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# 10 Text

## Contents

## 10.1 Introduction

Text that is to be rendered as part of an SVG document fragment is specified using the 'text' element. The characters to be drawn are expressed as XML character data [XML10] inside the 'text' element.

SVG's 'text' elements are rendered like other graphics elements. Thus, coordinate system transformations, painting, clipping and masking features apply to 'text' elements in the same way as they apply to shapes such as paths and rectangles.

Each 'text' element causes a single string of text to be rendered. SVG performs no automatic line breaking or word wrapping. To achieve the effect of multiple lines of text:

- The author or authoring package needs to pre-compute the line breaks and use multiple 'text' elements (one for each line of text).
- The author or authoring package needs to pre-compute the line breaks and use a single 'text' element with one or more 'tspan' child elements with appropriate values for attributes x, y, dx and dy to set new start positions for those characters which start new lines. (This approach allows user text selection across multiple lines of text -- see Text selection and clipboard operations.)
- Express the text to be rendered in another XML namespace such as XHTML [XHTML] embedded inline within a 'foreignObject' element. (Note: the exact semantics of this approach are not completely defined at this time.)

The text strings within 'text' elements can be rendered in a straight line or rendered along the outline of a 'path' element. SVG supports the following international text processing features for both straight line text and text on a path:

- horizontal and vertical orientation of text
- left-to-right, right-to-left and bi-directional text (e.g., for mixing Roman scripts with Arabic or Hebrew scripts)
- when SVG fonts are used, automatic selection of the correct glyph corresponding to the current form for Arabic and Han text

(The layout rules for straight line text are described in Text layout. The layout rules for text on a path are described in Text on a path layout rules.)

Because SVG text is packaged as XML character data [XML10]:

- Text data in SVG content is readily accessible to the visually impaired (see Accessibility Support)
- In many viewing scenarios, the user will be able to search for and select text strings and copy selected text strings to the system clipboard (see Text selection)
- XML-compatible web search engines will find text strings in SVG content with no additional effort over what they need to do to find text strings in other XML documents

Multi-language SVG content is possible by substituting different text strings based on the user's preferred language.

For accessibility reasons, it is recommended that text which is included in a document have appropriate semantic markup to indicate its function. See SVG accessibility guidelines for more information.

## 10.2 Characters and their corresponding glyphs

In XML [XML10], textual content is defined in terms of XML characters, where each character is defined by a particular character (i.e., code point) in Unicode [UNICODE]. Fonts, on the other hand, consists of a collection of glyphs, where each glyph consists of some sort of identifier (in some cases a string, in other cases a number) along with drawing instructions for rendering that particular glyph.

In many cases, there is a one-to-one mapping of Unicode characters (i.e., Unicode code points) to glyphs in a font. For example, it is common for a Roman font to contain a single glyph for each of the standard ASCII characters (i.e., A-to-Z, a-to-z, 0-to-9, plus the various punctuation characters found in ASCII). Thus, in most situations, the string "XML", which consists of three Unicode characters, would be rendered by the three glyphs corresponding to "X", "M" and "L", respectively.

In various other cases, however, there is not a strict one-to-one mapping of Unicode characters to glyphs. Some of the circumstances when the mapping is not one-to-one:

- Ligatures - For best looking typesetting, it is often desirable that particular sequences of characters are rendered as a single glyph. An example is the word "office". Many fonts will define an "ffi" ligature. When the word "office" is rendered, sometimes the user agent will render the glyph for the "ffi" ligature instead of rendering distinct glyphs (i.e., "f", "f" and "i") for each of the three characters. Thus, for ligatures, multiple Unicode characters map to a single glyph.
- Composite characters - In various situations, commonly used adornments such as diacritical marks will be stored once in a font as a particular glyph and then composed with one or more other glyphs to result in the desired character. For example, it is possible that a font engine might render the é character by first rendering the glyph for e and then rendering the glyph for ´ (the accent mark) such that the accent mark will appear over the e. In this situation, a single Unicode character map to multiple glyphs.
- Glyph substitution - Some typography systems examine the nature of the textual content and utilize different glyphs in different circumstances. For example, in Arabic, the same Unicode character might render as any of four different glyphs, depending on such factors as whether the character appears at the start, the end or the middle of a text string. In these situations, a single Unicode character might map to one of several alternative glyphs.
- Alternative glyph specification - SVG contains a facility for the author to explicitly specify that a particular sequence of Unicode characters is to be rendered using a particular glyph. (See Alternate glyphs.) When this facility is used, multiple Unicode characters map to a single glyph.

In many situations, the algorithms for mapping from characters to glyphs are system-dependent, resulting in the possibility that the rendering of text might be (usually slightly) different when viewed in different user environments. If the author of SVG content requires precise selection of fonts and glyphs, then the recommendation is that the necessary fonts (potentially subsetted to only include only the glyphs needed for the given document) be available either as SVG fonts embedded within the SVG content or as web fonts posted at the same web location as the SVG content.

## 10.3 The 'text' element

The 'text' element defines a graphics element consisting of text. The XML [XML10] character data within the 'text' element, along with relevant attributes and properties and character-to-glyph mapping tables within the font itself, define the glyphs to be rendered. (See Characters and their corresponding glyphs.) The attributes and properties on the 'text' element indicate such things as the writing direction, font specification and painting attributes which describe how exactly to render the characters. Subsequent sections of this chapter describe the relevant text-specific attributes and properties.

Since 'text' elements are rendered using the same rendering methods as other graphics element, all of the same coordinate system transformations, painting, clipping and masking features that apply to shapes such as paths and rectangles also apply to 'text' elements.

The 'text' renders its first character at the initial current text position, which is established by the x and y attributes. After the glyph(s) corresponding to the given character is(are) rendered, the current text position is updated for the next character. In the simplest case, the new current text position is the previous current text position plus the glyphs' text advance value (horizontal or vertical). See text layout for a description of glyph placement and glyph advance.

    <!ENTITY % textExt "" >
    <!ELEMENT text (#PCDATA|desc|title|
                    tspan|tref|textPath|altGlyph|a|animate|set|
                    animateMotion|animateColor|animateTransform
                    %geExt;%textExt;)* >
    <!ATTLIST text
      %stdAttrs;
      %langSpaceAttrs;
      class %ClassList; #IMPLIED
      transform %TransformList; #IMPLIED
      %graphicsElementEvents;
      %testAttrs;
      externalResourcesRequired %Boolean; #IMPLIED
      x %Coordinate; #IMPLIED
      y %Coordinate; #IMPLIED
      %StylableSVG-StyleAttribute;
      %ExchangeSVG-FillStrokeAttrs;
      %ExchangeSVG-GraphicsAttrs;
      %ExchangeSVG-TextContainerAttrs;
      %ExchangeSVG-TextElementAttrs; >

Attribute definitions:

x = "<coordinate>"
  The X-coordinate for the initial current text position for the text to be drawn. If the value is expressed as a simple <number> without a unit identifier (e.g., 48), then the value represents a coordinate in the current user coordinate system.
  If one of the CSS unit identifiers is provided (e.g., 12pt or 10%), then the value represents a distance in viewport units relative to the origin of the user coordinate system. (See Processing rules for CSS units and percentages.) The default value is "0".
  Animatable: yes.
y = "<coordinate>"
  The corresponding Y-coordinate for the initial current text position. The default value is "0".
  Animatable: yes.

Attributes defined elsewhere:
  %stdAttrs;, %langSpaceAttrs;, transform, %graphicsElementEvents;, %testAttrs;, %StylableSVG-StyleAttribute;.

Example text01 below expresses all values in physical units such as centimeters and points. The 'text' element contains the text string "Hello, out there" which will be rendered onto the canvas using the Verdana font family with font size of 12 points with the glyphs filled with the color blue.

    <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
    <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000303 Stylable//EN"
      "http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303/DTD/svg-20000303-stylable.dtd">
    <svg width="10cm" height="3cm">
      <desc>Example text01 - 'Hello, out there' in blue</desc>

      <text x="2.5cm" y="1.5cm"
            style="font-family:Verdana; font-size:16pt; fill:blue">
        Hello, out there
      </text>
    </svg>

Example text01

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

Example text02 below expresses the x and y attributes and the 'font-size' property in the user coordinate system set up by the viewBox attribute on the 'svg' element. The 'text' element contains the text string "Text in user space."

    <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
    <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000303 Stylable//EN"
      "http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303/DTD/svg-20000303-stylable.dtd">
    <svg width="10cm" height="3cm" viewBox="0 0 1000 300">
      <desc>Example text02 - Text in user space</desc>

      <text x="250" y="150"
            style="font-family:Verdana; font-size:42.333; fill:blue">
        Text in user space
      </text>
    </svg>

Example text02

The DTD definition of a 'text' element allows for any number of 'desc' or 'title' elements as children, with no restrictions on the placement of these elements within the 'text' element. This flexibility is only present due to the mixed content rules for XML [XML-MIXED]. Representations of future versions of the SVG language might use more expressive representations than DTDs which allow for more restrictive mixed content rules. It is strongly recommended that at most one 'desc' and at most one 'title' element appear, and that these elements appear before any other child elements or character data content to match the restrictions on 'desc' and 'title' that appear in the rest of the SVG DTD. If user agents need to choose among multiple 'desc' or 'title' elements for processing (e.g., to decide which string to use for a tooltip), the user agent shall choose the first one.

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

## 10.4 The 'tspan' element

Within a 'text' element, text and font properties and the current text position can be adjusted with absolute or relative coordinate values by including a 'tspan' element.

