The following are the standard entry types, along with their required
and optional fields, that are used by the standard bibliography styles.
The fields within each class (required or optional)
are listed in order of occurrence in the output,
except that a few entry types may perturb the order slightly,
depending on what fields are missing.
These entry types are similar to those adapted by Brian Reid
from the classification scheme of van~Leunen~\cite{van-leunen}
for use in the {\em Scribe\/} system.
The meanings of the individual fields are explained in the next section.
Some nonstandard bibliography styles may ignore some optional fields
in creating the reference.
Remember that, when used in the \hbox{\tt bib}
file, the entry-type name is preceded by an \hbox{\tt @} character.

\begin{description}

\item[article\hfill] An article from a journal or magazine.
Required fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt journal},
\hbox{\tt year}.
Optional fields: \hbox{\tt volume}, \hbox{\tt number},
\hbox{\tt pages}, \hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt note}.

\item[book\hfill] A book with an explicit publisher.
Required fields: \hbox{\tt author} or \hbox{\tt editor},
\hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt publisher}, \hbox{\tt year}.
Optional fields: \hbox{\tt volume} or \hbox{\tt number}, \hbox{\tt series},
\hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt edition}, \hbox{\tt month},
\hbox{\tt note}.

\item[booklet\hfill] A work that is printed and bound,
but without a named publisher or sponsoring institution.
Required field: \hbox{\tt title}.
Optional fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt howpublished},
\hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt year}, \hbox{\tt note}.

\item[conference\hfill] The same as {\tt INPROCEEDINGS},
included for {\em Scribe\/} compatibility.

\item[inbook\hfill] A part of a book,
which may be a chapter (or section or whatever) and/or a range of pages.
Required fields: \hbox{\tt author} or \hbox{\tt editor}, \hbox{\tt title},
\hbox{\tt chapter} and/or \hbox{\tt pages}, \hbox{\tt publisher},
\hbox{\tt year}.
Optional fields: \hbox{\tt volume} or \hbox{\tt number}, \hbox{\tt series},
\hbox{\tt type}, \hbox{\tt address},
\hbox{\tt edition}, \hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt note}.

\item[incollection\hfill] A part of a book having its own title.
Required fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt booktitle},
\hbox{\tt publisher}, \hbox{\tt year}.
Optional fields: \hbox{\tt editor}, \hbox{\tt volume} or \hbox{\tt number},
\hbox{\tt series}, \hbox{\tt type}, \hbox{\tt chapter}, \hbox{\tt pages},
\hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt edition}, \hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt note}.

\item[inproceedings\hfill] An article in a conference proceedings.
Required fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt booktitle},
\hbox{\tt year}.
Optional fields: \hbox{\tt editor}, \hbox{\tt volume} or \hbox{\tt number},
\hbox{\tt series}, \hbox{\tt pages}, \hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt month},
\hbox{\tt organization}, \hbox{\tt publisher}, \hbox{\tt note}.

\item[manual\hfill] Technical documentation.  Required field: \hbox{\tt title}.
Optional fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt organization},
\hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt edition}, \hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt year},
\hbox{\tt note}.
\item[mastersthesis\hfill] A Master's thesis.
Required fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt school},
\hbox{\tt year}.
Optional fields: \hbox{\tt type}, \hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt month},
\hbox{\tt note}.

\item[misc\hfill] Use this type when nothing else fits.
Required fields: none.
Optional fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt howpublished},
\hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt year}, \hbox{\tt note}.

\item[phdthesis\hfill] A PhD thesis.
Required fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt school},
\hbox{\tt year}.
Optional fields: \hbox{\tt type}, \hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt month},
\hbox{\tt note}.

\item[proceedings\hfill] The proceedings of a conference.
Required fields: \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt year}.
Optional fields: \hbox{\tt editor}, \hbox{\tt volume} or \hbox{\tt number},
\hbox{\tt series}, \hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt month},
\hbox{\tt organization}, \hbox{\tt publisher}, \hbox{\tt note}.


\item[techreport\hfill] A report published by a school or other institution,
usually numbered within a series.
Required fields: \hbox{\tt author},
\hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt institution}, \hbox{\tt year}.
Optional fields: \hbox{\tt type}, \hbox{\tt number}, \hbox{\tt address},
\hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt note}.

