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# 14 Clipping, Masking and Compositing

### Contents

## 14.1 Introduction

SVG supports the following clipping/masking features:

- clipping paths, which uses any combination of 'path', 'text' and basic shapes to serve as the outline of a (in the absense of antialiasing) 1-bit mask, where everything on the "inside" of the outline is allowed to show through but everything on the outside is masked out
- masks, which are container elements which can contain graphics elements or other container elements which define a set of graphics that is to be used as a semi-transparent mask for compositing foreground objects into the current background.

One key distinction between a clipping path and a mask is that clipping paths are hard masks (i.e., the silhouette consists of either fully opaque pixels or fully transparent pixels, with the possible exception of antialiasing along the edge of the silhouette) whereas masks consist of an image where each pixel value indicates the degree of transparency vs. opacity. In a mask, each pixel value can range from fully transparent to fully opaque.

SVG supports only simple alpha blending compositing (see Simple Alpha Compositing).

(Insert drawings showing a clipping path, a grayscale imagemask, simple alpha blending and more complex blending.)

## 14.2 Simple alpha compositing

Graphics elements are blended into the elements already rendered on the canvas using simple alpha compositing, in which the resulting color and opacity at any given pixel on the canvas is the result of the following formulas (all color values use premultiplied alpha):

    Er, Eg, Eb    - Element color value
    Ea            - Element alpha value
    Cr, Cg, Cb    - Canvas color value (before blending)
    Ca            - Canvas alpha value (before blending)
    Cr', Cg', Cb' - Canvas color value (after blending)
    Ca'           - Canvas alpha value (after blending)

    Ca' = 1 - (1 - Ea) * (1 - Ca)
    Cr' = (1 - Ea) * Cr + Er
    Cg' = (1 - Ea) * Cg + Eg
    Cb' = (1 - Ea) * Cb + Eb

The following rendering properties, which provide information about the color space in which to perform the compositing operations, apply to compositing operations:

- 'color-interpolation'
- 'color-rendering'

## 14.3 Clipping paths

### 14.3.1 Introduction

The clipping path restricts the region to which paint can be applied. Conceptually, any parts of the drawing that lie outside of the region bounded by the currently active clipping path are not drawn. A clipping path can be thought of as a 1-bit mask.

### 14.3.2 The initial clipping path

When an 'svg' element is either the root element in the document or is embedded within a document whose layout is determined according to the layout rules of CSS or XSL, then the user agent must establish an initial clipping path for the SVG document fragment. The 'overflow' and 'clip' properties along with additional SVG user agent processing rules determine the initial clipping path which the user agent establishes for the SVG document fragment:

### 14.3.3 The 'overflow' and 'clip' properties

'overflow'

  Value: | visible | hidden | scroll | auto | inherit
  Initial: | see prose
  Applies to: | elements which establish a new viewport
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

The 'overflow' property has the same parameter values and has the same meaning as defined in [CSS2-overflow]; however, the following additional points apply:

- The 'overflow' property only applies to elements that establish new viewports, such as 'svg' elements. (See the discussion of the elements which establish a new viewport.)
- When an outermost SVG 'svg' element is embedded inline within a parent XML grammar which uses CSS layout [CSS2-LAYOUT] or XSL formatting [XSL], if the 'overflow' property has the value hidden, then the user agent will establish an initial clipping path equal to the bounds of the initial viewport; otherwise, the initial clipping path is set according to the clipping rules as defined in [CSS2-overflow].
- When an outermost SVG 'svg' element is standalone or embedded inline within a parent XML grammar which does not use CSS layout [CSS2-LAYOUT] or XSL formatting [XSL], the 'overflow' property on the outermost 'svg' element is ignored for the purposes of visual rendering and the initial clipping path is set to the bounds of the initial viewport.
- For 'svg' elements that are embedded inside of an ancestor SVG document fragment (i.e., without a 'foreignObject' element between the inner 'svg' and the nearest ancestor 'svg') or for any other elements which establish a new viewport, the 'overflow' property determines whether an additional new clipping path is established around the bounds of the viewport established by the given element. If the value of the 'overflow' property is hidden, then a new clipping path is established; otherwise, no new clipping path is established.
- The initial value for 'overflow' as defined in [CSS2-overflow] is 'visible'; however, the User agent style sheet specifies that the 'overflow' property on all elements within an SVG document fragment has the value 'hidden'.