    <!ENTITY % tspanExt "" >
    <!ELEMENT tspan (#PCDATA|tspan|tref|altGlyph|a|animate|set|animateColor
                    %tspanExt;)* >
    <!ATTLIST tspan
      %stdAttrs;
      %langSpaceAttrs;
      class %ClassList; #IMPLIED
      %graphicsElementEvents;
      %testAttrs;
      externalResourcesRequired %Boolean; #IMPLIED
      x %Coordinates; #IMPLIED
      y %Coordinates; #IMPLIED
      dx %Lengths; #IMPLIED
      dy %Lengths; #IMPLIED
      rotate CDATA #IMPLIED
      %StylableSVG-StyleAttribute;
      %ExchangeSVG-FillStrokeAttrs;
      %ExchangeSVG-GraphicsAttrs;
      %ExchangeSVG-TextContainerAttrs; >

Attribute definitions:

x = "<coordinate>+"
  If a single <coordinate> is provided, this value represents the new absolute X coordinate for the current text position for the first character within the 'tspan' element. If a comma- or space-separated list of <n> <coordinate>s is provided, then the values represent new absolute X coordinates for the current text position for the first <n> characters within the 'tspan' element. If more <coordinate>s are provided than characters, then the extra <coordinate>s will have no effect on glyph positioning. If more characters exist than <coordinate>s, then the starting X coordinate of each extra character is positioned at the X coordinate of the resulting current text position from rendering the previous character within the 'text' element.
  CSS unit identifiers, such as cm, pt or %, can be provided for any <coordinate>. If a <coordinate> is provided without a unit identifier (e.g., 48), then the value represents a coordinate in the current user coordinate system. If a CSS unit identifier is provided (e.g., 12pt or 10%), then the value represents a distance in viewport units relative to the origin of the user coordinate system. (Processing rules for CSS units and percentages.) The default value is "0".
  Animatable: yes.
y = "<coordinate>+"
  The corresponding list of absolute Y coordinates for the characters within the 'tspan' element. The default value is "0".
  Animatable: yes.
dx = "<length>+"
  If a single <length> is provided, this value represents the new relative X coordinate for the current text position for the first character within the 'tspan' element. Thus, the current text position is shifted along the X axis of the current user coordinate system by <length>. If a comma- or space-separated list of <n> <length>s is provided, then the values represent new relative X coordinates for the current text position for the first <n> characters within the 'tspan' element. Thus, before each character is rendered, the current text position resulting from drawing the previous character (or, for the first character in a 'text' element, the initial current text position) is shifted along the X axis of the current user coordinate system by <length>. If more <length>s are provided than characters, then any extra <length>s will have no effect on glyph positioning. If more characters exist than <length>s, then the starting X coordinate of each extra character is positioned at the X coordinate of the resulting current text position from rendering the previous character within the 'text' element.
  CSS unit identifiers, such as cm, pt or %, can be provided for any <length>. If a <length> is provided without a unit identifier (e.g., 48), then the value represents a length along the X axis in the current user coordinate system. If one of the CSS unit identifiers is provided (e.g., 12pt or 10%), then the value represents a distance in the viewport coordinate system. (Processing rules for CSS units and percentages.) The default value is "0".
  Animatable: yes.
dy = "<length>+"
  The corresponding list of relative Y coordinates for the characters within the 'tspan' element. The default value is "0".
  Animatable: yes.
rotate = "auto | <number>+"
  A value of auto causes all characters to be oriented as specified by other text attributes without any supplemental rotation.
  If a single <number> is provided, then this value represents a supplemental rotation about the current text position that will be applied to each glyph corresponding to each character within the 'tspan' element.
  If a comma- or space-separated list of <number>s is provided, then the first <number> represents the supplemental rotation of the first character, the second <number> represents the supplemental rotation of the second character, and so on. If more <number>s are provided than there are characters, then the extra <number>s will be ignored. If more characters are provided than <number>s, then the extra characters will be rotated by the last <number> in the list.
  This supplemental rotation has no impact on the rules by which current text position is modified as glyphs get rendered.
  The default value is "auto".
  Animatable: yes (non-additive, 'set' and 'animate' elements only).

Attributes defined elsewhere:
  %stdAttrs;, %langSpaceAttrs;, %graphicsElementEvents;, %testAttrs;, %StylableSVG-StyleAttribute;.

The x, y, dx, dy and rotate on the 'tspan' element are useful in high-end typography scenarios where individual glyphs requires exact placement. These attributes are useful for minor positioning adjustments between characters or for major positioning adjustments, such as moving the current text position to a new location to achieve the visual effect of a new line of text. Multi-line 'text' elements are possible by defining different 'tspan' elements for each line of text, with attributes x, y, dx and/or dy defining the position of each 'tspan'. (An advantage of such an approach is that users will be able to perform multi-line text selection.)

In situations where advanced typographic control is required and micro-level positioning adjustment are necessary, the SVG content designer needs to ensure that the necessary font will be available for all viewers of the document (e.g., package up the necessary font data in the form of an SVG font or an alternative web font format which is stored at the same web site as the SVG content) and that the viewing software will process the font in the expected way (the capabilities, characteristics and font layout mechanisms vary greatly from system to system). If the SVG content contains x, y, dx or dy attribute values which are meant to correspond to a particular font processed by a particular set of viewing software and either of these requirements is not met, then the text might display with poor quality.

The following additional rules apply to attributes x, y, dx, dy, rotate when they contain a list of numbers:

- Required behavior when multiple XML characters map to a single glyph (e.g., when a ligature is used) - Assume that the i-th and (i+1)-th XML characters map to a single glyph. In this case, the i-th value for the x, y, dx, dy and rotate attributes all apply when rendering the glyph. For the (i+1)-th values, however, the x, y and rotate value are not applied (although the final rotate value would still apply to subsequent characters), whereas the dx and dy are applied to the subsequent XML character (i.e., the (i+2)-th character), if one exists.
- Relationship to right-to-left text and bi-directionality - Text is laid out in a two-step process, where any right-to-left and bi-directional text is first re-ordered into a left-to-right string, and then text layout occurs with the re-ordered text string. Whenever the character data within a 'tspan' element is re-ordered, the corresponding elements within the x, y, dx, dy and rotate are also re-ordered to maintain the correspondence. For example, suppose that you have the following 'tspan' element:

      <tspan dx="11 12 13 14 15 0 21 22 23 0 31 32 33 34 35 36">Roman and Arabic</span>

  and that the word "Arabic" will be drawn right-to-left. First, the character data and the corresponding values in the dx list will be reordered, such that the text string will be "Roman and cibarA" and the list of values for the dx attribute will be "11 12 13 14 15 0 21 22 23 0 36 35 34 33 32 31". After this re-ordering, the characters will be positioned using standard left-to-right layout rules.
- Nested 'tspan' elements - The x, y, dx, dy and rotate attributes on a given 'tspan' element apply only to the character data that is directly within that 'tspan' element and do not apply to the character data within child (i.e., nested) 'tspan' elements. If the child/nested 'tspan' elements require positioning adjustments or rotation values, the child/nested 'tspan' elements need to specify x, y, dx, dy and rotate values for their own character data.

The following examples show basic use of the 'tspan' element.

Example tspan01 uses a 'tspan' element to indicate that the word "not" is to use a bold font and have red fill.

    <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
    <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000303 Stylable//EN"
      "http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303/DTD/svg-20000303-stylable.dtd">
    <svg width="10cm" height="3cm">
      <desc>Example tspan01 - using tspan to change visual attributes</desc>

      <g style="font-family:Verdana; font-size:12pt">
        <text x="2cm" y="1.5cm" style="fill:blue">
          You are
            <tspan style="font-weight:bold; fill:red">not</tspan>
          a banana.
        </text>
      </g>
    </svg>

Example tspan01

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

Example tspan02 uses the dx and dy attributes on the 'tspan' to adjust the current text position horizontally and vertically for particular text strings within a 'text' element.

    <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
    <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000303 Stylable//EN"
      "http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303/DTD/svg-20000303-stylable.dtd">
    <svg width="10cm" height="3cm">
      <desc>Example tspan02 - using tspan's dx and dy attributes
            for incremental positioning adjustments</desc>

      <g style="font-family:Verdana; font-size:12pt">
        <text x="2cm" y="1.5cm" style="fill:blue">
          But you
            <tspan dx="2em" dy="-.5cm" style="font-weight:bold; fill:red">
              are
            </tspan>
            <tspan dy="1cm">
               a peach!
            </tspan>
        </text>
      </g>
    </svg>

Example tspan02

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

Example tspan03 uses the x and y attributes on the 'tspan' to establish a new absolute current text position for each glyph to be rendered. The example shows two lines of text within a single 'text' element. Because both lines of text are within the same 'text' element, the user will be able to select through both lines of text and copy the text to the system clipboard in user agents that support text selection and clipboard operations,

    <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
    <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000303 Stylable//EN"
      "http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303/DTD/svg-20000303-stylable.dtd">
    <svg width="10cm" height="3cm">
      <desc>Example tspan03 - using tspan's x and y attributes
            for multiline text and precise glyph positioning</desc>

      <g style="font-family:Verdana; font-size:12pt">
        <text style="fill:rgb(255,164,0)">
          <tspan x="3.0cm 3.5cm 4.0cm 4.5cm 5.5cm 6.0cm 6.5cm" y="1cm">
            Cute and
          </tspan>
          <tspan x="3.75cm 4.25cm 4.75cm 5.25cm 5.75cm" y="2cm">
             fuzzy
          </tspan>
        </text>
      </g>
    </svg>

Example tspan03

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

## 10.5 The 'tref' element

The textual content for a 'text' can be either character data directly embedded within the 'text' element or the character data content of a referenced element, where the referencing is specified with a 'tref' element.

