain the ending delimiter #). The QName of a
pragma must resolve to a namespace URI and local name, using the statically known namespaces.
Since there is no default namespace for
pragmas, a pragma QName must include a namespace prefix.
Each implementation recognizes an
implementation-defined set of namespace
URIs used to denote pragmas.
If the namespace part of a pragma QName is not recognized by the
implementation as a pragma namespace, then the pragma
is ignored. If all the pragmas in an FTExtensionSelection are ignored, then full-text extension selection is just
the full-text selection enclosed in curly braces; if this full-text selection is absent, then a static error is
raised .
If an implementation recognizes the namespace of one or more pragmas in an FTExtensionSelection, then the value
of the FTExtensionSelection, including its error behavior, is implementation-defined. For example, an implementation that recognizes the namespace of
a pragma QName, but does not recognize the local part of the QName, might choose
either to raise an error or to ignore the pragma.
It is a static error
if an implementation recognizes a pragma but
determines that its content is invalid.
If an implementation recognizes a pragma, it must report any static
errors in the following full-text selection even if it will not apply that
selection.
The following examples illustrate three ways in which extension selections might be
used.
A pragma can be used to furnish a hint for how to evaluate the
following full-text selection, without actually changing the result.
For example:
declare namespace exq = "http://example.org/XQueryImplementation";
/book/author[name ftcontains (# exq:use-index #) {'Berners-Lee'}]
An implementation that recognizes the exq:use-index pragma might use an
index to evaluate the full-text selection that follows. An implementation that
does not recognize this pragma would evaluate the full-text selection in its normal
way.
A pragma might be used to modify the semantics of the following
full-text selection in ways that would not (in the absence of the pragma) be
conformant with this specification. For example, a pragma might be used to
change distance counting so that adjacent words are at a distance of 1
(otherwise they would be at a distance of 0):
declare namespace exq = "http://example.org/XQueryImplementation";
/book[.//p ftcontains (# exq:distance #) { "web site"
ftand "usability" distance at most 1 words] }
Such changes to the language
semantics must be scoped to the expression contained within the curly
braces following the pragma.
A pragma might contain syntactic constructs that are
evaluated in place of the following full-text selection. In this case, the
following selection itself (if it is present) provides a fallback for use by
implementations that do not recognize the pragma. For example:
declare namespace exq = "http://example.org/XQueryImplementation";
//city[. ftcontains (# exq:classifier with class 'Animals' #)
{"animal" with thesaurus at "http://example.org/thesaurus.xml"
relationship "RT"}
Here an implementation that recognizes the pragma will return the result of
evaluating the proprietary syntax with class 'animals',
while an implementation that does not recognize the pragma will instead
return the result of the thesaurus option.
If no fallback expression is required, or
if none is feasible, then the expression between the curly braces may be
omitted, in which case implementations that do not recognize the pragma will
raise a static error.