As a result of the above, the default behavior of SVG user agents is to establish a clipping path to the bounds of the initial viewport and to establish a new clipping path for each element which establishes a new viewport.

For stand-alone SVG viewers or in situations where an SVG document fragment is embedded inline within a parent XML grammar which does not use CSS layout or XSL formatting, then the initial clipping path must be set to the bounds of the viewing region in which the SVG document fragment is rendered, even if the 'overflow' property is set to a value other than hidden.

For related information, see Clip to viewport vs. clip to viewBox.

'clip'

  Value: | <shape> | auto | inherit
  Initial: | auto
  Applies to: | elements which establish a new viewport
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

The 'clip' property only applies to elements which establish a new viewport. The 'clip' property has the same parameter values as defined in [CSS2-clip]. Unitless values, which indicate current user coordinates, are permitted on the coordinate values on the <shape>. The value of "auto" defines a clipping path along the bounds of the viewport created by the given element.

### 14.3.4 Clip to viewport vs. clip to viewBox

It is important to note that initial values for the 'overflow' and 'clip' properties and the User agent style sheet will result in an initial clipping path that is set to the bounds of the initial viewport. When attributes viewBox and preserveAspectRatio attributes are specified on a viewport-creating element, it is sometime desirable that the initial viewport be set to the bounds of the viewBox instead of the viewport, particularly when preserveAspectRatio specifies uniform scaling and the aspect ratio of the viewBox does not match the aspect ratio of the viewport.

To set the initial clipping path to the bounds of the viewBox instead of the viewport, set the bounds of 'clip' property to the same rectangle as specified on the viewBox attribute. (Note that the parameters do not match. 'clip' takes values <top>, <right>,<bottom> and <left>, whereas viewBox takes values <min-x>, <min-y>, <width> and <height>.)

### 14.3.5 Establishing a new clipping path

A clipping path is defined with a 'clipPath' element. A clipping path is used/referenced using the 'clip-path' property.

A 'clipPath' element can contain 'path' elements, 'text' elements, other vector graphic shapes (such as 'circle') or a 'use' element. If a 'use' element is a child of a 'clipPath' element, it must directly reference path, text or vector graphic shape elements. Indirect references are an error (see Error processing). The silhouettes of the child elements are logically OR'd together to create a single silhouette which is then used to restrict the region onto which paint can be applied.

It is an error if the 'clip-path' property references a non-existent object or if the referenced object is not a 'clipPath' element (see Error processing).

For a given graphics element, the actual clipping path used will be the intersection of the clipping path specified by its 'clip-path' property (if any) with any clipping paths on its ancestors, as specified by the 'clip-path' property on the ancestor elements, or by the 'overflow' property on ancestor elements which establish a new viewport. Also, see the discussion of the initial clipping path.)

A couple of notes:

- The 'clipPath' element itself and its child elements do not inherit clipping paths from the ancestors of the 'clipPath' element.
- The 'clipPath' element or any of its children can specify property 'clip-path'.
  If a valid 'clip-path' reference is placed on a 'clipPath' element, the resulting clipping path is the intersection of the contents of the 'clipPath' element with the referenced clipping path.
  If a valid 'clip-path' reference is placed on one of the children of a 'clipPath' element, then the given child element is clipped by the referenced clipping path before OR'ing the silhouette of the child element with the silhouettes of the other child elements.