    <!ENTITY % trefExt "" >
    <!ELEMENT tref (animate|set|animateColor
                    %trefExt;)* >
    <!ATTLIST tref
      %stdAttrs;
      %langSpaceAttrs;
      class %ClassList; #IMPLIED
      %graphicsElementEvents;
      %testAttrs;
      externalResourcesRequired %Boolean; #IMPLIED
      x %Coordinates; #IMPLIED
      y %Coordinates; #IMPLIED
      dx %Lengths; #IMPLIED
      dy %Lengths; #IMPLIED
      rotate CDATA #IMPLIED
      %xlinkRefAttrs;
      xlink:href %URI; #REQUIRED
      %StylableSVG-StyleAttribute;
      %ExchangeSVG-FillStrokeAttrs;
      %ExchangeSVG-GraphicsAttrs;
      %ExchangeSVG-TextContainerAttrs; >

Attribute definitions:

xlink:href = "<uri>"
  A URI reference to an element/fragment within an SVG document fragment whose character data content shall be used as character data for this 'tref' element.
  Animatable: yes.

Attributes defined elsewhere:
  %stdAttrs;, %langSpaceAttrs;, %graphicsElementEvents;, x, y, dx, dy, rotate, %testAttrs;, %xlinkRefAttrs;, %StylableSVG-StyleAttribute;.

All character data within the referenced element, including character data enclosed within additional markup, will be rendered.

The x, y, dx, dy and rotate attributes have the same meanings as for the 'tspan' element. The attributes are applied as if the 'tref' element was replaced by a 'tspan' with the referenced character data (stripped of all supplemental markup) embedded within the hypothetical 'tspan' element.

Example tref01 shows how to use character data from a different element as the character data for a given 'tspan' element. The first 'text' element (with id="ReferencedText") will not draw because it is part of a 'defs' element. The second 'text' element draws the string "Inline character data". The third 'text' element draws the string "Reference character data" because it includes a 'tspan' element which is a reference to element "ReferencedText", and that element's character data is "Referenced character data".

    <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
    <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000303 Stylable//EN"
      "http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303/DTD/svg-20000303-stylable.dtd">
    <svg width="10cm" height="3cm">
      <defs>
        <text id="ReferencedText">
          Referenced character data
        </text>
      </defs>
      <desc>Example tref01 - inline vs reference text content</desc>

      <text x="1cm" y="1cm" style="font-size:12pt; fill:blue">
        Inline character data
      </text>
      <text x="1cm" y="2cm" style="font-size:12pt; fill:red">
        <tref xlink:href="#ReferencedText"/>
      </text>
    </svg>

Example tref01

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

## 10.6 Text layout

### 10.6.1 Text layout introduction

This section describes the text layout features supported by SVG, which includes support for various international writing directions, such as left-to-right (e.g., Roman scripts), right-to-left (e.g., Hebrew or Arabic), bi-directional (e.g., mixing Roman with Arabic) and vertical (e.g., Asian scripts). The descriptions in this section assume straight line text (i.e., text that is either strictly horizontal or vertical with respect to the current user coordinate system). Subsequent sections describe the supplemental layout rules for text on a path.

Because SVG does not provide for automatic line breaks or word wrapping, internationalized text layout is simpler in SVG than in languages such as XHTML [XHTML].

In processing a given 'text' element, the SVG user agent keeps track of the current text position. The initial current text position is established by the x and y attributes on the 'text' element. The current text position is adjusted after each glyph to establish a new current text position at which the next glyph shall be rendered. The adjustment to the current text position is based on the current text advance direction, the glyph orientation relative to the text advance direction, the metrics of the glyph just rendered, kerning tables in the font and the current values of various attributes and properties, such as the spacing properties and any x, y, dx and dy attributes on 'tspan' elements.

For each glyph to be rendered, the SVG user agent determines an appropriate reference point on the glyph which will be placed exactly at the current text position. The reference point is determined based on character cell metrics in the glyph itself, the current text advance direction and the glyph orientation relative to the text advance direction For the most common uses of Roman text (i.e., 'writing-mode:lr', 'text-anchor:start', and 'baseline-identifier:baseline') the reference point in the glyph will be the intersection of left edge of the glyph character cell (or some other glyph-specific X axis coordinate indicating a left-side origin point) with the baseline of the glyph. For most cases with top-to-bottom vertical text layout, the reference point will be either a glyph-specific origin point for top-to-bottom vertical text or the intersection of the center of the glyph with its top line (see [CSS2] for a definition of top line).

The various text layout diagrams in this section use the following symbols:

- wide-cell glyph (e.g. Han) which is the n-th character in the text run
- narrow-cell glyph (e.g. Roman) which is the n-th glyph in the text run
- connected glyph (e.g. Hebrew or Arabic) which is the n-th glyph in the text run

The orientation which the above symbols assume in the diagrams corresponds to the orientation that the glyphs they represent are intended to assume when rendered in the user agent. Spacing between these characters in the diagrams is usually symbolic, unless intentionally changed to make a point.

### 10.6.2 Setting the primary text advance direction

The 'writing-mode' property specifies whether the primary text advance direction for a 'text' element shall be left-to-right, right-to-left, or top-to-bottom. The 'writing-mode' property applies only to 'text' elements; the property is ignored for 'tspan', 'tref' and 'textPath' sub-elements. (Note that even when the primary text advance direction if left-to-right or right-to-left, some or all of the content within a given 'text' element might advance in the opposite direction because of the Unicode [UNICODE] bi-directional algorithm or because of explicit text advance overrides due to properties 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi'. For more on bi-directional text, see Relationship with bi-directionality.)

'writing-mode'

  Value: | lr-tb | rl-tb | tb-rl | lr | rl | tb | inherit
  Initial: | lr-tb
  Applies to: | 'text' elements
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | no

lr-tb | lr
  Sets the primary text advance direction to left-to-right, as is common in most Roman-based documents. For most characters, the current text position is advanced from left to right after each glyph is rendered. (When the character data includes characters which are subject to the Unicode bi-directional algorithm, the text advance rules are more complex. See Relationship with bi-directionality).
rl-tb | rl
  Sets the primary text advance direction to right-to-left, as is common in Arabic or Hebrew scripts.
tb-rl | tb
  Sets the primary text advance direction to top-to-bottom, as is common in Asian scripts. Though hardly as frequent as horizontal, this type of vertical layout also occurs in Latin based documents, particularly in table column or row labels. In most cases, the vertical baselines running through the middle of each glyph are aligned.

### 10.6.3 Glyph orientation within a text run

In some cases, it is required to alter the orientation of a sequence of characters relative to the primary text advance direction. The requirement is particularly applicable to vertical layouts of East Asian documents, where sometimes half-width Roman text is to be displayed horizontally and other times vertically.

Two properties control the glyph orientation relative to the primary text advance direction. 'glyph-orientation-vertical' controls glyph orientation when the primary text advance direction is vertical. 'glyph-orientation-horizontal' controls glyph orientation when the primary text advance direction is horizontal.

'glyph-orientation-vertical'

  Value: | <angle> | auto | inherit
  Initial: | auto
  Applies to: | 'text', 'tspan', 'tref', 'textPath' elements
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | no

<angle>
  The value of the angle is a <integer> restricted to the range of -360 to +360 in 90-degree increments.
  A value of 0 indicates that all glyphs are oriented with the bottom of the glyphs toward the primary text advance direction, resulting in glyphs which are stacked vertically on top of each other. A value of 90 indicates a rotation of 90 degrees clockwise from the "0" orientation. Negative angle values are computed modulo 360; thus, a value of -90 is equivalent to a value of 270.
auto
  The glyph orientation relative to the primary text advance direction is determined automatically based on the Unicode character number of the rendered glyph.
  Full-width ideographic and full-width Roman glyphs (excluding ideographic punctuation) are oriented as if an <angle> of "0" had been specified (i.e., glyphs are oriented with the bottom of the glyphs toward the primary text advance direction, resulting in glyphs which are stacked vertically on top of each other).
  Ideographic punctuation and other ideographic characters having alternate horizontal and vertical forms shall use the vertical form of the glyph.
  Text which is not full-width will be set as if an <angle> of "90" had been specified; thus, half-width Roman text will be rotated 90 degree clockwise versus full-width ideographic and full-width Roman text.
  Note that a value of auto will generally produce the expected results in common uses of mixing Japanese with European characters; however, the exact algorithms are based on complex interactions between many factors, including font design, and thus different algorithms might be employed in different processing environments. For precise control, specify explicit <angle> values.

The glyph orientation affects the amount that the current text position advances as each glyph is rendered. When the primary text advance direction is vertical and the 'glyph-orientation-vertical' results in an orientation angle that is a multiple of 180 degrees, then the current text position is incremented according to the vertical metrics of the glyph. Otherwise, if the 'glyph-orientation-vertical' results in an orientation angle that is not a multiple of 180 degrees, then the current text position is incremented according to the horizontal metrics of the glyph.

The diagrams below illustrate different uses of 'glyph-orientation-vertical'. The diagram on the left shows the result of the mixing of full-width ideographic characters with half-width Roman characters when 'glyph-orientation-vertical' for the Roman characters is either auto or 90. The diagram on the right show the result of mixing full-width ideographic characters with half-width Roman characters when Roman characters are specified to have a 'glyph-orientation-vertical' of 0.