\item[unpublished\hfill] A document having an author and title,
but not formally published.
Required fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt note}.
Optional fields: \hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt year}.

\end{description}

\subsection{Fields}

Below is a description of all fields
recognized by the standard bibliography styles.
An entry can also contain other fields, which are ignored by those styles.
\begin{description}

\item[address\hfill]
Usually the address of the \hbox{\tt publisher} or other type
of institution.
For major publishing houses,
van~Leunen recommends omitting the information entirely.
For small publishers, on the other hand, you can help the
reader by giving the complete address.

\item[annote\hfill]
An annotation.
It is not used by the standard bibliography styles,
but may be used by others that produce an annotated bibliography.

\item[author\hfill]
The name(s) of the author(s),
in the format described in the \LaTeX\ book.

\item[booktitle\hfill]
Title of a book, part of which is being cited.
See the \LaTeX\ book for how to type titles.
For book entries, use the \hbox{\tt title} field instead.

\item[chapter\hfill]
A chapter (or section or whatever) number.

\item[crossref\hfill]
The database key of the entry being cross referenced.

\item[edition\hfill]
The edition of a book---for example, ``Second''$\!$.
This should be an ordinal, and
should have the first letter capitalized, as shown here;
the standard styles convert to lower case when necessary.

\item[editor\hfill]
Name(s) of editor(s), typed as indicated in the \LaTeX\ book.
If there is also an \hbox{\tt author} field, then
the \hbox{\tt editor} field gives the editor of the book or collection
in which the reference appears.

\item[howpublished\hfill]
How something strange has been published.
The first word should be capitalized.

\item[institution\hfill]
The sponsoring institution of a technical report.

\item[journal\hfill]
A journal name.
Abbreviations are provided for many journals; see the {\it Local Guide}.

\item[key\hfill]
Used for alphabetizing, cross referencing, and creating a label when
the ``author'' information
(described in Section~\ref{odds-and-ends}) is missing.
This field should not be confused with the key that appears in the
\hbox{\verb|\cite|} command and at the beginning of the database entry.

\item[month\hfill]
The month in which the work was
published or, for an unpublished work, in which it was written.
You should use the standard three-letter abbreviation,
as described in Appendix B.1.3 of the \LaTeX\ book.

\item[note\hfill]
Any additional information that can help the reader.
The first word should be capitalized.

\item[number\hfill]
The number of a journal, magazine, technical report,
or of a work in a series.
An issue of a journal or magazine is usually
identified by its volume and number;
the organization that issues a
technical report usually gives it a number;
and sometimes books are given numbers in a named series.

\item[organization\hfill]
The organization that sponsors a conference or that publishes a \hbox{manual}.

\item[pages\hfill]
One or more page numbers or range of numbers,
such as \hbox{\tt 42--111} or \hbox{\tt 7,41,73--97} or \hbox{\tt 43+}
(the `{\tt +}' in this last example indicates pages following
that don't form a simple range).
To make it easier to maintain {\em Scribe\/}-compatible databases,
the standard styles convert a single dash (as in \hbox{\tt 7-33})
to the double dash used in \TeX\ to denote number ranges
(as in \hbox{\tt 7--33}).

\item[publisher\hfill]
The publisher's name.

\item[school\hfill]
The name of the school where a thesis was written.

\item[series\hfill]
The name of a series or set of books.
When citing an entire book, the the \hbox{\tt title} field
gives its title and an optional \hbox{\tt series} field gives the
name of a series or multi-volume set
in which the book is published.

\item[title\hfill]
The work's title, typed as explained in the \LaTeX\ book.

\item[type\hfill]
The type of a technical report---for example,
``Research Note''$\!$.

\item[volume\hfill]
The volume of a journal or multivolume book.

\item[year\hfill]
The year of publication or, for
an unpublished work, the year it was written.
Generally it should consist of four numerals, such as {\tt 1984},
although the standard styles can handle any {\tt year} whose
last four nonpunctuation characters are numerals,
such as `\hbox{(about 1984)}'$\!$.

\end{description}