    <!ENTITY % clipPathExt "" >
    <!ELEMENT clipPath (%descTitleMetadata;,
                        (path|text|rect|circle|ellipse|line|polyline|polygon|
                         use|animate|set|animateMotion|animateColor|animateTransform
                         %ceExt;%clipPathExt;)*) >
    <!ATTLIST clipPath
      %stdAttrs;
      %testAttrs;
      %langSpaceAttrs;
      externalResourcesRequired %Boolean; #IMPLIED
      class %ClassList; #IMPLIED
      style %StyleSheet; #IMPLIED
      %PresentationAttributes-FillStroke;
      %PresentationAttributes-FontSelection;
      %PresentationAttributes-Graphics;
      %PresentationAttributes-TextContentElements;
      %PresentationAttributes-TextElements;
      transform %TransformList; #IMPLIED
      clipPathUnits (userSpaceOnUse | userSpace | objectBoundingBox) #IMPLIED >

Attribute definitions:

clipPathUnits = "userSpaceOnUse | userSpace | objectBoundingBox"
  Defines the coordinate system for the contents of the 'clipPath'.
  If clipPathUnits="userSpaceOnUse", the contents of the 'clipPath' represent values in the current user coordinate system in place at the time when the 'clipPath' element is referenced (i.e., the user coordinate system for the element referencing the 'clipPath' element via the 'clip-path' property).
  If clipPathUnits="userSpace", the contents of the 'clipPath' represent values in the current user coordinate system in place at the time when the 'clipPath' element is defined.
  If clipPathUnits="objectBoundingBox", then the user coordinate system for the contents of the 'clipPath' element is established using the bounding box of the element to which the clipping path is applied (see Object bounding box units).
  If attribute clipPathUnits is not specified, then the effect is as if a value of userSpaceOnUse were specified.
  Animatable: yes.

Attributes defined elsewhere:
  %stdAttrs;, %langSpaceAttrs;, class, transform, %testAttrs;, externalResourcesRequired, style, %PresentationAttributes-FillStroke;, %PresentationAttributes-FontSelection;, %PresentationAttributes-Graphics;, %PresentationAttributes-TextContentElements;, %PresentationAttributes-TextElements;.

'clip-path'

  Value: | <uri> | none | inherit
  Initial: | none
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

<uri>
  A URI reference to another graphical object within the same SVG document fragment which will be used as the clipping path.

'clip-rule'

  Value: | evenodd | nonzero | inherit
  Initial: | evenodd
  Applies to: | graphics elements within a 'clipPath' element
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

evenodd
  See description of 'fill-rule' property.
nonzero
  See description of 'fill-rule' property.

The 'clip-rule' property only applies to graphics elements that are contained within a 'clipPath' element. The following fragment of code will cause a nonzero clipping rule to be applied to the clipping path because 'clip-rule' is specified on the 'path' element that defines the clipping shape:

    <g style="clip-rule:evenodd">
      <clipPath id="MyClip">
        <path d="..." style="clip-rule:nonzero" />
      </clipPath>
      <rect style="clip-path:url(#MyClip)" ... />
    </g>

whereas the following fragment of code will not cause a nonzero clipping rule to be applied because the 'clip-rule' is specified on the referencing element, not on the object defining the clipping shape:

    <g style="clip-rule:evenodd">
      <clipPath id="MyClip">
        <path d="..." />
      </clipPath>
      <rect style="clip-path:url(#MyClip); clip-rule:nonzero" ... />
    </g>

## 14.4 Masking

In SVG, you can specify that any other graphics object or 'g' element can be used as an alpha mask for compositing the current object into the background.

A mask is defined with a 'mask' element. A mask is used/referenced using the 'mask' property.

A 'mask' can contain any graphical elements or grouping elements such as a 'g'.

It is an error if the 'mask' property references a non-existent object or if the referenced object is not a 'mask' element (see Error Processing).

The effect is as if the child elements of the 'mask' are rendered into an offscreen image. Any graphical object which uses/references the given 'mask' element will be painted onto the background through the mask, thus completely or partially masking out parts of the graphical object.

For a four-channel RGBA graphics object that is used as a mask, both the color channels and the alpha channel of the mask contribute to the masking operation. The alpha mask that is used to composite the current object into the background represents the product of the luminance of the color channels (determined using the luminance-to-alpha formulas as defined in the 'feColorMatrix' filter primitive) and the alpha channel from the mask.

