Internet & Web: Past, Present, Future
Daniel Dardailler
Associate Chair, Head of Offices
World Wide Web Consortium, W3C
These slides at http://www.w3.org/2007/02/dd-internet.htm
Agenda
More cultural than technical...
- History:
- Internet
- WWW
- Present:
- Some Statistics
- Current Work: W3C, IETF
- Future
Internet History
The Fifties
- 1858: First Atlantic cable
- 1944-50: von
Neumann, Alan Turing
- 1957: USSR launches Sputnik
- US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA/DoD)
Internet History
The Sixties
- 1962: Kleinrock(MIT) Baran (RAND), Pouzin (France): Packet-switching
networks
- 1967: First design paper on ARPANET - Larry Roberts
- 1969: ARPANET commissioned by DoD (BBN)
- UCLA, Standford - Honeywell mini with 12K RAM
- Goal: Reliable Communication Network.
- RFC introduced: OPEN
Internet History
The Seventies
- 1970: ARPANET hosts uses NCP.
- 1972: Telnet. INWG, Vinton Cerf/Bob Kahn
- 1973: Ethernet, Bob Metcalfe - File Transfer (FTP)
- 1974: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol)
- 1977: Mail (SMTP)
- 1979: Usenet (NNTP)
Internet History
The Eighties
- 1981: Minitel in France.
- 1982: TCP/IP is Internet is standard Dod.
- EUnet (European UNIX Network) created.
- 1983: Unix 4.2BSD with TCP/IP (Sun Workstation)
- ARPANET/MILNET split.
- 1984: DNS (Domain Name Server)
- 1986: NSFNET backbone - NNTP standard
- 1987: UUNET: commercial access. 10000 hosts. 1000 RFC.
- 1988: CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) created.
- IRC developed.
- 1989: 100000 hosts.
Internet History
The Nineties
- 1990: WWW developed at CERN.
- 1991: PGP
- 1993: InterNIC, president@whitehouse.gov
- NCSA Mosaic.
- 1994: W3C/MIT
- 1995: 50$ for a domain name (no longer free)
- 1998: IPv6
- 1999: ICANN (domain name registrars)
Internet History
Post 2000
- Bandwith, bandwidth, bandwidth
- Internationalization (IDN)
- Robustness wrt denial of services
- WSIS: Enter the UN/IGF.
- Internet governance is the development and application by Governments,
the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of
shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and
programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet.
- What is public policy vs. private policy ?
http://www.isoc.org/internet-history
Web History
Hypertext came first
- 1945: Vannevar Bush, Memex "As We May Think"
- 1965: Ted Nelson: hypertext: nonsequential interactive.
- 1968: Doug Engelbart: Mouse
- - Others: Xanadu, HyperCard
- 1974: SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) Charles Goldfarb
Web History
Tim Berners-Lee CERN
- 1980: Tim's Enquire system at CERN
- 1989: Back at CERN (now on Internet, with a NeXT)
- 1990: First WWW server: free source code.
- - HTTP, HTML, URL - Moderate success til 1993: Mosaic
- 1994: Tim leaves CERN for MIT.
Web History
Marc Andreesen - Mosaic/Netscape
- 1992: First GUI browsers Erwise, Viola.
- 1993: released of "Mosaic for X/Motif", then Windows/Mac.
- free source again. Include Graphics.
- 1994: SGI Jim Clark + Mosaic team form Netscape: free binary.
- 1995: Netscape 1.0 released.
- 1996: Altavista
Web History
- 2000: First Internet/Web bubble crash
The 21st century
- Amazon, Google
- Web 2.0, blog, flickr, etc
- Web 3.0: Semantic Web
HTTP, HTML and URL
HTTP 1.1
GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
Accept-Charset: iso-8859-5, unicode-1-1
HTML 4.0
<TITLE> Web History <\TITLE>
URL
http://www.w3.org/People/danield
news:comp.windows.x
mailto:danield@w3.org
Internet/Web Today
- Chat, Mail and Web domination in user time
- P2P/Multimedia data in volume
- joe@name.tld, www.name.tld
- Internet Service Providers, Web site designers
- Food chain: PC + Modem + Phoneline + ISP + IP..
See nice pictures at http://www.navigators.com/internet_architecture.html
Domain names
Historically US biased
- .edu, .mil, .gov, .com, .org
- .fr, .uk, .au, etc
- Mapping IP adresses/host names
- Distributed management
W3C Overview
Mission: Interoperability by Consensus
- Why W3C, and what W3C is
- Overview of areas of work
More recent presentations
Why W3C?
- Growth of web
protocols
- Threat of fragmentation
- Need for new features
- Need for neutral party
What is W3C?
- ~450 members
- ~65 staff.
- Tim Berners-Lee
Director, Inventor of the Web
- 1994 MIT/ERCIM/Keio, + Offices (UK, DE, HK,
etc)
- Organized in 5 domains.
See our home page at http://www.w3.org
What does W3C do?
- Provide a neutral forum for meeting
- Technically expert specification editing
- Achieving consensus
- Working Drafts and Recommendations, not standards
- Reference code where appropriate
Technical areas
are currently divided into
- Web Architecture
- Interaction
- Ubiquitous Web
- Technology and Society
- Web Accessibility Initiative
Architecture
- Hypertext Protocols (HTTP1.1, HTTP-NG)
- Extensible Markup: XML
- Web Services
- Internationalization (I18N)
- Document Object Model (DOM)
- Adressing (URL, URI, etc)
- Software: Jigsaw Java HTTP server
Interaction
- Hypertext (X/HTML)
- Style Sheets (CSS, XSL)
- Graphics (PNG, SVG, etc)
- Math Markup (MathML)
- Rich Web Client, XForm
- Multimedia (SMIL)
- Software: Amaya browser/editor
Ubiquitous Web
- Device Independence
- Mobile Web
- Voice Browser
- Multimodal
Technology and Society
- Metadata/Semantic Web (RDF)
- Privacy (P3P)
- Security (XML Encryption, Signature)
- Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Patent Policy
Web Accessibility Initiative
- Review W3C Protocols and Formats
- Guidelines for Web Sites Authors, and for Browser, Authoring Tools
developers
- Tools for repair, transform, evaluation.
- Education & Outreach
See WAI
Overview for more details.
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
- "Rough consensus and running code"
- Working groups, no king
- Mailing lists + 3 face-to-face
- Areas: Routing, Security, Applications, etc
- RFC: Request For Comments.
Some IETF Working Groups
- HTTP, MIME
- PPP, IPng
- ATM, DNS
- OTP, SSL
Future: Growth
Networking Issues
- Linking all computers
- Linking all human beings
- More than one computer per human.
- Coming soon: IPv6
Future: Commerce
Security Issues. NO TRUST!
- Authentication
- Privacy
- Non-repudiation
- Payment/Social
Future: Multimedia
- Audio, Video
- 3D
- Active Content: Programmers are back ..
- 100 users per server -> 10
- Simple is beautiful!
Future: Performance
- Catch with Computer Speed
- LAN: real Intranet
- Routing: faster switch..
Future: Society
- Merging Computer/Telephone/TV/VCR/CD/Radio/Newspaper
- Wireless network
- VR Interfaces no there yet: why ?
- NxN publishing model
- Machine understandable information
Nobody knows what's going to happen!
Never in time has the future of humanity been in so many hands at once.
"Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you
do it." - Mahatma Gandhi .