'glyph-orientation-horizontal'

  Value: | <angle> | inherit
  Initial: | 0
  Applies to: | 'text', 'tspan', 'tref', 'textPath' elements
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | no

<angle>
  The value of the angle is a <integer> restricted to the range of -360 to +360 in 90-degree increments.
  A value of 0 indicates that all glyphs are oriented with the right edge of the glyphs toward the primary text advance direction, resulting in glyphs which are positioned side by side. A value of 90 indicates an orientation of 90 degrees clockwise from the "0" orientation. Negative angle values are computed modulo 360; thus, a value of -90 is equivalent to a value of 270.

The glyph orientation affects the amount that the current text position advances as each glyph is rendered. When the primary text advance direction is horizontal and the 'glyph-orientation-horizontal' results in an orientation angle that is a multiple of 180 degrees, then the current text position is incremented according to the horizontal metrics of the glyph. Otherwise, if the 'glyph-orientation-vertical' results in an orientation angle that is not a multiple of 180 degrees, then the current text position is incremented according to the vertical metrics of the glyph.

### 10.6.4 Relationship with bi-directionality

The characters in certain scripts are written from right to left. In some documents, in particular those written with the Arabic or Hebrew script, and in some mixed-language contexts, text in a single line may appear with mixed directionality. This phenomenon is called bidirectionality, or "bidi" for short.

The Unicode standard ([UNICODE], section 3.11) defines a complex algorithm for determining the proper directionality of text. The algorithm consists of an implicit part based on character properties, as well as explicit controls for embeddings and overrides. The SVG user agent applies this bidirectional algorithm when determining the layout of characters within a 'text' element. The 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi' properties allow authors to override the inherent directionality of the content characters and thus explicitly control how the elements and attributes of a document language map to this algorithm. These two properties are only applicable when the primary text advance direction is horizontal.

Because the directionality of a text depends on the structure and semantics of the document language, in most cases these properties will be used only by designers of document type descriptions (DTDs) or authors of special documents.

A more complete discussion of bi-directionality can be found in the "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) level 2" specification [CSS2].

The processing model for right-to-left or bi-directional horizontal text is as follows. The user agent processes the characters which are provided in lexical order and re-orders the characters after processing the Unicode bi-directional algorithm and properties 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi', resulting in a potentially re-ordered list of characters which are now in left-to-right rendering order. Simultaneous with re-ordering of the characters, the x, y, dx, dy and rotate attributes on the 'tspan' and 'tref' elements are also re-ordered to maintain the original correspondence between characters and attribute values. While kerning or ligature processing might be font-specific, the preferred model is that kerning and ligature processing occurs between combinations of characters or glyphs after the characters have been re-ordered. Similarly, text selection occurs on the re-ordered text (i.e., based on visual layout rather than lexical layout).

When included in a 'text' element whose primary text advance direction is vertical, Arabic text has a default orientation where the glyphs are rotated 90 degrees counter-clockwise from standard vertically-oriented glyphs, making the default orientation of the Arabic glyphs the same as for half-width Roman glyphs.

'direction'

  Value: | ltr | rtl | inherit
  Initial: | ltr
  Applies to: | all elements, but see prose
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | no

This property specifies the base writing direction of text and the direction of embeddings and overrides (see 'unicode=bidi') for the Unicode bidirectional algorithm. For the 'direction' property to have any effect, the 'unicode=bidi' property's value must be 'embed' or 'override'. Refer to the "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) level 2" specification [CSS2] for the specification for this property.

The 'direction' property applies only to text whose glyph orientation has the right edge of the glyphs oriented in the same direction as the primary text advance direction, which includes the usual case of horizontally-oriented Roman or Arabic text and the case of half-width Roman or Arabic characters rotated 90 degrees clockwise relative to a top-to-bottom primary text advance direction.

'unicode-bidi'

  Value: | normal | embed | bidi-override | inherit
  Initial: | normal
  Applies to: | all elements, but see prose
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | no

Refer to the "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) level 2" specification [CSS2] for the specification for this property.

## 10.7 Alignment properties

### 10.7.1 Text alignment properties

Each text element establishes an initial current text position. The following property is used to align the contents of a 'text' element relative to the current text position.

'text-anchor'

  Value: | start | middle | end | inherit
  Initial: | start
  Applies to: | 'text' elements
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

This property, which applies only to 'text' elements and is ignored for elements 'tspan', 'tref' and 'textPath', describes how the characters within a 'text' element are aligned relative to the initial current text position for the 'text' element. Values have the following meanings:

start
  The rendered characters are aligned such that the start of the text string is at the initial current text position. For standard Roman text, this is comparable to left alignment. For Asian text with a vertical primary text direction, this is comparable to top alignment.
middle
  The rendered characters are aligned such that the middle of the text string is at the current text position. (For text on a path, conceptually the text string is first laid out in a straight line. The midpoint between the start of the text string and the end of the text string is determined. Then, the text string is mapped onto the path with this midpoint placed at the current text position.)
end
  The rendered characters are aligned such that the end of the text string is at the initial current text position. For standard Roman text, this is comparable to right alignment.

### 10.7.2 Baseline alignment properties

One of the characteristics of international text is that there are different baselines (different alignment points) for glyphs in different scripts. For example, in horizontal writing, ideographic scripts, such as Chinese, Japanese and Korean, align the bottoms of the glyphs; alphabetic based scripts, such as Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic, align a point that is the bottom of most glyphs, but some glyphs descend below the baseline; and Indic based scripts are aligned at a point that is near the top of the glyphs.

When different scripts are mixed on a line of text, an adjustment must be made to ensure that the glyphs in the different scripts are aligned relatively correctly with one another. Open Type [OPENTYPE] fonts have a Baseline table (BASE) [OPENTYPE-BASETABLE] that specifies the offsets of the alternative baselines from the current baseline.

SVG uses a similar baseline-table model that assumes one script (at one font-size) is the "dominant run" during processing of a 'text' element; that is, all other baselines are defined in relation to this dominant run. The baseline of the script with the dominant run is called the dominant baseline. So, for example, if the dominant baseline is the alphabetic/Latin baseline, there will be offsets in the baseline-table for the alternate baselines, such as the ideographic baseline and the Indic baseline. There will also be an offset for the math baseline which is used for some math fonts. Note that there are separate baseline tables for horizontal and vertical writing-modes. The offsets in these tables may be different for horizontal and vertical writing.

The dominant baseline is fixed for an entire 'text' element.

The baseline-table establishes at the start of processing of a 'text' element is called the dominant baseline-table.

Because the value of the 'font-family' property is a list of fonts, to insure a consistent choice of baseline-table we define the nominal font in a font list as the first font in the list for which a glyph data is available. This is the first that could contain a glyph for each character encountered. (For this definition, glyph data is assumed to be present if a font substitution is made or if the font is synthesized.) This definition insures a content independent determination of the font and baseline table that is to be used.

The value of the 'font-size' property on the 'text' element establishes the dominant baseline-table font size.

The model assumes that each glyph has a 'baseline-identifier' value which specifies the baseline with which the glyph is to be aligned. (The 'baseline-identifier' is called the "Baseline Tag" in the OpenType baseline-table description.) The initial value of the 'baseline-identifier' property uses the baseline identifier associated with the given glyph. Alternate values for 'baseline-identifier' can be useful for glyphs such as a "*" which are ambiguous with respect to script membership.

The model assumes that the font from which the glyph is drawn also has a baseline table, the font baseline-table. This baseline table has offsets in units-per-em from the (0,0) point to each of the baselines the font knows about. In particular, it has the offset from the glyph's (0,0) point to the baseline identified by the 'baseline-identifier'.

The offset values in the baseline-table are in "design units" which means fractional units of the EM. CSS calls these "units-per-em" [CSS2-UNITSPEREM]. Thus, the current 'font-size' is used to determine the actual offset from the dominant baseline to the alternate baselines.

The glyph is aligned so that its baseline identified by its 'baseline-identifier' is aligned with the baseline with the same name from the dominant baseline-table.

The offset from the dominant baseline of the parent to the baseline identified by the 'baseline-identifier' is computed using the dominant baseline-table and dominant baseline-table font-size. The font baseline-table and font-size applicable to the glyph are used to compute the offset from the identified baseline to the (0,0) point of the glyph. This second offset is subtracted from the first offset to get the position of the (0,0) point in the shift direction. Both offsets are computed by multiplying the baseline value from the baseline-table times the appropriate font-size value.

If the 'baseline-identifier' identifies the dominant baseline, then the first offset is zero and the glyph is aligned with the dominant baseline; otherwise, the glyph is aligned with the chosen alternate baseline.

The baseline-alignment properties follow.