For a three-channel RGB graphics object that is used as a mask (e.g., when referencing a 3-channel image file), the effect is as if the object were converted into a 4-channel RGBA image with the alpha channel uniformly set to 1.

For a single-channel image that is used as a mask (e.g., when referencing a 1-channel grayscale image file), the effect is as if the object were converted into a 4-channel RGBA image, where the single channel from the referenced object is used as the alpha channel and the color channels are set to 100% white.

The effect of a mask is identical to what would have happened if there were no mask but instead the alpha channel of the given object were multiplied with the mask's resulting alpha values (i.e., the product of the mask's luminance from its color channels multiplied by the mask's alpha channel).

Note that SVG 'path''s, shapes (e.g., 'circle') and 'text' are all treated as four-channel RGBA images for the purposes of masking operations.

Example mask01 uses an image to mask a rectangle.

    <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
    <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000802//EN"
      "http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-SVG-20000802/DTD/svg-20000802.dtd">
    <svg width="8cm" height="3cm">
      <desc>Example mask01 - blue text masked with gradient against red background
      </desc>
      <defs>
        <linearGradient id="Gradient" x1="0cm" y1="0cm" x2="8cm" y2="0cm">
          <stop offset="0" style="stop-color:black; stop-opacity:0"/>
          <stop offset="1" style="stop-color:black; stop-opacity:1"/>
        </linearGradient>
        <mask id="Mask">
          <rect x="0cm" y="0cm" width="8cm" height="3cm" style="fill:url(#Gradient)" />
        </mask>
        <text id="Text" x="4cm" y="2cm"
              style="font-family:Verdana; font-size:1cm; text-anchor:middle">
          Masked text
        </text>
      </defs>

      <!-- Draw a pale red rectangle in the background -->
      <rect x="0cm" y="0cm" width="8cm" height="3cm" style="fill:#FF8080"/>

      <!-- Draw the text string twice. First, filled blue, with the mask applied.
           Second, outlined in black without the mask. -->
      <use xlink:href="#Text" style="fill:blue; mask:url(#Mask)"/>
      <use xlink:href="#Text" style="fill:none; stroke:black; stroke-width:.02cm"/>
    </svg>

Example mask01

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

    <!ENTITY % maskExt "" >
    <!ELEMENT mask (desc|title|metadata|defs|
                       path|text|rect|circle|ellipse|line|polyline|polygon|
                       use|image|svg|g|view|switch|a|altGlyphDef|
                       script|style|symbol|marker|clipPath|mask|
                       linearGradient|radialGradient|pattern|filter|cursor|font|
                       animate|set|animateMotion|animateColor|animateTransform|
                       color-profile|font-face
                       %ceExt;%maskExt;)*  >
    <!ATTLIST mask
      %stdAttrs;
      %testAttrs;
      %langSpaceAttrs;
      externalResourcesRequired %Boolean; #IMPLIED
      class %ClassList; #IMPLIED
      style %StyleSheet; #IMPLIED
      %PresentationAttributes-All;
      transform %TransformList; #IMPLIED
      maskUnits (userSpaceOnUse | userSpace | objectBoundingBox) #IMPLIED
      x %Coordinate; #IMPLIED
      y %Coordinate; #IMPLIED
      width %Length; #IMPLIED
      height %Length; #IMPLIED >

Attribute definitions:

maskUnits = "userSpaceOnUse | userSpace | objectBoundingBox"
  Defines the coordinate system for attributes x, y, width, height and the contents of the 'mask'.
  If maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse", x, y, width, height and the contents of the 'mask' represent values in the current user coordinate system in place at the time when the 'mask' element is referenced (i.e., the user coordinate system for the element referencing the 'mask' element via the 'mask' property).
  If maskUnits="userSpace", x, y, width, height and the contents of the 'mask' represent values in the current user coordinate system in place at the time when the 'mask' element is defined.
  If maskUnits="objectBoundingBox", then the user coordinate system for the contents of the 'mask' element is established using the bounding box of the element to which the clipping path is applied (see Object bounding box units).
  If attribute maskUnits is not specified, then the effect is as if a value of userSpaceOnUse were specified.
  Animatable: yes.
x = "<coordinate>"
  The x-axis coordinate of one corner of the rectangle for the largest possible offscreen buffer. Note that the clipping path used to render any graphics within the mask will consist of the intersection of the current clipping path associated with the given object and the rectangle defined by x, y, width, height.
  If the attribute is not specified, the effect is as if a value of "0%" were specified.
  Animatable: yes.
y = "<coordinate>"
  The y-axis coordinate of one corner of the rectangle for the largest possible offscreen buffer.
  If the attribute is not specified, the effect is as if a value of "0%" were specified.
  Animatable: yes.
width = "<length>"
  The width of the largest possible offscreen buffer. Note that the clipping path used to render any graphics within the mask will consist of the intersection of the current clipping path associated with the given object and the rectangle defined by x, y, width, height.
  A negative value is an error (see Error processing). A value of zero disables rendering of the element.
  If the attribute is not specified, the effect is as if a value of "100%" were specified.
  Animatable: yes.
height = "<length>"
  The height of the largest possible offscreen buffer.
  A negative value is an error (see Error processing). A value of zero disables rendering of the element.
  If the attribute is not specified, the effect is as if a value of "100%" were specified.
  Animatable: yes.

Attributes defined elsewhere:
  %stdAttrs;, %langSpaceAttrs;, class, transform, %testAttrs;, externalResourcesRequired, style, %PresentationAttributes-All;.

The following is a description of the 'mask' property.

'mask'

  Value: | <uri> | none | inherit
  Initial: | none
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

<uri>
  A URI reference to another graphical object which will be used as the mask.

## 14.5 Object and group opacity: the 'opacity' property

There are several opacity properties within SVG:

- Fill opacity
- Stroke opacity
- Gradient stop opacity
- Object/group opacity (described here)

Except for object/group opacity (described just below), all other opacity properties are involved in intermediate rendering operations. Object/group opacity can be thought of conceptually as a postprocessing operation. Conceptually, after the object/group is rendered into an RGBA offscreen image, the object/group opacity setting specifies how to blend the offscreen image into the current background.

'opacity'

  Value: | <alphavalue> | inherit
  Initial: | 1
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

<alphavalue>
  The uniform opacity setting to be applied across an entire object. Any values outside the range 0.0 (fully transparent) to 1.0 (fully opaque) will be clamped to this range. (See Clamping values which are restricted to a particular range.) If the object is a container element such as a 'g', then the effect is as if the contents of the 'g' were blended against the current background using a mask where the value of each pixel of the mask is <alphavalue>. (See Simple alpha compositing.)

Example opacity01, illustrates various usage of the 'opacity' property on elements and groups.

    <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
    <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000802//EN"
      "http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-SVG-20000802/DTD/svg-20000802.dtd">
    <svg width="12cm" height="3.5cm" viewBox="0 0 1200 350">
      <desc>Example opacity01 - opacity property</desc>

      <rect x="1" y="1" width="1198" height="348"
            style="fill:none; stroke:blue"/>

      <!-- Background blue rectangle -->
      <rect x="1cm" y="1cm" width="10cm" height="1.5cm" style="fill:#0000ff" />

      <!-- Red circles going from opaque to nearly transparent -->
      <circle cx="2cm" cy="1cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:red; opacity:1" />
      <circle cx="4cm" cy="1cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:red; opacity:.8" />
      <circle cx="6cm" cy="1cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:red; opacity:.6" />
      <circle cx="8cm" cy="1cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:red; opacity:.4" />
      <circle cx="10cm" cy="1cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:red; opacity:.2" />