'dominant-baseline'

  Value: | auto | autosense-script | no-change | reset| ideographic | lower | hanging | mathematical | inherit
  Initial: | auto
  Applies to: | 'text' elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

The 'dominant-baseline' property is used to re-determine the dominant baseline and re-establish the font-size used with the baseline-table is added. This property can also be used to explicitly set the dominant baseline when the 'auto' value would give an incorrect result. Values for the property have the following meaning:

auto
  If this property occurs on a 'text' element, the dominant-baseline is set using the rules for 'autosense-script' below. Otherwise, the dominant baseline and the baseline-table remain the same as that of the parent. If the 'baseline-shift' value actually shifts the baseline, then the baseline-table font-size is set to the current 'font-size', otherwise the baseline-table font-size remains the same as that of the parent. If there is no parent, the dominant-baseline is set to be the 'lower' baseline, the baseline-table is set for that baseline and the baseline-table font-size is set to the current 'font-size'.
autosense-script
  The dominant baseline and the baseline-table are set as follows. Use the first character descendant[, after any re-ordering due to character direction and bi-directionality,] which has an unambiguous script identifier to determine the dominant script of the element's content. Using the nominal font for the element, set the 'dominant-baseline' (and, correspondingly, the dominant baseline-table) to the default baseline, in the current writing-mode, for the dominant script. If there is no such character, then set the 'alphabetic' baseline as the dominant-baseline.
no-change
  The dominant baseline, the baseline-table and the baseline-table font-size remain the same as that of the parent.
reset-size
  The dominant baseline and the baseline table remain the same, but the baseline-table font-size is changed to the value of the 'font-size' property on this element. This re-scales the baseline table for the current 'font-size'.
ideographic
  The dominant baseline is set to the 'ideographic' baseline using the baseline-table and baseline-table font-size of the parent, the baseline table is changed to correspond to the 'ideographic' baseline, and the baseline-table font-size is changed to the value of the 'font-size' property on this element.
hanging
  The dominant baseline is set to the 'hanging' baseline using the baseline-table and baseline-table font-size of the parent, the baseline table is changed to correspond to the 'hanging' baseline, and the baseline-table font-size is changed to the value of the 'font-size' property on this element.
lower
  The dominant baseline is set to the 'lower' baseline using the baseline-table and baseline-table font-size of the parent, the baseline table is changed to correspond to the 'lower' baseline, and the baseline-table font-size is changed to the value of the 'font-size' property on this element. (The 'lower' baseline is the standard baseline for Roman scripts.)
mathematical
  The dominant baseline is set to the 'mathematical' baseline using the baseline-table and baseline-table font-size of the parent, the baseline table is changed to correspond to the 'mathematical' baseline, and the baseline-table font-size is changed to the value of the 'font-size' property on this element.

If there is no baseline-table in the nominal font or if the baseline-table lacks an entry for the desired baseline, then the User Agent may use heuristics to determine the position of the desired baseline.

'baseline-identifier'

  Value: | baseline | top | before-edge | text-top | text-before-edge | middle | bottom | after-edge | text-bottom | text-after-edge | ideographic | lower | hanging | mathematical | inherit
  Initial: | see text below
  Applies to: | 'text', 'tspan', 'tref', 'textPath' elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

For SVG, the initial value is the dominant baseline of the nominal font for the first character in the 'text' element [after any re-ordering due to character direction and bi-directionality].

For the values below, the alignment-point defaults to the baseline with the same name as the value. That is, for the value 'ideographic' the alignment-point is the 'ideographic' baseline of the object being aligned. Values have the following meanings:

baseline
  The alignment-point of the object being aligned is aligned with the dominant baseline of the parent.
top
  The alignment point of the box is aligned with the 'top' baseline of the parent.
before-edge
  The alignment point of the box is aligned with the 'before-edge' baseline of the parent. [The 'before-edge' is the relative equivalent of 'top'. 'before-edge' works for both horizontal and vertical writing-modes. Thus, for common horizontal writing-modes, 'before-edge' is the same as 'top' and, for vertical writing modes, 'before-edge' is equivalent to 'right' for 'TB-RL' writing-mode and to 'left' for TB-LR' writing-mode.]
text-top
  The alignment-point of the object being aligned is aligned with the 'text-top' baseline of the parent.
text-before-edge
  The alignment-point of the object being aligned is aligned with the 'text-before-edge' baseline of the parent. [The 'text-before-edge' is the relative equivalent of 'text-top'. 'text-before-edge' works for both horizontal and vertical writing-modes.]
bottom
  The alignment point of the box is aligned with the 'bottom' baseline of the parent.
after-edge
  The alignment point of the box is aligned with the 'after-edge' baseline of the parent. [The 'after-edge' is the relative equivalent of 'bottom'. 'after-edge' works for both horizontal and vertical writing-modes.]
text-bottom
  The alignment-point of the object being aligned is aligned with the 'text-bottom' baseline of the parent.
text-after-edge
  The alignment-point of the object being aligned is aligned with the 'text-after-edge' baseline of the parent. [The 'text-after-edge' is the relative equivalent of 'text-bottom'. 'text-after-edge' works for both horizontal and vertical writing-modes.]
middle
  The alignment point of the box is aligned with the midpoint of the EM box of the nominal font when that EM box is positioned on the dominant baseline.
ideographic
  The alignment-point of the object being aligned is aligned with the ideographic baseline of the parent.
alphabetic
  The alignment-point of the object being aligned is aligned with the alphabetic baseline of the parent.
hanging
  The alignment-point of the object being aligned is aligned with the hanging baseline of the parent.
mathematical
  The alignment-point of the object being aligned is aligned with the mathematical baseline of the parent.

The offset of the 'text-top' baseline is determined by the ascent of the nominal font relative to the dominant baseline multiplied by the computed value of the 'font-size' property. The ascent is measured in units-per-em The determination of the 'text-before-edge', 'text-bottom' and 'text-after-edge' baseline offsets is analogous; the descent of the nominal font is used for 'text-bottom' and 'text-after-edge'.

'baseline-shift'

  Value: | baseline | sub | super | <percentage> | <length> | inherit
  Initial: | baseline
  Applies to: | 'text', 'tspan', 'tref' and 'textPath' elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | refers to the 'line-height' of the 'text' element, which in the case of SVG is defined to be equal to the 'font-size'
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes (non-additive, 'set' and 'animate' elements only)

The 'baseline-shift' property allows repositioning of the dominant-baseline relative to the dominant-baseline of the 'text' element. The shifted object might be a sub- or superscript. Within the shifted object, the whole baseline table is offset; not just a single baseline. The amount of the shift is determined from information from the parent, the sub- or superscript offset from the nominal font of the parent, percent of the 'line-height' of the parent or an absolute value.

Values for the property have the following meaning:

baseline
  There is no baseline shift; the dominant baseline remains where it is.
sub
  The dominant baseline is shifted to the default position for subscripts. The offset to this position is determined by the font data for the nominal font as adjusted by the dominant baseline-table font-size.
super
  The dominant baseline is shifted to the default position for superscripts. The offset to this position is determined by the font data for the nominal font as adjusted by the dominant baseline-table font-size.
<percentage>
  The computed value of the property is this percentage multiplied by the computed 'line-height' of the 'text' element. A value of '0%' is equivalent to 'baseline'.
<length>
  The dominant baseline is shifted by the <length> value. A value of '0cm' is equivalent to 'baseline'.

## 10.8 Font selection properties

SVG uses the following font specification properties from CSS2. Any SVG-specific notes about these properties are contained in the descriptions below.

'font-family'

  Value: | [[ <family-name> | <generic-family> ],]* [<family-name> | <generic-family>] | inherit
  Initial: | depends on user agent
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

This property indicates which font family is to be used to render the text, specified as a prioritized list of font family names and/or generic family names. Refer to the "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) level 2" specification [CSS2] for more information about this property.

'font-style'

  Value: | normal | italic | oblique | inherit
  Initial: | normal
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

This property specifies whether the text is to be rendered using a normal, italic or oblique face. Refer to the "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) level 2" specification [CSS2] for more information about this property.

'font-variant'

  Value: | normal | small-caps | inherit
  Initial: | normal
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

This property indicates whether the text is to be rendered using the normal glyphs for lowercase characters or using small-caps glyphs for lowercase characters. Refer to the "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) level 2" specification [CSS2] for more information about this property.

'font-weight'

  Value: | normal | bold | bolder | lighter | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 | inherit
  Initial: | normal
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

This property refers to the boldness or lightness of the glyphs used to render the text, relative to other fonts in the same font family. Refer to the "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) level 2" specification [CSS2] for more information about this property.

'font-stretch'

  Value: | normal | wider | narrower | ultra-condensed | extra-condensed | condensed | semi-condensed | semi-expanded | expanded | extra-expanded | ultra-expanded | inherit
  Initial: | normal
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

This property indicates the desired amount of condensing or expansion in the glyphs used to render the text. Refer to the "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) level 2" specification [CSS2] for more information about this property.

'font-size'

  Value: | <absolute-size> | <relative-size> | <length> | <percentage> | inherit
  Initial: | medium
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | yes, the computed value is inherited
  Percentages: | refer to parent element's font size
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

This property refers to the size of the font from baseline to baseline when multiple lines of text are set solid in a multiline layout environment. For SVG, if a <length> is provided without a unit identifier (e.g., an unqualified number such as 128), the SVG user agent processes the <length> as a height value in the current user coordinate system.

If a <length> is provided with one of the CSS unit identifiers (e.g., 12pt or 10%), then the SVG user agent converts the <length> into a corresponding value in the current user coordinate system by applying the processing rules for CSS units and percentages. Refer to the "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) level 2" specification [CSS2] for more information about this property.

'font-size-adjust'

  Value: | <number> | none | inherit
  Initial: | none
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes (non-additive, 'set' and 'animate' elements only)

This property allows authors to specify an aspect value for an element that will preserve the x-height of the first choice font in a substitute font. Refer to the "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) level 2" specification [CSS2] for more information about this property.

'font'

  Value: | [ [ <'font-style'> || <'font-variant'> || <'font-weight'> ]? <'font-size'> [ / <'line-height'> ]? <'font-family'> ] | caption | icon | menu | message-box| small-caption | status-bar | inherit
  Initial: | see individual properties
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | allowed on 'font-size' and 'line-height'
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes (non-additive, 'set' and 'animate' elements only)

Shorthand property for setting 'font-style', 'font-variant', 'font-weight', 'font-size', 'line-height' and 'font-family'. The 'line-height' property has no visual effect in SVG. Conforming SVG Viewers are not required to support the various system font options (caption, icon, menu, message-box, small-caption and status-bar) and can use a system font or one of the generic fonts instead.

Refer to the "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) level 2" specification [CSS2] for more information about this property.

## 10.9 Spacing properties

'letter-spacing'

  Value: | normal | <length> | inherit
  Initial: | normal
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

This property specifies spacing behavior between text characters. For SVG, if a <length> is provided without a unit identifier (e.g., an unqualified number such as 128), the SVG user agent processes the <length> as a width value in the current user coordinate system.

If a <length> is provided with one of the CSS unit identifiers (e.g., .25em or 1%), then the SVG user agent converts the <length> into a corresponding value in the current user coordinate system by applying the processing rules for CSS units and percentages. Refer to the "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) level 2" specification [CSS2] for more information about this property.

'word-spacing'

  Value: | normal | <length> | inherit
  Initial: | normal
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | yes
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

This property specifies spacing behavior between words. For SVG, if a <length> is provided without a unit identifier (e.g., an unqualified number such as 128), the SVG user agent processes the <length> as a width value in the current user coordinate system.

If a <length> is provided with one of the CSS unit identifiers (e.g., .25em or 1%), then the SVG user agent converts the <length> into a corresponding value in the current user coordinate system by applying the processing rules for CSS units and percentages. Refer to the "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) level 2" specification [CSS2] for more information about this property.

## 10.10 Text decoration

'text-decoration'

  Value: | none | [ underline || overline || line-through || blink ] | inherit
  Initial: | none
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | no (see prose)
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Animatable: | yes

This property describes decorations that are added to the text of an element. Conforming SVG Viewers are not required to support the blink value. Refer to the "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) level 2" specification [CSS2] for more information about this property.

## 10.11 Text on a path

### 10.11.1 Introduction to text on a path

In addition to text drawn in a straight line, SVG also includes the ability to place text along the shape of a 'path' element. To specify that a block of text is to be rendered along the shape of a 'path', include the given text within a 'textPath' element which includes an xlink:href attribute with a URI reference to a 'path' element.

### 10.11.2 The 'textPath' element

    <!ENTITY % textPathExt "" >
    <!ELEMENT textPath (#PCDATA|tspan|tref|altGlyph|a|animate|set|animateColor
                    %textPathExt;)* >
    <!ATTLIST textPath
      %stdAttrs;
      %langSpaceAttrs;
      class %ClassList; #IMPLIED
      %graphicsElementEvents;
      %testAttrs;
      externalResourcesRequired %Boolean; #IMPLIED
      startOffset CDATA "0"
      %xlinkRefAttrs;
      xlink:href %URI; #REQUIRED
      %StylableSVG-StyleAttribute;
      %ExchangeSVG-FillStrokeAttrs;
      %ExchangeSVG-GraphicsAttrs;
      %ExchangeSVG-TextContainerAttrs; >

Attribute definitions:

startOffset = "<length> | <percentage>"
  An offset from the start of the 'path' for the initial current text position, calculated using the user agent's distance along the path algorithm. If a <length> without a percentage is given, then the startOffset represents a distance along the path measured in the current user coordinate system.
  If a <percentage> is given, then the startOffset represents a percentage distance along the entire path. Thus, startOffset="0%" indicates the start point of the 'path' and startOffset="100%" indicates the end point of the 'path'.
  Animatable: yes.
xlink:href = "<uri>"
  A URI reference to the 'path' element onto which the glyphs will be rendered. If <uri> is an invalid reference (e.g., no such element exists, or the referenced element is not a 'path'), then the 'textPath' element is in error and its entire contents shall not be rendered by the user agent.
  Animatable: yes.

Attributes defined elsewhere:
  %stdAttrs;, %langSpaceAttrs;, %graphicsElementEvents;, %testAttrs;, %xlinkRefAttrs;, %StylableSVG-StyleAttribute;.

Example toap01 provides a simple example of text on a path:

    <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
    <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000303 Stylable//EN"
      "http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303/DTD/svg-20000303-stylable.dtd">
    <svg width="10cm" height="3cm" viewBox="0 0 1000 300">
      <defs>
        <path id="MyPath"
              d="M 100 200
                 C 200 100 300   0 400 100
                 C 500 200 600 300 700 200
                 C 800 100 900 100 900 100" />
      </defs>
      <desc>Example toap01 - simple text on a path</desc>

      <use xlink:href="#MyPath" style="stroke:red" />
      <text style="font-family:Verdana; font-size:42.3333; fill:blue">
        <textPath xlink:href="#MyPath">
          We go up, then we go down, then up again
        </textPath>
      </text>
    </svg>

Example toap01

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

Example toap02 shows how 'tspan' elements can be included within 'textPath' elements to adjust styling attributes and adjust the current text position before rendering a particular glyph. The first occurrence of the word "up" is filled with the color red. Attribute dy is used to lift the word "up" from the baseline.

    <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
    <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000303 Stylable//EN"
      "http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303/DTD/svg-20000303-stylable.dtd">
    <svg width="10cm" height="3cm" viewBox="0 0 1000 300">
      <defs>
        <path id="MyPath"
              d="M 100 200
                 C 200 100 300   0 400 100
                 C 500 200 600 300 700 200
                 C 800 100 900 100 900 100" />
      </defs>
      <desc>Example toap02 - tspan within textPath</desc>

      <use xlink:href="#MyPath" style="fill:none; stroke:red" />
      <text style="font-family:Verdana; font-size:42.3333; fill:blue">
        <textPath xlink:href="#MyPath">
          We go
          <tspan dy="30" style="fill:red">
            up
          </tspan>
          <tspan dy="-30">
            ,
          </tspan>
          then we go down, then up again
        </textPath>
      </text>
    </svg>

Example toap02

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

Example toap03 demonstrates the use of the startOffset attribute on the 'textPath' element to specify the start position of the text string as a particular position along the path. Notice that glyphs that fall off the end of the path are not rendered (see text on a path layout rules).

    <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
    <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000303 Stylable//EN"
      "http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303/DTD/svg-20000303-stylable.dtd">
    <svg width="10cm" height="3cm" viewBox="0 0 1000 300">
      <defs>
        <path id="MyPath"
              d="M 100 200
                 C 200 100 300   0 400 100
                 C 500 200 600 300 700 200
                 C 800 100 900 100 900 100" />
      </defs>
      <desc>Example toap03 - text on a path with startOffset attribute</desc>

      <use xlink:href="#MyPath" style="fill:none; stroke:red" />
      <text style="font-family:Verdana; font-size:42.3333; fill:blue">
        <textPath xlink:href="#MyPath" startOffset="80%">
          We go up, then we go down, then up again
        </textPath>
      </text>
    </svg>

Example toap03

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

### 10.11.3 Text on a path layout rules

Example toap04 will be used to illustrate the particular layout rules for text on a path that supplement the basic text layout rules for straight line horizontal or vertical text.

    <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
    <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000303 Stylable//EN"
      "http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303/DTD/svg-20000303-stylable.dtd">
    <svg width="10cm" height="3cm" viewBox="0 0 1000 300">
      <defs>
        <path id="MyPath"
              d="M 100 100
                 C 150 100 250 200 300 200
                 C 350 200 450 100 500 100
                 C 550 100 650 200 700 200
                 C 750 200 850 100 900 100" />
      </defs>
      <desc>Example toap04 = text on a path layout rules</desc>

      <use xlink:href="#MyPath" style="fill:none; stroke:red" />
      <text style="font-family:Verdana; font-size:63.5; fill:blue">
        <textPath xlink:href="#MyPath">
          Choose shame or get war
        </textPath>
      </text>
    </svg>

Example toap04

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

The following picture does an initial zoom in on the first glyph in the 'text' element.

The small dot above shows the point at which the glyph is attached to the path. The box around the glyph shows the glyph is rotated such that its horizontal axis is parallel to the tangent of the curve at the point at which the glyph is attached to the path. The box also shows the glyph's charwidth (i.e., the amount which the current text position advances horizontally when the glyph is drawn using horizontal text layout).

The next picture zooms in further to demonstrate the detailed layout rules.

For horizontal text layout along a path, the layout rules are as follows:

- Determine the startpoint-on-the-path for the first glyph using attribute startOffset and, if present, the dx attribute on a 'tspan' element. (In the picture above, the startpoint-on-the-path is the leftmost dot on the path.)
- Determine the glyph's charwidth (i.e., the amount which the current text position advances horizontally when the glyph is drawn using horizontal text layout). (In the picture above, the charwidth is the distance between the two dots at the side of the box.)
- Determine the point on the curve which is charwidth distance along the path from the startpoint-on-the-path for this glyph, calculated using the user agent's distance along the path algorithm. This point is the endpoint-on-the-path for the glyph. (In the picture above, the endpoint-on-the-path for the glyph is the rightmost dot on the path.)
- Determine the midpoint-on-the-path, which is the point on the path which is "halfway" (user agents can choose either a distance calculation or a parametric calculation) between the startpoint-on-the-path and the endpoint-on-the-path. (In the picture above, the midpoint-on-the-path is shown as a white dot.)
- Determine the glyph-midline, which is the vertical line in the glyph's coordinate system that goes through the glyph's x-axis midpoint. (In the picture above, the glyph-midline is shown as a dashed line.)
- Position the glyph such that the glyph-midline passes through the midpoint-on-the-path and is perpendicular to the line through the startpoint-on-the-path and the endpoint-on-the-path.
- Align the glyph vertically relative to the midpoint-on-the-path based on property 'baseline-identifier' and any specified values for attribute dy on a 'tspan' element. In the example above, the 'baseline-identifier' property is unspecified, so the initial value of 'baseline-identifier:baseline' will be used. There are no 'tspan' elements; thus, the baseline of the glyph is aligned to the midpoint-on-the-path.
- For each subsequent glyph, set a new startpoint-on-the-path as the previous endpoint-on-the-path, but with appropriate adjustments taking into account kerning tables in the font and current values of various attributes and properties, including spacing properties and 'tspan' elements with values provided for attributes dx and dy. All adjustments are calculated as distance adjustments along the path, calculated using the user agent's distance along the path algorithm.
- Glyphs whose midpoint-on-the-path are off the end of the path are not rendered.
- Continue rendering glyphs until there are no more glyphs.