      <!-- Opaque group, opaque circles -->
      <g style="opacity:1">
        <circle cx="1.825cm" cy="2.5cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:red; opacity:1" />
        <circle cx="2.175cm" cy="2.5cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:green; opacity:1" />
      </g>
      <!-- Group opacity: .5, opacity circles -->
      <g style="opacity:.5">
        <circle cx="3.825cm" cy="2.5cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:red; opacity:1" />
        <circle cx="4.175cm" cy="2.5cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:green; opacity:1" />
      </g>
      <!-- Opaque group, semi-transparent green over red -->
      <g style="opacity:1">
        <circle cx="5.825cm" cy="2.5cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:red; opacity:.5" />
        <circle cx="6.175cm" cy="2.5cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:green; opacity:.5" />
      </g>
      <!-- Opaque group, semi-transparent red over green -->
      <g style="opacity:1">
        <circle cx="8.175cm" cy="2.5cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:green; opacity:.5" />
        <circle cx="7.825cm" cy="2.5cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:red; opacity:.5" />
      </g>
      <!-- Group opacity .5, semi-transparent green over red -->
      <g style="opacity:.5">
        <circle cx="9.825cm" cy="2.5cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:red; opacity:.5" />
        <circle cx="10.175cm" cy="2.5cm" r=".5cm" style="fill:green; opacity:.5" />
      </g>
    </svg>

Example opacity01

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

In the example above, the top row of circles have differing opacities, ranging from 1.0 to 0.2. The bottom row illustrates five 'g' elements, each of which contains overlapping red and green circles, as follows:

- The first group shows the opaque case for reference. The group has opacity of 1, as do the circles.
- The second group shows group opacity when the elements in the group are opaque.
- The third and fourth group show that opacity is not commutative. In the third group (which has opacity of 1), a semi-transparent green circle is drawn on top of a semi-transparent red circle, whereas in the fourth group a semi-transparent red circle is drawn on top of a semi-transparent green circle. Note that area where the two circles intersect display different colors. The third group shows more green color in the intersection area, whereas the fourth group shows more red color.
- The fifth group shows the multiplicative effect of opacity settings. Both the circles and the group itself have opacity settings of .5. The result is that the portion of the red circle which does not overlap with the green circle (i.e., the top/right of the red circle) will blend into the blue rectangle with accumulative opacity of .25 (i.e., .5*.5), which, after blending into the blue rectangle, results in a blended color which is 25% red and 75% blue.

## 14.6 DOM interfaces

The following interfaces are defined below: SVGClipPathElement, SVGMaskElement.

### Interface SVGClipPathElement

The SVGClipPathElement interface corresponds to the 'clipPath' element.

IDL Definition

      interface SVGClipPathElement :
                      SVGElement,
                      SVGTests,
                      SVGLangSpace,
                      SVGExternalResourcesRequired,
                      SVGStylable,
                      SVGTransformable,
                      SVGUnitTypes {

        readonly attribute SVGAnimatedEnumeration clipPathUnits;
      };

Attributes
  readonly SVGAnimatedEnumeration clipPathUnits
    Corresponds to attribute clipPathUnits on the given 'clipPath' element. Takes one of the constants defined in SVGUnitTypes.

### Interface SVGMaskElement

The SVGMaskElement interface corresponds to the 'mask' element.

IDL Definition

      interface SVGMaskElement :
                      SVGElement,
                      SVGTests,
                      SVGLangSpace,
                      SVGExternalResourcesRequired,
                      SVGStylable,
                      SVGTransformable,
                      SVGUnitTypes {

        readonly attribute SVGAnimatedEnumeration maskUnits;
        readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength      x;
        readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength      y;
        readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength      width;
        readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength      height;
      };

Attributes
  readonly SVGAnimatedEnumeration maskUnits
    Corresponds to attribute maskUnits on the given 'mask' element. Takes one of the constants defined in SVGUnitTypes.
  readonly SVGAnimatedLength x
    Corresponds to attribute x on the given 'mask' element.
  readonly SVGAnimatedLength y
    Corresponds to attribute y on the given 'mask' element.
  readonly SVGAnimatedLength width
    Corresponds to attribute width on the given 'mask' element.
  readonly SVGAnimatedLength height
    Corresponds to attribute height on the given 'mask' element.

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