In the calculations above, if either the startpoint-on-the-path or the endpoint-on-the-path is off the end of the path, then extend the path beyond its end points with a straight line that is parallel to the tangent at the path at its end point so that the midpoint-on-the-path can still be calculated.

For 'tspan' elements that are children of 'textPath' elements, x and y attributes on 'tspan' elements have no effect on text layout.

Vertical, right-to-left and bi-directional text layout rules also apply to text on a path. Conceptually, the target path is stretched out into either a horizontal or vertical straight line segment. For horizontal text layout flows, the path is stretched out into a hypothetical horizontal line segment such that the start of the path is mapped to the left of the line segment. For vertical text layout flows, the path is stretched out into a hypothetical vertical line segment such that the start of the path is mapped to the top of the line segment. The standard text layout rules are applied to the hypothetical straight line segment and the result is mapped back onto the target path.

## 10.12 Alternate glyphs

There are situations such as ligatures, special-purpose fonts (e.g., a font for music symbols) or alternate glyphs for Asian text strings where it is required that a different glyph is used than the glyph which normally corresponds to the given character data. Also, The W3C Character Model [CHARMOD] encourages creators of XML to normalize character data to facilitate meaningful exchange of character data and to promote correct comparisons between character strings. This normalization potentially loses some information about which specific glyph is required to achieve a particular visual result.

The 'altGlyph' element provides control over the glyphs used to render particular character data.

    <!ENTITY % altGlyphExt "" >
    <!ELEMENT altGlyph (#PCDATA %altGlyphExt;)* >
    <!ATTLIST altGlyph
      %stdAttrs;
      %langSpaceAttrs;
      %testAttrs;
      externalResourcesRequired %Boolean; #IMPLIED
      %xlinkRefAttrs;
      xlink:href %URI; #REQUIRED >

Attribute definitions:

xlink:href = "<uri>"
  A URI reference either to a 'glyph' element in an SVG document fragment or to a 'altGlyphDef' element. If the reference is to a 'glyph' element, then that glyph is rendered instead of the character(s) that are inside of the 'altGlyph' element. If the reference is to a 'altGlyphDef' element, then if an appropriate alternate glyph is located from processing the 'altGlyphDef' element, then that alternate glyph is rendered the that glyph is rendered instead of the character(s) that are inside of the 'altGlyph' element. If the reference does not result in successful identification of an alternate glyph to use, then the character(s) that are inside of the 'altGlyph' element are rendered.
  Animatable: no.

Attributes defined elsewhere:
  %stdAttrs;, %xlinkRefAttrs;.

The 'altGlyphDef' element defines a list of possible glyph substitutions which can be referenced from an 'altGlyph' element. Each possible glyph substitution is defined by a 'glyphSub' child element. The first 'glyphSub' element which locates a substitute glyph will be applied.

    <!ENTITY % altGlyphDefExt "" >
    <!ELEMENT altGlyphDef (glyphSub %altGlyphDefExt;)* >
    <!ATTLIST altGlyphDef
      %stdAttrs; >

Attributes defined elsewhere:
  %stdAttrs;, %xlinkRefAttrs;.

The 'glyphSub' element defines a possible glyph substitution, consisting of a font name, a glyph identifier and a font format.

    <!ELEMENT glyphSub EMPTY >
    <!ATTLIST glyphSub
      %stdAttrs;
      font CDATA #REQUIRED
      glyphRef CDATA #REQUIRED
      format CDATA #REQUIRED >

Attribute definitions:

font-family = "<string>"
  The identifier for a single font which might contain the substitute glyph. The <string> can contain any single font family name value as is allowed in [CSS2].
  Animatable: no.
glyphRef = "<string>"
  The glyph identifier, the format of which is dependent on the format of the given font.
  Animatable: no.
format = "<string>"
  The format of the given font. If the font is in one of the formats listed in the [CSS2] specification (e.g., TrueDoc™ Portable Font Resource or Embedded OpenType), then the <string> must contain the corresponding font format string defined in the [CSS2] specification (e.g., truedoc-pfr or embedded-opentype).
  Animatable: no.

Attributes defined elsewhere:
  %stdAttrs;.

## 10.13 White space handling

SVG supports the standard XML attribute xml:space to specify the handling of white space characters within a given 'text' element's character data. xml:space is an inheritable attribute which can have one of two values:

- default (the initial/default value for xml:space) - When `xml:space="default"`, the SVG user agent will do the following. First, it will remove all carriage return and linefeed characters. Then it will convert all tab characters into space characters. Then, it will strip off all leading and trailing space characters. Then, all contiguous space characters will be consolidated.
- preserve - When `xml:space="preserve"`, the SVG user agent will do the following. It will convert all carriage returns, linefeeds and tab characters into space characters. Then, it will draw all space characters, including leading, trailing and multiple contiguous space characters. Thus, when drawn with `xml:space="preserve"`, the string `"a b"` (three spaces between "a" and "b") will produce a larger separation between "a" and "b" than `"a b"` (one space between "a" and "b").

The following examples illustrate that line indentation can be important when using `xml:space="default"`. The fragments below show two pairs of equivalent 'text' elements. Each pair consists of two equivalent 'text' elements, with the first 'text' element using xml:space='default' and the second using xml:space='preserve'. For these examples, there is no extra white space at the end of any of the lines (i.e., the line break occurs immediately after the last visible character).

    [01]  <text xml:space='default'>
    [02]    WS example
    [03]    indented lines
    [04]  </text>
    [05]  <text xml:space='preserve'>WS example indented lines</text>
    [06]
    [07]  <text xml:space='default'>
    [08]WS example
    [09]non-indented lines
    [10]  </text>
    [11]  <text xml:space='preserve'>WS examplenon-indented lines</text>

The first pair of 'text' elements above show the effect of indented character data. The attribute xml:space='default' in the first 'text' element instructs the user agent to:

- convert all tabs (if any) to space characters,
- strip out all line breaks (i.e., strip out the line breaks at the end of lines [01], [02] and [03]),
- strip out all leading space characters (i.e., strip out space characters before "WS example" on line [02]),
- strip out all trailing space characters (i.e., strip out space characters before "</text>" on line [04]),
- consolidate all intermediate space characters (i.e., the space characters before "indented lines" on line [03]) into a single space character.

The second pair of 'text' elements above show the effect of indented character data. The attribute xml:space='default' in the third 'text' element instructs the user agent to:

- convert all tabs (if any) to space characters,
- strip out all line breaks (i.e., strip out the line breaks at the end of lines [07], [08] and [09]),
- strip out all leading space characters (there are no leading space characters in this example),
- strip out all trailing space characters (i.e., strip out space characters before "</text>" on line [10]),
- consolidate all intermediate space characters into a single space character (in this example, there are not intermediate space characters).

The xml:space attribute is:

Animatable: no.

## 10.14 Text selection and clipboard operations

Conforming SVG viewers on systems which have the capacity for text selection (e.g., systems which are equipped with a pointer device such as a mouse) and which have system clipboards for copy/paste operations are required to support:

- user selection of text strings in SVG content
- the ability to copy selected text strings to the system clipboard

A text selection operation starts when all of the following occur:

- the user positions the pointing device over a glyph that has been rendered as part of a 'text' element, initiates a select operation (e.g., pressing the standard system mouse button for select operations) and then moves the pointing device while continuing the select operation (e.g., continuing to press the standard system mouse button for select operations)
- no other visible graphics element has been painted above the glyph at the point at which the pointing device was clicked
- no links or events have been assigned to the 'text' , 'tspan' or 'textPath' , element(s) (or their ancestors) associated with the given glyph.

As the text selection operation proceeds (e.g., the user continues to press the given mouse button), all associated events with other graphics elements are ignored (i.e., the text selection operation is modal) and the SVG user agent shall dynamically indicate which characters are selected by an appropriate highlighting technique, such as redrawing the selected glyphs with inverse colors. As the pointer is moved during the text selection process, the end glyph for the text selection operation is the glyph within the same 'text' element whose character cell is closest to the pointer. All characters within the 'text' element whose position within the 'text' element is between the start of selection and end of selection shall be highlighted, regardless of position on the canvas and regardless of any graphics elements that might be above the end of selection point.

Once the text selection operation ends (e.g., the user releases the given mouse button), the selected text will stay highlighted until an event occurs which cancels text selection, such as a pointer device activation event (e.g., pressing a mouse button).

Detailed rules for determining which characters to highlight during a text selection operation are provided in Text selection implementation notes.

For systems which have system clipboards, the SVG user agent is required to provide a user interface for initiating a copy of the currently selected text to the system clipboard. It is sufficient for the SVG user agent to post the selected text string in the system's appropriate clipboard format for plain text, but preferable if the SVG user agent also posts a rich text alternative which captures the various font properties associated with the given text string.

For bi-directional text, the user agent must support text selection in lexical order, which will result in discontinuous highlighting of glyphs due to the bi-directional reordering of characters. User agents can provide an alternative ability to select bi-directional text in visual rendering order (i.e., after bi-directional text layout algorithms have been applied), with the result that selected character data might be discontinous lexically. In this case, if the user requests that bi-directional text be copied to the clipboard, then the user agent is required to make appropriate adjustments to copy only the visually selected characters to the clipboard.

When feasible, it is recommended that generators of SVG attempt to order their text strings to facilitate properly ordered text selection within SVG viewing applications such as Web browsers.

## 10.15 DOM interfaces

The following interfaces are defined below: SVGTextContentElement, SVGTextElement, SVGTextPositioningElement, SVGTSpanElement, SVGTRefElement, SVGTextPathElement, SVGAltGlyphElement, SVGAltGlyphDefElement, SVGGlyphSubElement.

### Interface SVGTextContentElement

The SVGTextContentElement interface is inherited by various text-related interfaces, such as SVGTextElement, SVGTSpanElement, SVGTRefElement and SVGTextPathElement.

IDL Definition

      interface SVGTextContentElement : SVGElement, SVGLangSpace, SVGTests, EventTarget {
                 attribute DOMString className;

      #ifdef STYLABLESVG
                 // The following pre-defined attribute collections are only
                 // available in the DOM for Stylable SVG.
                 STYLABLESVGStyleAttribute;
      #endif STYLABLESVG

      #ifdef EXCHANGESVG
                 // The following pre-defined attribute collections are only
                 // available in the DOM for Exchange SVG.
                 EXCHANGESVGFillStrokeAttrs;
                 EXCHANGESVGGraphicsAttrs;
                 EXCHANGESVGTextContainerAttrs;
      #endif EXCHANGESVG

        long     getNumberOfChars (  );
        float    getLength (  );
        float    getSubStringLength ( in unsigned long charnum, in unsigned long nchars )
                        raises( DOMException, SVGException );
        SVGPoint getStartPositionOfChar ( in unsigned long charnum )
                        raises( DOMException );
        SVGPoint getEndPositionOfChar ( in unsigned long charnum )
                        raises( DOMException );
        SVGRect  getExtentOfChar ( in unsigned long charnum )
                        raises( DOMException );
        float    getRotationOfChar ( in unsigned long charnum )
                        raises( DOMException );
        long     getCharNumAtPosition ( in SVGPoint point )
                        raises( SVGException );
        void     selectSubString ( in unsigned long charnum, in unsigned long nchars )
                        raises( DOMException );
      };

Attributes
  DOMString className
    Corresponds to attribute class on the given element.
Methods
  getNumberOfChars
    Returns the total number of characters to be rendered within the current element. Includes characters which are included via a 'tref' reference.
    No Parameters
    Return value

      long |  | Total number of characters.

    No Exceptions
  getLength
    The total distance in the primary text advance direction (or along the text path, if using text-on-a-path) necessary to render all of the characters within the current element. For non-rendering environments, the user agent shall make reasonable assumptions about glyph metrics.
    No Parameters
    Return value

      float |  | The text advance distance.

    No Exceptions
  getSubStringLength
    The total distance in the primary text advance direction (or along the text path, if using text-on-a-path) necessary to render the specified substring of the characters within the current element. For non-rendering environments, the user agent shall make reasonable assumptions about glyph metrics.
    Parameters

      in unsigned long charnum |  | The index of the first character in the substring. (The first character has an index of 1.)
      in unsigned long nchars |  | The number of characters in the substring.

    Return value

      float |  | The text advance distance.

    Exceptions

      DOMException |  | INDEX_SIZE_ERR: Raised if the charnum is out of range.
      SVGException |  | SVG_WRONG_TYPE_ERR: Raised if one of the parameters is of the wrong type.

  getStartPositionOfChar
    Returns the start position (i.e., the current text position at the start of rendering the character) in the user coordinate system for rendering the glyph(s) that correspond to the specified character.
    Parameters

      in unsigned long charnum |  | The index of the character. (The first character has an index of 1.)

    Return value

      SVGPoint |  | The character's start position.

    Exceptions

      DOMException |  | INDEX_SIZE_ERR: Raised if the charnum is out of range.

  getEndPositionOfChar
    Returns the end position (i.e., the current text position at the end of rendering the character) in the user coordinate system for rendering the glyph(s) that correspond to the specified character.
    Parameters

      in unsigned long charnum |  | The index of the character. (The first character has an index of 1.)

    Return value

      SVGPoint |  | The character's end position.

    Exceptions

      DOMException |  | INDEX_SIZE_ERR: Raised if the charnum is out of range.

  getExtentOfChar
    Returns a tightest rectangle which defines the minimum and maximum X and Y values in the user coordinate system for rendering the glyph(s) that correspond to the specified character. The calculations assume that all glyphs occupy the full standard character cell for the font.
    Parameters

      in unsigned long charnum |  | The index of the character. (The first character has an index of 1.)

    Return value

      SVGRect |  | The rectangle which encloses all of the rendered glyph(s).

    Exceptions

      DOMException |  | INDEX_SIZE_ERR: Raised if the charnum is out of range.

  getRotationOfChar
    Returns the rotation value relative to the current user coordinate system used to render the glyph(s) corresponding to the specified character. If multiple glyph(s) are used to render the given character and the glyphs each have different rotations (e.g., due to text-on-a-path), the user agent shall an average value (e.g., the rotation angle at the midpoint along the path for all glyphs used to render this character).
    Parameters

      in unsigned long charnum |  | The index of the character. (The first character has an index of 1.)

    Return value

      float |  | The rotation angle.

    Exceptions

      DOMException |  | INDEX_SIZE_ERR: Raised if the charnum is out of range.

  getCharNumAtPosition
    Returns the index of the character whose character cell bounding box contains the specified point. The calculations assume that all glyphs occupy the full standard character cell for the font. If no such character exists, a value of zero is returned. If multiple such characters exist, the last character lexically within the element is used.
    Parameters

      in SVGPoint point |  | A point in user space.

    Return value

      long |  | The index of the character which is at the given point.

    Exceptions

      SVGException |  | SVG_WRONG_TYPE_ERR: Raised if the parameter is of the wrong type.

  selectSubString
    Causes the specified substring to be selected just as if the user selected the substring interactively.
    Parameters

      in unsigned long charnum |  | The index of the first character in the substring. (The first character has an index of 1.)
      in unsigned long nchars |  | The number of characters in the substring. If nchars specifies more characters than are available, then the substring will consist of all characters starting with charnum until the end of the list of characters.

    No Return Value
    Exceptions

      DOMException |  | INDEX_SIZE_ERR: Raised if the charnum is out of range.

### Interface SVGTextElement

The SVGTextElement interface corresponds to the 'text' element.

IDL Definition

      interface SVGTextElement : SVGTextContentElement, SVGTransformable {
                 attribute SVGLength x;
                 attribute SVGLength y;

      #ifdef EXCHANGESVG
                 // The following pre-defined attribute collections are only
                 // available in the DOM for Exchange SVG.
                 EXCHANGESVGTextElementAttrs;
      #endif EXCHANGESVG
          };

Attributes
  SVGLength x
    Corresponds to attribute x on the given 'text' element.
  SVGLength y
    Corresponds to attribute y on the given 'text' element.

### Interface SVGTextPositioningElement

The SVGTextPositioningElement interface is inherited by text-related interfaces: SVGTSpanElement, SVGTRefElement and SVGTextPathElement.

IDL Definition

      interface SVGTextPositioningElement : SVGTextContentElement {
                 attribute SVGLengthList x;
                 attribute SVGLengthList y;
                 attribute SVGLengthList dx;
                 attribute SVGLengthList dy;
                 attribute SVGLengthList rotate;
      };

Attributes
  SVGLengthList x
    Corresponds to attribute x on the given element.
  SVGLengthList y
    Corresponds to attribute y on the given element.
  SVGLengthList dx
    Corresponds to attribute dx on the given element.
  SVGLengthList dy
    Corresponds to attribute dy on the given element.
  SVGLengthList rotate
    Corresponds to attribute rotate on the given element.

### Interface SVGTSpanElement

The SVGTSpanElement interface corresponds to the 'tspan' element.

IDL Definition

      interface SVGTSpanElement : SVGTextPositioningElement;

### Interface SVGTRefElement

The SVGTRefElement interface corresponds to the 'tref' element.

IDL Definition

      interface SVGTRefElement : SVGTextPositioningElement, SVGURIReference;

### Interface SVGTextPathElement

The SVGTextPathElement interface corresponds to the 'textPath' element.

IDL Definition

      interface SVGTextPathElement : SVGTextPositioningElement, SVGURIReference {
                 attribute SVGLength startOffset;
      };

Attributes
  SVGLength startOffset
    Corresponds to attribute startOffset on the given 'textPath' element.

### Interface SVGAltGlyphElement

The SVGAltGlyphElement interface corresponds to the 'altGlyph' element.

IDL Definition

      interface SVGAltGlyphElement : SVGTextContentElement, SVGURIReference;

### Interface SVGAltGlyphDefElement

The SVGAltGlyphDefElement interface corresponds to the 'altGlyphDef' element.

IDL Definition

      interface SVGAltGlyphDefElement : SVGElement;

### Interface SVGGlyphSubElement

The SVGGlyphSubElement interface corresponds to the 'glyphSub' element.

IDL Definition

      interface SVGGlyphSubElement : SVGElement {
                 attribute DOMString fontFamily;
                 attribute DOMString glyphRef;
                 attribute DOMString format;
      };

Attributes
  DOMString fontFamily
    Corresponds to attribute fontFamily on the given 'glyphSub' element.
  DOMString glyphRef
    Corresponds to attribute glyphRef on the given 'glyphSub' element.
  DOMString format
    Corresponds to attribute format on the given 'glyphSub' element.

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